Spare the Air Alert Extended Through Saturday, Amid Lingering Wildfire Smoke
Bay Area Smoke Thickens, Air Quality Warning Issued Through Thursday
As Smoke Returns, Bay Area Air Quality Expected to Worsen Over Next Few Days
California Failed to Protect Outdoor Workers from Wildfire Smoke Under Biden's New OSHA Chief
California Newsroom's 'Dangerous Air' Investigation Prompts Response from State, Federal Lawmakers
Ready, Set...Weekend!
Smoggy Conditions Will Persist Through the Weekend, Experts Say
The Sky Really is Kind Of Falling
Poverty and Racism Leave People More Vulnerable to Wildfire Smoke
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Julie earned her M.A. in English from Cal Poly Pomona and her B.A. in English from UCI with a minor in criminology.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a7afce94ef127082c5475116b4a3b77d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"BayAreaJulie","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/julieyc/","sites":[{"site":"","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Julie Chang | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a7afce94ef127082c5475116b4a3b77d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a7afce94ef127082c5475116b4a3b77d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jchang"},"sjohnson":{"type":"authors","id":"11840","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11840","found":true},"name":"Sydney Johnson","firstName":"Sydney","lastName":"Johnson","slug":"sjohnson","email":"sjohnson@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"KQED Reporter","bio":"Sydney Johnson is a general assignment reporter at KQED. She previously reported on public health and city government at the San Francisco Examiner, and before that, she covered statewide education policy for EdSource. Her reporting has won multiple local, state and national awards. Sydney is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley and lives in San Francisco.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97855f2719b72ad6190b7c535fe642c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"sydneyfjohnson","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sydney Johnson | KQED","description":"KQED Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97855f2719b72ad6190b7c535fe642c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97855f2719b72ad6190b7c535fe642c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sjohnson"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11962057":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11962057","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11962057","score":null,"sort":[1695405657000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-bay-area-air-quality-remains-smoky-spare-the-air-alert-extended-through-friday","title":"Spare the Air Alert Extended Through Saturday, Amid Lingering Wildfire Smoke","publishDate":1695405657,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Spare the Air Alert Extended Through Saturday, Amid Lingering Wildfire Smoke | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 11 a.m. Friday \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air district officials are extending this week’s Spare the Air alert through Saturday, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11961902/bay-area-smoke-thickens-air-quality-warning-issued-through-thursday\">smoke from wildfires in far Northern California\u003c/a> continues to envelop parts of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/\">wildfires burning in Siskiyou, Trinity and Humboldt counties\u003c/a>, and in southwestern Oregon, began noticeably creeping into the Bay Area on Tuesday. By Wednesday morning, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District declared a Spare the Air alert, initially through Thursday. Yesterday, it extended that alert through Friday, and this morning stretched it yet again, \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/news-and-events/page-resources/2023-news/092223-sta-alert\">through Saturday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not quite out of the woods yet,” said Sarah McCorkle, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, according to the National Weather Service, the smoke is expected to begin to dissipate Friday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1705256433846264038\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/\">Spare the Air alerts\u003c/a> are issued when air quality index levels reach above 150, which are considered “unhealthy” levels. The amount of pollutants and particulate matter is measured on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976747/what-the-air-quality-index-actually-means\">an air quality index, known as the AQI\u003c/a>. During a Spare the Air alert, it is illegal to use fireplaces, wood stoves, outdoor fire pits or other wood-burning devices. Residents are also encouraged to drive less in order to reduce air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1926793,science_1930023,news_11834305 label='What to Know About Air Quality']“We are still expecting some smoke to be lingering through Friday, and we are seeing unhealthy levels for sensitive groups tomorrow in some portions of the Bay Area,” said Tina Lands, public information officer for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists for the air quality agency expect the smoky skies to begin to clear out by Saturday, pending any unanticipated changes in fire conditions or weather. Dry, low pressure conditions continued through Thursday afternoon. Smoky winds also brought humidity down, which further amplified the fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/outages/public-safety-power-shuttoff/psps-7day-forecast.page\">PG&E issued a power shutoff alert\u003c/a> in the North Bay and other parts of Northern California, including Tehama, Lake Yolo, Butte, Colusa and Glenn counties — and ultimately turned power off around 3 p.m. for about 1,200 customers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pgecurrents.com/articles/3830-psps-updates-week-september-19-2023\">Power was restored by 5:30 p.m. Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as smoke in the Bay Area begins to dissipate, fire risk remains extremely high. Parts of Napa and Sonoma counties issued \u003ca href=\"https://app.watchduty.org/\">a red flag warning\u003c/a> on Wednesday advising residents to take extra caution as combined dry conditions and heat have amplified fire danger. The red flag warning for Napa and Sonoma was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1704940098582880448\">canceled\u003c/a> midday Thursday, but dry and windy conditions are expected to continue over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Live Updates' link1='https://www.kqed.org/liveblog/wildfire-smoke-in-the-bay-area,Wildfire Smoke in the Bay Area']Additionally, the six currently active fires in Northern California, which started in late August, may continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, air quality for the Bay Area should begin to improve soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting Saturday, northerly winds up to 30 mph are expected to shift directions, blowing smoke away from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing a slow improvement of air quality since Tuesday afternoon, that day was probably the worst,” Lands said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials throughout the Bay Area are advising people to stay indoors if possible as smoke passes through the skies this week, especially for people who may be more at-risk for health issues or injuries from smoke, including people who are pregnant, elderly persons, people who have heart or lung disease, and people with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms from overexposure to smoke and air pollution include irritated eyes and airways, coughing, dry scratchy throats, wheezing and emphysema.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More Air Quality Resources:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11834305/masks-for-smoke-and-covid-19-what-kind-is-best\">When Air Quality’s Bad, Which Mask Can I Wear for Wildfire Smoke?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/liveblog/wildfire-smoke-in-the-bay-area#outdoor-workers-in-san-francisco-can-take-paid-leave-through-friday\">Many Outdoor Workers in San Francisco Can Take Paid Leave Through Friday.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/outages/public-safety-power-shuttoff/psps-7day-forecast.page\">PG&E Power Shut Off Warnings.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/understanding-air-quality/air-quality-forecast\">Spare the Air — Air Quality Forecast Map.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents\">CalFire Fire Incident Map.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>KQED’s Lesley McClurg contributed reporting to this story.\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meteorologists expect air quality throughout the Bay Area to 'gradually improve' Friday and then 'greatly improve' by late Saturday. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1695413547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":667},"headData":{"title":"Spare the Air Alert Extended Through Saturday, Amid Lingering Wildfire Smoke | KQED","description":"Meteorologists expect air quality throughout the Bay Area to 'gradually improve' Friday and then 'greatly improve' by late Saturday. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Spare the Air Alert Extended Through Saturday, Amid Lingering Wildfire Smoke","datePublished":"2023-09-22T18:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2023-09-22T20:12:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11962057/as-bay-area-air-quality-remains-smoky-spare-the-air-alert-extended-through-friday","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 11 a.m. Friday \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air district officials are extending this week’s Spare the Air alert through Saturday, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11961902/bay-area-smoke-thickens-air-quality-warning-issued-through-thursday\">smoke from wildfires in far Northern California\u003c/a> continues to envelop parts of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/\">wildfires burning in Siskiyou, Trinity and Humboldt counties\u003c/a>, and in southwestern Oregon, began noticeably creeping into the Bay Area on Tuesday. By Wednesday morning, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District declared a Spare the Air alert, initially through Thursday. Yesterday, it extended that alert through Friday, and this morning stretched it yet again, \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/news-and-events/page-resources/2023-news/092223-sta-alert\">through Saturday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not quite out of the woods yet,” said Sarah McCorkle, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, according to the National Weather Service, the smoke is expected to begin to dissipate Friday afternoon.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1705256433846264038"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/\">Spare the Air alerts\u003c/a> are issued when air quality index levels reach above 150, which are considered “unhealthy” levels. The amount of pollutants and particulate matter is measured on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976747/what-the-air-quality-index-actually-means\">an air quality index, known as the AQI\u003c/a>. During a Spare the Air alert, it is illegal to use fireplaces, wood stoves, outdoor fire pits or other wood-burning devices. Residents are also encouraged to drive less in order to reduce air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1926793,science_1930023,news_11834305","label":"What to Know About Air Quality "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We are still expecting some smoke to be lingering through Friday, and we are seeing unhealthy levels for sensitive groups tomorrow in some portions of the Bay Area,” said