Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot
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Activity: Air Pressure, It's in the Bag
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Follow her on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQEDaust\">@KQEDaust\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e24afde91dbbf0fb0652c4ebbebceee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"KQEDaust","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"education","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["unfiltered_upload","administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrea Aust | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e24afde91dbbf0fb0652c4ebbebceee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e24afde91dbbf0fb0652c4ebbebceee?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrea-swensrud"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"lfarrar":{"type":"authors","id":"6544","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6544","found":true},"name":"Lauren Farrar","firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Farrar","slug":"lfarrar","email":"lfarrar@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lauren has a background in biology, education, and filmmaking. She has had the privilege to work on a diverse array of educational endeavors and is currently a producer for KQED Learning's YouTube series \u003cem>Above the Noise\u003c/em>. Lauren's career has taken her to the deepest parts of the ocean to film deep sea hydrothermal vents for classroom webcasts, into the pool to film synchronized swimmers to teach about the pH scale, and on roller coasters to create a video about activation energy. And, she’s done it all for the sake of education. Lauren loves communicating science! Follow her on twitter @LFarrarAtWork","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"education","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Farrar | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lfarrar"},"acalo":{"type":"authors","id":"10423","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10423","found":true},"name":"Adrienne Calo","firstName":"Adrienne","lastName":"Calo","slug":"acalo","email":"acalo@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Adrienne Calo has been a producer of PBS films, specials, and series for the last 12 years. In 2006, she joined the KQED arts series, \"Spark\" as Coordinating Producer, and became Series Producer in its 6th season. Segments she produced for the series earned her four Northern California Emmy nominations. Adrienne then went on to work with social justice media company The Working Group, serving as a producer on their national PBS film “Not In Our Town; Light In the Darkness”, a portrait of a Long Island community in the aftermath of a hate crime. Most recently, Adrienne was the Coordinating Producer of the national PBS series \"Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders\", which uses music to tell stories about international culture and politics. In the course of her broadcasting career, Adrienne has also contributed to programming for ABC News/Nightline, This Week in Northern California, and Austin City Limits.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_users","promote_users","remove_users","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Adrienne Calo | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acalo"},"cbobino":{"type":"authors","id":"10626","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10626","found":true},"name":"CaT Bobino","firstName":"CaT","lastName":"Bobino","slug":"cbobino","email":"cbobino@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"CaT Bobino has her B.S. in Biology and is currently an education intern at KQED. She enjoys sharing her love of science through media, public speaking, and outreach programs. CaT is finishing up her Masters in Biology at CSU East Bay and plans to do more media work and help change the image of a scientist. You can contact her on Twitter at @intheknowshow or go to her website catbobino.com","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"CaT Bobino | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cbobino"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17428","score":null,"sort":[1448460000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dark-energy","title":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light","publishDate":1448460000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>There’s a mysterious force that makes up about two-thirds of the universe. And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Congress could approve funding for a space telescope that would help scientists investigate dark energy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448917547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1001},"headData":{"title":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light | KQED","description":"Congress could approve funding for a space telescope that would help scientists investigate dark energy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/25/dark-energy/","disqusTitle":"Bringing Dark Energy to Light","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/6AMthlVpdds","source":"Astronomy","path":"/quest/17428/dark-energy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a mysterious force that makes up about two-thirds of the universe. And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17428/dark-energy","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16","quest_3422"],"tags":["quest_767","quest_1626","quest_2349","quest_13392","quest_2837","quest_3071","quest_13423"],"featImg":"quest_81279","label":"source_quest_17428"},"quest_17535":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17535","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17535","score":null,"sort":[1447336800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"homegrown-particle-accelerators","title":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators","publishDate":1447336800,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With the Large Hadron Collider achieving higher energy levels, Bay Area scientists hope for dark matter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475395,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":964},"headData":{"title":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators | KQED","description":"With the Large Hadron Collider achieving higher energy levels, Bay Area scientists hope for dark matter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17535 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/12/homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusTitle":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/OvxAG8e4RZA","source":"Physics","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/physics/","path":"/quest/17535/homegrown-particle-accelerators","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17535/homegrown-particle-accelerators","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_247","quest_248","quest_3351","quest_1611","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81284","label":"source_quest_17535"},"quest_87280":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_87280","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"87280","score":null,"sort":[1445299962000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","publishDate":1445299962,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13394,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of \"tensegrity\"--the combination of \"tension\" and \"integrity.