California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and its $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with new climate patterns. Join the Bay Curious podcast as we explore new ways of thinking about water management and the future of our state.
What's a Megadrought? Are We in One?
12 Important Things to Know About California's Drought
What Can Local Water Agencies Do to Boost Water Supply? (Transcript)
Three Big Ways to Save Water at Home
Is California in a Megadrought? (Transcript)
Bay Area: Do You Know Where Your Water Comes From?
How Should We Be Thinking About A Hotter, Drier Future? (Transcript)
Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You
Sponsored
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As \u003cem>The California Report's\u003c/em> Central Valley Bureau Chief based in Fresno for nearly a dozen years, Sasha brought the lives and concerns of rural Californians to listeners around the state. Her reporting helped expose the hidden price immigrant women janitors and farmworkers may pay to keep their jobs: sexual assault at work. It inspired two new California laws to protect them from sexual harassment. She was a key member of the reporting team for the Frontline film \u003cem>Rape on the Night Shift, \u003c/em>which was nominated for two national Emmys. Sasha has also won a national Edward R. Murrow and a national PRNDI award for investigative reporting, as well as multiple prizes from the Society for Professional Journalists. Sasha is a proud alum of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and Brown University and a member of the South Asian Journalists Association.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"KQEDSashaKhokha","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sasha Khokha | KQED","description":"Host, The California Report Magazine","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sasha-khokha"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11887467":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11887467","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11887467","score":null,"sort":[1630663515000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whats-a-megadrought-are-we-in-one","title":"What's a Megadrought? Are We in One?","publishDate":1630663515,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What’s a Megadrought? Are We in One? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When summer is hot and dry, Californians have reason to think about drought — what it means to be in one, and what it means to come out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the state emerged from a nearly six-year seasonal drought. Then we had a few years that saw more water across much of the state. Now in 2021, we’ve hit another significant drought year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led Bay Curious listener Nicholas Hardy to ask: Are we in the start of a drought or are we actually in the middle of a megadrought with some wet years thrown in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we examine the long-term history of California’s relationship with water, or the lack thereof, we can start to piece together what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do we know we’re in a drought?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Weather conditions, such as day-to-day rainfall and heat, tell us if we’re currently in a drought. What little snow fell in the Sierra Nevada melted and quickly soaked into the ground this year, never reaching reservoirs. That plus meager rainfall over the winter set the stage for bone dry summer conditions in California and across the West. By the end of August, \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?West\">the national Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, showed the entire state of California was at least in moderate drought, with a significant swath ranked in “exceptional drought,” the highest level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1433411032773316614?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon and Nevada had similar conditions. The Drought Monitor is a map that federal agencies and university scientists pull together from actual weather data such as temperatures and rainfall and also on-the-ground observations, such as those made by UC Cooperative Extension agents throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is a megadrought, and are we in one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over the long-term, it’s climate science that paints the picture of how long droughts in the past have lasted, and to some extent how severe they were. While “drought” refers to one season or one year’s conditions, climate scientists use the term “megadrought” when drought conditions last for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20 year dry period here now,” said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, “and using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the Medieval period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a study published in the journal Science \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6488/314\">described how tree rings allowed researchers to conclude that the last time the West experienced sustained arid conditions over decades was a 28-year dry spell\u003c/a> that ended in the year 1603.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have a full, uninterrupted record of soil moisture across western North America that extends from 800 A.D. all the way up to the near present,” Park Williams, who led the study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">told KQED at the time\u003c/a>. He’s now a bioclimatologist at UCLA. “That allows us to compare for the first time this drought event to the big megadroughts.” Williams said the current megadrought looks “indistinguishable from those big megadroughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at California, eight other states and Northern Mexico and it corroborates what scientists have long feared and warned policymakers: \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/07/24/medieval-megadroughts-climate-change/\">Extreme warming will exacerbate any dry spell making it longer, severer and more widespread\u003c/a>, and this will bake states in the Western U.S. and areas of Mexico with a punishingly long drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-latest-drought/\">While the occasional wet period punctuates a long run of below-average precipitation\u003c/a>, for the past two decades the region has been consistently dry and hot. In response, thirsty farms and cities have drawn down the Colorado River, putting the water supply for 40 million people in California alone at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, in August 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/23/1030223380/farmers-in-arizona-face-cuts-because-of-colorado-river-water-shortages\">the federal government declared a water shortage on the river\u003c/a> and some farmers, particularly in Arizona, are already feeling the impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California Boomed During Unusually Wet Times\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11861878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white photo of lake chabot nestled below rolling hills.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-800x700.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1020x892.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-160x140.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1536x1344.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-2048x1792.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1920x1680.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1920s view of Lake Chabot, in the East Bay Hills above San Leandro. The main embankment of Chabot Dam is at the lower right. \u003ccite>(East Bay Municipal Utility District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 20th century saw California grow to be the most populous state in the nation, says Scott Stine, a professor of geography and environmental studies at Cal State East Bay, and that coincided with an especially wet century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built this phenomenal infrastructure, second to none in the world, here in California and in other parts of the West,” he said. “All of it based on the diversion of water and all of it based on the assumption that the 20th century was normal. And the 20th century is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem of the present day and the coming droughts is that we are set up to need far more water than we should expect at any time in the coming decades and centuries,” he said. “Particularly with the higher temperatures. We’ve created a monster that we have to continue to feed with water, and the water is just not going to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That likely means changes to the ways water is consumed in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of agriculture in the United States is going to have to move from California and the southwest to other water rich areas,” Seager said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already farmers across the state are finding different ways to use their land and water, by choice, circumstance or legal requirement. \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2021/new-ai-institute-expands-uc-merced%E2%80%99s-smart-sustainable-agriculture-effort\">Researchers at UC Merced hope the “smart farm” they are building on campus\u003c/a> will help them develop strategies to improve the ways agriculture makes use of scarce natural resources, including water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Abatzoglou, a climate scientist at UC Merced, who collaborated on the Science paper, said people may yet innovate their way through the new conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these changes could actually lead to beneficial climate adaptation strategies, being more efficient, like revolutionizing how we work with land, how we work with water,” Abatzoglou said. “So there may be some good things that come out of dealing with hardship, which is what we’re going through in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An example would be custom micro-irrigation so that sensors determine exactly how much water a plant needs and only that amount is slowly dribbled out into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When will this megadrought end?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One challenge for residents, farmers and water managers alike is that neither weather nor climate forecasting is very good at giving us advanced drought warnings or predictions for when megadroughts will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abatzoglou says he and others are refining their ability to forecast into a coming “water year” (October through September), which would help people make smarter decisions. He says those could range from farmers switching up what they plant in the fall to reduce water demand in the winter and reservoir operators being better informed as they balance how much water to reserve and how much to distribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because drought is a creeping phenomena, he said. “Usually you don’t know you’re in a drought until it’s a little bit too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longer-term, climate scientists are developing tools to better forecast ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, Seager says, because they have a big influence on drought conditions on land. Right now, they can only see about a year into the future, but with a better system, scientists hope to predict when overall California drought conditions might change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are big international research efforts to do that,” Seager said. “But in the Pacific Ocean, that research to date has not met with a tremendous amount of success. [It] has been rather disappointing in progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has already said that another dry winter could lead him to impose mandatory water reductions, which will be a tricky thing to impose unilaterally as in the state’s driest regions (think Imperial Valley as one example), many people have already made changes to reduce their water use and they won’t take kindly to being asked to make more significant reductions when residents of wetter areas are just taking their first major steps toward water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">This post is adapted from an earlier post published in 2020.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When we examine the long-term history of California’s relationship with water, or the lack thereof, we can start to answer listener Nicholas Hardy's question: \"Are we in a megadrought?\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700588065,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1452},"headData":{"title":"What's a Megadrought? Are We in One? | KQED","description":"When we examine the long-term history of California’s relationship with water, or the lack thereof, we can start to answer listener Nicholas Hardy's question: "Are we in a megadrought?"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC3142023629.mp3?updated=1630529464","nprByline":"Amy Mayer","path":"/news/11887467/whats-a-megadrought-are-we-in-one","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When summer is hot and dry, Californians have reason to think about drought — what it means to be in one, and what it means to come out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the state emerged from a nearly six-year seasonal drought. Then we had a few years that saw more water across much of the state. Now in 2021, we’ve hit another significant drought year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led Bay Curious listener Nicholas Hardy to ask: Are we in the start of a drought or are we actually in the middle of a megadrought with some wet years thrown in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we examine the long-term history of California’s relationship with water, or the lack thereof, we can start to piece together what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do we know we’re in a drought?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Weather conditions, such as day-to-day rainfall and heat, tell us if we’re currently in a drought. What little snow fell in the Sierra Nevada melted and quickly soaked into the ground this year, never reaching reservoirs. That plus meager rainfall over the winter set the stage for bone dry summer conditions in California and across the West. By the end of August, \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?West\">the national Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, showed the entire state of California was at least in moderate drought, with a significant swath ranked in “exceptional drought,” the highest level.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1433411032773316614"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Oregon and Nevada had similar conditions. The Drought Monitor is a map that federal agencies and university scientists pull together from actual weather data such as temperatures and rainfall and also on-the-ground observations, such as those made by UC Cooperative Extension agents throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is a megadrought, and are we in one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Over the long-term, it’s climate science that paints the picture of how long droughts in the past have lasted, and to some extent how severe they were. While “drought” refers to one season or one year’s conditions, climate scientists use the term “megadrought” when drought conditions last for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20 year dry period here now,” said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, “and using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the Medieval period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a study published in the journal Science \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6488/314\">described how tree rings allowed researchers to conclude that the last time the West experienced sustained arid conditions over decades was a 28-year dry spell\u003c/a> that ended in the year 1603.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have a full, uninterrupted record of soil moisture across western North America that extends from 800 A.D. all the way up to the near present,” Park Williams, who led the study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">told KQED at the time\u003c/a>. He’s now a bioclimatologist at UCLA. “That allows us to compare for the first time this drought event to the big megadroughts.” Williams said the current megadrought looks “indistinguishable from those big megadroughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at California, eight other states and Northern Mexico and it corroborates what scientists have long feared and warned policymakers: \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/07/24/medieval-megadroughts-climate-change/\">Extreme warming will exacerbate any dry spell making it longer, severer and more widespread\u003c/a>, and this will bake states in the Western U.S. and areas of Mexico with a punishingly long drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-latest-drought/\">While the occasional wet period punctuates a long run of below-average precipitation\u003c/a>, for the past two decades the region has been consistently dry and hot. In response, thirsty farms and cities have drawn down the Colorado River, putting the water supply for 40 million people in California alone at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, in August 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/23/1030223380/farmers-in-arizona-face-cuts-because-of-colorado-river-water-shortages\">the federal government declared a water shortage on the river\u003c/a> and some farmers, particularly in Arizona, are already feeling the impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California Boomed During Unusually Wet Times\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861878\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11861878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white photo of lake chabot nestled below rolling hills.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-800x700.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1020x892.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-160x140.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1536x1344.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-2048x1792.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Chabot-1920x1680.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1920s view of Lake Chabot, in the East Bay Hills above San Leandro. The main embankment of Chabot Dam is at the lower right. \u003ccite>(East Bay Municipal Utility District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 20th century saw California grow to be the most populous state in the nation, says Scott Stine, a professor of geography and environmental studies at Cal State East Bay, and that coincided with an especially wet century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built this phenomenal infrastructure, second to none in the world, here in California and in other parts of the West,” he said. “All of it based on the diversion of water and all of it based on the assumption that the 20th century was normal. And the 20th century is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem of the present day and the coming droughts is that we are set up to need far more water than we should expect at any time in the coming decades and centuries,” he said. “Particularly with the higher temperatures. We’ve created a monster that we have to continue to feed with water, and the water is just not going to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That likely means changes to the ways water is consumed in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of agriculture in the United States is going to have to move from California and the southwest to other water rich areas,” Seager said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But already farmers across the state are finding different ways to use their land and water, by choice, circumstance or legal requirement. \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2021/new-ai-institute-expands-uc-merced%E2%80%99s-smart-sustainable-agriculture-effort\">Researchers at UC Merced hope the “smart farm” they are building on campus\u003c/a> will help them develop strategies to improve the ways agriculture makes use of scarce natural resources, including water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Abatzoglou, a climate scientist at UC Merced, who collaborated on the Science paper, said people may yet innovate their way through the new conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these changes could actually lead to beneficial climate adaptation strategies, being more efficient, like revolutionizing how we work with land, how we work with water,” Abatzoglou said. “So there may be some good things that come out of dealing with hardship, which is what we’re going through in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An example would be custom micro-irrigation so that sensors determine exactly how much water a plant needs and only that amount is slowly dribbled out into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When will this megadrought end?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One challenge for residents, farmers and water managers alike is that neither weather nor climate forecasting is very good at giving us advanced drought warnings or predictions for when megadroughts will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abatzoglou says he and others are refining their ability to forecast into a coming “water year” (October through September), which would help people make smarter decisions. He says those could range from farmers switching up what they plant in the fall to reduce water demand in the winter and reservoir operators being better informed as they balance how much water to reserve and how much to distribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"baycurious","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because drought is a creeping phenomena, he said. “Usually you don’t know you’re in a drought until it’s a little bit too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Longer-term, climate scientists are developing tools to better forecast ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, Seager says, because they have a big influence on drought conditions on land. Right now, they can only see about a year into the future, but with a better system, scientists hope to predict when overall California drought conditions might change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are big international research efforts to do that,” Seager said. “But in the Pacific Ocean, that research to date has not met with a tremendous amount of success. [It] has been rather disappointing in progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has already said that another dry winter could lead him to impose mandatory water reductions, which will be a tricky thing to impose unilaterally as in the state’s driest regions (think Imperial Valley as one example), many people have already made changes to reduce their water use and they won’t take kindly to being asked to make more significant reductions when residents of wetter areas are just taking their first major steps toward water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">This post is adapted from an earlier post published in 2020.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11887467/whats-a-megadrought-are-we-in-one","authors":["byline_news_11887467"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_33520","news_356"],"tags":["news_255","news_28199","news_29387","news_6739"],"featImg":"news_11887471","label":"source_news_11887467"},"news_11887435":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11887435","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11887435","score":null,"sort":[1630663227000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"12-important-things-to-know-about-californias-drought","title":"12 Important Things to Know About California's Drought","publishDate":1630663227,"format":"standard","headTitle":"12 Important Things to Know About California’s Drought | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California is in a second year of drought. Gov. Gavin Newsom has asked residents to voluntarily cut water use by 15% across the state to try to shore up our reserves in case of another dry winter. In the meantime, fires are raging around California as bone-dry forests go up like tinderboxes. How did we get here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975970/climate-scientists-meet-as-dangerous-fires-floods-and-droughts-test-the-world\">As climate change scrambles weather patterns and adds more variability to our lives\u003c/a>, it’s time to take stock of what we know about our state’s frequent hot, dry periods so that we can begin planning for a future with less consistent water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious just finished up \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">a six-part State of Drought series examining the issues\u003c/a>. Here’s what we learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We are experiencing megadrought conditions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Californians are no strangers to droughts, but we tend to think of them as limited periods of abnormal dryness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While “drought” refers to one season or one year’s conditions, climate scientists use the term “megadrought” when arid conditions last for decades. A megadrought might be punctuated by a wet year here or there, but overall the conditions are dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20-year dry period here now,” said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, “and using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the medieval period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a study published in the journal Science described how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">tree rings allowed researchers to conclude that the last time the West experienced sustained arid conditions over decades was a 28-year dry spell\u003c/a> that ended in the year 1603.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at California, eight other states and Northern Mexico and corroborates what scientists have long feared and warned policymakers: Extreme warming will exacerbate any dry spell, making it longer, more severe and more widespread, and this will bake states in the Western U.S. and areas of Mexico with a punishingly long drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California was developed during an abnormally wet time\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The 20th century saw California grow to become the most populous state in the nation, says Scott Stine, professor emeritus of geography and environmental studies at Cal State East Bay, and that coincided with an especially wet century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built this phenomenal infrastructure, second to none in the world, here in California and in other parts of the West,” he said, “all of it based on the diversion of water and all of it based on the assumption that the 20th century was normal. And the 20th century is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We’re feeling the drought more because we use a lot of water\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887455\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887455 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river.jpg\" alt=\"Water sprays across a field with blue mountains looming behind and puffy clouds overhead.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water crops in the Tulelake Irrigation District with water from the Klamath River. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists say a megadrought was in the cards for California and the West because of climate cycles, but our large population and dependence on agriculture make the dryness feel more painful. Forty million people living and working in the state, along with so many of the country’s fruits, vegetables and nuts being grown here, mean water levels going into this megadrought may be lower than they were in previous eras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem of the present day and the coming droughts is that we are set up to need far more water than we should expect at any time in the coming decades and centuries, particularly with the higher temperatures,” Stine said. “We’ve created a monster that we have to continue to feed with water, and the water is just not going to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California has enough water, but we have to conserve\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The idea of prolonged drought is a scary one, but water management \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11886317/how-should-we-be-thinking-about-a-hotter-drier-future-transcript\">experts say we will have enough water if we conserve what we have, using every drop wisely\u003c/a>. That’s going to take sacrifice from all Californians, whether they live in cities or farm in the state’s rural areas. All of us are guilty of wastefulness when it comes to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of inefficiencies in our current system that can be fixed,” says Newsha Ajami, director of urban water policy at Stanford University. “We definitely can do a lot more just to make sure we use every drop of water properly. And if we do all the right things, we can survive. But if we don’t, we can actually have a serious breakdown in the system. So we have to be able to adapt to this new reality, which means that we have to rethink how we’re using the water in different ways and reduce waste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We need to change how we manage our reservoirs\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887458\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887458 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial view of a lake. The dam is visible and a dry shoreline peeks out above the water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Shasta Dam and Reservoir in 1976, with low water levels due to drought. Shasta Dam is located about nine miles northwest of Redding on the Sacramento River. \u003ccite>(U.S. Bureau of Reclamation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s water infrastructure was designed under the assumption that about 30% of our water would naturally be stored in the form of snow in the mountains. Each spring, as the snow melts, it flows into the streams and rivers and is collected in reservoirs and lakes for use during drier periods. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1431369/californias-water-system-built-for-a-climate-we-no-longer-have\">But that infrastructure is increasingly ill-suited to our weather patterns, due to climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, water was let out of the reservoir whether or not storms were in the forecast to make room for rainwater. That’s because dams both collect water in reservoirs and protect downstream communities from flooding. Increasingly, California’s rainy season is more concentrated and its dry season prolonged, a result of climate change. The state now relies on big, soaking atmospheric rivers for much of its precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975549/russian-river-drought-sonoma-and-mendocino-residents-save-the-little-water-they-have\">Several reservoirs around the state, including Lake Mendocino, are piloting what’s called Forecast-Informed Reservoir Operations\u003c/a>. Basically, water managers are waiting to let water out of the reservoirs until they see a big storm coming. That way they can preserve every drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>There are some big things agriculture can do to manage water better\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Agriculture uses 40% of the state’s water, urban areas use 10% and 50% goes back into the environment to support natural ecosystems. Because the farming industry’s water footprint is so large, it’s going to have to cut usage to survive a megadrought, according to Jay Lund, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Davis. That’s because some irrigated land is much more productive than other land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have a tremendous amount of reduction in irrigated acreage,” he said. “If you take it out of the less productive crops on the least productive land, you’re going to have much less of an economic impact than if you took it out of almonds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says farmers make 90% of their revenue from the crops grown on only 50% of the land. That means we can cut back on irrigating that other half — where we grow the lower-value crops that use a lot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re probably going to see on the order of 20% of the irrigated agriculture go out of production in order to keep water for other, more productive economic purposes,” Lund says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might mean growing fewer of some crops California has become known for: processed tomatoes, vegetables, melons, onions and garlic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We have to manage our groundwater better\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We often talk about farmers pumping groundwater, but many urban areas rely on groundwater as well. In the Bay Area, Santa Clara County — and its biggest city, San José — depend on groundwater for a portion of its drinking water. It’s important to protect our groundwater from pollution and to replenish the aquifers during wet years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes are coming to how the state manages its groundwater. Farmers have long used groundwater stored in underground aquifers during dry years when they receive less water from reservoirs. In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976429/with-a-deepening-drought-california-has-few-protections-for-depleted-groundwater\">some land in the Central Valley is sinking because of overpumping\u003c/a>. That’s one reason the state legislature passed a law seven years ago intended to restore balance to the state’s aquifers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1955916/times-up-on-groundwater-plans-one-of-the-most-important-new-california-water-laws-in-50-years-explained\">The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act requires water districts to limit the water they pump.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If users in a water district pump a lot of water during dry years to water their crops, they’ll have to refrain from growing some crops during wet years to allow the aquifers to refill with rainwater. This new way to manage groundwater will likely have farmers change what they grow over the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How we use water in our homes matters, too\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite a larger population, Californians statewide are using 16% less water than during the last drought, which ended in 2017. That’s because some of the water conservation habits that took off then have stuck around. Low-flow appliances like toilets, dishwashers, washing machines and showerheads are making a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887053/three-big-ways-to-save-water-at-home\">more ways urban water users can conserve\u003c/a>. One is to install gray water systems that reuse water from activities like laundry or showering for outdoor watering. Many cities and water agencies offer rebates to help cover the costs of such conversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, since half of all urban water use goes to landscaping, homeowners can see big water savings by converting their yards to drought-tolerant landscaping that features native plants adapted to our region’s climate patterns. As a bonus, native plants provide habitat for helpful butterflies and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Maybe it’s time to rethink our lawns\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11887461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A yard of dried grass sits next door to a lawn of green grass on July 21, 2021, in the Cambrian neighborhood of San Jose, where water restrictions limit the length of watering and the timing. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Lawns should be banned,” said Newsha Ajami of Stanford. “Every drop of water that’s used to maintain that lawn can be a drop of water that we can leave in the reservoir if this drought ends up being a 10-year drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lush lawns require consistent, deep watering to stay nice. Water experts say it’s time to accept the climate we live in and landscape our yards accordingly. Basically: This isn’t the East Coast, people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have lawns at the parks, places that the public as a whole can benefit from,” says Ajami. “But if you have a personal lawn that you use once a week, during the weekend, then that’s wrong. You shouldn’t have it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Local water agencies are considering ways to boost supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887265/what-can-local-water-agencies-do-to-boost-water-supply-transcript\">mission of our local water agencies\u003c/a> is to provide customers with safe, affordable water. As we continue to experience dry weather, that’s getting harder in some areas. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11886536/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from-2\">Sonoma, Marin and Santa Clara counties are in tough spots right now.\u003c/a> That’s led water managers and community members to wonder about bigger solutions to ensure a resilient supply of water long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/desalination\">One idea that comes up often is desalination.\u003c/a> With the ocean so close, it’s tempting to think that pumping water out and stripping it of salt would be an easy way to ensure we always have water. But desalination is controversial for several reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, it’s energy intensive and expensive: Desalination plants cost a lot to build and run. And by some estimates, the water they produce costs consumers twice as much. That’s led water agency leaders to think twice about investing in desalination plants that must be run all the time, even in wet years. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\">Desalination might make more sense when a community’s water is brackish\u003c/a>, but not as salty as ocean water. That’s the case in Antioch and Newark where desalination plants are part of the local mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason many experts don’t think desalination should be our go-to fix is it can harm sea life. The briny byproduct of desalination is twice as salty as ocean water and often dumped back into the sea. Many marine species cannot survive in water with such high salinity. And, sucking in millions of gallons of ocean water means the small organisms that form the building blocks of the food chain are removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/57789/toilet-to-tap\">Recycling our wastewater to potable standards would be a less expensive way to boost our supply.\u003c/a> It’s still more expensive than conserving, but many experts think we’ll see more of it in the future. Other dry parts of the world already do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We are disconnected from the complicated system that brings us our water\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>No matter where you live in California, you are benefiting from a massive, complex infrastructure that moves water from water-rich areas of the state to dryer areas, both for agricultural purposes and to sustain urban centers and industry. Very few places in California naturally have enough water to sustain their activities and population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this complex system acts in the background, and many of us go about our lives using water without thought. We turn on the tap and the water flows. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11886536/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from-2\">We don’t often think about how far our water has traveled to reach us.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make it even more complex, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/24520/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought\">California has a long history of water rights that means some people have better access to water than others\u003c/a>. We now have a complicated water market, where people with better water rights can sell their water to junior rights holders and get rich in the process. Several Bay Area water districts depend on buying water to ensure they can meet demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If everyone knew where their water came from, and the tentativeness of the supply, it could help with conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The environment is suffering\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887463\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887463 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire.jpg\" alt=\"Two people and a tree are backlit by the bright orange flare of a wildfire.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters battle flames from the Thomas Fire as they advance on homes atop Shepard Mesa Road in Carpinteria on Dec. 10, 2017. \u003ccite>(Santa Barbara County Fire Department via Twitter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our State of Drought series focused on how humans can survive on more limited water supplies in a hotter, drier, more variable future. But humans use only half of the state’s water. The other half goes (theoretically) to the environment, to sustain wildlife and ecosystems crucial to California’s identity as a state. But our environment is suffering under climate change, ecosystem mismanagement and too many claims on limited water. Here are just some of the things our natural world grapples with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta looks nothing like the vibrant marshland of the past, but it’s still the largest freshwater estuary on the West Coast. It’s also California’s most crucial water source, supplying two-thirds of the state’s cities and millions of acres of farmland with drinking and irrigation water. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975761/a-delta-in-distress\">the human engineering that harnessed the delta’s bounty for cities and farms has contributed to its current fragility and challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drought has taken a toll on our forests, too. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\">Prolonged dry periods have dried out the trees and soil\u003c/a>, weakening their defenses against fire. Bone-dry forests are prone to hotter and more destructive wildfires.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists aren’t yet sure of the long-term impacts on the environment of smoke and ash from wildfires. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887060/how-the-caldor-fire-could-pollute-lake-tahoes-iconic-blue-waters\">they do know the Caldor Fire that is burning near Lake Tahoe will likely affect the lake’s renowned clear waters\u003c/a> for years to come.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11882491/warming-rivers-killing-juvenile-salmon-in-california-imperiling-fish-industry\">Poor water conditions and increasing heat threaten to destroy salmon populations.\u003c/a> Blistering heat waves and extended drought in the western U.S. are raising water temperatures and imperiling fish from Idaho to California.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As climate change scrambles weather patterns and adds more variability to our lives, it's time to take stock of what we know about drought so that we can begin planning for a future with less consistent access to water.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700588074,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":2713},"headData":{"title":"12 Important Things to Know About California's Drought | KQED","description":"As climate change scrambles weather patterns and adds more variability to our lives, it's time to take stock of what we know about drought so that we can begin planning for a future with less consistent access to water.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://dcs.megaphone.fm/KQINC1232200065.mp3?key=c99df250e0dcbc7062274ae6bdf5ad4d","path":"/news/11887435/12-important-things-to-know-about-californias-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is in a second year of drought. Gov. Gavin Newsom has asked residents to voluntarily cut water use by 15% across the state to try to shore up our reserves in case of another dry winter. In the meantime, fires are raging around California as bone-dry forests go up like tinderboxes. How did we get here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975970/climate-scientists-meet-as-dangerous-fires-floods-and-droughts-test-the-world\">As climate change scrambles weather patterns and adds more variability to our lives\u003c/a>, it’s time to take stock of what we know about our state’s frequent hot, dry periods so that we can begin planning for a future with less consistent water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious just finished up \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">a six-part State of Drought series examining the issues\u003c/a>. Here’s what we learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We are experiencing megadrought conditions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Californians are no strangers to droughts, but we tend to think of them as limited periods of abnormal dryness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While “drought” refers to one season or one year’s conditions, climate scientists use the term “megadrought” when arid conditions last for decades. A megadrought might be punctuated by a wet year here or there, but overall the conditions are dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20-year dry period here now,” said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, “and using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the medieval period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a study published in the journal Science described how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1962273/megadrought-conditions-not-seen-for-400-years-have-returned-to-the-west-scientists-say\">tree rings allowed researchers to conclude that the last time the West experienced sustained arid conditions over decades was a 28-year dry spell\u003c/a> that ended in the year 1603.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study looked at California, eight other states and Northern Mexico and corroborates what scientists have long feared and warned policymakers: Extreme warming will exacerbate any dry spell, making it longer, more severe and more widespread, and this will bake states in the Western U.S. and areas of Mexico with a punishingly long drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California was developed during an abnormally wet time\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The 20th century saw California grow to become the most populous state in the nation, says Scott Stine, professor emeritus of geography and environmental studies at Cal State East Bay, and that coincided with an especially wet century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We built this phenomenal infrastructure, second to none in the world, here in California and in other parts of the West,” he said, “all of it based on the diversion of water and all of it based on the assumption that the 20th century was normal. And the 20th century is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We’re feeling the drought more because we use a lot of water\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887455\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887455 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river.jpg\" alt=\"Water sprays across a field with blue mountains looming behind and puffy clouds overhead.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Irrigation-Klamath-river-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water crops in the Tulelake Irrigation District with water from the Klamath River. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists say a megadrought was in the cards for California and the West because of climate cycles, but our large population and dependence on agriculture make the dryness feel more painful. Forty million people living and working in the state, along with so many of the country’s fruits, vegetables and nuts being grown here, mean water levels going into this megadrought may be lower than they were in previous eras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem of the present day and the coming droughts is that we are set up to need far more water than we should expect at any time in the coming decades and centuries, particularly with the higher temperatures,” Stine said. “We’ve created a monster that we have to continue to feed with water, and the water is just not going to be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>California has enough water, but we have to conserve\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The idea of prolonged drought is a scary one, but water management \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11886317/how-should-we-be-thinking-about-a-hotter-drier-future-transcript\">experts say we will have enough water if we conserve what we have, using every drop wisely\u003c/a>. That’s going to take sacrifice from all Californians, whether they live in cities or farm in the state’s rural areas. All of us are guilty of wastefulness when it comes to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of inefficiencies in our current system that can be fixed,” says Newsha Ajami, director of urban water policy at Stanford University. “We definitely can do a lot more just to make sure we use every drop of water properly. And if we do all the right things, we can survive. But if we don’t, we can actually have a serious breakdown in the system. So we have to be able to adapt to this new reality, which means that we have to rethink how we’re using the water in different ways and reduce waste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We need to change how we manage our reservoirs\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887458\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887458 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial view of a lake. The dam is visible and a dry shoreline peeks out above the water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/shasta-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Shasta Dam and Reservoir in 1976, with low water levels due to drought. Shasta Dam is located about nine miles northwest of Redding on the Sacramento River. \u003ccite>(U.S. Bureau of Reclamation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s water infrastructure was designed under the assumption that about 30% of our water would naturally be stored in the form of snow in the mountains. Each spring, as the snow melts, it flows into the streams and rivers and is collected in reservoirs and lakes for use during drier periods. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1431369/californias-water-system-built-for-a-climate-we-no-longer-have\">But that infrastructure is increasingly ill-suited to our weather patterns, due to climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, water was let out of the reservoir whether or not storms were in the forecast to make room for rainwater. That’s because dams both collect water in reservoirs and protect downstream communities from flooding. Increasingly, California’s rainy season is more concentrated and its dry season prolonged, a result of climate change. The state now relies on big, soaking atmospheric rivers for much of its precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975549/russian-river-drought-sonoma-and-mendocino-residents-save-the-little-water-they-have\">Several reservoirs around the state, including Lake Mendocino, are piloting what’s called Forecast-Informed Reservoir Operations\u003c/a>. Basically, water managers are waiting to let water out of the reservoirs until they see a big storm coming. That way they can preserve every drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>There are some big things agriculture can do to manage water better\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Agriculture uses 40% of the state’s water, urban areas use 10% and 50% goes back into the environment to support natural ecosystems. Because the farming industry’s water footprint is so large, it’s going to have to cut usage to survive a megadrought, according to Jay Lund, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UC Davis. That’s because some irrigated land is much more productive than other land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have a tremendous amount of reduction in irrigated acreage,” he said. “If you take it out of the less productive crops on the least productive land, you’re going to have much less of an economic impact than if you took it out of almonds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says farmers make 90% of their revenue from the crops grown on only 50% of the land. That means we can cut back on irrigating that other half — where we grow the lower-value crops that use a lot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re probably going to see on the order of 20% of the irrigated agriculture go out of production in order to keep water for other, more productive economic purposes,” Lund says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That might mean growing fewer of some crops California has become known for: processed tomatoes, vegetables, melons, onions and garlic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We have to manage our groundwater better\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We often talk about farmers pumping groundwater, but many urban areas rely on groundwater as well. In the Bay Area, Santa Clara County — and its biggest city, San José — depend on groundwater for a portion of its drinking water. It’s important to protect our groundwater from pollution and to replenish the aquifers during wet years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes are coming to how the state manages its groundwater. Farmers have long used groundwater stored in underground aquifers during dry years when they receive less water from reservoirs. In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976429/with-a-deepening-drought-california-has-few-protections-for-depleted-groundwater\">some land in the Central Valley is sinking because of overpumping\u003c/a>. That’s one reason the state legislature passed a law seven years ago intended to restore balance to the state’s aquifers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1955916/times-up-on-groundwater-plans-one-of-the-most-important-new-california-water-laws-in-50-years-explained\">The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act requires water districts to limit the water they pump.