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Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that are likely to limit possible solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Criteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements set by society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into account, and they should be quantified to the extent possible and stated in such a way that one can tell if a given design meets them.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Humanity faces major global challenges today, such as the need for supplies of clean water and food or for energy sources that minimize pollution, which can be addressed through engineering. These global challenges also may have manifestations in local communities.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/12#206\">ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Middle School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it.\u003cbr>\nThere are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem.\u003cbr>\nSometimes parts of different solutions can be combined to create a solution that is better than any of its predecessors.\u003cbr>\nModels of all kinds are important for testing solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When evaluating solutions, it is important to take into account a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, and to consider social, cultural, and environmental impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Both physical models and computers can be used in various ways to aid in the engineering design process. Computers are useful for a variety of purposes, such as running simulations to test different ways of solving a problem or to see which one is most efficient or economical; and in making a persuasive presentation to a client about how a given design will meet his or her needs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/12#208\">ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Middle School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process—that is, some of those characteristics may be incorporated into the new design.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Criteria may need to be broken down into simpler ones that can be approached systematically, and decisions about the priority of certain criteria over others (trade-offs) may be needed.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Developing and using models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Analyzing and interpreting data\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using mathematics and computational thinking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Engaging in argument from evidence\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Obtaining, evaluating and communicating information\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Cross-cutting Concepts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Patterns\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cause and effect: Mechanism and explanation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scale, proportion and quantity\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Systems and system models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Energy and matter: Flows, cycles and conservation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Structure and function\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how to teach NGSS engineering standards with our Engineering Is e-book series","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443663507,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":542},"headData":{"title":"Teaching NGSS with KQED's \"Engineering Is\" E-books | KQED","description":"Learn how to teach NGSS engineering standards with our Engineering Is e-book series","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Teaching NGSS with KQED's \"Engineering Is\" E-books","datePublished":"2015-04-14T01:28:16.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-01T01:38:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"78089 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=78089","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/13/teaching-ngss-with-kqeds-engineering-is-e-books/","disqusTitle":"Teaching NGSS with KQED's \"Engineering Is\" E-books","path":"/quest/78089/teaching-ngss-with-kqeds-engineering-is-e-books","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The “Engineering Is” e-book series helps teachers incorporate engineering standards from the Next Generation Science Standards into their curriculum. Below are the standards addressed throughout the series. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Disciplinary Core Ideas\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/12#204\">ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Middle School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The more precisely a design task’s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that are likely to limit possible solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Criteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements set by society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into account, and they should be quantified to the extent possible and stated in such a way that one can tell if a given design meets them.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Humanity faces major global challenges today, such as the need for supplies of clean water and food or for energy sources that minimize pollution, which can be addressed through engineering. These global challenges also may have manifestations in local communities.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/12#206\">ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Middle School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it.\u003cbr>\nThere are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem.\u003cbr>\nSometimes parts of different solutions can be combined to create a solution that is better than any of its predecessors.\u003cbr>\nModels of all kinds are important for testing solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When evaluating solutions, it is important to take into account a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, and to consider social, cultural, and environmental impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Both physical models and computers can be used in various ways to aid in the engineering design process. Computers are useful for a variety of purposes, such as running simulations to test different ways of solving a problem or to see which one is most efficient or economical; and in making a persuasive presentation to a client about how a given design will meet his or her needs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/13165/chapter/12#208\">ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Middle School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process—that is, some of those characteristics may be incorporated into the new design.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High School\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Criteria may need to be broken down into simpler ones that can be approached systematically, and decisions about the priority of certain criteria over others (trade-offs) may be needed.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Developing and using models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Analyzing and interpreting data\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using mathematics and computational thinking\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Engaging in argument from evidence\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Obtaining, evaluating and communicating information\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Cross-cutting Concepts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Patterns\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cause and effect: Mechanism and explanation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scale, proportion and quantity\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Systems and system models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Energy and matter: Flows, cycles and conservation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Structure and function\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/78089/teaching-ngss-with-kqeds-engineering-is-e-books","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_7","quest_8","quest_1"],"tags":["quest_12946","quest_13110","quest_13197","quest_11978","quest_13382"],"featImg":"quest_78134","label":"quest"},"quest_73886":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73886","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73886","score":null,"sort":[1425412992000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree","title":"Why Do Scientists and the Public Disagree?","publishDate":1425412992,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/03/03/why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Why Do Scientists and the Public Disagree?