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475540,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot | KQED","description":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of "tensegrity"--the combination of "tension" and "integrity."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"87280 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=87280","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awILwlCkd9Y","path":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","authors":["10626"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_11295","quest_12787","quest_847","quest_13197","quest_1040","quest_13402","quest_11365","quest_13404","quest_13400","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_1920","quest_2530","quest_13142","quest_2739","quest_11296","quest_13403","quest_13401","quest_3021","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_87396","label":"quest_13394"},"quest_78432":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_78432","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"78432","score":null,"sort":[1443726352000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","publishDate":1443726352,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475573,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1070},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots | KQED","description":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"78432 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=78432","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtHrcmZoXsc","source":"Engineering","path":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13383","quest_13152","quest_1919","quest_2443","quest_2739","quest_12220","quest_11296","quest_12094","quest_3071","quest_13384"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_78451","label":"source_quest_78432"},"quest_74406":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74406","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74406","score":null,"sort":[1441933318000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"e-book-engineering-is-cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","title":"E-book: Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water","publishDate":1441933318,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover.png\" alt=\"Clean Water-640x360-cover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 million people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. For residents of Dhaka, Bangladesh, this is because sewage seeps into the city’s old, cracked pipes that transport their drinking water. The invasion of sewage into the water means that waterborne diseases spread easily, sickening many people. Without overhauling the city’s water transportation infrastructure, how could residents have access to safe water? By cleaning it where it’s collected--at the communal hand pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a>, tells the story of how a team of scientists and engineers at Stanford University designed an inexpensive water purification device that attaches to the water pumps used by people in Dhaka. The device dispenses chlorine in just the right amount, killing microbes and making the water safe to drink. The book explains the team’s process of researching solutions, designing the device, testing it and making improvements (using a 3D printer!). The book also contains a career spotlight video of Amy Pickering, the lead engineer on the project. And, there’s a look at the various ways water treatment plants in the United States treat water so that it’s safe for us to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> is the fourth e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74408\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Lotus-Water-Project-Cover-105x136.png\" alt=\"Lotus Water Project Cover 105x136\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how a 3D-printed device made it possible for people in Dhaka, Bangladesh to have access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than 700 million people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. In this e-book from KQED, discover how engineers from Stanford University designed an inexpensive water purification device made with a 3D printer, for people in Dhaka, Bangladesh.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450483033,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":290},"headData":{"title":"E-book: Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water | KQED","description":"More than 700 million people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. In this e-book from KQED, discover how engineers from Stanford University designed an inexpensive water purification device made with a 3D printer, for people in Dhaka, Bangladesh.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74406 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74406","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/09/10/e-book-engineering-is-cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water/","disqusTitle":"E-book: Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/74406/e-book-engineering-is-cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover.png\" alt=\"Clean Water-640x360-cover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Clean-Water-640x360-cover-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 million people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. For residents of Dhaka, Bangladesh, this is because sewage seeps into the city’s old, cracked pipes that transport their drinking water. The invasion of sewage into the water means that waterborne diseases spread easily, sickening many people. Without overhauling the city’s water transportation infrastructure, how could residents have access to safe water? By cleaning it where it’s collected--at the communal hand pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a>, tells the story of how a team of scientists and engineers at Stanford University designed an inexpensive water purification device that attaches to the water pumps used by people in Dhaka. The device dispenses chlorine in just the right amount, killing microbes and making the water safe to drink. The book explains the team’s process of researching solutions, designing the device, testing it and making improvements (using a 3D printer!). The book also contains a career spotlight video of Amy Pickering, the lead engineer on the project. And, there’s a look at the various ways water treatment plants in the United States treat water so that it’s safe for us to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> is the fourth e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74408\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/Lotus-Water-Project-Cover-105x136.png\" alt=\"Lotus Water Project Cover 105x136\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how a 3D-printed device made it possible for people in Dhaka, Bangladesh to have access to clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74406/e-book-engineering-is-cleaning-poop-from-drinking-water","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_12","quest_16","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12185","quest_838","quest_12946","quest_13197","quest_13152","quest_2349","quest_3318"],"collections":["quest_13362"],"featImg":"quest_74407","label":"source_quest_74406"},"quest_74121":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74121","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74121","score":null,"sort":[1432918950000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"e-book-engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes","title":"E-book: Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes","publishDate":1432918950,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-02\" width=\"641\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to diagnose malaria, schistosomiasis and African sleeping sickness can be the difference between life and death for people afflicted with those diseases. And while diagnosis is easily done with microscopes, in many parts of the world, lack of access to these tools means these diseases are often misdiagnosed and patients go untreated. What is the solution? A $1 origami microscope, of course, called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Foldscope\u003c/a>, that can be shipped and used anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>, tells the story of how Stanford University bioengineer \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~manup/\" target=\"_blank\">Manu Prakash\u003c/a> and his colleagues designed a lightweight, inexpensive, robust, paper microscope in order to help people in developing countries and remote areas diagnose diseases. The book explores optics and how microscopes work--including the Foldscope--through video and animation, and shows how Foldscopes are inspiring students around the world to ask questions and make discoveries. It also contains a career spotlight video of a graduate student who uses microscopes in his research on heart cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a> is the third e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny.jpg\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74125\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how engineers developed a $1 paper microscope to help diagnose diseases in remote areas.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Access to healthcare and diagnostic tools aren't always easy to come by in many parts of the world. In this e-book from KQED, discover how engineers from Stanford University designed an easy-to-use, easy-to-fix, paper microscope that costs $1 to produce in order to help people in remote areas diagnose diseases.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450483107,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":239},"headData":{"title":"E-book: Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes | KQED","description":"Access to healthcare and diagnostic tools aren't always easy to come by in many parts of the world. In this e-book from KQED, discover how engineers from Stanford University designed an easy-to-use, easy-to-fix, paper microscope that costs $1 to produce in order to help people in remote areas diagnose diseases.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74121 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74121","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/05/29/e-book-engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes/","disqusTitle":"E-book: Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/74121/e-book-engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-02\" width=\"641\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02.png 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-02-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to diagnose malaria, schistosomiasis and African sleeping sickness can be the difference between life and death for people afflicted with those diseases. And while diagnosis is easily done with microscopes, in many parts of the world, lack of access to these tools means these diseases are often misdiagnosed and patients go untreated. What is the solution? A $1 origami microscope, of course, called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.foldscope.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Foldscope\u003c/a>, that can be shipped and used anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a>, tells the story of how Stanford University bioengineer \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~manup/\" target=\"_blank\">Manu Prakash\u003c/a> and his colleagues designed a lightweight, inexpensive, robust, paper microscope in order to help people in developing countries and remote areas diagnose diseases. The book explores optics and how microscopes work--including the Foldscope--through video and animation, and shows how Foldscopes are inspiring students around the world to ask questions and make discoveries. It also contains a career spotlight video of a graduate student who uses microscopes in his research on heart cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes\u003c/a> is the third e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Origami-Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny.jpg\" alt=\"Origami Miscroscope_fin-03_tiny\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74125\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how engineers developed a $1 paper microscope to help diagnose diseases in remote areas.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74121/e-book-engineering-is-diagnosing-diseases-with-origami-microscopes","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_12","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_838","quest_12946","quest_13174","quest_12269","quest_1646","quest_13169","quest_13166","quest_1816","quest_2083","quest_13168"],"collections":["quest_13175"],"featImg":"quest_74122","label":"source_quest_74121"},"quest_74061":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74061","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74061","score":null,"sort":[1431043217000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope","title":"Science Spotlight: Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope","publishDate":1431043217,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/31a22583-dcee-420a-9f8f-8966c86dbf8e/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford University, has created a fully functional microscope out of waterproof paper that uses teeny-tiny lenses to magnify objects. He calls it a Foldscope. The different parts of the microscope are printed on paper, which the user punches out and folds together. The Foldscope requires no power outlets and works with standard microscope slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74155\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"the Foldscope\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-74155\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close up of the Foldscope.