Toxic Algae on the Loose

“It’s just so frequent now, it’s just sort of here we go again,” he says, with a grim laugh. “It’s depressing.”

Pseudonitzschia is the type of algae responsible for domoic acid, a neurotoxin.

Friedman’s problem is something called domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that’s produced by a particular type of algae.

When Friedman’s oysters and mussels get hit with a wave of domoic acid, he can’t harvest them, because the shellfish would make his customers sick. Friedman has nothing to sell. He says last year domoic acid cost his business about $30,000.

Friedman thinks of himself as a canary in the coal mine, because out there in the ocean, he tends to see problems first. But scientists, like Raphael Kudela, a professor ocean sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are noticing the same thing.

For the past eleven years, Kudela and his team have been driving down to the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf once a week, to take water samples. Those samples get put under a microscope at the lab, back on campus. The team keeps detailed records of the kinds and amounts of algae they find. (All of this data – along with some very nice photos – is available on their website.)

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Listen to the QUEST radio story Toxic Algae on the Loose

“Because we measure every week,” Kudela says, “we can watch the toxins coming and going and get a good idea of what’s going on in the water.”

This kind of information is important because even though these toxins don’t seem to harm shellfish, they can make people very sick. A mild case of domoic acid can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At its worst: seizures and memory loss. Domoic acid also takes a big toll on sea lions. (Marin’s Marine Mammal Center is on the frontlines of this problem.)

So the state takes toxic algae very seriously, with about 50 different testing sites up and down California’s coast. Kudela says this statewide monitoring program is the reason that no one has gotten seriously ill here from shellfish in over half a century, even though they have in other states like Louisiana.

These 2006 satellite images show algae blooms along the California coast. Red indicates high levels of chlorophyll; blue is low. This kind of data could one day help predict toxic algae events. (Credit: Yi Chao, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Fei Chai, U. Maine.)

An oceanic mystery

But recently, Kudela and others have noticed something rather curious.

Kudela says in the past, domoic acid levels were pretty predictable. “For a long time,” he says, “it would come and go. It would be here in the Spring, then go away and come back in the Fall.”

But about a year and a half ago, that pattern started to change. Kudela says over the last 13 months, pseudonitzchia, the algae that produces domoic acid, has been present in the water almost continuously.

“It’s very unusual,” says Kudela.

Because of this, and other strange algae patterns up and down the coast, California’s Department of Public Health recently took an unusual step. Authorities issued their annual quarantine on sport-harvested mussels a month earlier than in normal years.

And this is not just a California problem. In fact, around the world, algae is growing in places it didn’t used to, at different times of the year than in the past. And what everyone wants to know is: Why?

“As scientists, we want proof,” says Kudela. “We want to be able to say it’s this and it’s not that, and we can tell you why.”

But when you’re talking about the entire ocean, he says, the biology is so complicated that it’s just incredibly hard to tease out causes and effects. Still, there are some theories.

One is that increasing amounts of sewage and agricultural waste are seeping into the ocean, making algae grow.

And then there’s climate change. The ocean is clearly becoming more acidic, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide. So it’s not a stretch to wonder what effect warming temperatures could be having on algae.

“We know that if you warm the ocean,” Kudela says, “some of these dangerous algae really love those conditions.”

But scientists have only been sampling toxic algae for a few decades. Kudela says there’s just not enough data to make a definitive link between the algae blooms and climate change.

“We see evidence for that,” he says, “but people are very hesitant to say yes, that’s what’s happening.”

Of course, all this speculation about causes isn’t much use to commercial harvesters, like Kevin Lunny, who runs Drakes Bay Oyster Company, out in Point Reyes. He says worrying about toxic algae is part of the job.

“Even when you’re not thinking about, you need to be thinking about them a little.”

Lunny’s crew tests for toxins at least once a week, first the water, and the meat of the oysters, themselves. Last year, they had to recall an entire shipment.

“We had to verify that every single jar, bag of oysters, and account for every single one of them.”

With a little warning

Sometimes, Lunny says he can see the ocean change color, which alerts him to the fact that an algae bloom has entered the bay. But this time, he had no warning at all.

Raphael Kudela, at Santa Cruz, says there should be a way to predict when these blooms are coming. By using computer modeling and satellite images, they should be able to give harvesters enough warning that they could pull their products early, before the toxins hit. But that technology is several years away.

Bernard Friedman, down in Santa Barbara, says he doesn’t think he can wait that long.

“What am I gonna do? I don’t know,” he says. “I’m looking for another source of income.”