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If users in a water district pump a lot of water during dry years to water their crops, they’ll have to refrain from growing some crops during wet years to allow the aquifers to refill with rainwater. This new way to manage groundwater will likely have farmers change what they grow over the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How we use water in our homes matters, too\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite a larger population, Californians statewide are using 16% less water than during the last drought, which ended in 2017. That’s because some of the water conservation habits that took off then have stuck around. Low-flow appliances like toilets, dishwashers, washing machines and showerheads are making a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887053/three-big-ways-to-save-water-at-home\">more ways urban water users can conserve\u003c/a>. One is to install gray water systems that reuse water from activities like laundry or showering for outdoor watering. Many cities and water agencies offer rebates to help cover the costs of such conversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, since half of all urban water use goes to landscaping, homeowners can see big water savings by converting their yards to drought-tolerant landscaping that features native plants adapted to our region’s climate patterns. As a bonus, native plants provide habitat for helpful butterflies and insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Maybe it’s time to rethink our lawns\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11887461\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/rethink-lawns-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A yard of dried grass sits next door to a lawn of green grass on July 21, 2021, in the Cambrian neighborhood of San Jose, where water restrictions limit the length of watering and the timing. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Lawns should be banned,” said Newsha Ajami of Stanford. “Every drop of water that’s used to maintain that lawn can be a drop of water that we can leave in the reservoir if this drought ends up being a 10-year drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lush lawns require consistent, deep watering to stay nice. Water experts say it’s time to accept the climate we live in and landscape our yards accordingly. Basically: This isn’t the East Coast, people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have lawns at the parks, places that the public as a whole can benefit from,” says Ajami. “But if you have a personal lawn that you use once a week, during the weekend, then that’s wrong. You shouldn’t have it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Local water agencies are considering ways to boost supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887265/what-can-local-water-agencies-do-to-boost-water-supply-transcript\">mission of our local water agencies\u003c/a> is to provide customers with safe, affordable water. As we continue to experience dry weather, that’s getting harder in some areas. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11886536/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from-2\">Sonoma, Marin and Santa Clara counties are in tough spots right now.\u003c/a> That’s led water managers and community members to wonder about bigger solutions to ensure a resilient supply of water long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/desalination\">One idea that comes up often is desalination.\u003c/a> With the ocean so close, it’s tempting to think that pumping water out and stripping it of salt would be an easy way to ensure we always have water. But desalination is controversial for several reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, it’s energy intensive and expensive: Desalination plants cost a lot to build and run. And by some estimates, the water they produce costs consumers twice as much. That’s led water agency leaders to think twice about investing in desalination plants that must be run all the time, even in wet years. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\">Desalination might make more sense when a community’s water is brackish\u003c/a>, but not as salty as ocean water. That’s the case in Antioch and Newark where desalination plants are part of the local mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason many experts don’t think desalination should be our go-to fix is it can harm sea life. The briny byproduct of desalination is twice as salty as ocean water and often dumped back into the sea. Many marine species cannot survive in water with such high salinity. And, sucking in millions of gallons of ocean water means the small organisms that form the building blocks of the food chain are removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/57789/toilet-to-tap\">Recycling our wastewater to potable standards would be a less expensive way to boost our supply.\u003c/a> It’s still more expensive than conserving, but many experts think we’ll see more of it in the future. Other dry parts of the world already do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>We are disconnected from the complicated system that brings us our water\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>No matter where you live in California, you are benefiting from a massive, complex infrastructure that moves water from water-rich areas of the state to dryer areas, both for agricultural purposes and to sustain urban centers and industry. Very few places in California naturally have enough water to sustain their activities and population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this complex system acts in the background, and many of us go about our lives using water without thought. We turn on the tap and the water flows. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11886536/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from-2\">We don’t often think about how far our water has traveled to reach us.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make it even more complex, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/24520/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought\">California has a long history of water rights that means some people have better access to water than others\u003c/a>. We now have a complicated water market, where people with better water rights can sell their water to junior rights holders and get rich in the process. Several Bay Area water districts depend on buying water to ensure they can meet demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If everyone knew where their water came from, and the tentativeness of the supply, it could help with conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The environment is suffering\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887463\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887463 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire.jpg\" alt=\"Two people and a tree are backlit by the bright orange flare of a wildfire.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/wildfire-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters battle flames from the Thomas Fire as they advance on homes atop Shepard Mesa Road in Carpinteria on Dec. 10, 2017. \u003ccite>(Santa Barbara County Fire Department via Twitter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our State of Drought series focused on how humans can survive on more limited water supplies in a hotter, drier, more variable future. But humans use only half of the state’s water. The other half goes (theoretically) to the environment, to sustain wildlife and ecosystems crucial to California’s identity as a state. But our environment is suffering under climate change, ecosystem mismanagement and too many claims on limited water. Here are just some of the things our natural world grapples with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta looks nothing like the vibrant marshland of the past, but it’s still the largest freshwater estuary on the West Coast. It’s also California’s most crucial water source, supplying two-thirds of the state’s cities and millions of acres of farmland with drinking and irrigation water. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975761/a-delta-in-distress\">the human engineering that harnessed the delta’s bounty for cities and farms has contributed to its current fragility and challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drought has taken a toll on our forests, too. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944993/study-climate-change-a-leading-driver-of-californias-wildfires\">Prolonged dry periods have dried out the trees and soil\u003c/a>, weakening their defenses against fire. Bone-dry forests are prone to hotter and more destructive wildfires.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists aren’t yet sure of the long-term impacts on the environment of smoke and ash from wildfires. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11887060/how-the-caldor-fire-could-pollute-lake-tahoes-iconic-blue-waters\">they do know the Caldor Fire that is burning near Lake Tahoe will likely affect the lake’s renowned clear waters\u003c/a> for years to come.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11882491/warming-rivers-killing-juvenile-salmon-in-california-imperiling-fish-industry\">Poor water conditions and increasing heat threaten to destroy salmon populations.\u003c/a> Blistering heat waves and extended drought in the western U.S. are raising water temperatures and imperiling fish from Idaho to California.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11887435/12-important-things-to-know-about-californias-drought","authors":["234"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_19906","news_33520","news_356"],"tags":["news_29869","news_17601","news_29387","news_29855","news_6739","news_6442","news_29870"],"featImg":"news_11887452","label":"source_news_11887435"},"news_11887265":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11887265","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11887265","score":null,"sort":[1630576855000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-can-local-water-agencies-do-to-boost-water-supply-transcript","title":"What Can Local Water Agencies Do to Boost Water Supply? (Transcript)","publishDate":1630576855,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What Can Local Water Agencies Do to Boost Water Supply? (Transcript) | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with changing climate patterns. The Bay Curious podcast will explore new ways of thinking about the future of water in our state as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">six part series: State of Drought.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1281002593\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Music starts\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price\u003c/b>: \u003cem>[00:00:05] \u003c/em>Water districts around the Bay Area are asking communities to conserve, and we’re seeing some of the usual go to conservation steps, you might have to request water at a restaurant instead of getting it automatically. We are watering grass less often that many of our parks, decorative fountains and water play features might be turned off. All things that move the needle in the right direction, all things that we’ve seen before. When we asked you, our listeners, what you wanted to know about the drought, many of you asked about what we haven’t done much of before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Steve: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:43] \u003c/em>Why is no one talking about desalination? We have potentially millions of gallons right on our doorstep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aris: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:49] \u003c/em>We know that California is returning to a whiplash precipitation weather pattern. What is the current plan for our water supply?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:56] \u003c/em>I understand that the sewage water in the Bay Area is cleaned before it’s put back into the ocean. If it is clean, why not put it back into the water supply? Thank you for answering my question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:07] \u003c/em>That was Steve, Aris, and 11-year-old, Max, all looking for how we can increase our water supply. In our last episode, we started looking at ways to ease our water woes by conserving at home. Today, we widen our scope to what can be done by our cities and local water agencies. We’ve got a quick break, but when we come back, we’ll get cracking on some answers. I’m Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:42] \u003c/em>We’re answering questions from Steve, Aris and Max about the things local water districts can do to make us more resilient during these hotter, drier periods. Bay Curious producer Katrina Schwartz looked into some of those plans. And she’s here. Hey, Katrina. \u003cem> [00:01:57]\u003c/em>\u003cem>[14.2]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:57] \u003c/em>Hey, Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:59] \u003c/em>So when we asked the Bay Curious audience what they wanted to know about drought, we heard back from so many people, including Steve, wanting to know about desalination plants. We are a state with 840 miles of coastline. Many of our big population areas are right near the ocean. Why don’t we have more desalination plants?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:20] \u003c/em>Well, desalination plants are actually pretty controversial. I mean, you’re right. They sound good. We live next to the ocean. It’s a huge body of water. Why not just use that as a water source, especially because we do have the technology to do it. But the reason that it’s controversial kind of falls into two categories. One is that it’s very expensive both to build these plants and to run them. And then second, they can be pretty hard on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:44] \u003c/em>When you say it’s expensive, what are we talking about for the average consumer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:48] \u003c/em>Well, figuring out what goes into water rates can be pretty complicated. But we do know that San Diego has a functioning desalination plant right now. Water officials there said that they built it because they wanted to diversify their water sources and be less dependent on buying water from their neighbors. The water that that desalination plant produces costs at least two times more than water from other sources. And some residents down there in San Diego are pretty upset about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:16] \u003c/em>You also mentioned the environment. How is desalinating ocean water bad for the environment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:22] \u003c/em>OK, well, first, it takes a lot of energy to strip the salt out of the water. So these plants have big carbon footprints. And until we have cleaner energy sources, that’s a problem. But also, Daniel Ellis, who’s a senior scientist with the State Water Board, explains that these plants can hurt marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Ellis: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:38] \u003c/em>That’s a huge issue. You have very salty ocean water, and then when you desalinate it, you take out the salt. So what you’re left with is a byproduct brine that’s about twice as salty as the ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:51] \u003c/em>That briny byproduct gets put back into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Ellis: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:54] \u003c/em>And that has an impact on the environment. A lot of marine organisms are not built to live in 66 parts per thousand salinity. They’re built to live in 33.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:03] \u003c/em>And then there’s the other side of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Ellis: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:05] \u003c/em>Oftentimes, it’s even bigger: the impact of taking in the water. You know, you suck in twice as much water as you make. So you take in 110 million gallons a day of water. There’s marine life living in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:18] \u003c/em>So the water that the plant takes in has small organisms that, you know, make up the food chain for the rest of the marine ecosystem. So Ellis says that whole process can have these cascading impacts on all of the sea life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:31] \u003c/em>All right. So those are some definite drawbacks. But there are some times where desal might make sense, right? I mean, it would definitely be an investment in a very reliable water source, if nothing else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:42] \u003c/em>Yeah, and some places in the Bay Area are considering it. So Marin considered it 10 years ago, but then decided against it for all of the reasons that we’ve already talked about, namely cost, environmental impact and high energy requirements. Now they’re flirting with the idea again, but sort of on a temporary basis. So the plant that they’re considering is projected to cost $37 million dollars. It would not be permanent. They would lease it to help them get through the next few years. And it would provide about a third of the county’s drinking water, but it wouldn’t be ready for another year or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:15] \u003c/em>And for comparison, that temporary diesel plant is still way cheaper than the permanent one that Marin was considering, which was expected to cost up to $173 million dollars. And that estimate is from 10 years ago. Now, I know cleaning water that is less salty might make sense in some places. Can you tell us some about that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:34] \u003c/em>Yeah, Antioch is in that position. So they’re building a $100 million desalination plant right now that would allow them to clean the brackish water that they have at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. So that’s a mix of fresh water coming out of the delta and ocean water coming in with the tides. And, you know, in a drought, there’s less water coming through the delta. So that makes their water saltier. Officials there are projecting that that plant will be completed in 2023 and Antioch would get all of its water from that plant. Also, I should mention that there is a functioning desalination plant in Newark that also cleans brackish water and turns it into drinking water. But ultimately, again, a lot of this comes back to equity for a lot of Bay Area residents, water that costs twice as much could be a real deal breaker. And at the same time, experts estimate that we can save half the water we currently use, which would be way cheaper. And it wouldn’t require saddling ourselves with a super expensive desalination plant that we have to run all the time, even when water is plentiful. So, you know, some experts think desalination will be part of the mix of solutions down the road. But a lot of people say, given the array of options we have at our disposal right now, desalination shouldn’t really be the first choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:48] \u003c/em>If desal isn’t the answer, what are some other options we’ve got?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:52] \u003c/em>Well, a big one is recycling our wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:54] \u003c/em>And that’s what our listener Max was asking about. That’s cleaning up the water that we flush down the toilet, or wash down the drain, so that we can drink it again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:03] \u003c/em>Yeah, and I know some people find that gross, but wastewater treatment plants are capable of making the water potable again. The Bay Area Council is a business and industry group. They recently evaluated desalination regionally and found that wastewater treatment makes more sense. Adrian Covert is a senior vice president of public policy there. He says the Bay Area dumps enough treated wastewater into the bay each year to fill Hetch Hetchy twice over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Adrian Covert: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:30] \u003c/em>And it’s also more than enough to meet the Bay Area’s water demand through 2040. And because wastewater is cleaner than ocean water, treating it to potable standards is also about 20% cheaper than desalinating water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:45] \u003c/em>This is such a good option and honestly, one that a lot of other parts of the world are already using that we’re going to talk about it more in tomorrow’s episode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Adrian Covert: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:52] \u003c/em>So I think, in short, desalinated water could make more sense and in a few localized scenarios. But when it comes to scaling the Bay Area’s entire water system for climate change and adding drought proof supplies, I think recycled water is probably a better bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:10] \u003c/em>All right, Katrina, we’ve talked about desalination and wastewater recycling. Are there any other ideas that local agencies are thinking about as they plan for the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:20] \u003c/em>Well, yeah. So Cynthia Koehler, who’s the president of the Marin Water Board of Directors, is interested in doing more with water budgeting. They do this in some places in Southern California already. Basically, the idea is that each home is allotted an amount of water based on a calculation of efficient use for its size and the number of people who live there. Then it’s up to the individuals to stay within their budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cynthia Koehler: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:42] \u003c/em>The advantage of that is that connects businesses, institutions, households more directly with their water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:50] \u003c/em>This idea works on the principle that people will find ways to conserve that fit their lifestyle. So, for example, if you want to have your lawn, you’ve got to find some other way to conserve all that water. Or maybe you take shorter showers if you want to do a slip and slide on the weekend. Because if they go over their budgeted amount of water, it gets way more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cynthia Koehler: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:08] \u003c/em>Nothing’s a silver bullet. There’s not going to be one thing that solves all the problems. But it is it is a tool that has been underutilized so far. And I think that’ll get more play going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:17] \u003c/em>Interesting. So really just taking things a step further than asking people to conserve and sort of crossing your fingers and hoping they do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:24] \u003c/em>Exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:25] \u003c/em>All right. Well, it sounds like we have a decent amount of options at our disposal if we need them. Thanks, Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:31] \u003c/em>My pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:42] \u003c/em>Are you thirsty for more solutions? Well, you are in luck. Tomorrow we finish off our solutions parade with Ezra David Romero, a climate reporter at KQED. He’ll talk us through some of the big changes the state can make to help us survive a megadrought. Thanks to the question askers, whose voices you heard at the top of this episode, Steve, Aris and Max … And the other question askers who helped us shape this episode, Alex and Eileen. Bay Curious is made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian Miño-Bucheli and me, Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aris: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:10:16] \u003c/em>Bay Curious is produced at member-supported KQED in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:10:23] \u003c/em>We’ll see you tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:10:25] \u003c/em>I love Bay Curious.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A look at the pros and cons of desalination, wastewater recycling and water budgeting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700588085,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":2259},"headData":{"title":"What Can Local Water Agencies Do to Boost Water Supply? (Transcript) | KQED","description":"A look at the pros and cons of desalination, wastewater recycling and water budgeting for Bay Area communities.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"A look at the pros and cons of desalination, wastewater recycling and water budgeting for Bay Area communities."},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"http://baycurious.org/","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC1281002593.mp3?updated=1630529448","path":"/news/11887265/what-can-local-water-agencies-do-to-boost-water-supply-transcript","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with changing climate patterns. The Bay Curious podcast will explore new ways of thinking about the future of water in our state as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">six part series: State of Drought.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1281002593\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Music starts\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price\u003c/b>: \u003cem>[00:00:05] \u003c/em>Water districts around the Bay Area are asking communities to conserve, and we’re seeing some of the usual go to conservation steps, you might have to request water at a restaurant instead of getting it automatically. We are watering grass less often that many of our parks, decorative fountains and water play features might be turned off. All things that move the needle in the right direction, all things that we’ve seen before. When we asked you, our listeners, what you wanted to know about the drought, many of you asked about what we haven’t done much of before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Steve: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:43] \u003c/em>Why is no one talking about desalination? We have potentially millions of gallons right on our doorstep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aris: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:49] \u003c/em>We know that California is returning to a whiplash precipitation weather pattern. What is the current plan for our water supply?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:56] \u003c/em>I understand that the sewage water in the Bay Area is cleaned before it’s put back into the ocean. If it is clean, why not put it back into the water supply? Thank you for answering my question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:07] \u003c/em>That was Steve, Aris, and 11-year-old, Max, all looking for how we can increase our water supply. In our last episode, we started looking at ways to ease our water woes by conserving at home. Today, we widen our scope to what can be done by our cities and local water agencies. We’ve got a quick break, but when we come back, we’ll get cracking on some answers. I’m Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:42] \u003c/em>We’re answering questions from Steve, Aris and Max about the things local water districts can do to make us more resilient during these hotter, drier periods. Bay Curious producer Katrina Schwartz looked into some of those plans. And she’s here. Hey, Katrina. \u003cem> [00:01:57]\u003c/em>\u003cem>[14.2]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:57] \u003c/em>Hey, Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:59] \u003c/em>So when we asked the Bay Curious audience what they wanted to know about drought, we heard back from so many people, including Steve, wanting to know about desalination plants. We are a state with 840 miles of coastline. Many of our big population areas are right near the ocean. Why don’t we have more desalination plants?