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: According to a new study by the Pew Research Center, scientists and the public have differing views on science-related issues. Why do you think scientists and the public disagree? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1425594266,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"Why Do Scientists and the Public Disagree? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: According to a new study by the Pew Research Center, scientists and the public have differing views on science-related issues. Why do you think scientists and the public disagree? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Do Scientists and the Public Disagree?","datePublished":"2015-03-03T20:03:12.000Z","dateModified":"2015-03-05T22:24:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"73886 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=73886&preview_id=73886","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/03/why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree/","disqusTitle":"Why Do Scientists and the Public Disagree?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/03/03/why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/03/03/why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree/","path":"/quest/73886/why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/03/03/why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Why Do Scientists and the Public Disagree?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/03/03/why-do-scientists-and-the-public-disagree/","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_12269","quest_12289"],"featImg":"quest_73887","label":"quest"},"quest_73087":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73087","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73087","score":null,"sort":[1418419049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-do-greenhouse-gases-work","title":"How Do Greenhouse Gases Work?","publishDate":1418419049,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. In the mid-1800s, physicist John Tyndall conducted experiments and found that some molecules present in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), actually trap heat from the sun and help keep the planet warm. Molecules that have the ability to trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\">\u003ciframe class=\"youtube-player\" type=\"text/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/EB_S_9BKcmo?version=3&rel=1&fs=1&autohide=2&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #444444\"> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on the video above to explore how greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major greenhouse gases, like CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and methane (CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth's climate. If they didn't exist, Earth would be a much colder planet. However, some human activities like mining and burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation emit molecules of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other greenhouse gases into the air. As we burn and mine more fossil fuels, greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere and cause an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click on the above video to learn how greenhouse gases trap radiation from the sun and warm the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does infrared radiation (IR) come from?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can greenhouse gas molecules do when they encounter infrared radiation (IR)?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Describe how greenhouse gas molecules trap heat in the atmosphere.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Explain how the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere warms the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This video explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out how greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere with this interactive graphic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645676070,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":367},"headData":{"title":"How Do Greenhouse Gases Work? - QUEST","description":"Find out how greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere with this interactive graphic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Do Greenhouse Gases Work?","datePublished":"2014-12-12T21:17:29.000Z","dateModified":"2022-02-24T04:14:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"73087 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73087","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/how-do-greenhouse-gases-work/","disqusTitle":"How Do Greenhouse Gases Work?","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/quest/73087/how-do-greenhouse-gases-work","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. In the mid-1800s, physicist John Tyndall conducted experiments and found that some molecules present in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), actually trap heat from the sun and help keep the planet warm. Molecules that have the ability to trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\">\u003ciframe class=\"youtube-player\" type=\"text/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/EB_S_9BKcmo?version=3&rel=1&fs=1&autohide=2&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #444444\"> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on the video above to explore how greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major greenhouse gases, like CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and methane (CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth's climate. If they didn't exist, Earth would be a much colder planet. However, some human activities like mining and burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation emit molecules of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and other greenhouse gases into the air. As we burn and mine more fossil fuels, greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere and cause an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click on the above video to learn how greenhouse gases trap radiation from the sun and warm the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does infrared radiation (IR) come from?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can greenhouse gas molecules do when they encounter infrared radiation (IR)?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Describe how greenhouse gas molecules trap heat in the atmosphere.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Explain how the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere warms the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This video explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73087/how-do-greenhouse-gases-work","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_1"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_13098","quest_12946","quest_1273","quest_1585","quest_2349"],"collections":["quest_13355"],"featImg":"quest_73417","label":"source_quest_73087"},"quest_66950":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_66950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"66950","score":null,"sort":[1393351228000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"ocean-acidification-the-basics","title":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","publishDate":1393351228,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"453\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\">http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Animation created by Sarah Cooley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showing a computer recreation of surface ocean pH from 1895 to the present and a forecast of ocean pH between now and 2100 under current emission rates. The pH scale is shown on the right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide is naturally present in tiny amounts in the atmosphere; however, since humans started burning fossil fuels at the beginning of the industrial age, carbon dioxide levels have increased dramatically. Carbon dioxide is a gas that plants combine with energy from the sun to create food. It is also a greenhouse gas: it traps the heat of the sun and keeps it from reflecting back into space. Today the oceans absorb about 25 percent of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> released every year. Initially, scientists focused on the benefits of removing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, but