Tina Lands, public information officer for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists for the air quality agency expect the smoky skies to begin to clear out by Saturday, pending any unanticipated changes in fire conditions or weather. Dry, low pressure conditions continued through Thursday afternoon. Smoky winds also brought humidity down, which further amplified the fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/outages/public-safety-power-shuttoff/psps-7day-forecast.page\">PG&E issued a power shutoff alert\u003c/a> in the North Bay and other parts of Northern California, including Tehama, Lake Yolo, Butte, Colusa and Glenn counties — and ultimately turned power off around 3 p.m. for about 1,200 customers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pgecurrents.com/articles/3830-psps-updates-week-september-19-2023\">Power was restored by 5:30 p.m. Thursday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as smoke in the Bay Area begins to dissipate, fire risk remains extremely high. Parts of Napa and Sonoma counties issued \u003ca href=\"https://app.watchduty.org/\">a red flag warning\u003c/a> on Wednesday advising residents to take extra caution as combined dry conditions and heat have amplified fire danger. The red flag warning for Napa and Sonoma was \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1704940098582880448\">canceled\u003c/a> midday Thursday, but dry and windy conditions are expected to continue over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Live Updates ","link1":"https://www.kqed.org/liveblog/wildfire-smoke-in-the-bay-area,Wildfire Smoke in the Bay Area"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Additionally, the six currently active fires in Northern California, which started in late August, may continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, air quality for the Bay Area should begin to improve soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting Saturday, northerly winds up to 30 mph are expected to shift directions, blowing smoke away from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing a slow improvement of air quality since Tuesday afternoon, that day was probably the worst,” Lands said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials throughout the Bay Area are advising people to stay indoors if possible as smoke passes through the skies this week, especially for people who may be more at-risk for health issues or injuries from smoke, including people who are pregnant, elderly persons, people who have heart or lung disease, and people with asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common symptoms from overexposure to smoke and air pollution include irritated eyes and airways, coughing, dry scratchy throats, wheezing and emphysema.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More Air Quality Resources:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11834305/masks-for-smoke-and-covid-19-what-kind-is-best\">When Air Quality’s Bad, Which Mask Can I Wear for Wildfire Smoke?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/liveblog/wildfire-smoke-in-the-bay-area#outdoor-workers-in-san-francisco-can-take-paid-leave-through-friday\">Many Outdoor Workers in San Francisco Can Take Paid Leave Through Friday.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pge.com/en_US/residential/outages/public-safety-power-shuttoff/psps-7day-forecast.page\">PG&E Power Shut Off Warnings.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/understanding-air-quality/air-quality-forecast\">Spare the Air — Air Quality Forecast Map.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents\">CalFire Fire Incident Map.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>KQED’s Lesley McClurg contributed reporting to this story.\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11962057/as-bay-area-air-quality-remains-smoky-spare-the-air-alert-extended-through-friday","authors":["11840"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_2928","news_20628","news_2936","news_2726"],"featImg":"news_11962031","label":"news"},"news_11961902":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11961902","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11961902","score":null,"sort":[1695238243000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-smoke-thickens-air-quality-warning-issued-through-thursday","title":"Bay Area Smoke Thickens, Air Quality Warning Issued Through Thursday","publishDate":1695238243,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Smoke Thickens, Air Quality Warning Issued Through Thursday | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/liveblog/wildfire-smoke-in-the-bay-area\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Follow live updates from KQED reporters\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/\">a Spare the Air alert\u003c/a> for Wednesday and Thursday as smoke from multiple wildfires burning in far Northern California continues to blanket parts of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the fires in Siskiyou, Trinity and Humboldt counties began creeping into parts of the Bay Area \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11961815/as-smoke-returns-bay-area-air-quality-expected-to-worsen-over-next-few-days\">on Tuesday afternoon\u003c/a>. By Wednesday morning, air quality in San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and San José had reached unhealthy levels, officials said, triggering the air quality alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1976747,science_1930023 label='What to Know About Air Quality']“Yesterday, the impact began around noon over the north bay,” said Duc Nguyen of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District at a press conference Wednesday morning. “As the day progressed, more dense plumes from over the ocean entered the Golden Gate and filtered out across the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/\">Spare the Air alerts\u003c/a> are issued if pollution reaches unhealthy levels. The alert puts into effect a ban