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:20] \u003c/em>Well, desalination plants are actually pretty controversial. I mean, you’re right. They sound good. We live next to the ocean. It’s a huge body of water. Why not just use that as a water source, especially because we do have the technology to do it. But the reason that it’s controversial kind of falls into two categories. One is that it’s very expensive both to build these plants and to run them. And then second, they can be pretty hard on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:44] \u003c/em>When you say it’s expensive, what are we talking about for the average consumer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:48] \u003c/em>Well, figuring out what goes into water rates can be pretty complicated. But we do know that San Diego has a functioning desalination plant right now. Water officials there said that they built it because they wanted to diversify their water sources and be less dependent on buying water from their neighbors. The water that that desalination plant produces costs at least two times more than water from other sources. And some residents down there in San Diego are pretty upset about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:16] \u003c/em>You also mentioned the environment. How is desalinating ocean water bad for the environment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:22] \u003c/em>OK, well, first, it takes a lot of energy to strip the salt out of the water. So these plants have big carbon footprints. And until we have cleaner energy sources, that’s a problem. But also, Daniel Ellis, who’s a senior scientist with the State Water Board, explains that these plants can hurt marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Ellis: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:38] \u003c/em>That’s a huge issue. You have very salty ocean water, and then when you desalinate it, you take out the salt. So what you’re left with is a byproduct brine that’s about twice as salty as the ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:51] \u003c/em>That briny byproduct gets put back into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Ellis: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:54] \u003c/em>And that has an impact on the environment. A lot of marine organisms are not built to live in 66 parts per thousand salinity. They’re built to live in 33.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:03] \u003c/em>And then there’s the other side of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Daniel Ellis: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:05] \u003c/em>Oftentimes, it’s even bigger: the impact of taking in the water. You know, you suck in twice as much water as you make. So you take in 110 million gallons a day of water. There’s marine life living in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:18] \u003c/em>So the water that the plant takes in has small organisms that, you know, make up the food chain for the rest of the marine ecosystem. So Ellis says that whole process can have these cascading impacts on all of the sea life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:31] \u003c/em>All right. So those are some definite drawbacks. But there are some times where desal might make sense, right? I mean, it would definitely be an investment in a very reliable water source, if nothing else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:42] \u003c/em>Yeah, and some places in the Bay Area are considering it. So Marin considered it 10 years ago, but then decided against it for all of the reasons that we’ve already talked about, namely cost, environmental impact and high energy requirements. Now they’re flirting with the idea again, but sort of on a temporary basis. So the plant that they’re considering is projected to cost $37 million dollars. It would not be permanent. They would lease it to help them get through the next few years. And it would provide about a third of the county’s drinking water, but it wouldn’t be ready for another year or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:15] \u003c/em>And for comparison, that temporary diesel plant is still way cheaper than the permanent one that Marin was considering, which was expected to cost up to $173 million dollars. And that estimate is from 10 years ago. Now, I know cleaning water that is less salty might make sense in some places. Can you tell us some about that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:34] \u003c/em>Yeah, Antioch is in that position. So they’re building a $100 million desalination plant right now that would allow them to clean the brackish water that they have at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. So that’s a mix of fresh water coming out of the delta and ocean water coming in with the tides. And, you know, in a drought, there’s less water coming through the delta. So that makes their water saltier. Officials there are projecting that that plant will be completed in 2023 and Antioch would get all of its water from that plant. Also, I should mention that there is a functioning desalination plant in Newark that also cleans brackish water and turns it into drinking water. But ultimately, again, a lot of this comes back to equity for a lot of Bay Area residents, water that costs twice as much could be a real deal breaker. And at the same time, experts estimate that we can save half the water we currently use, which would be way cheaper. And it wouldn’t require saddling ourselves with a super expensive desalination plant that we have to run all the time, even when water is plentiful. So, you know, some experts think desalination will be part of the mix of solutions down the road. But a lot of people say, given the array of options we have at our disposal right now, desalination shouldn’t really be the first choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:48] \u003c/em>If desal isn’t the answer, what are some other options we’ve got?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:52] \u003c/em>Well, a big one is recycling our wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:54] \u003c/em>And that’s what our listener Max was asking about. That’s cleaning up the water that we flush down the toilet, or wash down the drain, so that we can drink it again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:03] \u003c/em>Yeah, and I know some people find that gross, but wastewater treatment plants are capable of making the water potable again. The Bay Area Council is a business and industry group. They recently evaluated desalination regionally and found that wastewater treatment makes more sense. Adrian Covert is a senior vice president of public policy there. He says the Bay Area dumps enough treated wastewater into the bay each year to fill Hetch Hetchy twice over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Adrian Covert: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:30] \u003c/em>And it’s also more than enough to meet the Bay Area’s water demand through 2040. And because wastewater is cleaner than ocean water, treating it to potable standards is also about 20% cheaper than desalinating water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:45] \u003c/em>This is such a good option and honestly, one that a lot of other parts of the world are already using that we’re going to talk about it more in tomorrow’s episode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Adrian Covert: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:52] \u003c/em>So I think, in short, desalinated water could make more sense and in a few localized scenarios. But when it comes to scaling the Bay Area’s entire water system for climate change and adding drought proof supplies, I think recycled water is probably a better bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:10] \u003c/em>All right, Katrina, we’ve talked about desalination and wastewater recycling. Are there any other ideas that local agencies are thinking about as they plan for the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:20] \u003c/em>Well, yeah. So Cynthia Koehler, who’s the president of the Marin Water Board of Directors, is interested in doing more with water budgeting. They do this in some places in Southern California already. Basically, the idea is that each home is allotted an amount of water based on a calculation of efficient use for its size and the number of people who live there. Then it’s up to the individuals to stay within their budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cynthia Koehler: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:42] \u003c/em>The advantage of that is that connects businesses, institutions, households more directly with their water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:50] \u003c/em>This idea works on the principle that people will find ways to conserve that fit their lifestyle. So, for example, if you want to have your lawn, you’ve got to find some other way to conserve all that water. Or maybe you take shorter showers if you want to do a slip and slide on the weekend. Because if they go over their budgeted amount of water, it gets way more expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cynthia Koehler: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:08] \u003c/em>Nothing’s a silver bullet. There’s not going to be one thing that solves all the problems. But it is it is a tool that has been underutilized so far. And I think that’ll get more play going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:17] \u003c/em>Interesting. So really just taking things a step further than asking people to conserve and sort of crossing your fingers and hoping they do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"baycurious","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:24] \u003c/em>Exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:25] \u003c/em>All right. Well, it sounds like we have a decent amount of options at our disposal if we need them. Thanks, Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:31] \u003c/em>My pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:42] \u003c/em>Are you thirsty for more solutions? Well, you are in luck. Tomorrow we finish off our solutions parade with Ezra David Romero, a climate reporter at KQED. He’ll talk us through some of the big changes the state can make to help us survive a megadrought. Thanks to the question askers, whose voices you heard at the top of this episode, Steve, Aris and Max … And the other question askers who helped us shape this episode, Alex and Eileen. Bay Curious is made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian Miño-Bucheli and me, Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aris: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:10:16] \u003c/em>Bay Curious is produced at member-supported KQED in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:10:23] \u003c/em>We’ll see you tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Alex: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:10:25] \u003c/em>I love Bay Curious.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11887265/what-can-local-water-agencies-do-to-boost-water-supply-transcript","authors":["102"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_6739"],"featImg":"news_11887269","label":"source_news_11887265"},"news_11887053":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11887053","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11887053","score":null,"sort":[1630490453000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"three-big-ways-to-save-water-at-home","title":"Three Big Ways to Save Water at Home","publishDate":1630490453,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Three Big Ways to Save Water at Home | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":33523,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a growing population, urban Californians are using far less water than in decades past. That’s in some measure thanks to straightforward changes people have made at home — like installing new toilets. The humble tool uses more water than any other, but over the years, \u003ca href=\"https://elemental.green/all-you-need-to-know-about-low-flow-toilets/\">toilets have dropped from using as many as 8 gallons per flush to as little as 0.8 gallons per flush\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water conservation at home extends far beyond a low-flow toilet. Some upgrades require nothing more than switching out a showerhead or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11874287/12-simple-ways-to-conserve-water-at-home-during-a-california-drought\">keeping water cold in the fridge\u003c/a> — others involve a little more legwork. Water conservationists point to three big ways that homeowners can cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Using water twice\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887108 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holds a hose connected through a utility sink on the back of her house to water her lawn\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amelia Terkel uses shower water on her trees through a homemade gray water system. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Amir Terkel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, the leftover water from a load of laundry, a bath or a shower runs down the drain and into the sewer system. But it doesn’t have to. In California, that water — the official name for it is gray water, or sometimes “greywater” — is perfect for watering most gardens. On average, \u003ca href=\"https://greywateraction.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GW_Study_revised1.pdf\">a gray water system can save a household over 14,000 gallons of water a year\u003c/a>, by simply redirecting that lightly used water into a yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gray water can offer you this source to [water] your fruit trees or berries or plants that need more irrigation water without using fresh water from the tap,” says Laura Allen of Greywater Action, an advocacy group in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common type of gray water system is a “laundry to landscape” setup, where the water from a load of laundry flows down a set of pipes into a yard or garden. Depending on specifics like the location of the washing machine in a home, \u003ca href=\"https://www.urbanfarmerstore.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/6_Graywater-L2L_RGW3-Graywater-Design-Manual-SFPUC.pdf\">homeowners can install a gray water system on their own\u003c/a>. The most straightforward projects don’t require a permit and can cost just a few hundred dollars. \u003ca href=\"https://greywateraction.org/greywater-system-examples/\">Other types of systems are more involved\u003c/a> and require permits and professional installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the most cost-efficient way to start using gray water immediately? Put a bucket in the shower while you’re waiting for the water to heat up. Then, use it to flush the toilet or water plants. Gray water should never be stored for more than 24 hours, and laundry-to-landscape systems do require a switch to eco-friendly detergent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Upgrade equipment\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887105 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet.jpg\" alt=\"A leaky faucet\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Household leaks waste more water than many people know. For example, a toilet leak can waste about a gallon of water per hour. \u003ccite>(iStock/banusevim)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Toilets aren’t the only fixtures that have evolved in the past several decades. \u003ca href=\"https://www.circleofblue.org/2016/water-management/infrastructure/study-efficient-fixtures-cut-u-s-indoor-water-use/\">One analysis found that residential water use nationwide dropped by 22% between 1999 and 2016\u003c/a> — and that’s by and large because appliances have gotten more water-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So has outdoor irrigation. But we don’t always jump to make fixes and upgrades that can save money — and water in the long run — says Justin Burks of Valley Water in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A new smartphone comes out [and] a lot of us will go out and get that new version,” Burks says. “But many of us live with the same irrigation equipment from 20 or 40 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/documents/ws-products-irrigation-outdoor-wbic-mini-report.pdf\">Newer irrigation systems come with smart controllers\u003c/a> that respond to the weather and measure moisture content in the soil, so the landscape only gets watered when it really needs it. Drip irrigation and high-efficiency sprinklers can also have a significant impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small fixes to cut back on water use: \u003ca href=\"https://www.lowes.com/n/how-to/test-toilet-for-leaks\">check your toilet for leaks (a simple dye test kit does the trick)\u003c/a>. An estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.kirklandwa.gov/Government/Departments/Public-Works-Department/Water/Why-was-my-water-bill-high\">20% of all toilets leak\u003c/a>, and in some cases, a leak can waste a gallon of water every hour. \u003ca href=\"https://www.denverwater.org/tap/big-benefits-cleaning-and-updating-faucet-aerators\">Another quick fix is to install a faucet aerator\u003c/a>, which limits the flow of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Turf’s up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887109 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering.jpg\" alt=\"Row of sprinklers watering a lawn\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians living in more urban environments use a lot of water on lawns. Outdoor watering accounts for half of all urban water use, so it’s an easy place to save. Some people are planting drought-tolerant gardens instead. \u003ccite>(Marcutti/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\">half of all the water used in urban California goes to one place: landscaping\u003c/a>. Oftentimes, that means watering a wide, flat, lawn that requires consistent, and heavy, water use. Switching out the lawn for a garden featuring California native plants can save significant amounts of water, and bring a host of other benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nine-year study conducted by the city of Santa Monica found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Landscape/garden-garden-2013.pdf\">a California native plant garden not only used 83% less water than one with a lawn and shrubs, but also created far less waste and required less maintenance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife and insects thrive in gardens with California native plants, too, says Julie Saare-Edmonds, an environmental scientist with the California Department of Water Resources. She says she’s seen a growing interest in native plant gardens — especially in drought years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best native plants vary significantly depending on location. The California Native Plant Society maintains a vast database, called \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/\">Calscape\u003c/a>, of regionally appropriate native plants. Gardners can decide whether they want to see plants that attract butterflies, plants with extremely low water needs, as well as low-maintenance options. And the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/water-basics/conservation-tips/plant-and-landscape-guide\">California Department of Water Resources has a comprehensive guide\u003c/a> for how to make the transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you want to go further, each Bay Area county has a \u003ca href=\"http://mg.ucanr.edu/index.cfm\">master gardener program\u003c/a>. Seasoned gardeners are available to answer questions about designing native plant and drought-friendly gardens. Many also have demonstration gardens where newcomers can learn about their options, and find some inspiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How to pay for it\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many water agencies in the Bay Area will help you cover the costs of using less water at home. Most often, this comes in the form of a rebate for projects like gray water installation, a smart flow meter, or a switch to a drought-friendly garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renters can take advantage of some of these programs, too, by switching in a free, water-efficient showerhead (that you can swap out when you leave) or tipping your landlord off to how they can replace an old toilet at no cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re highlighting a few programs offered by local water agencies, but check your provider for even more deals and specifics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water/conservation-and-rebates/rebates/\">\u003cstrong>East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/strong> offers rebates for flow meters\u003c/a> that collect data on how much water you use, and where in your home. The agency has also doubled its rebate for converting yards into drought-friendly gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ccwater.com/157/Rebates-and-Coupons\">\u003cstrong>Contra Costa County\u003c/strong> offers rebates\u003c/a> up to $1,000 for homeowners to ditch the front lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinwater.org/rebates\">In \u003cstrong>Marin County\u003c/strong>, the water district has rebates\u003c/a> for rainwater storage systems and free mulching services — another way to have a drought-friendly yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.acwd.org/134/Conservation-at-Home\">Free water conservation kits are available in \u003cstrong>Alameda County\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, as are \u003ca href=\"https://www.acwd.org/145/Rebates\">numerous rebates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.valleywater.org/saving-water/rebates-surveys\">Valley Water in \u003cstrong>Santa Clara County\u003c/strong> offers rebates\u003c/a> up to $400 for installing gray water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/sites/default/files/learning/conservation/2021-0723-SFPUCs%20DROUGHT%20RESOURCE%20GUIDE_v2.pdf\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>‘s Public Utilities Commission has a range of options\u003c/a> — including free toilet replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/sonoma-county-cities-offer-freebies-and-rebates-to-help-you-save-water/\">Many cities in \u003cstrong>Sonoma County\u003c/strong> have their own programs\u003c/a>, which include rebates for turf removal and free fixtures like showerheads and faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/2714/Water-Conservation\">Options in \u003cstrong>San Mateo County\u003c/strong> include rebates for rain barrels.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofnapa.org/595/Residential-Programs\">\u003cstrong>Napa County\u003c/strong> will evaluate your water use at home for free\u003c/a> and help you strategize how to cut back on water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scwa2.com/water-efficiency/rebates-programs/residential-rebates/\">\u003cstrong>Solano County\u003c/strong> offers rebates\u003c/a> to upgrade to a high-efficiency washing machine and switch to smart irrigation controllers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Water conservation at home extends far beyond low-flow fixtures like toilets and showerheads. Water conservationists point to three big ways homeowners can cut back. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700588093,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1293},"headData":{"title":"Three Big Ways to Save Water at Home | KQED","description":"Water conservation at home extends far beyond low-flow fixtures like toilets and showerheads. Water conservationists point to three big ways homeowners can cut back. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC7904503243.mp3?updated=1630451858","nprByline":"Nina Sparling","subhead":"Gray water systems, updating fixtures and getting rid of lawns are three big ways to save water at home.","path":"/news/11887053/three-big-ways-to-save-water-at-home","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a growing population, urban Californians are using far less water than in decades past. That’s in some measure thanks to straightforward changes people have made at home — like installing new toilets. The humble tool uses more water than any other, but over the years, \u003ca href=\"https://elemental.green/all-you-need-to-know-about-low-flow-toilets/\">toilets have dropped from using as many as 8 gallons per flush to as little as 0.8 gallons per flush\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But water conservation at home extends far beyond a low-flow toilet. Some upgrades require nothing more than switching out a showerhead or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11874287/12-simple-ways-to-conserve-water-at-home-during-a-california-drought\">keeping water cold in the fridge\u003c/a> — others involve a little more legwork. Water conservationists point to three big ways that homeowners can cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Using water twice\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887108 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holds a hose connected through a utility sink on the back of her house to water her lawn\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/greywater-system-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amelia Terkel uses shower water on her trees through a homemade gray water system. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Amir Terkel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, the leftover water from a load of laundry, a bath or a shower runs down the drain and into the sewer system. But it doesn’t have to. In California, that water — the official name for it is gray water, or sometimes “greywater” — is perfect for watering most gardens. On average, \u003ca href=\"https://greywateraction.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GW_Study_revised1.pdf\">a gray water system can save a household over 14,000 gallons of water a year\u003c/a>, by simply redirecting that lightly used water into a yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gray water can offer you this source to [water] your fruit trees or berries or plants that need more irrigation water without using fresh water from the tap,” says Laura Allen of Greywater Action, an advocacy group in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common type of gray water system is a “laundry to landscape” setup, where the water from a load of laundry flows down a set of pipes into a yard or garden. Depending on specifics like the location of the washing machine in a home, \u003ca href=\"https://www.urbanfarmerstore.