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microscopes are important tools that allow people to view objects that are so small that you wouldn’t ordinarily be able to see them, like bacteria or blood cells. From healthcare workers using microscopes to look at blood samples to diagnose diseases, to forensic scientists using them to study evidence from crime scenes, many different kinds of microscopes have been developed for a variety of purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Foldscope operates a lot like a traditional microscope in that it uses lenses to bend light in order to make tiny images appear larger. Light travels in waves and when it passes through media with a different density than air, such as water, the light changes direction, or bends. This is why a pencil looks bent when it is halfway submerged in a glass of water. This bending of light is known as refraction. Curved objects, such as lenses also bend light. How the light bends depends on how curved the lens is and the material it's made out of. Convex lenses, which are thicker in the middle and curve outward, can be used to magnify objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74063\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"schematic of a convex lens\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A convex lens can bend light and make an object appear larger by creating a larger virtual image that your eye can see.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A magnifying glass is the simplest kind of microscope -- a convex lens with a handle attached. How much an object is magnified depends on several factors, including how curved the lens is, the distance between the lens and the object, and the distance between the lens and the user’s eye. The more curved the lens is, the higher the magnification it offers. Magnifying glasses are limited in how much they can magnify an object; usually, they can make objects look around 2-10 times larger than they actually are. More advanced microscopes combine multiple lenses to bend light in different ways in order to magnify objects even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldscopes use salt-grain sized lenses that are highly curved. The extreme curvature of these lenses allow for high magnification. For this reason, Foldscopes don’t require long tubes of stacked lenses to magnify objects, like other microscopes do. This is why the Foldscope looks flat compared to larger, more traditional microscopes. Even though they are made out of waterproof paper and tiny lenses, Foldscopes can make objects appear 2,000 times larger than they actually are. This makes it possible to see really small things, like cells and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\"> Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes e-book\u003c/a>. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind Manu Prakash’s Foldscopes project, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about microscopes and lenses check out these resources from \u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Explain that Stuff\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/microscopes.html\">How Microscopes Work\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/lenses.html\">Lenses\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how microscopes work by using lenses to bend light to magnify objects.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442618052,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":562},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope | KQED","description":"Learn how microscopes work by using lenses to bend light to magnify objects.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74061 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74061","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/05/07/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwLBw13NKNU","source":"Physics","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/physics/","path":"/quest/74061/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/31a22583-dcee-420a-9f8f-8966c86dbf8e/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford University, has created a fully functional microscope out of waterproof paper that uses teeny-tiny lenses to magnify objects. He calls it a Foldscope. The different parts of the microscope are printed on paper, which the user punches out and folds together. The Foldscope requires no power outlets and works with standard microscope slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74155\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"the Foldscope\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-74155\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close up of the Foldscope.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microscopes are important tools that allow people to view objects that are so small that you wouldn’t ordinarily be able to see them, like bacteria or blood cells. From healthcare workers using microscopes to look at blood samples to diagnose diseases, to forensic scientists using them to study evidence from crime scenes, many different kinds of microscopes have been developed for a variety of purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Foldscope operates a lot like a traditional microscope in that it uses lenses to bend light in order to make tiny images appear larger. Light travels in waves and when it passes through media with a different density than air, such as water, the light changes direction, or bends. This is why a pencil looks bent when it is halfway submerged in a glass of water. This bending of light is known as refraction. Curved objects, such as lenses also bend light. How the light bends depends on how curved the lens is and the material it's made out of. Convex lenses, which are thicker in the middle and curve outward, can be used to magnify objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74063\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"schematic of a convex lens\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A convex lens can bend light and make an object appear larger by creating a larger virtual image that your eye can see.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A magnifying glass is the simplest kind of microscope -- a convex lens with a handle attached. How much an object is magnified depends on several factors, including how curved the lens is, the distance between the lens and the object, and the distance between the lens and the user’s eye. The more curved the lens is, the higher the magnification it offers. Magnifying glasses are limited in how much they can magnify an object; usually, they can make objects look around 2-10 times larger than they actually are. More advanced microscopes combine multiple lenses to bend light in different ways in order to magnify objects even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldscopes use salt-grain sized lenses that are highly curved. The extreme curvature of these lenses allow for high magnification. For this reason, Foldscopes don’t require long tubes of stacked lenses to magnify objects, like other microscopes do. This is why the Foldscope looks flat compared to larger, more traditional microscopes. Even though they are made out of waterproof paper and tiny lenses, Foldscopes can make objects appear 2,000 times larger than they actually are. This makes it possible to see really small things, like cells and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\"> Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes e-book\u003c/a>. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind Manu Prakash’s Foldscopes project, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about microscopes and lenses check out these resources from \u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Explain that Stuff\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/microscopes.html\">How Microscopes Work\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/lenses.html\">Lenses\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74061/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope","authors":["10423"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_12946","quest_13162","quest_12269","quest_3351","quest_1646","quest_13167","quest_13161","quest_13169","quest_1815","quest_13166","quest_1816","quest_2083","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13168","quest_13142"],"collections":["quest_13175"],"featImg":"quest_74077","label":"source_quest_74061"},"quest_74013":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74013","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74013","score":null,"sort":[1428021175000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"e-book-engineering-is-bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","title":"E-book: Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep","publishDate":1428021175,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-02.png\" alt=\"Decompression Chamber-02\" width=\"641\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-02.png 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-02-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collecting live fish to study from near-surface waters is a fairly easy task for biologists. The same cannot be said about fish from the ocean's twilight zone, 200-500 feet beneath the surface. Fish in this region are subject to pressure changes when brought up from their deep water home, which can result in injury or death. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> were eager to find a way to collect these fish without causing any harm. They needed a decompression chamber that they could bring with them on their dives and use to transport the fish. The only problem was that nothing like this existed. So they built one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a>, explores the story of how Academy scientists designed a portable decompression chamber in order to safely transport fish discovered on their expeditions to the Philippines. The book dives into the science of pressure — from the air pressure we experience every day to water pressure and the special adaptations of fish. The book also contains a career spotlight video of the Academy biologist who spearheaded the process of designing the chamber, and a hands-on activity where students of all ages can experience the effects of changing air pressure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> is the second e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-105x136.jpg\" alt=\"Decompression Chamber 105x136\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74015\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how scientists engineered a way to study new fish species from the ocean’s twilight zone.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The ocean's mysterious twilight zone is home to a wealth of fish species, many that are new to researchers. In this e-book from KQED, discover how scientists from the California Academy of Sciences engineered a device to safely transport live fish from the twilight zone back to the Academy's aquarium for further study.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450482698,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":288},"headData":{"title":"E-book: Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep | KQED","description":"The ocean's mysterious twilight zone is home to a wealth of fish species, many that are new to researchers. In this e-book from KQED, discover how scientists from the California Academy of Sciences engineered a device to safely transport live fish from the twilight zone back to the Academy's aquarium for further study.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74013 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74013","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/02/e-book-engineering-is-bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/","disqusTitle":"E-book: Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/74013/e-book-engineering-is-bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-02.png\" alt=\"Decompression Chamber-02\" width=\"641\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-02.png 641w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-02-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>View the E-book\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collecting live fish to study from near-surface waters is a fairly easy task for biologists. The same cannot be said about fish from the ocean's twilight zone, 200-500 feet beneath the surface. Fish in this region are subject to pressure changes when brought up from their deep water home, which can result in injury or death. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> were eager to find a way to collect these fish without causing any harm. They needed a decompression chamber that they could bring with them on their dives and use to transport the fish. The only problem was that nothing like this existed. So they built one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a>, explores the story of how Academy scientists designed a portable decompression chamber in order to safely transport fish discovered on their expeditions to the Philippines. The book dives into the science of pressure — from the air pressure we experience every day to water pressure and the special adaptations of fish. The book also contains a career spotlight video of the Academy biologist who spearheaded the process of designing the chamber, and a hands-on activity where students of all ages can experience the effects of changing air pressure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> is the second e-book in our \u003cstrong>Engineering Is...\u003c/strong> series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED's e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Decompression-Chamber-105x136.jpg\" alt=\"Decompression Chamber 105x136\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-74015\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discover how scientists engineered a way to study new fish species from the ocean’s twilight zone.\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74013/e-book-engineering-is-bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_197","quest_439","quest_12946","quest_1099","quest_12269","quest_2288","quest_13068"],"collections":["quest_13156"],"featImg":"quest_74007","label":"source_quest_74013"},"quest_73970":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73970","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73970","score":null,"sort":[1427999341000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"air-pressure-activity-its-in-the-bag","title":"Activity: Air Pressure, It's in the Bag","publishDate":1427999341,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13156,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image.jpg\" alt=\"Hands-on activity title\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-73989\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Activity written by Kathryn Danielson and Clea Matson from \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Pressure Activity \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students are asked to create a change in air pressure using a garbage bag and vacuum cleaner, then create an illustration, model or concept map that explains what is happening. Students can also capture the process in “before and after” videos or photos, then share the videos and/or their models on the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/submit-your-story/\">KQED website \u003c/a> or with @KQEDedspace via Vine, Instagram or Twitter with the hashtag #kqedpressure. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/category/community-created-content/\"> KQED's community voices\u003c/a> to see experiences and ideas others have posted!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Objective\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students will:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>create a change in pressure that allows them to experience the force of atmospheric pressure (shrink-wrapping);\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>create a model that explains this phenomenon;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>receive comments and questions about their model to co-construct and revise their ideas to help them better understand this phenomenon; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>share their models, pictures and videos on social media.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Materials\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>1 large contractor trash bag\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1 household vacuum cleaner with a hose attachment\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>scratch paper\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>pencils\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 sticky-note pads (different colors)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>camera for capturing photos or video (optional)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Background\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>What is air pressure?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAlthough we don’t usually notice air pressure, the molecules that make up the surrounding air are constantly colliding with us from all different directions. Air pressure is the force of these collisions per unit area. In fact, we often measure pressure in pounds per square inch (psi). This activity helps students understand pressure and changes in pressure by experiencing air pressure in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What causes a person to be “shrink-wrapped” when the vacuum is turned on?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, participants climb into a large trash bag (with their head and neck remaining outside!) and remove the air from inside of the bag using a household vacuum cleaner. Before the vacuum cleaner is turned on, there is an equal density of air molecules inside and outside the bag. As described above, the air molecules are colliding with the inside and outside of the bag with equal force per unit area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the vacuum cleaner is turned on, \u003cem>most\u003c/em> of the air is removed from inside the bag. When the air inside the bag is removed, there is no longer equilibrium. The force of the air molecules colliding with the inside of the bag is now close to zero, but the air molecules colliding with the outside of the bag have the same force per unit area as before. The air pressure that is outside of the bag (atmospheric pressure is about 14.7 psi on the surface of the earth) is now unopposed by an equal force of air pressure inside the bag. Thus, the bag is not being \u003cem>sucked\u003c/em> onto your body by the vacuum cleaner; rather, the bag is being \u003cem>pushed\u003c/em> onto your body by the air outside of the bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-73973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model.png\" alt=\"Air pressure model\" width=\"1106\" height=\"828\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model.png 1106w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model-400x299.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model-800x599.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model-960x719.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1106px) 100vw, 1106px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How is this related to the pressure change that a fish might feel when coming up from the “twilight zone”?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe fish that come up from the deep water of the “twilight zone” experience a similarly dramatic change in pressure. Many fish have a gas-filled organ, called a swim bladder, which helps fish to stay buoyant in the water. Fish that live deep in the ocean have swim bladders with a certain density of air inside them. When these fish are brought up from the deep water to the shallower water at the surface, the pressure exerted by the surrounding water on the swim bladder decreases quickly. There is no longer equilibrium between the pressure of the air inside the swim bladder and the surrounding water. The air inside the swim bladder presses \u003cem>out\u003c/em>, similar to the way the air outside of the trash bag pushes \u003cem>in\u003c/em> on your body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-73975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model.png\" alt=\"swim bladder model\" width=\"1125\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model.png 1125w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Activity Instructions (for Educators)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOTE: ADULT SUPERVISION STRONGLY SUGGESTED\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Show the materials to the class and explain that they will be exploring the concept of pressure in this activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask for two volunteers: the first volunteer will sit inside the trash bag and the second volunteer will help to create the vacuum inside the bag.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have the first volunteer kneel or sit cross-legged inside the trash bag. Have the other volunteer help to bring the bag over their shoulders. The bag should come up to their neck, but not be tight around the neck. DO NOT COVER HEAD WITH GARBAGE BAG. The teacher should operate the vacuum cleaner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Instruct the volunteer inside the bag to hold the hose of the vacuum cleaner inside the bag, pointed away from their body, and to cup their hands around the vacuum-cleaner hose so the bag or their clothes don’t get sucked into the hose.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Count down from 5 and turn on the vacuum cleaner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Observe the shrink-wrap process.\u003cbr>\n*Quick Tip: if the bag doesn't tightly shrink-wrap to the person inside the bag, have the second volunteer make sure that the opening of the bag is closed around the person’s body and that air is only moving through the vacuum cleaner hose, unobstructed by the bag or clothing. Students should feel a tight squeeze from the bag, but if they are uncomfortable, you can turn off the vacuum and the bag will immediately stop squeezing.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have as many students as possible experience the shrink-wrap process by sitting inside the bag.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once students have experienced or observed the shrink-wrap process, have them spend five minutes drawing a conceptual model that explains what they observed.