on burning wood, manufactured fire logs or other solid fuel indoors and outdoors. It also encourages people to decrease their driving and to protect their health by staying indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During wildfires, air quality officials look for dangerous levels of particulate matter in the air, known as PM2.5. The amount of pollutants and particulate matter is measured on an air quality index, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976747/what-the-air-quality-index-actually-means\">known as the AQI\u003c/a>. As of 10 a.m. on Wednesday morning, the AQI for parts of the Bay Area had reached above 150, categorized as “unhealthy” levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts are advising people in affected areas to keep outdoor activities short and light, and stay indoors with windows closed if possible. This is especially true for sensitive groups, such as people with heart or lung disease, older adults, children and pregnant people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke can irritate the eyes and airways. Coughing, a dry scratchy throat and irritated sinuses are common symptoms from overexposure to unhealthy air, and it can trigger wheezing in those who suffer from asthma, emphysema or COPD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although smoke was noticeable in many neighborhoods around the Bay Area on Tuesday, air quality officials said they didn’t notify the public earlier because the 24-hour average air quality was at moderate levels, Nguyen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we did not expect to see this amount of smoke,” said Charley Knoderer, manager at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District at the press briefing on Wednesday. “A lot of the models we looked at predicted lower concentrations than what actually came into the Bay Area. So we had to up our forecast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires and smoke are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-wildfires\">growing more common as changes in climate\u003c/a> have impacted soil and foliage, leading to an increase in the intensity, size, severity and duration of wildfires in California and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area residents remember the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11837787/the-week-in-photos-an-orange-sky-to-a-charred-big-basin\">orange sky\u003c/a>” day in September 2020, when wildfire smoke was scattered and absorbed by sunlight, creating an orange haze across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologist Daneil Alrick said the air quality was actually somewhat better back on the orange sky day, however, because much of the smoke was trapped higher in the atmosphere than the smoke creeping into the Bay Area this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the case of the smoke today, we don’t have that same set up,” Alrick explained. “We have more smoke at the ground level, but it’s not quite as dense and thick as a smoke plume as we had during that [2020] event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With smoke from northern wildfires expected to continue, health experts are advising people to keep outdoor activities short and to stay indoors with windows closed if possible.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1695313242,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":595},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Smoke Thickens, Air Quality Warning Issued Through Thursday | KQED","description":"With smoke from northern wildfires expected to continue, health experts are advising people to keep outdoor activities short and to stay indoors with windows closed if possible.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Bay Area Smoke Thickens, Air Quality Warning Issued Through Thursday","datePublished":"2023-09-20T19:30:43.000Z","dateModified":"2023-09-21T16:20:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11961902/bay-area-smoke-thickens-air-quality-warning-issued-through-thursday","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/liveblog/wildfire-smoke-in-the-bay-area\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Follow live updates from KQED reporters\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/\">a Spare the Air alert\u003c/a> for Wednesday and Thursday as smoke from multiple wildfires burning in far Northern California continues to blanket parts of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the fires in Siskiyou, Trinity and Humboldt counties began creeping into parts of the Bay Area \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11961815/as-smoke-returns-bay-area-air-quality-expected-to-worsen-over-next-few-days\">on Tuesday afternoon\u003c/a>. By Wednesday morning, air quality in San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and San José had reached unhealthy levels, officials said, triggering the air quality alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1976747,science_1930023","label":"What to Know About Air Quality "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Yesterday, the impact began around noon over the north bay,” said Duc Nguyen of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District at a press conference Wednesday morning. “As the day progressed, more dense plumes from over the ocean entered the Golden Gate and filtered out across the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sparetheair.org/\">Spare the Air alerts\u003c/a> are issued if pollution reaches unhealthy levels. The alert puts into effect a ban on burning wood, manufactured fire logs or other solid fuel indoors and outdoors. It also encourages people to decrease their driving and to protect their health by staying indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During wildfires, air quality officials look for dangerous levels of particulate matter in the air, known as PM2.5. The amount of pollutants and particulate matter is measured on an air quality index, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1976747/what-the-air-quality-index-actually-means\">known as the AQI\u003c/a>. As of 10 a.m. on Wednesday morning, the AQI for parts of the Bay Area had reached above 150, categorized as “unhealthy” levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts are advising people in affected areas to keep outdoor activities short and light, and stay indoors with windows closed if possible. This is especially true for sensitive groups, such as people with heart or lung disease, older adults, children and pregnant people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke can irritate the eyes and airways. Coughing, a dry scratchy throat and irritated sinuses are common symptoms from overexposure to unhealthy air, and it can trigger wheezing in those who suffer from asthma, emphysema or COPD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although smoke was noticeable in many neighborhoods around the Bay Area on Tuesday, air quality officials said they didn’t notify the public earlier because the 24-hour average air quality was at moderate levels, Nguyen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we did not expect to see this amount of smoke,” said Charley Knoderer, manager at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District at the press briefing on Wednesday. “A lot of the models we looked at predicted lower concentrations than what actually came into the Bay Area. So we had to up our forecast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfires and smoke are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-wildfires\">growing more common as changes in climate\u003c/a> have impacted soil and foliage, leading to an increase in the intensity, size, severity and duration of wildfires in California and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area residents remember the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11837787/the-week-in-photos-an-orange-sky-to-a-charred-big-basin\">orange sky\u003c/a>” day in September 2020, when wildfire smoke was scattered and absorbed by sunlight, creating an orange haze across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologist Daneil Alrick said the air quality was actually somewhat better back on the orange sky day, however, because much of the smoke was trapped higher in the atmosphere than the smoke creeping into the Bay Area this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the case of the smoke today, we don’t have that same set up,” Alrick explained. “We have more smoke at the ground level, but it’s not quite as dense and thick as a smoke plume as we had during that [2020] event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11961902/bay-area-smoke-thickens-air-quality-warning-issued-through-thursday","authors":["11840"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_2928","news_32193","news_20628","news_2936","news_29851"],"featImg":"news_11961892","label":"news"},"news_11961815":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11961815","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11961815","score":null,"sort":[1695172265000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-smoke-returns-bay-area-air-quality-expected-to-worsen-over-next-few-days","title":"As Smoke Returns, Bay Area Air Quality Expected to Worsen Over Next Few Days","publishDate":1695172265,"format":"standard","headTitle":"As Smoke Returns, Bay Area Air Quality Expected to Worsen Over Next Few Days | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 9:30 a.m. Wednesday: \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Bay Area Air Quality Management District upgraded its air quality advisory Wednesday morning to a Spare the Air Alert, which is in effect through Thursday due to continued impacts from wildfire smoke blowing into the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The alert bans the burning of wood or any solid fuel, both indoors and outdoors. Air quality across much of the Bay Area has degraded to mostly ‘unhealthy for sensitive groups’ and ‘unhealthy’ Air Quality Index (AQI) levels, \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2023/2023_039_aqadvisoryupgrade_091923-pdf.pdf?la=en&rev=f8ccae09226d449992be1be9110cfcb0\">the air district said\u003c/a>, urging residents — especially children and people with respiratory conditions — to limit outdoor exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\">\u003cem>Explore an updated Bay Area air quality map\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story, 6 p.m. Tuesday:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAir quality across most of the Bay Area took a nosedive Tuesday afternoon as smoke from wildfires burning in the far northwestern quadrant of the state crept into the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early Tuesday, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/news-and-events/page-resources/2023-news/091923-aq-advisory\">issued an air quality advisory through Wednesday\u003c/a> due to the smoke, and urged residents to remain cautious and limit their outdoor exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1926793,science_1930023]“Wildfire smoke can be unpredictable,” Juan Romero, an air district spokesperson, told KQED. “So we tell people to take the precautions necessary to avoid exposure. If you smell the smoke, stay indoors with your windows and doors closed if you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romero also recommended setting air conditioners to recirculate air, and said people with respiratory diseases like asthma should take extra care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By late Tuesday afternoon, as the smoke thickened, San Francisco’s Department of Emergency Management said air quality had reached the “unhealthy for sensitive groups” threshold and \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/SF_emergency/status/1704285443720986688?s=20\">encouraged residents to wear face coverings when going outside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 5 p.m., readings at official