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/6_Graywater-L2L_RGW3-Graywater-Design-Manual-SFPUC.pdf\">homeowners can install a gray water system on their own\u003c/a>. The most straightforward projects don’t require a permit and can cost just a few hundred dollars. \u003ca href=\"https://greywateraction.org/greywater-system-examples/\">Other types of systems are more involved\u003c/a> and require permits and professional installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the most cost-efficient way to start using gray water immediately? Put a bucket in the shower while you’re waiting for the water to heat up. Then, use it to flush the toilet or water plants. Gray water should never be stored for more than 24 hours, and laundry-to-landscape systems do require a switch to eco-friendly detergent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Upgrade equipment\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887105 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet.jpg\" alt=\"A leaky faucet\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/leaky-faucet-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Household leaks waste more water than many people know. For example, a toilet leak can waste about a gallon of water per hour. \u003ccite>(iStock/banusevim)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Toilets aren’t the only fixtures that have evolved in the past several decades. \u003ca href=\"https://www.circleofblue.org/2016/water-management/infrastructure/study-efficient-fixtures-cut-u-s-indoor-water-use/\">One analysis found that residential water use nationwide dropped by 22% between 1999 and 2016\u003c/a> — and that’s by and large because appliances have gotten more water-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So has outdoor irrigation. But we don’t always jump to make fixes and upgrades that can save money — and water in the long run — says Justin Burks of Valley Water in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A new smartphone comes out [and] a lot of us will go out and get that new version,” Burks says. “But many of us live with the same irrigation equipment from 20 or 40 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/documents/ws-products-irrigation-outdoor-wbic-mini-report.pdf\">Newer irrigation systems come with smart controllers\u003c/a> that respond to the weather and measure moisture content in the soil, so the landscape only gets watered when it really needs it. Drip irrigation and high-efficiency sprinklers can also have a significant impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small fixes to cut back on water use: \u003ca href=\"https://www.lowes.com/n/how-to/test-toilet-for-leaks\">check your toilet for leaks (a simple dye test kit does the trick)\u003c/a>. An estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.kirklandwa.gov/Government/Departments/Public-Works-Department/Water/Why-was-my-water-bill-high\">20% of all toilets leak\u003c/a>, and in some cases, a leak can waste a gallon of water every hour. \u003ca href=\"https://www.denverwater.org/tap/big-benefits-cleaning-and-updating-faucet-aerators\">Another quick fix is to install a faucet aerator\u003c/a>, which limits the flow of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Turf’s up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11887109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11887109 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering.jpg\" alt=\"Row of sprinklers watering a lawn\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/lawn-watering-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians living in more urban environments use a lot of water on lawns. Outdoor watering accounts for half of all urban water use, so it’s an easy place to save. Some people are planting drought-tolerant gardens instead. \u003ccite>(Marcutti/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/publication/water-use-in-california/\">half of all the water used in urban California goes to one place: landscaping\u003c/a>. Oftentimes, that means watering a wide, flat, lawn that requires consistent, and heavy, water use. Switching out the lawn for a garden featuring California native plants can save significant amounts of water, and bring a host of other benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nine-year study conducted by the city of Santa Monica found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Landscape/garden-garden-2013.pdf\">a California native plant garden not only used 83% less water than one with a lawn and shrubs, but also created far less waste and required less maintenance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife and insects thrive in gardens with California native plants, too, says Julie Saare-Edmonds, an environmental scientist with the California Department of Water Resources. She says she’s seen a growing interest in native plant gardens — especially in drought years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best native plants vary significantly depending on location. The California Native Plant Society maintains a vast database, called \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/\">Calscape\u003c/a>, of regionally appropriate native plants. Gardners can decide whether they want to see plants that attract butterflies, plants with extremely low water needs, as well as low-maintenance options. And the \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/water-basics/conservation-tips/plant-and-landscape-guide\">California Department of Water Resources has a comprehensive guide\u003c/a> for how to make the transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you want to go further, each Bay Area county has a \u003ca href=\"http://mg.ucanr.edu/index.cfm\">master gardener program\u003c/a>. Seasoned gardeners are available to answer questions about designing native plant and drought-friendly gardens. Many also have demonstration gardens where newcomers can learn about their options, and find some inspiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How to pay for it\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many water agencies in the Bay Area will help you cover the costs of using less water at home. Most often, this comes in the form of a rebate for projects like gray water installation, a smart flow meter, or a switch to a drought-friendly garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renters can take advantage of some of these programs, too, by switching in a free, water-efficient showerhead (that you can swap out when you leave) or tipping your landlord off to how they can replace an old toilet at no cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re highlighting a few programs offered by local water agencies, but check your provider for even more deals and specifics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water/conservation-and-rebates/rebates/\">\u003cstrong>East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/strong> offers rebates for flow meters\u003c/a> that collect data on how much water you use, and where in your home. The agency has also doubled its rebate for converting yards into drought-friendly gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ccwater.com/157/Rebates-and-Coupons\">\u003cstrong>Contra Costa County\u003c/strong> offers rebates\u003c/a> up to $1,000 for homeowners to ditch the front lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinwater.org/rebates\">In \u003cstrong>Marin County\u003c/strong>, the water district has rebates\u003c/a> for rainwater storage systems and free mulching services — another way to have a drought-friendly yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.acwd.org/134/Conservation-at-Home\">Free water conservation kits are available in \u003cstrong>Alameda County\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, as are \u003ca href=\"https://www.acwd.org/145/Rebates\">numerous rebates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.valleywater.org/saving-water/rebates-surveys\">Valley Water in \u003cstrong>Santa Clara County\u003c/strong> offers rebates\u003c/a> up to $400 for installing gray water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sfpuc.org/sites/default/files/learning/conservation/2021-0723-SFPUCs%20DROUGHT%20RESOURCE%20GUIDE_v2.pdf\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>‘s Public Utilities Commission has a range of options\u003c/a> — including free toilet replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/sonoma-county-cities-offer-freebies-and-rebates-to-help-you-save-water/\">Many cities in \u003cstrong>Sonoma County\u003c/strong> have their own programs\u003c/a>, which include rebates for turf removal and free fixtures like showerheads and faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/2714/Water-Conservation\">Options in \u003cstrong>San Mateo County\u003c/strong> include rebates for rain barrels.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofnapa.org/595/Residential-Programs\">\u003cstrong>Napa County\u003c/strong> will evaluate your water use at home for free\u003c/a> and help you strategize how to cut back on water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scwa2.com/water-efficiency/rebates-programs/residential-rebates/\">\u003cstrong>Solano County\u003c/strong> offers rebates\u003c/a> to upgrade to a high-efficiency washing machine and switch to smart irrigation controllers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11887053/three-big-ways-to-save-water-at-home","authors":["byline_news_11887053"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_28250","news_8","news_33520","news_356"],"tags":["news_17601","news_28199","news_29856","news_29855","news_6739","news_6442"],"featImg":"news_11887100","label":"news_33523"},"news_11886636":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11886636","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11886636","score":null,"sort":[1630404046000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-california-in-a-megadrought-transcript","title":"Is California in a Megadrought? (Transcript)","publishDate":1630404046,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Is California in a Megadrought? (Transcript) | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with changing climate patterns. The Bay Curious podcast will explore new ways of thinking about the future of water in \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">our state as part of a six part series: State of Drought.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC3142023629\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Music starts\u003c/em>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003cem>[00:00:02] \u003c/em>You’re listening to the Bay Curious State of Drought series, I’m \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\">Olivia Allen Price\u003c/a>. A few weeks ago, we asked you, our audience, what you wanted to know about drought in California. And there was one question that came in that really caught my eye. It came from Nicholas Hardy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Nicholas Hardy\u003c/b> \u003cem>[00:00:18] \u003c/em>Are we in the start of a drought or are we actually in the middle of a megadrought with some wet years thrown in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:26] \u003c/em>Megadrought. The word alone sounds almost like a science fiction movie … something you’d spot at a video store alongside the movies Sharknado and San Andreas … if video stores still existed, that is. But megadrought is not fiction. It is a very real climate phenomenon. Today, we find the answer to Nicholas’s question and learn some fascinating things about our long term climate along the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Music ends\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:50] \u003c/em>All right, so we’re setting out to answer Nicholas’s question about megadrought. Here to help us out as reporter Amy Mayer. Hey, Amy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:58] \u003c/em>Hi, Olivia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:59] \u003c/em>So looking around, I see the hills are dry and brown, but they’re always brown this time of year. Can you first explain how do we know it’s because of a drought and not just seasonal dryness? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:10] \u003c/em>You really have to go back to the past winter. We didn’t have a lot of rain here, and especially in the mountains, there wasn’t a lot of snow. Plus parts of the state have really been hot this summer. So those are some of the measurements that go into something called the Drought Monitor, which is a map put together by a bunch of federal agencies and university scientists. They update it weekly based on certain concrete measurements, like soil moisture and stream flow, but also observations. They have UC Extension agents all over the state who are watching for different things. So the end of August of 2021, the whole state was in at least moderate drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:45] \u003c/em>And it’s not just California. Right. I know I’ve heard about low water levels across a lot of the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:51] \u003c/em>That’s right. Yeah. The drought conditions extend across Arizona and Nevada, even Oregon. And the heat and low water obviously also have an impact on the Colorado River and everyone who uses water from that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Newscaster: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:04] \u003c/em>For the first time ever, the federal government has declared a water shortage on the Colorado River. Two decades of drought means reservoirs that store runoff are depleted and there’s not enough water to meet demand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:18] \u003c/em>So there’s five stages in that drought monitor. Nearly half of California, plus a large swath of Nevada right now, are in exceptional drought. That’s the top category. That includes six Bay Area counties. Paul Rogers of the San Jose Mercury News pulled out some old data showing that San Francisco is seeing its third driest year since the gold rush and San Jose experienced its driest year in 128 years of record keeping. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:47] \u003c/em>All right, so it’s bad. I know that we’ve been flirting with exceptional drought on and off for many years now, so much so that people, like our question asker Nicholas, bring up this term megadrought. What is a megadrought and are we in one? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:03] \u003c/em>Well, yes, we are in a megadrought and it’s not really because of this summer’s conditions or the things we’ve been talking about this year. Megadrought is not a weather term. Mega drought is a climate word. And we’re in one now because across the southwest, these drier conditions and these hotter conditions have been going on for decades. So, Olivia, you might remember after what seemed like the last drought, roughly 2011 to 2017, we got some wet years. But it turns out they weren’t enough to overcome these drought conditions. Richard Seager is a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Richard Seager: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:41] \u003c/em>In the Southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20 year dry period here now. And using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the medieval period. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:04] \u003c/em>Tell me more about those tree rings. What’s that about? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:07] \u003c/em>Well, in a dry year, trees just don’t grow as much. A lot of people are familiar with the rings that a tree adds each year, and when they’re closer together or they’re thinner, that tells scientists that a drought has happened and it can allow them to figure out how long a drought lasted. John Abatzoglou, is a professor at UC Merced and he looks at droughts both past and present. He was part of a big team that published a look at historic megadroughts. The paper came out last year and they looked at a lot of tree records across the southwest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:35] \u003c/em>We can actually compile trees both that are living today, as well as trees that may have died, but their skeletons remain and sort of piece those together to go back a bit further through time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:46] \u003c/em>So these tree skeletons led them back thousands of years to droughts during medieval times that lasted for decades. And that helped them conclude the 20th century was anomalous for its lack of droughts in this area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:59] \u003c/em>Wow. So that really turns everything on its head. I mean, really, California became what it is during a time when there was more water than historically there would have been. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:09] \u003c/em>Yeah, that’s exactly what their studies have found. Even though we thought of California as dry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:14] \u003c/em>Huh. So have we as humans played a factor in this megadrought? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:19] \u003c/em>Well, these climate guys are confident that a megadrought would have come regardless. It’s just part of the climate cycle. But, yeah, having so many people and also the fact that we grow so much of the country’s fruits and vegetables and nuts, that likely makes it worse because we’re used to using more water and the water has always been there to use … even though this region was generally considered rather dry. So Abatzoglou says the water supply coming into this megadrought may have actually been lower than it was in the past when the area entered other megadroughts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:52] \u003c/em>We have increased population. We have the bountiful Central Valley that is basically all irrigated. That has increased the demand through time, right? A human driven increase in demand. And that makes it easier to actually realize drought impacts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:09] \u003c/em>That really gets us to a question that we heard from a lot of listeners, which was: long term, can a drier California be home to so many people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:19] \u003c/em>Well, both Seager and Abatzoglou think so, but how water is used and for what is probably going to need to change some. And of course, they both mentioned farming. Here’s Seager again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Richard Seager: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:30] \u003c/em>A lot of agriculture in the United States is going to have to move from California in the southwest to other water rich areas of the United States. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:38] \u003c/em>That would be a huge change for a lot of people. But Abatzoglou says maybe not so fast. Ingenuity and engineering might offer some solutions. And at UC Merced they’re actually putting in a smart farm to test a wide variety of ag tech research efforts, a lot of them aimed at better resource use, including water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:58] \u003c/em>Some of these changes could actually lead to beneficial climate adaptation strategies being more efficient, like revolutionizing how we work with land, how we work with water. So there may be some good things that come out of dealing with hardship, which is what we’re going through in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:14] \u003c/em>For example, sensors that could determine exactly how much water a specific plant needs so that custom micro irrigation can deliver just that amount and at the right time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:24] \u003c/em>That’s a really cool idea. But ultimately, I think a lot of people want to know when are we going to get out of this? Are we going to get out of this? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:32] \u003c/em>Right. Sure. That’s the big question. And again, there’s two parts to it, the short term and the long term. So first, when is there going to be more water? When are we going to get out of this acute drought situation? Abatzoglou says he and others are working on better ways to tell us what’s coming in the next water year. If we knew, then we could make smart decisions and he says that could help us not feel the impacts quite so severely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:55] \u003c/em>Because drought is one of these sort of sneaking phenomenas or creeping phenomenas. Usually you don’t know you’re in a drought until it’s a little bit too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:04] \u003c/em>But longer term, climate scientists are trying to develop tools to predict when overall drought conditions might change. That would help to define, you know, how long a megadrought might last year when another one might be starting. That would mean they would need better ways to forecast the ocean temperatures, because that’s one of the things that controls drought conditions. Seager says so far they just can’t project that out more than about a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Richard Seager: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:27] \u003c/em>There are big international research efforts to do that. But in the Pacific Ocean, that research to date has not met with a tremendous amount of success. It’s been rather disappointing in progress. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:45] \u003c/em>We’ve got a new water year starting October 1st, and Governor Newsom is already saying that if it’s dry again this winter, he might need to impose some mandatory water reductions, possibly statewide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:56] \u003c/em>Well, something to keep our eyes on. Reporter Amy Mayer, thanks for speaking with me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:01] \u003c/em>Thanks for having me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:05] \u003c/em>That’s it for the third installment in our State of Drought series. Tomorrow, we’re going to start talking about solutions, beginning with what we as individuals can do in our own homes. Bay Curious is made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian Miño-Bucheli and me, Olivia Allen-Price. We’re a production of member-supported KQED in San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Is California's current drought part of a bigger period of dryness in our climate? Reporter Amy Mayer brings us some answers. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700588105,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":48,"wordCount":2059},"headData":{"title":"Is California in a Megadrought? (Transcript) | KQED","description":"Is California's current drought part of a bigger period of dryness in our climate? Reporter Amy Mayer brings us some answers. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"http://baycurious.org/","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC3142023629.mp3?updated=1630361169","nprByline":"Amy Mayer","path":"/news/11886636/is-california-in-a-megadrought-transcript","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with changing climate patterns. The Bay Curious podcast will explore new ways of thinking about the future of water in \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">our state as part of a six part series: State of Drought.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC3142023629\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Music starts\u003c/em>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003cem>[00:00:02] \u003c/em>You’re listening to the Bay Curious State of Drought series, I’m \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\">Olivia Allen Price\u003c/a>. A few weeks ago, we asked you, our audience, what you wanted to know about drought in California. And there was one question that came in that really caught my eye. It came from Nicholas Hardy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Nicholas Hardy\u003c/b> \u003cem>[00:00:18] \u003c/em>Are we in the start of a drought or are we actually in the middle of a megadrought with some wet years thrown in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:26] \u003c/em>Megadrought. The word alone sounds almost like a science fiction movie … something you’d spot at a video store alongside the movies Sharknado and San Andreas … if video stores still existed, that is. But megadrought is not fiction. It is a very real climate phenomenon. Today, we find the answer to Nicholas’s question and learn some fascinating things about our long term climate along the way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Music ends\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:50] \u003c/em>All right, so we’re setting out to answer Nicholas’s question about megadrought. Here to help us out as reporter Amy Mayer. Hey, Amy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:58] \u003c/em>Hi, Olivia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:00:59] \u003c/em>So looking around, I see the hills are dry and brown, but they’re always brown this time of year. Can you first explain how do we know it’s because of a drought and not just seasonal dryness? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:10] \u003c/em>You really have to go back to the past winter. We didn’t have a lot of rain here, and especially in the mountains, there wasn’t a lot of snow. Plus parts of the state have really been hot this summer. So those are some of the measurements that go into something called the Drought Monitor, which is a map put together by a bunch of federal agencies and university scientists. They update it weekly based on certain concrete measurements, like soil moisture and stream flow, but also observations. They have UC Extension agents all over the state who are watching for different things. So the end of August of 2021, the whole state was in at least moderate drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:45] \u003c/em>And it’s not just California. Right. I know I’ve heard about low water levels across a lot of the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:01:51] \u003c/em>That’s right. Yeah. The drought conditions extend across Arizona and Nevada, even Oregon. And the heat and low water obviously also have an impact on the Colorado River and everyone who uses water from that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Newscaster: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:04] \u003c/em>For the first time ever, the federal government has declared a water shortage on the Colorado River. Two decades of drought means reservoirs that store runoff are depleted and there’s not enough water to meet demand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:18] \u003c/em>So there’s five stages in that drought monitor. Nearly half of California, plus a large swath of Nevada right now, are in exceptional drought. That’s the top category. That includes six Bay Area counties. Paul Rogers of the San Jose Mercury News pulled out some old data showing that San Francisco is seeing its third driest year since the gold rush and San Jose experienced its driest year in 128 years of record keeping. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:02:47] \u003c/em>All right, so it’s bad. I know that we’ve been flirting with exceptional drought on and off for many years now, so much so that people, like our question asker Nicholas, bring up this term megadrought. What is a megadrought and are we in one? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:03] \u003c/em>Well, yes, we are in a megadrought and it’s not really because of this summer’s conditions or the things we’ve been talking about this year. Megadrought is not a weather term. Mega drought is a climate word. And we’re in one now because across the southwest, these drier conditions and these hotter conditions have been going on for decades. So, Olivia, you might remember after what seemed like the last drought, roughly 2011 to 2017, we got some wet years. But it turns out they weren’t enough to overcome these drought conditions. Richard Seager is a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Richard Seager: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:03:41] \u003c/em>In the Southwest, it’s been overall drier since the late 1990s. So we’re talking about a 20 year dry period here now. And using the term megadrought is justifiable because it stacks up in terms of the severity and the length with the ones that we’ve inferred from tree ring data back in the medieval period. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:04] \u003c/em>Tell me more about those tree rings. What’s that about? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:07] \u003c/em>Well, in a dry year, trees just don’t grow as much. A lot of people are familiar with the rings that a tree adds each year, and when they’re closer together or they’re thinner, that tells scientists that a drought has happened and it can allow them to figure out how long a drought lasted. John Abatzoglou, is a professor at UC Merced and he looks at droughts both past and present. He was part of a big team that published a look at historic megadroughts. The paper came out last year and they looked at a lot of tree records across the southwest. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:35] \u003c/em>We can actually compile trees both that are living today, as well as trees that may have died, but their skeletons remain and sort of piece those together to go back a bit further through time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:46] \u003c/em>So these tree skeletons led them back thousands of years to droughts during medieval times that lasted for decades. And that helped them conclude the 20th century was anomalous for its lack of droughts in this area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:04:59] \u003c/em>Wow. So that really turns everything on its head. I mean, really, California became what it is during a time when there was more water than historically there would have been. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:09] \u003c/em>Yeah, that’s exactly what their studies have found. Even though we thought of California as dry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:14] \u003c/em>Huh. So have we as humans played a factor in this megadrought? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:19] \u003c/em>Well, these climate guys are confident that a megadrought would have come regardless. It’s just part of the climate cycle. But, yeah, having so many people and also the fact that we grow so much of the country’s fruits and vegetables and nuts, that likely makes it worse because we’re used to using more water and the water has always been there to use … even though this region was generally considered rather dry. So Abatzoglou says the water supply coming into this megadrought may have actually been lower than it was in the past when the area entered other megadroughts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:05:52] \u003c/em>We have increased population. We have the bountiful Central Valley that is basically all irrigated. That has increased the demand through time, right? A human driven increase in demand. And that makes it easier to actually realize drought impacts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:09] \u003c/em>That really gets us to a question that we heard from a lot of listeners, which was: long term, can a drier California be home to so many people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:19] \u003c/em>Well, both Seager and Abatzoglou think so, but how water is used and for what is probably going to need to change some. And of course, they both mentioned farming. Here’s Seager again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Richard Seager: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:30] \u003c/em>A lot of agriculture in the United States is going to have to move from California in the southwest to other water rich areas of the United States. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:38] \u003c/em>That would be a huge change for a lot of people. But Abatzoglou says maybe not so fast. Ingenuity and engineering might offer some solutions. And at UC Merced they’re actually putting in a smart farm to test a wide variety of ag tech research efforts, a lot of them aimed at better resource use, including water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:06:58] \u003c/em>Some of these changes could actually lead to beneficial climate adaptation strategies being more efficient, like revolutionizing how we work with land, how we work with water. So there may be some good things that come out of dealing with hardship, which is what we’re going through in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"baycurious","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:14] \u003c/em>For example, sensors that could determine exactly how much water a specific plant needs so that custom micro irrigation can deliver just that amount and at the right time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:24] \u003c/em>That’s a really cool idea. But ultimately, I think a lot of people want to know when are we going to get out of this? Are we going to get out of this? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:32] \u003c/em>Right. Sure. That’s the big question. And again, there’s two parts to it, the short term and the long term. So first, when is there going to be more water? When are we going to get out of this acute drought situation? Abatzoglou says he and others are working on better ways to tell us what’s coming in the next water year. If we knew, then we could make smart decisions and he says that could help us not feel the impacts quite so severely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Abatzoglou: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:07:55] \u003c/em>Because drought is one of these sort of sneaking phenomenas or creeping phenomenas. Usually you don’t know you’re in a drought until it’s a little bit too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:04] \u003c/em>But longer term, climate scientists are trying to develop tools to predict when overall drought conditions might change. That would help to define, you know, how long a megadrought might last year when another one might be starting. That would mean they would need better ways to forecast the ocean temperatures, because that’s one of the things that controls drought conditions. Seager says so far they just can’t project that out more than about a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Richard Seager: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:27] \u003c/em>There are big international research efforts to do that. But in the Pacific Ocean, that research to date has not met with a tremendous amount of success. It’s been rather disappointing in progress. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:45] \u003c/em>We’ve got a new water year starting October 1st, and Governor Newsom is already saying that if it’s dry again this winter, he might need to impose some mandatory water reductions, possibly statewide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:08:56] \u003c/em>Well, something to keep our eyes on. Reporter Amy Mayer, thanks for speaking with me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amy Mayer: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:01] \u003c/em>Thanks for having me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cem>[00:09:05] \u003c/em>That’s it for the third installment in our State of Drought series. Tomorrow, we’re going to start talking about solutions, beginning with what we as individuals can do in our own homes. Bay Curious is made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian Miño-Bucheli and me, Olivia Allen-Price. We’re a production of member-supported KQED in San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11886636/is-california-in-a-megadrought-transcript","authors":["byline_news_11886636"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_4092","news_19204","news_29387","news_6739"],"featImg":"news_11886659","label":"source_news_11886636"},"news_11886536":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11886536","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11886536","score":null,"sort":[1630058452000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from-2","title":"Bay Area: Do You Know Where Your Water Comes From?","publishDate":1630058452,"format":"image","headTitle":"Bay Area: Do You Know Where Your Water Comes From? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify. \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/39fV5VD\">Episode transcript\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area water system is a byzantine patchwork of agencies — more than 50 in all — that provides water to customers. Some are the ones you see on your water bill. Others are middlemen that provide water to local agencies at the wholesale level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of that water makes a long journey. Southern California has the reputation for tapping far-flung sources for its water needs, but the Bay Area is in the same boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two-thirds of the Bay Area’s water supply comes from outside the region, which means in extreme drought years, local water districts are competing with many others around the state for limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we suffer under another dry period, some parts of the Bay Area are experiencing the drought more acutely because of where they get their water. We’re going to break it down for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Water Districts By Major Source of Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 817px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11886556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM.png\" alt=\"Graphic showing where bay area water districts get their water.\" width=\"817\" height=\"791\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM.png 817w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM-800x775.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM-160x155.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A breakdown of where different regions of the Bay Area get their water. \u003ccite>(Source: \u003ca href=\"https://wrpinfo.org/media/1283/abag-webinar-2015.pdf\">ABAG Infrastructure Vulnerability & Interdependencies Study (2014)\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Hetch Hetchy Water System\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The system originates more than 100 miles from its primary customers, in Yosemite National Park. O’Shaughnessy Dam was built on the Tuolumne River in 1923 to create Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. The water travels through a series of pipelines before it reaches the Bay Area and blends with five local reservoirs. The Tuolumne River joins the San Joaquin River and flows into the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco depends on Hetch Hetchy for its water. The city’s direct access to a large amount of stored water means that even when precipitation levels are lower than average, residents don’t start seeing mandatory water restrictions right away. The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is also a water wholesaler, selling water to places on the peninsula like Burlingame, Palo Alto, Hillsborough and Redwood City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has long resisted proposals to drain Hetch Hetchy. In 2012, advocates of restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/century-old-battle-over-yosemites-second-valley-heats-up/\">put a measure on the San Francisco ballot\u003c/a> that would have required the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to study draining the reservoir and shifting the water to other storage facilities. The measure was defeated. In 2018, then Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke met with proponents of restoration, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/No-real-worry-that-Hetch-Hetchy-will-be-drained-13105043.php\">the discussions didn’t lead anywhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14633\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"368\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHetchhetchyprojmap.jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California’s two major rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, fed by half a dozen others, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">come together in this inland delta \u003c/a>just east of San Francisco Bay. The Delta’s watershed makes up about 45 percent of the state in all. Two-thirds of Californians use Delta water, delivered mainly through two major canal systems, the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 826px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976534\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DWR_USGS_bay_deltamap-826x1024-1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta\" width=\"826\" height=\"1024\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta is a massive system of waterways that provides water to fish, wildlife and people throughout California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we have prolonged drought, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">water deliveries\u003c/a> from both these projects diminish, except for some drinking water supplies. Napa, Santa Clara, and Contra Costa counties all get some water out of the Delta. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has seen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">dramatic ecological decline\u003c/a> due to habitat loss, invasive species and highly altered water flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975989/san-jose-relies-on-water-from-the-sierra-nevada-climate-change-is-challenging-that-system\">San Jose, its largest city \u003c/a>— are in a particularly difficult water situation. In 2021, Santa Clara Valley Water, the water agency that serves San Jose, only received 5% of the water it contracts from the state, a quarter of what it sources from the feds, and has seen little local rainfall.\u003cbr>\nOn top of all that, the largest reservoir in Valley Water’s system is virtually empty at 3% full, after it was emptied so that the Anderson Dam near Morgan Hill could undergo seismic retrofitting. Valley Water is asking Santa Clara residents to cut water use by 15% to help stretch their water supplies in case we have another dry winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Russian River Water System\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976536\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS49926_030_MendocinoCounty_LakeMendocinoDrought_06112021-qut.jpg\" alt=\"New vegetation grows on what was once the lake bed of Lake Mendocino on June 11, 2021.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1278\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New vegetation grows on what was once the lake bed of Lake Mendocino on June 11, 2021.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 110-mile Russian River begins north of the Bay Area in Mendocino County and flows south until it reaches the Pacific Ocean west of Santa Rosa. The water system consists of reservoirs at Lake Sonoma, Lake Mendocino, and water diverted from the Eel River into the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This region is unique in that no water comes from the Sierra Nevada snowmelt. The Russian River watershed sits isolated from the rest of the state, and in dry times, communities in the region are on their own. In normal years, Sonoma also sells water to Marin County, so in dry years both counties feel the pinch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Water officials are concerned enough about their situation to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976066/gripped-by-drought-marin-considers-desalination-water-pipeline-over-the-richmond-bridge\">considering two pricey options\u003c/a>. One is to lease a desalination plant for $37 million. That would provide a third of the county’s drinking water needs. The other option is to build a water pipeline over the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge to transport water purchased from an entity with access to Delta water. That pipeline would cost between $66 – $88 million. Marin built a similar pipeline back in the late 1970s when it was especially dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Mokelumne River Water System\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This river originates in the Central Sierra Nevada and flows west until it reaches the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay. The East Bay Municipal Utility District built Pardee Dam on the river near Stockton in 1929. Water is delivered to the Bay Area through the 85-mile Mokelumne Aqueduct, which diverts the river’s water before it reaches the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11886541\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the EBMUD aqueducts from the Mokelumne River Watershed.\" width=\"900\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water-800x347.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water-160x69.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the EBMUD aqueducts from the Mokelumne River Watershed. \u003ccite>(Courtesy EBMUD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Lake Berryessa\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The 23 mile-long reservoir was created in Napa County in the 1950s, when the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation built Monticello Dam on Putah Creek. Lake Berryessa water feeds several big cities in Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Local Water Supplies\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many water districts use water from the surrounding watershed. It comes from local streams and rivers, fed by rainfall or is pumped from underground aquifers. Some districts also recycle water, which is primarily used for landscape irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional research by Shara Tonn.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/14623/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from\">A version of this article originally published in 2014\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For most of us in the Bay Area, the journey our water takes to reach us is hidden from view. It travels long distances, sometimes more than a hundred miles! That can leave us disconnected from the source. We go about our days oblivious to how precarious our water resources might be.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700588114,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1078},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area: Do You Know Where Your Water Comes From? | KQED","description":"For most of us in the Bay Area, the journey our water takes to reach us is hidden from view. It travels long distances, sometimes more than a hundred miles! That can leave us disconnected from the source. We go about our days oblivious to how precarious our water resources might be.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://dcs.megaphone.fm/KQINC1083924910.mp3?key=f1b5fe5c9c47704bcf2b0a37fa982e0e","nprByline":"Lauren Sommer, Ezra David Romero, Katrina Schwartz","path":"/news/11886536/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">Listen to all six episodes of our State of Drought series on Spotify. \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://bit.ly/39fV5VD\">Episode transcript\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area water system is a byzantine patchwork of agencies — more than 50 in all — that provides water to customers. Some are the ones you see on your water bill. Others are middlemen that provide water to local agencies at the wholesale level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of that water makes a long journey. Southern California has the reputation for tapping far-flung sources for its water needs, but the Bay Area is in the same boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two-thirds of the Bay Area’s water supply comes from outside the region, which means in extreme drought years, local water districts are competing with many others around the state for limited supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we suffer under another dry period, some parts of the Bay Area are experiencing the drought more acutely because of where they get their water. We’re going to break it down for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Water Districts By Major Source of Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 817px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11886556\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM.png\" alt=\"Graphic showing where bay area water districts get their water.\" width=\"817\" height=\"791\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM.png 817w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM-800x775.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Screen-Shot-2021-08-26-at-5.45.48-PM-160x155.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A breakdown of where different regions of the Bay Area get their water. \u003ccite>(Source: \u003ca href=\"https://wrpinfo.org/media/1283/abag-webinar-2015.pdf\">ABAG Infrastructure Vulnerability & Interdependencies Study (2014)\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Hetch Hetchy Water System\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The system originates more than 100 miles from its primary customers, in Yosemite National Park. O’Shaughnessy Dam was built on the Tuolumne River in 1923 to create Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. The water travels through a series of pipelines before it reaches the Bay Area and blends with five local reservoirs. The Tuolumne River joins the San Joaquin River and flows into the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco depends on Hetch Hetchy for its water. The city’s direct access to a large amount of stored water means that even when precipitation levels are lower than average, residents don’t start seeing mandatory water restrictions right away. The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is also a water wholesaler, selling water to places on the peninsula like Burlingame, Palo Alto, Hillsborough and Redwood City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has long resisted proposals to drain Hetch Hetchy. In 2012, advocates of restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/century-old-battle-over-yosemites-second-valley-heats-up/\">put a measure on the San Francisco ballot\u003c/a> that would have required the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to study draining the reservoir and shifting the water to other storage facilities. The measure was defeated. In 2018, then Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke met with proponents of restoration, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/No-real-worry-that-Hetch-Hetchy-will-be-drained-13105043.php\">the discussions didn’t lead anywhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14633\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"368\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHetchhetchyprojmap.jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California’s two major rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, fed by half a dozen others, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">come together in this inland delta \u003c/a>just east of San Francisco Bay. The Delta’s watershed makes up about 45 percent of the state in all. Two-thirds of Californians use Delta water, delivered mainly through two major canal systems, the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 826px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976534\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DWR_USGS_bay_deltamap-826x1024-1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta\" width=\"826\" height=\"1024\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta is a massive system of waterways that provides water to fish, wildlife and people throughout California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we have prolonged drought, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">water deliveries\u003c/a> from both these projects diminish, except for some drinking water supplies. Napa, Santa Clara, and Contra Costa counties all get some water out of the Delta. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has seen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">dramatic ecological decline\u003c/a> due to habitat loss, invasive species and highly altered water flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County — and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975989/san-jose-relies-on-water-from-the-sierra-nevada-climate-change-is-challenging-that-system\">San Jose, its largest city \u003c/a>— are in a particularly difficult water situation. In 2021, Santa Clara Valley Water, the water agency that serves San Jose, only received 5% of the water it contracts from the state, a quarter of what it sources from the feds, and has seen little local rainfall.\u003cbr>\nOn top of all that, the largest reservoir in Valley Water’s system is virtually empty at 3% full, after it was emptied so that the Anderson Dam near Morgan Hill could undergo seismic retrofitting. Valley Water is asking Santa Clara residents to cut water use by 15% to help stretch their water supplies in case we have another dry winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Russian River Water System\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1976536\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/RS49926_030_MendocinoCounty_LakeMendocinoDrought_06112021-qut.jpg\" alt=\"New vegetation grows on what was once the lake bed of Lake Mendocino on June 11, 2021.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1278\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New vegetation grows on what was once the lake bed of Lake Mendocino on June 11, 2021.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 110-mile Russian River begins north of the Bay Area in Mendocino County and flows south until it reaches the Pacific Ocean west of Santa Rosa. The water system consists of reservoirs at Lake Sonoma, Lake Mendocino, and water diverted from the Eel River into the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This region is unique in that no water comes from the Sierra Nevada snowmelt. The Russian River watershed sits isolated from the rest of the state, and in dry times, communities in the region are on their own. In normal years, Sonoma also sells water to Marin County, so in dry years both counties feel the pinch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Water officials are concerned enough about their situation to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976066/gripped-by-drought-marin-considers-desalination-water-pipeline-over-the-richmond-bridge\">considering two pricey options\u003c/a>. One is to lease a desalination plant for $37 million. That would provide a third of the county’s drinking water needs. The other option is to build a water pipeline over the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge to transport water purchased from an entity with access to Delta water. That pipeline would cost between $66 – $88 million. Marin built a similar pipeline back in the late 1970s when it was especially dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Mokelumne River Water System\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This river originates in the Central Sierra Nevada and flows west until it reaches the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay. The East Bay Municipal Utility District built Pardee Dam on the river near Stockton in 1929. Water is delivered to the Bay Area through the 85-mile Mokelumne Aqueduct, which diverts the river’s water before it reaches the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11886541\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water.jpg\" alt=\"Map of the EBMUD aqueducts from the Mokelumne River Watershed.\" width=\"900\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water-800x347.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/EBMUD-water-160x69.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the EBMUD aqueducts from the Mokelumne River Watershed. \u003ccite>(Courtesy EBMUD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Lake Berryessa\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The 23 mile-long reservoir was created in Napa County in the 1950s, when the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation built Monticello Dam on Putah Creek. Lake Berryessa water feeds several big cities in Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Local Water Supplies\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many water districts use water from the surrounding watershed. It comes from local streams and rivers, fed by rainfall or is pumped from underground aquifers. Some districts also recycle water, which is primarily used for landscape irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional research by Shara Tonn.