\u003cbr>\n*Students should draw two pictures: the first should depict what’s happening before the vacuum cleaner gets turned on, and the second should show what’s happening after the vacuum cleaner is on and their body is shrink-wrapped.\u003cbr>\n*Encourage students to include labels, arrows or anything else that helps them illustrate what they observed.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students partner up to discuss their conceptual models. Students should ask questions about their partner’s model and have a chance to respond to their partner’s questions. After discussing, give students time to revise their models and incorporate any new ideas that came from the discussion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After revising their models this first time, instruct students to display their drawings on their desks for a gallery walk. The purpose of the gallery walk is for the whole class to see all of the models, ask questions and provide feedback. To do this, distribute two colors of sticky notes:\u003cbr>\n *Color 1 = questions or clarifications about the model\u003cbr>\n *Color 2 = positive comments or agreement about the model\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students should circulate through the classroom and comment on the models using the colored sticky notes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students return to their seats and read their notes. Give students a final chance to revise their models based on their peers’ comments or questions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Conclude the activity by leading a class discussion to explain the science of the shrink-wrap activity. To do this, you can draw a scientifically accurate model on the board. This is also the chance to address any misconceptions about what’s causing the bag to shrink-wrap. Some other guiding questions for the whole class discussion might include the following:\u003cbr>\n *Using a similar setup, what other ideas for experiments do students have?\u003cbr>\n*How is this activity related to the pressure change that a fish might feel when coming up from the “twilight zone”?\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are you curious about what other people think about this phenomenon? Students can share their experiences with others all over the world by posting videos, photos or their models on the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/submit-your-story/\">KQED website\u003c/a> and see what others have posted \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/category/community-created-content/\">here\u003c/a>. Or share them with @KQEDedspace via Vine, Instagram or Twitter with the hashtag #kqedpressure.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This activity is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Feel changes in air pressure with this hands-on activity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450482846,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1359},"headData":{"title":"Activity: Air Pressure, It's in the Bag | KQED","description":"Feel changes in air pressure with this hands-on activity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73970 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73970","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/02/air-pressure-activity-its-in-the-bag/","disqusTitle":"Activity: Air Pressure, It's in the Bag","path":"/quest/73970/air-pressure-activity-its-in-the-bag","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image.jpg\" alt=\"Hands-on activity title\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-73989\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Activity_image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Activity written by Kathryn Danielson and Clea Matson from \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Pressure Activity \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students are asked to create a change in air pressure using a garbage bag and vacuum cleaner, then create an illustration, model or concept map that explains what is happening. Students can also capture the process in “before and after” videos or photos, then share the videos and/or their models on the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/submit-your-story/\">KQED website \u003c/a> or with @KQEDedspace via Vine, Instagram or Twitter with the hashtag #kqedpressure. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/category/community-created-content/\"> KQED's community voices\u003c/a> to see experiences and ideas others have posted!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Objective\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students will:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>create a change in pressure that allows them to experience the force of atmospheric pressure (shrink-wrapping);\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>create a model that explains this phenomenon;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>receive comments and questions about their model to co-construct and revise their ideas to help them better understand this phenomenon; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>share their models, pictures and videos on social media.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Materials\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>1 large contractor trash bag\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1 household vacuum cleaner with a hose attachment\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>scratch paper\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>pencils\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 sticky-note pads (different colors)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>camera for capturing photos or video (optional)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Background\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>What is air pressure?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAlthough we don’t usually notice air pressure, the molecules that make up the surrounding air are constantly colliding with us from all different directions. Air pressure is the force of these collisions per unit area. In fact, we often measure pressure in pounds per square inch (psi). This activity helps students understand pressure and changes in pressure by experiencing air pressure in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What causes a person to be “shrink-wrapped” when the vacuum is turned on?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, participants climb into a large trash bag (with their head and neck remaining outside!) and remove the air from inside of the bag using a household vacuum cleaner. Before the vacuum cleaner is turned on, there is an equal density of air molecules inside and outside the bag. As described above, the air molecules are colliding with the inside and outside of the bag with equal force per unit area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the vacuum cleaner is turned on, \u003cem>most\u003c/em> of the air is removed from inside the bag. When the air inside the bag is removed, there is no longer equilibrium. The force of the air molecules colliding with the inside of the bag is now close to zero, but the air molecules colliding with the outside of the bag have the same force per unit area as before. The air pressure that is outside of the bag (atmospheric pressure is about 14.7 psi on the surface of the earth) is now unopposed by an equal force of air pressure inside the bag. Thus, the bag is not being \u003cem>sucked\u003c/em> onto your body by the vacuum cleaner; rather, the bag is being \u003cem>pushed\u003c/em> onto your body by the air outside of the bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-73973\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model.png\" alt=\"Air pressure model\" width=\"1106\" height=\"828\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model.png 1106w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model-400x299.