in the last decade research has shown that the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> absorbed by the oceans is changing the chemistry -- the pH -- of the seawater in a process called ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use the pH scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen (H) ions in a solution on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, numbers smaller than 7 indicate increased acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate increased alkalinity. The pH scale is logarithmic, so one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in the concentration of H ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification takes place when excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean and combines with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -- the increase in hydrogen ions reduces the pH of the seawater, causing it to become more acidic, and interferes with the uptake of calcium carbonate by shelled ocean organisms. Many shelled organisms are affected by a decrease in pH, including oysters, scallops, abalone, and even the smallest plankton that makes up an important part of the ocean food web. When there is less carbonate available, shells become thinner and growth slows down. Organisms have to spend more energy building their shells, which means less energy for growth. Larval stages are especially at risk because they need to grow shells before they start to eat. Shelled organisms provide food for a multitude of other creatures in the ocean, and so their decline has the potential to affect the entire ocean ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major concerns of ocean acidification is the drastic rate at which it is happening. Scientists have determined the most rapid CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase in Earth’s history occurred 55 million years ago, and that change was likely not as rapid as the change we see today. It is uncertain whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry in such a short time. As organisms are compromised, the biodiversity of the ocean may decrease, as only certain species will be able to adapt to the changing chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists studying ocean acidification have concluded that in order to keep the ocean environment sustainable, we need to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels is necessary for the health of the ocean as well as Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pre-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is the ocean valuable to humans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are greenhouse gases created?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How have humans contributed to ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is ocean acidification affecting organisms in the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the rate of ocean acidification alarming to scientists?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can you do to reduce the effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.html\">Carbon Cycle Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence\u003c/strong> (COSEE). This digital game lets students take on the role of a carbon atom moving through the carbon cycle. Understanding the carbon cycle is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/\">GEMS Alien Juice Bar Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/strong>. An engaging game for students in grades 4 through 8 explores the properties of acids and bases using red cabbage juice. The game helps students to understand the pH scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> \u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/seachange\">Sea Change: The Pacific’s Perilous Turn\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Seattle Times. \u003c/strong>A multimedia investigation of ocean acidification with video, images, and text discusses the science and impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean%2BAcidification\">Ocean Acidification,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA\u003c/strong>. This content- and media-rich website is by scientists studying ocean acidification. The site contains research, background information, videos, and infographics.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaLRcVdTbM&feature=channel_video_title\">Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NOAA\u003c/strong>. This four-minute video explains what ocean acidification is and its potential impact on marine ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm\">Our Acidifying Ocean\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Stanford University\u003c/strong>. This interactive slideshow about ocean acidification is directed at a middle-school audience. The slideshow contains text, images, and games.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/60703322\">We Are Aware, Are You?,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Suquamish Tribe\u003c/strong>. This video was made by four high school students from the Suquamish Tribe in Washington State to highlight the impact of ocean acidification in their community.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/water/article/coral-reefs-and-shellfish-battle-acidifying-oceans/\">Coral Reefs and Shellfish Battling Acidifying Oceans\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>EarthFix\u003c/strong>. This multimedia presentation about acidifying oceans features two six-minute videos: “Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish” and “Florida’s Coral Reefs Face Altered Oceans.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation: \u003c/strong>Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions, asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than half of the CO2 emitted by humans has been absorbed by the ocean. Scientists say this means less CO2 in the air, but it also means a change in ocean chemistry -- ocean acidification. Now what?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442954145,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":980},"headData":{"title":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics | KQED","description":"More than half of the CO2 emitted by humans has been absorbed by the ocean. Scientists say this means less CO2 in the air, but it also means a change in ocean chemistry -- ocean acidification. Now what?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","datePublished":"2014-02-25T18:00:28.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-22T20:35:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"66950 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=66950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/ocean-acidification-the-basics/","disqusTitle":"Ocean Acidification: The Basics","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/66950/ocean-acidification-the-basics","audioUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/files/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"453\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\">http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Animation created by Sarah Cooley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showing a computer recreation of surface ocean pH from 1895 to the present and a forecast of ocean pH between now and 2100 under current emission rates. The pH scale is shown on the right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide is naturally present in tiny amounts in the atmosphere; however, since humans started burning fossil fuels at the beginning of the industrial age, carbon dioxide levels have increased dramatically. Carbon dioxide is a gas that plants combine with energy from the sun to create food. It is also a greenhouse gas: it traps the heat of the sun and keeps it from reflecting back into space. Today the oceans absorb about 25 percent of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> released every year. Initially, scientists focused on the benefits of removing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, but in the last decade research has shown that the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> absorbed by the oceans is changing the chemistry -- the pH -- of the seawater in a process called ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use the pH scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen (H) ions in a solution on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, numbers smaller than 7 indicate increased acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate increased alkalinity. The pH scale is logarithmic, so one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in the concentration of H ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification takes place when excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean and combines with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -- the increase in hydrogen ions reduces the pH of the seawater, causing it to become more acidic, and interferes with the uptake of calcium carbonate by shelled ocean organisms. Many shelled organisms are affected by a decrease in pH, including oysters, scallops, abalone, and even the smallest plankton that makes up an important part of the ocean food web. When there is less carbonate available, shells become thinner and growth slows down. Organisms have to spend more energy building their shells, which means less energy for growth. Larval stages are especially at risk because they need to grow shells before they start to eat. Shelled organisms provide food for a multitude of other creatures in the ocean, and so their decline has the potential to affect the entire ocean ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major concerns of ocean acidification is the drastic rate at which it is happening. Scientists have determined the most rapid CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase in Earth’s history occurred 55 million years ago, and that change was likely not as rapid as the change we see today. It is uncertain whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry in such a short time. As organisms are compromised, the biodiversity of the ocean may decrease, as only certain species will be able to adapt to the changing chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists studying ocean acidification have concluded that in order to keep the ocean environment sustainable, we need to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels is necessary for the health of the ocean as well as Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pre-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is the ocean valuable to humans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are greenhouse gases created?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How have humans contributed to ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is ocean acidification affecting organisms in the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the rate of ocean acidification alarming to scientists?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can you do to reduce the effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.html\">Carbon Cycle Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence\u003c/strong> (COSEE). This digital game lets students take on the role of a carbon atom moving through the carbon cycle. Understanding the carbon cycle is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/\">GEMS Alien Juice Bar Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/strong>. An engaging game for students in grades 4 through 8 explores the properties of acids and bases using red cabbage juice. The game helps students to understand the pH scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> \u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/seachange\">Sea Change: The Pacific’s Perilous Turn\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Seattle Times. \u003c/strong>A multimedia investigation of ocean acidification with video, images, and text discusses the science and impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean%2BAcidification\">Ocean Acidification,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA\u003c/strong>. This content- and media-rich website is by scientists studying ocean acidification. The site contains research, background information, videos, and infographics.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaLRcVdTbM&feature=channel_video_title\">Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NOAA\u003c/strong>. This four-minute video explains what ocean acidification is and its potential impact on marine ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm\">Our Acidifying Ocean\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Stanford University\u003c/strong>. This interactive slideshow about ocean acidification is directed at a middle-school audience. The slideshow contains text, images, and games.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/60703322\">We Are Aware, Are You?,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Suquamish Tribe\u003c/strong>. This video was made by four high school students from the Suquamish Tribe in Washington State to highlight the impact of ocean acidification in their community.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/water/article/coral-reefs-and-shellfish-battle-acidifying-oceans/\">Coral Reefs and Shellfish Battling Acidifying Oceans\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>EarthFix\u003c/strong>. This multimedia presentation about acidifying oceans features two six-minute videos: “Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish” and “Florida’s Coral Reefs Face Altered Oceans.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation: \u003c/strong>Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions, asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/66950/ocean-acidification-the-basics","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_338","quest_12602","quest_485","quest_11141","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_1134","quest_1271","quest_2035","quest_12146","quest_12603"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67225","label":"source_quest_66950"},"quest_67110":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67110","score":null,"sort":[1393341055000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"ocean-acidification-vocabulary-game","title":"Ocean Acidification: Vocabulary Game","publishDate":1393341055,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Test your knowledge of ocean acidification vocabulary. There are 14 vocabulary words associated with ocean acidification. The definition of each word is revealed when a player clicks on a vocabulary card. This can be used as a pre-test, to reinforce the vocabulary, and/or to check what students have learned. The game may be played on screen or the cards may be printed and cut out. This game is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-vocab-game.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"618\" height=\"1175\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/OceanCardgamePDF.pdf\">Download PDF version\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have students rewrite the definitions for the vocabulary words in their own words.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students illustrate vocabulary words with a drawing and a short explanation of their drawing.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHuman activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Test your knowledge! Ocean acidification has 14 important vocabulary words. Educators can use this flashcard game as a pre-test or to check what students have learned. Easily play on screen or print the cards.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450486368,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-vocab-game.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":167},"headData":{"title":"Ocean Acidification: Vocabulary Game | KQED","description":"Test your knowledge! Ocean acidification has 14 important vocabulary words. Educators can use this flashcard game as a pre-test or to check what students have learned. 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There are 14 vocabulary words associated with ocean acidification. The definition of each word is revealed when a player clicks on a vocabulary card. This can be used as a pre-test, to reinforce the vocabulary, and/or to check what students have learned. The game may be played on screen or the cards may be printed and cut out. This game is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://origin.kcts9.org/questnw/oa-vocab-game.html\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"618\" height=\"1175\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/OceanCardgamePDF.pdf\">Download PDF version\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have students rewrite the definitions for the vocabulary words in their own words.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students illustrate vocabulary words with a drawing and a short explanation of their drawing.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHuman activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67110/ocean-acidification-vocabulary-game","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_338","quest_621","quest_12607","quest_10578","quest_1166","quest_1271","quest_2035","quest_12146","quest_12606"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67244","label":"source_quest_67110"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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