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/14623/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from\">A version of this article originally published in 2014\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11886536/bay-area-do-you-know-where-your-water-comes-from-2","authors":["byline_news_11886536"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_33520","news_356"],"tags":["news_20447","news_19232","news_17601","news_28199","news_5892","news_464","news_6739"],"featImg":"news_11886547","label":"source_news_11886536"},"news_11886317":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11886317","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11886317","score":null,"sort":[1629972046000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-should-we-be-thinking-about-a-hotter-drier-future-transcript","title":"How Should We Be Thinking About A Hotter, Drier Future? (Transcript)","publishDate":1629972046,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How Should We Be Thinking About A Hotter, Drier Future? (Transcript) | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with changing climate patterns. The Bay Curious podcast will explore new ways of thinking about the future of water \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">in our state as part of a six part series: State of Drought.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC7646401792\" width=\"100%\" height=\"200\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Transcript\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nOlivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:00:00] You’re listening to Bay Curious, I’m \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice?lang=en\">Olivia Allen Price\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sounds of rain\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Allen-Price: Isn’t that nice? It’s been a while since I heard that sound. It’s the time of year where every part of me starts craving the rain. But this year, that feeling is especially strong because \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975782/drought-stricken-california-hasnt-mandated-statewide-water-restrictions-heres-why\">we are in a drought\u003c/a>. And if we don’t have a wet winter ahead of us, it could get really bad. Already wells are running dry, reservoirs are concerningly low, and some parts of the Bay Area are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975989/san-jose-relies-on-water-from-the-sierra-nevada-climate-change-is-challenging-that-system\">facing mandatory water restrictions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The graphics of Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma in this article by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ezraromero?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ezraromero\u003c/a> are scary. The lakes are 35% and 54% full respectively and people are feeling the pinch 😓\u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Z22eNqLrvZ\">https://t.co/Z22eNqLrvZ\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/m4CWCZXBqz\">pic.twitter.com/m4CWCZXBqz\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Katrina Schwartz (@Kschwart) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Kschwart/status/1413218874460315649?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 8, 2021\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:00:38] A few weeks ago, we asked you what you wanted to learn about drought in California, and we got dozens of smart and insightful questions. Now it’s time for some answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Theme song starts\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next two weeks, we’ll be sharing five episodes in our series State of Drought. We’ll be focusing on why we’re at a turning point in water management, how different parts of the Bay Area are feeling this drought differently, and — what I’m most excited about — we’ll talk solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, anyone who is even a little familiar with water management in the state knows that it’s a big, complex issue that touches almost everything. So unfortunately, we’re not able to get into some really important parts of the picture, like the needs of wildlife and fish or the complicated system of water rights in the state. But check our show notes and, of course, website for more reading on those topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll be honest, I thought the series was going to be all doom and gloom, and there was a part of me that was really dreading it. But I’ve learned there’s a lot within our control if we’re smart and plan ahead. Hang on tight. We’re about to get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Theme song ends\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:01:50] I’ve got a confession to make. I’ve lived in California for seven years and I only just saw the movie Chinatown. If you haven’t seen it, know this: It’s considered among the greatest movies of all time. And it’s probably \u003cem>the\u003c/em> movie that people think of when they think of California and water. The film is loosely based on true events, when Los Angeles bought up water rights in the rural Owens Valley and then stole its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chinatown clip:\u003c/strong> [00:02:29] You steal water from the valley, ruin the grazing, starve our livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:02:33] It may be Hollywood, but the water wars are very much alive. But here’s the thing, almost every expert that we spoke with for this series has said this kind of thinking, this us versus them mentality, it’s not helpful if we want to make sure that all 40 million Californians can keep living and working in California. We need a new approach. Producer \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kschwart?lang=en\">Katrina Schwartz\u003c/a> is here to help us think through it. Hi, Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:02:58] Hi, Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:03:00] Didn’t we just get through a drought? Like, how are we here again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:03:04] We did, and it didn’t officially end until 2017. But here we are again because we’re seeing more frequent, hot, dry periods. And that’s in part because of our changing climate. The problem is that a lot of the state’s water infrastructure, that’s like the dams, the aqueducts, the pipelines, they were all built with the belief that California would always get lots of snow in the mountains each winter. The system is built under the assumption that about 30 percent of our water will slowly melt each spring and fill up the reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:03:35] But it’s not happening like that anymore. As the climate changes, we’re seeing these dramatic swings between wet and dry. Take this last year, we saw a few big storms and not much else. [00:03:46][10.1]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:03:46] Yeah, and it was good skiing when it happened, but then there was nothing. So our infrastructure isn’t built to handle that. I spoke with Newsha Ajami about this. She’s the director of Urban Water Policy at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:03:57] Newsha, tell us a little bit about how California has traditionally thought about drought and help us to understand why we can’t really think about it that way anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:04:10] Droughts used to be these events that would occasionally happen. And we would always have long enough wet periods, or normal periods, in between that our groundwater basically could recover. Our ecosystem could recover. Generally speaking, we could recover from the stress that was put on us by the drought. Unfortunately, what we are seeing now is more frequent droughts and drier and hotter droughts, which means that there is very limited time for any part of our system to fully recover. It’s becoming something much more frequent and maybe our new normal, so we have to actually shift our mindset. We have to rethink the way we as individuals behave. We have to sort of embrace this as our new reality. And if we actually take this as a new normal, we will certainly don’t function and govern and manage our resources the way we are doing it right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:05:19] I know it’s tempting to look at another part of the state and say, look, they are the problem, but in reality, everything we’ve talked about from the changing weather patterns to the outdated infrastructure, all that impacts both cities and farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:05:34] If you think about it, in California, we have this is very, very impressive, sophisticated and complex water infrastructure network and water system that moves water from water rich areas to areas that don’t necessarily have a lot of water. And that infrastructure design has enabled population growth in regions that don’t naturally would be able to maintain the amount of population that they have, or be able to function as they do. So every part of the state sort of experiencing this from our Bay Area to all the way to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:06:10] which also sort of means that we can’t afford to be divided on this anymore. I mean, I think you see a lot of conflict over water, and finger pointing about who wastes more water, who’s more responsible for being irresponsible with water. But it sort of seems like we’re all in the same boat here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:06:25] Yeah, we all in the same boat here. There are definitely groups that they can do better, cities that they can do better, agricultural practices that can be improved, industries that can do better. But there are always people out there that can do better. Agriculture does consume about 70 percent of our water. And the urban areas, around 20 percent. In between is some industries. The reality is in our cities that we live in, we use the products from agriculture. We change our diet patterns based on the agricultural products that we want. And also we actually have a lot of food waste, which also has a significant water footprint. We are part of this cycle no matter what we do, and we have to shift this paradigm together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:07:09] One quick note about consumption numbers here. Newsha is talking about the water humans use, but when we look at \u003cem>all\u003c/em> the water in the state, you’ll often hear a different breakdown. About half of all the water in the state goes back into the environment, 40 percent is used by agriculture and 10 percent is used in urban centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:07:27] What are like one or two big dramatic changes that agriculture could do to conserve water and play their part in the fact that we’re all in this together? [00:07:41][31.8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:07:42] Agriculture can do a lot more to recharge groundwater, to actually preserve groundwater, to not use a lot of groundwater. Now that we’re moving to more permanent crops such as orchards and trees, those kind of crops, they require a lot of water and are permanent. So you can’t really not water them. So as far as we have a lot of those already, that’s I guess it’s the reality. But you should actually not grow more. Maybe we should not transition to a lot of these permanent crops. And also, there’s a lot of waste in this process as well. How can we reduce that waste, therefore sort of harness that water or reduce their water footprint, which is like extremely important because there’s a lot of products that actually are grown use water and soil and also the resources, but they never make it to the market and they’re actually go to waste. [00:08:34][52.6]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:08:35] OK, some good ideas for agriculture, but I know that there’s a lot that we who live in cities can do as well. So in the spirit of everyone kind of playing their part, how do you recommend that we approach the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:08:48] I would say no matter where we are looking, always conservation and efficiency comes first. It is the cheapest water that we can have. It’s the best water that we can have. And actually it reduces the amount of degradation we are causing to the environment or the quality of the water. Another one that is actually sort of the same level is protecting our water supplies. We have a lot of water supplies that are impacted by various industrial activities or the quality of the water has been degraded for various reasons. So as we’re thinking about solutions, one other thing, one other way to think about it is as we’re building future cities, future communities, new housing developments, do we really need to build it the same way we build it 50 years ago, 100 years ago? Or do we need to rethink the way we do things that can very much change the way we use water and we consume water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:09:41] As we’re thinking about these solutions for the future, building for the future, planning for the future, how do we keep equity at the center and make sure that we don’t leave behind the folks who maybe can’t buy their way out of this problem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:09:53] That is actually a very, very important point that you brought up. A couple of things. One is, as I was listing my priorities on how to deal with future water needs, you noticed I started some conservation efficiency and then went down to like reuse, recycling. The reality is whatever we do ends up adding to the cost of infrastructure that we have now. The “haves” can do it, maybe. But within all those communities that major water utilities, there are also people who cannot afford to pay for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:10:26] This is kind of a complicated point she’s making. The rate we pay for water isn’t just for the water itself. It’s also for the stuff we do to get the water here and to clean it up. The more we have to treat the water, the more expensive it is. Newsha is worried that water districts will invest in big, expensive projects like desalination plants based on the current demand numbers. But then down the road, as people figure out ways to gradually get off the grid, like by installing a greywater water system, only the poorest people will be paying for that very expensive water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:10:59] So if we end up investing in infrastructure that’s not needed, then some of these people will be left to pay for this legacy infrastructure or pay for infrastructure that we don’t need. So it’s very, very important as we are transitioning, we do this in a very strategic way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:11:25] You know, as we’re thinking about the future, are we doomed or can we get out of this if we do the right things?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nNewsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:11:31] Yeah, I mean, look, there’s a lot of inefficiencies in our current system that can be fixed. We definitely can do a lot more. And just to sort of make sure we use every drop of water properly. And if we do all the right things, we can survive. But if we don’t, we can actually have a serious breakdown in the system. So we have to be able to adapt to this new reality, which means that we have to rethink how we’re using the water in different ways and reduce waste. That’s the most important part of this process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:12:11] That was Newsha Ajami, the director of Urban Water Policy at Stanford. Tomorrow, we’ll be talking about where our water here in the Bay Area comes from specifically and why it matters. Bay Curious is made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian Miño-Buchelli, and me, Olivia Allen Price. We are a production of member-supported KQED in San Francisco. We’ll be back tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion] \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with new climate patterns. To adapt to this changing reality Californians need to pull together and make changes to how we manage our water.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700588124,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":2517},"headData":{"title":"How Should We Be Thinking About A Hotter, Drier Future? (Transcript) | KQED","description":"California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with new climate patterns. To adapt to this changing reality Californians need to pull together and make changes to how we manage our water.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC7646401792.mp3?updated=1629933133","path":"/news/11886317/how-should-we-be-thinking-about-a-hotter-drier-future-transcript","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is in drought. Again. And the infrastructure used to sustain the state’s 40 million residents — and $50 billion agriculture industry — hasn’t kept up with changing climate patterns. The Bay Curious podcast will explore new ways of thinking about the future of water \u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/2QoyW8Jt9q3Tq11l8ws3wc?si=3d913de8a11c45a8&nd=1\">in our state as part of a six part series: State of Drought.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC7646401792\" width=\"100%\" height=\"200\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Transcript\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nOlivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:00:00] You’re listening to Bay Curious, I’m \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice?lang=en\">Olivia Allen Price\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sounds of rain\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Allen-Price: Isn’t that nice? It’s been a while since I heard that sound. It’s the time of year where every part of me starts craving the rain. But this year, that feeling is especially strong because \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975782/drought-stricken-california-hasnt-mandated-statewide-water-restrictions-heres-why\">we are in a drought\u003c/a>. And if we don’t have a wet winter ahead of us, it could get really bad. Already wells are running dry, reservoirs are concerningly low, and some parts of the Bay Area are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975989/san-jose-relies-on-water-from-the-sierra-nevada-climate-change-is-challenging-that-system\">facing mandatory water restrictions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The graphics of Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma in this article by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ezraromero?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ezraromero\u003c/a> are scary. The lakes are 35% and 54% full respectively and people are feeling the pinch 😓\u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Z22eNqLrvZ\">https://t.co/Z22eNqLrvZ\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/m4CWCZXBqz\">pic.twitter.com/m4CWCZXBqz\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Katrina Schwartz (@Kschwart) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Kschwart/status/1413218874460315649?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 8, 2021\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:00:38] A few weeks ago, we asked you what you wanted to learn about drought in California, and we got dozens of smart and insightful questions. Now it’s time for some answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Theme song starts\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next two weeks, we’ll be sharing five episodes in our series State of Drought. We’ll be focusing on why we’re at a turning point in water management, how different parts of the Bay Area are feeling this drought differently, and — what I’m most excited about — we’ll talk solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, anyone who is even a little familiar with water management in the state knows that it’s a big, complex issue that touches almost everything. So unfortunately, we’re not able to get into some really important parts of the picture, like the needs of wildlife and fish or the complicated system of water rights in the state. But check our show notes and, of course, website for more reading on those topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll be honest, I thought the series was going to be all doom and gloom, and there was a part of me that was really dreading it. But I’ve learned there’s a lot within our control if we’re smart and plan ahead. Hang on tight. We’re about to get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Theme song ends\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:01:50] I’ve got a confession to make. I’ve lived in California for seven years and I only just saw the movie Chinatown. If you haven’t seen it, know this: It’s considered among the greatest movies of all time. And it’s probably \u003cem>the\u003c/em> movie that people think of when they think of California and water. The film is loosely based on true events, when Los Angeles bought up water rights in the rural Owens Valley and then stole its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chinatown clip:\u003c/strong> [00:02:29] You steal water from the valley, ruin the grazing, starve our livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:02:33] It may be Hollywood, but the water wars are very much alive. But here’s the thing, almost every expert that we spoke with for this series has said this kind of thinking, this us versus them mentality, it’s not helpful if we want to make sure that all 40 million Californians can keep living and working in California. We need a new approach. Producer \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/kschwart?lang=en\">Katrina Schwartz\u003c/a> is here to help us think through it. Hi, Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:02:58] Hi, Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:03:00] Didn’t we just get through a drought? Like, how are we here again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:03:04] We did, and it didn’t officially end until 2017. But here we are again because we’re seeing more frequent, hot, dry periods. And that’s in part because of our changing climate. The problem is that a lot of the state’s water infrastructure, that’s like the dams, the aqueducts, the pipelines, they were all built with the belief that California would always get lots of snow in the mountains each winter. The system is built under the assumption that about 30 percent of our water will slowly melt each spring and fill up the reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:03:35] But it’s not happening like that anymore. As the climate changes, we’re seeing these dramatic swings between wet and dry. Take this last year, we saw a few big storms and not much else. [00:03:46][10.1]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:03:46] Yeah, and it was good skiing when it happened, but then there was nothing. So our infrastructure isn’t built to handle that. I spoke with Newsha Ajami about this. She’s the director of Urban Water Policy at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:03:57] Newsha, tell us a little bit about how California has traditionally thought about drought and help us to understand why we can’t really think about it that way anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:04:10] Droughts used to be these events that would occasionally happen. And we would always have long enough wet periods, or normal periods, in between that our groundwater basically could recover. Our ecosystem could recover. Generally speaking, we could recover from the stress that was put on us by the drought. Unfortunately, what we are seeing now is more frequent droughts and drier and hotter droughts, which means that there is very limited time for any part of our system to fully recover. It’s becoming something much more frequent and maybe our new normal, so we have to actually shift our mindset. We have to rethink the way we as individuals behave. We have to sort of embrace this as our new reality. And if we actually take this as a new normal, we will certainly don’t function and govern and manage our resources the way we are doing it right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:05:19] I know it’s tempting to look at another part of the state and say, look, they are the problem, but in reality, everything we’ve talked about from the changing weather patterns to the outdated infrastructure, all that impacts both cities and farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:05:34] If you think about it, in California, we have this is very, very impressive, sophisticated and complex water infrastructure network and water system that moves water from water rich areas to areas that don’t necessarily have a lot of water. And that infrastructure design has enabled population growth in regions that don’t naturally would be able to maintain the amount of population that they have, or be able to function as they do. So every part of the state sort of experiencing this from our Bay Area to all the way to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:06:10] which also sort of means that we can’t afford to be divided on this anymore. I mean, I think you see a lot of conflict over water, and finger pointing about who wastes more water, who’s more responsible for being irresponsible with water. But it sort of seems like we’re all in the same boat here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:06:25] Yeah, we all in the same boat here. There are definitely groups that they can do better, cities that they can do better, agricultural practices that can be improved, industries that can do better. But there are always people out there that can do better. Agriculture does consume about 70 percent of our water. And the urban areas, around 20 percent. In between is some industries. The reality is in our cities that we live in, we use the products from agriculture. We change our diet patterns based on the agricultural products that we want. And also we actually have a lot of food waste, which also has a significant water footprint. We are part of this cycle no matter what we do, and we have to shift this paradigm together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:07:09] One quick note about consumption numbers here. Newsha is talking about the water humans use, but when we look at \u003cem>all\u003c/em> the water in the state, you’ll often hear a different breakdown. About half of all the water in the state goes back into the environment, 40 percent is used by agriculture and 10 percent is used in urban centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:07:27] What are like one or two big dramatic changes that agriculture could do to conserve water and play their part in the fact that we’re all in this together? [00:07:41][31.8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:07:42] Agriculture can do a lot more to recharge groundwater, to actually preserve groundwater, to not use a lot of groundwater. Now that we’re moving to more permanent crops such as orchards and trees, those kind of crops, they require a lot of water and are permanent. So you can’t really not water them. So as far as we have a lot of those already, that’s I guess it’s the reality. But you should actually not grow more. Maybe we should not transition to a lot of these permanent crops. And also, there’s a lot of waste in this process as well. How can we reduce that waste, therefore sort of harness that water or reduce their water footprint, which is like extremely important because there’s a lot of products that actually are grown use water and soil and also the resources, but they never make it to the market and they’re actually go to waste. [00:08:34][52.6]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:08:35] OK, some good ideas for agriculture, but I know that there’s a lot that we who live in cities can do as well. So in the spirit of everyone kind of playing their part, how do you recommend that we approach the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:08:48] I would say no matter where we are looking, always conservation and efficiency comes first. It is the cheapest water that we can have. It’s the best water that we can have. And actually it reduces the amount of degradation we are causing to the environment or the quality of the water. Another one that is actually sort of the same level is protecting our water supplies. We have a lot of water supplies that are impacted by various industrial activities or the quality of the water has been degraded for various reasons. So as we’re thinking about solutions, one other thing, one other way to think about it is as we’re building future cities, future communities, new housing developments, do we really need to build it the same way we build it 50 years ago, 100 years ago? Or do we need to rethink the way we do things that can very much change the way we use water and we consume water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:09:41] As we’re thinking about these solutions for the future, building for the future, planning for the future, how do we keep equity at the center and make sure that we don’t leave behind the folks who maybe can’t buy their way out of this problem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:09:53] That is actually a very, very important point that you brought up. A couple of things. One is, as I was listing my priorities on how to deal with future water needs, you noticed I started some conservation efficiency and then went down to like reuse, recycling. The reality is whatever we do ends up adding to the cost of infrastructure that we have now. The “haves” can do it, maybe. But within all those communities that major water utilities, there are also people who cannot afford to pay for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:10:26] This is kind of a complicated point she’s making. The rate we pay for water isn’t just for the water itself. It’s also for the stuff we do to get the water here and to clean it up. The more we have to treat the water, the more expensive it is. Newsha is worried that water districts will invest in big, expensive projects like desalination plants based on the current demand numbers. But then down the road, as people figure out ways to gradually get off the grid, like by installing a greywater water system, only the poorest people will be paying for that very expensive water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Newsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:10:59] So if we end up investing in infrastructure that’s not needed, then some of these people will be left to pay for this legacy infrastructure or pay for infrastructure that we don’t need. So it’s very, very important as we are transitioning, we do this in a very strategic way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> [00:11:25] You know, as we’re thinking about the future, are we doomed or can we get out of this if we do the right things?