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model-800x599.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Air_pressure_model-960x719.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1106px) 100vw, 1106px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How is this related to the pressure change that a fish might feel when coming up from the “twilight zone”?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe fish that come up from the deep water of the “twilight zone” experience a similarly dramatic change in pressure. Many fish have a gas-filled organ, called a swim bladder, which helps fish to stay buoyant in the water. Fish that live deep in the ocean have swim bladders with a certain density of air inside them. When these fish are brought up from the deep water to the shallower water at the surface, the pressure exerted by the surrounding water on the swim bladder decreases quickly. There is no longer equilibrium between the pressure of the air inside the swim bladder and the surrounding water. The air inside the swim bladder presses \u003cem>out\u003c/em>, similar to the way the air outside of the trash bag pushes \u003cem>in\u003c/em> on your body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-73975\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model.png\" alt=\"swim bladder model\" width=\"1125\" height=\"844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model.png 1125w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/swim_bladder_model-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Activity Instructions (for Educators)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOTE: ADULT SUPERVISION STRONGLY SUGGESTED\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Show the materials to the class and explain that they will be exploring the concept of pressure in this activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask for two volunteers: the first volunteer will sit inside the trash bag and the second volunteer will help to create the vacuum inside the bag.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have the first volunteer kneel or sit cross-legged inside the trash bag. Have the other volunteer help to bring the bag over their shoulders. The bag should come up to their neck, but not be tight around the neck. DO NOT COVER HEAD WITH GARBAGE BAG. The teacher should operate the vacuum cleaner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Instruct the volunteer inside the bag to hold the hose of the vacuum cleaner inside the bag, pointed away from their body, and to cup their hands around the vacuum-cleaner hose so the bag or their clothes don’t get sucked into the hose.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Count down from 5 and turn on the vacuum cleaner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Observe the shrink-wrap process.\u003cbr>\n*Quick Tip: if the bag doesn't tightly shrink-wrap to the person inside the bag, have the second volunteer make sure that the opening of the bag is closed around the person’s body and that air is only moving through the vacuum cleaner hose, unobstructed by the bag or clothing. Students should feel a tight squeeze from the bag, but if they are uncomfortable, you can turn off the vacuum and the bag will immediately stop squeezing.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have as many students as possible experience the shrink-wrap process by sitting inside the bag.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once students have experienced or observed the shrink-wrap process, have them spend five minutes drawing a conceptual model that explains what they observed.\u003cbr>\n*Students should draw two pictures: the first should depict what’s happening before the vacuum cleaner gets turned on, and the second should show what’s happening after the vacuum cleaner is on and their body is shrink-wrapped.\u003cbr>\n*Encourage students to include labels, arrows or anything else that helps them illustrate what they observed.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students partner up to discuss their conceptual models. Students should ask questions about their partner’s model and have a chance to respond to their partner’s questions. After discussing, give students time to revise their models and incorporate any new ideas that came from the discussion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After revising their models this first time, instruct students to display their drawings on their desks for a gallery walk. The purpose of the gallery walk is for the whole class to see all of the models, ask questions and provide feedback. To do this, distribute two colors of sticky notes:\u003cbr>\n *Color 1 = questions or clarifications about the model\u003cbr>\n *Color 2 = positive comments or agreement about the model\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students should circulate through the classroom and comment on the models using the colored sticky notes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Have students return to their seats and read their notes. Give students a final chance to revise their models based on their peers’ comments or questions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Conclude the activity by leading a class discussion to explain the science of the shrink-wrap activity. To do this, you can draw a scientifically accurate model on the board. This is also the chance to address any misconceptions about what’s causing the bag to shrink-wrap. Some other guiding questions for the whole class discussion might include the following:\u003cbr>\n *Using a similar setup, what other ideas for experiments do students have?\u003cbr>\n*How is this activity related to the pressure change that a fish might feel when coming up from the “twilight zone”?\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are you curious about what other people think about this phenomenon? Students can share their experiences with others all over the world by posting videos, photos or their models on the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/submit-your-story/\">KQED website\u003c/a> and see what others have posted \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/category/community-created-content/\">here\u003c/a>. Or share them with @KQEDedspace via Vine, Instagram or Twitter with the hashtag #kqedpressure.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This activity is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73970/air-pressure-activity-its-in-the-bag","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13154","quest_13155","quest_13153","quest_439","quest_12946","quest_13152","quest_2349","quest_13139"],"collections":["quest_13156"],"featImg":"quest_73989","label":"quest_13156"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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