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nNewsha Ajami:\u003c/strong> [00:11:31] Yeah, I mean, look, there’s a lot of inefficiencies in our current system that can be fixed. We definitely can do a lot more. And just to sort of make sure we use every drop of water properly. And if we do all the right things, we can survive. But if we don’t, we can actually have a serious breakdown in the system. So we have to be able to adapt to this new reality, which means that we have to rethink how we’re using the water in different ways and reduce waste. That’s the most important part of this process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> [00:12:11] That was Newsha Ajami, the director of Urban Water Policy at Stanford. Tomorrow, we’ll be talking about where our water here in the Bay Area comes from specifically and why it matters. Bay Curious is made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian Miño-Buchelli, and me, Olivia Allen Price. We are a production of member-supported KQED in San Francisco. We’ll be back tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11886317/how-should-we-be-thinking-about-a-hotter-drier-future-transcript","authors":["234"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_33520","news_356"],"tags":["news_19232","news_17601","news_28199","news_5892","news_29387","news_464","news_6739"],"featImg":"news_11886325","label":"source_news_11886317"},"science_22666":{"type":"posts","id":"science_22666","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"22666","score":null,"sort":[1413810053000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-stressed-crops-may-be-better-for-you","title":"Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You","publishDate":1413810053,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141020science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22653\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\" alt=\"These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they're packed with antioxidents.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they’re packed with antioxidents. (Courtesy of Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiziana Centofanti carefully hand-waters some pomegranate trees with a tiny bucket. “The important thing is to go really slowly,” she says. “The soil is very dry right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tizianacentofanti.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/4/1/39411617/tiziana_centofanti_cv_2014_september.pdf\">Centofanti \u003c/a>is a research scientist affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology\u003c/a> at Fresno State. She’s based at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=20-34-05-00\">U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Parlier\u003c/a>, a sprawling campus of experimental farmland about half an hour south of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions she’s asking is whether fruit from trees that don’t get much water are less nutritious, compared to fruit from trees that get plenty of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research is about physiological response to stresses,” Centofanti says, “and drought is one of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the pomegranate trees in these orchards are pretty stressed out. They’re planted inside a tile ring that constrains their root systems, so they burrow deep into the ground. Centofanti’s watering them with a solution of salt, boron and selenium; these are natural elements in the soil on many Central Valley farms that are also struggling with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\" alt=\"The tile ring forces the roots of these trees to grow more deeply.\" width=\"320\" height=\"428\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22714\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tile ring prevents the roots of these trees from spreading out, forcing them to grow further down. (Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You will definitely see that these trees are much, much smaller,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re actually dwarfish, and the fruit on them is tiny, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti shows me another plot of pomegranates she’s watering with just 35 percent of what a tree would normally drink, and yet another group of trees that are getting half the normal amount of water. These trees are all growing to the usual height, but their fruit is cracked, so you can see the pomegranate seeds peeking out, like tiny rubies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052704\">shows\u003c/a> that pomegranates have specific compounds that may reduce swelling and infection, even possibly fight \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309813000692\">DNA damage\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/dietary-antioxidants-and-cardiovascular-disease.pdf\">cardiovascular disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how drought might change that fruit chemistry, Centofanti takes the water-stressed pomegranates into the lab. She cuts them and uses a french press to squeeze everything, including the peel, into juice. She shakes that onto a magnetic stirrer, and analyzes it with liquid chromatography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary data, she says, confirm her suspicions about drought’s effect on the fruit’s nutritional value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does not affect the fruit quality, so nothing, no differences at all,” Centofanti says, gesturing toward a deep freezer full of fruit samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The tiny pomegranates seem to have double the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Preliminary results from this soon-to-be-published study show that the cracked pomegranates grown with much less water still have all the normal antioxidant levels — the same amount of vitamin C, micronutrients and macronutrients. Same with the drought-stressed grapes Centofanti’s tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one interesting difference about the tiny pomegranate trees, the ones with constrained roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny pomegranates \u003ca href=\"http://www.icwt.net/wrpi/2013/Zoldoske.pdf\">grown with the salt and boron\u003c/a> seem to have\u003cem> double\u003c/em> the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants when they are stressed, they tend to produce higher content of phenolics, antioxidants,” Centofanti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the trees under the most stress come out fighting, releasing more protective chemical compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti’s now looking into whether there’s a similar effect on peaches. Those trials are still in the early stages and so far, like pomegranates, the peaches she’s grown with less water are tiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big challenge? Convincing consumers that fruit that’s smaller or cracked might be better for you, and for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that if we’re able to market this fruit as environmentally friendly because it uses it less water, and it’s grown in the Central Valley where we have so much drought problems,” Centofanti says, “consumers will be ready to buy the fruit, because it’s environmentally friendly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22723\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\" alt=\"Customers at the farmer's market in San Francisco's ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation.\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3456\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers at the farmers market at San Francisco’s Ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation. (Adizah Eghan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That may be true at a foodie hub like the Ferry Building farmer’s market in San Francisco, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtygirlproduce.com/\">Dirty Girl Produce \u003c/a>hands out free samples of dry-farmed tomatoes to enthusiastic customers. They’re grown in Santa Cruz, without irrigation — and that’s part of their appeal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we put the tomato plants into the ground, after they’ve got some roots, we don’t water them again,” says Dirty Girl’s Tristan Covello, “so they have to find their own water. Because of that, they’ll grow lots of really deep roots to find lots of nutrients and minerals that make them really delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://giannini.ucop.edu/CalAgBook/Chap1.pdf\">dry farming was the norm\u003c/a> back in the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century for many California farmers. They relied on limited natural rainfall for dry land crops like winter wheat and barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until massive irrigation projects plumbed water all over the state that the hot, arid Central Valley was transformed into the nation’s most productive farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do those crops really need all that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sprawling vineyard near Delano, just north of Bakersfield, Andrew Zaninovich shows me a test plot of crimson seedless table grapes that get 50 to 70 percent of the water he’d usually use. Zaninovich runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunviewvineyards.com/sunview.htm\">Sunview Vineyards\u003c/a>, which supplies many of the nation’s biggest markets with table grapes, and he’s working with the USDA researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-stressed vines look surprisingly green to my eyes. I thought they’d be all shriveled up and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the layperson, they do look pretty green and healthy,” Zaninovich says, “but to me, the person who’s responsible for delivering a box of fruit that a consumer would be happy with, this\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich points out brown edges on the leaves, and the variable colors of the grapes. He takes a quarter from his pocket and holds it up next to a bunch of grapes on these vines. It’s a farmer’s trick to get a sense of their relative size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\" alt=\"Drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they're smaller than the shiny quarter -- a common test of grape quality.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22726\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they’re smaller than the shiny quarter. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This wouldn’t be commercially acceptable,” Zaninovich says, shaking his head. “Many retailers are telling us they don’t want fruit that’s less than 13/16 of an inch in diameter. They want big, juicy looking grapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich doesn’t think much of the idea that mainstream consumers will want to buy grapes grown with less water, even if they don’t look as pretty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a really niche, high-risk approach,” he says. “Our industry last week sold somewhere between 4½ and 5 million boxes. Those are the numbers that make this a viable industry in California. We need to have something that’s mainstream that the consumers around the world agree on is a desirable package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if Zaninovich doesn’t see promising results from growing fruit with half the water, why is he still investing in the experiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a term that’s used, drops per crop, and I think we just need to figure out how to maximize that efficiency,” he says. “It’s worth the exercise, it’s worth the experiment, it’s worth the loss, just to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA researchers in Parlier are hoping to get funding to continue looking at the antioxidant content of fruit grown with less water. They’re not only analyzing pomegranates and peaches, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cati/update/2013-fall/opuntia-study.html\">opuntia cacti,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://foodblogga.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-is-agretti.html\">agretti \u003c/a>(salsola soda), a gourmet vegetable from Italy that can be watered with salt water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers in Mexico, Thailand, Taiwan and Spain have managed to grow spicier peppers by giving them less water. But when UC scientists working with jalapeño growers in Santa Clara and San Benito counties tried \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=15571\">repeating the experiment\u003c/a>, the results were only lukewarm.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists in California's Central Valley are testing the nutrient content of fruits grown with less-than-normal amounts of water. And the findings so far are raising a question: will consumers buy fruits that are just as nutritional, or sometimes higher in antioxidants, if they aren't as pretty?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932749,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1448},"headData":{"title":"Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You | KQED","description":"Scientists in California's Central Valley are testing the nutrient content of fruits grown with less-than-normal amounts of water. And the findings so far are raising a question: will consumers buy fruits that are just as nutritional, or sometimes higher in antioxidants, if they aren't as pretty?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Food","sourceUrl":"/food/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141020science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/22666/drought-stressed-crops-may-be-better-for-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141020science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22653\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\" alt=\"These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they're packed with antioxidents.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they’re packed with antioxidents. (Courtesy of Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiziana Centofanti carefully hand-waters some pomegranate trees with a tiny bucket. “The important thing is to go really slowly,” she says. “The soil is very dry right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tizianacentofanti.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/4/1/39411617/tiziana_centofanti_cv_2014_september.pdf\">Centofanti \u003c/a>is a research scientist affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology\u003c/a> at Fresno State. She’s based at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=20-34-05-00\">U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Parlier\u003c/a>, a sprawling campus of experimental farmland about half an hour south of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions she’s asking is whether fruit from trees that don’t get much water are less nutritious, compared to fruit from trees that get plenty of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research is about physiological response to stresses,” Centofanti says, “and drought is one of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the pomegranate trees in these orchards are pretty stressed out. They’re planted inside a tile ring that constrains their root systems, so they burrow deep into the ground. Centofanti’s watering them with a solution of salt, boron and selenium; these are natural elements in the soil on many Central Valley farms that are also struggling with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\" alt=\"The tile ring forces the roots of these trees to grow more deeply.\" width=\"320\" height=\"428\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22714\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tile ring prevents the roots of these trees from spreading out, forcing them to grow further down. (Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You will definitely see that these trees are much, much smaller,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re actually dwarfish, and the fruit on them is tiny, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti shows me another plot of pomegranates she’s watering with just 35 percent of what a tree would normally drink, and yet another group of trees that are getting half the normal amount of water. These trees are all growing to the usual height, but their fruit is cracked, so you can see the pomegranate seeds peeking out, like tiny rubies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052704\">shows\u003c/a> that pomegranates have specific compounds that may reduce swelling and infection, even possibly fight \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309813000692\">DNA damage\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/dietary-antioxidants-and-cardiovascular-disease.pdf\">cardiovascular disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how drought might change that fruit chemistry, Centofanti takes the water-stressed pomegranates into the lab. She cuts them and uses a french press to squeeze everything, including the peel, into juice. She shakes that onto a magnetic stirrer, and analyzes it with liquid chromatography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary data, she says, confirm her suspicions about drought’s effect on the fruit’s nutritional value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does not affect the fruit quality, so nothing, no differences at all,” Centofanti says, gesturing toward a deep freezer full of fruit samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The tiny pomegranates seem to have double the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Preliminary results from this soon-to-be-published study show that the cracked pomegranates grown with much less water still have all the normal antioxidant levels — the same amount of vitamin C, micronutrients and macronutrients. Same with the drought-stressed grapes Centofanti’s tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one interesting difference about the tiny pomegranate trees, the ones with constrained roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny pomegranates \u003ca href=\"http://www.icwt.net/wrpi/2013/Zoldoske.pdf\">grown with the salt and boron\u003c/a> seem to have\u003cem> double\u003c/em> the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants when they are stressed, they tend to produce higher content of phenolics, antioxidants,” Centofanti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the trees under the most stress come out fighting, releasing more protective chemical compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti’s now looking into whether there’s a similar effect on peaches. Those trials are still in the early stages and so far, like pomegranates, the peaches she’s grown with less water are tiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big challenge? Convincing consumers that fruit that’s smaller or cracked might be better for you, and for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that if we’re able to market this fruit as environmentally friendly because it uses it less water, and it’s grown in the Central Valley where we have so much drought problems,” Centofanti says, “consumers will be ready to buy the fruit, because it’s environmentally friendly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22723\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\" alt=\"Customers at the farmer's market in San Francisco's ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation.\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3456\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers at the farmers market at San Francisco’s Ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation. (Adizah Eghan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That may be true at a foodie hub like the Ferry Building farmer’s market in San Francisco, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtygirlproduce.com/\">Dirty Girl Produce \u003c/a>hands out free samples of dry-farmed tomatoes to enthusiastic customers. They’re grown in Santa Cruz, without irrigation — and that’s part of their appeal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we put the tomato plants into the ground, after they’ve got some roots, we don’t water them again,” says Dirty Girl’s Tristan Covello, “so they have to find their own water. Because of that, they’ll grow lots of really deep roots to find lots of nutrients and minerals that make them really delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://giannini.ucop.edu/CalAgBook/Chap1.pdf\">dry farming was the norm\u003c/a> back in the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century for many California farmers. They relied on limited natural rainfall for dry land crops like winter wheat and barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until massive irrigation projects plumbed water all over the state that the hot, arid Central Valley was transformed into the nation’s most productive farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do those crops really need all that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sprawling vineyard near Delano, just north of Bakersfield, Andrew Zaninovich shows me a test plot of crimson seedless table grapes that get 50 to 70 percent of the water he’d usually use. Zaninovich runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunviewvineyards.com/sunview.htm\">Sunview Vineyards\u003c/a>, which supplies many of the nation’s biggest markets with table grapes, and he’s working with the USDA researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-stressed vines look surprisingly green to my eyes. I thought they’d be all shriveled up and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the layperson, they do look pretty green and healthy,” Zaninovich says, “but to me, the person who’s responsible for delivering a box of fruit that a consumer would be happy with, this\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich points out brown edges on the leaves, and the variable colors of the grapes. He takes a quarter from his pocket and holds it up next to a bunch of grapes on these vines. It’s a farmer’s trick to get a sense of their relative size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\" alt=\"Drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they're smaller than the shiny quarter -- a common test of grape quality.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22726\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they’re smaller than the shiny quarter. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This wouldn’t be commercially acceptable,” Zaninovich says, shaking his head. “Many retailers are telling us they don’t want fruit that’s less than 13/16 of an inch in diameter. They want big, juicy looking grapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich doesn’t think much of the idea that mainstream consumers will want to buy grapes grown with less water, even if they don’t look as pretty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a really niche, high-risk approach,” he says. “Our industry last week sold somewhere between 4½ and 5 million boxes. Those are the numbers that make this a viable industry in California. We need to have something that’s mainstream that the consumers around the world agree on is a desirable package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if Zaninovich doesn’t see promising results from growing fruit with half the water, why is he still investing in the experiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a term that’s used, drops per crop, and I think we just need to figure out how to maximize that efficiency,” he says. “It’s worth the exercise, it’s worth the experiment, it’s worth the loss, just to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA researchers in Parlier are hoping to get funding to continue looking at the antioxidant content of fruit grown with less water. They’re not only analyzing pomegranates and peaches, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cati/update/2013-fall/opuntia-study.html\">opuntia cacti,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://foodblogga.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-is-agretti.html\">agretti \u003c/a>(salsola soda), a gourmet vegetable from Italy that can be watered with salt water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers in Mexico, Thailand, Taiwan and Spain have managed to grow spicier peppers by giving them less water. But when UC scientists working with jalapeño growers in Santa Clara and San Benito counties tried \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=15571\">repeating the experiment\u003c/a>, the results were only lukewarm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/22666/drought-stressed-crops-may-be-better-for-you","authors":["254"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_36","science_39","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_1622","science_572","science_1879"],"featImg":"science_22653","label":"source_science_22666"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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