air monitoring sites in San Francisco and West Oakland had reached the red, “unhealthy” category, with PM2.5 indexes of 161 and 154, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A low-pressure system is expected to continue drawing smoke from the far-northern wildfires, with northerly and northeasterly winds carrying it down the coast as far south as Central California over the next few days, according to the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1704242174064525672\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous lightning strikes touched off the fires in mid-August, and have produced heavy smoke for weeks, creating occasionally unhealthy-to-hazardous air quality in northwestern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest of those blazes is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2023/8/15/smith-river-complex/\">Smith River Complex\u003c/a>, which began in Del Norte County and has since crossed into southern Oregon, burning a total of more than 140 square miles. Smoke from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2023/8/16/happy-camp-complex\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in Siskiyou County, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2022/8/5/six-rivers-srf-lightning-complex\">Six Rivers Complex\u003c/a> in Trinity and Humboldt counties — and from other fires in southern Oregon — is also being funneled down the coast and contributing to the current poor air quality in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Natalia Navarro and Dan Brekke contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Bay Area Air Quality Management District issued a Spare the Air Alert Wednesday morning as smoke from fires in far northern California continues to blow into the region.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1695230019,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":489},"headData":{"title":"As Smoke Returns, Bay Area Air Quality Expected to Worsen Over Next Few Days | KQED","description":"The Bay Area Air Quality Management District issued a Spare the Air Alert Wednesday morning as smoke from fires in far northern California continues to blow into the region.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"As Smoke Returns, Bay Area Air Quality Expected to Worsen Over Next Few Days","datePublished":"2023-09-20T01:11:05.000Z","dateModified":"2023-09-20T17:13:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11961815/as-smoke-returns-bay-area-air-quality-expected-to-worsen-over-next-few-days","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 9:30 a.m. Wednesday: \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Bay Area Air Quality Management District upgraded its air quality advisory Wednesday morning to a Spare the Air Alert, which is in effect through Thursday due to continued impacts from wildfire smoke blowing into the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The alert bans the burning of wood or any solid fuel, both indoors and outdoors. Air quality across much of the Bay Area has degraded to mostly ‘unhealthy for sensitive groups’ and ‘unhealthy’ Air Quality Index (AQI) levels, \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2023/2023_039_aqadvisoryupgrade_091923-pdf.pdf?la=en&rev=f8ccae09226d449992be1be9110cfcb0\">the air district said\u003c/a>, urging residents — especially children and people with respiratory conditions — to limit outdoor exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\">\u003cem>Explore an updated Bay Area air quality map\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original story, 6 p.m. Tuesday:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAir quality across most of the Bay Area took a nosedive Tuesday afternoon as smoke from wildfires burning in the far northwestern quadrant of the state crept into the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early Tuesday, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/news-and-events/page-resources/2023-news/091923-aq-advisory\">issued an air quality advisory through Wednesday\u003c/a> due to the smoke, and urged residents to remain cautious and limit their outdoor exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1926793,science_1930023","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Wildfire smoke can be unpredictable,” Juan Romero, an air district spokesperson, told KQED. “So we tell people to take the precautions necessary to avoid exposure. If you smell the smoke, stay indoors with your windows and doors closed if you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romero also recommended setting air conditioners to recirculate air, and said people with respiratory diseases like asthma should take extra care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By late Tuesday afternoon, as the smoke thickened, San Francisco’s Department of Emergency Management said air quality had reached the “unhealthy for sensitive groups” threshold and \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/SF_emergency/status/1704285443720986688?s=20\">encouraged residents to wear face coverings when going outside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 5 p.m., readings at official air monitoring sites in San Francisco and West Oakland had reached the red, “unhealthy” category, with PM2.5 indexes of 161 and 154, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A low-pressure system is expected to continue drawing smoke from the far-northern wildfires, with northerly and northeasterly winds carrying it down the coast as far south as Central California over the next few days, according to the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1704242174064525672"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Numerous lightning strikes touched off the fires in mid-August, and have produced heavy smoke for weeks, creating occasionally unhealthy-to-hazardous air quality in northwestern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest of those blazes is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2023/8/15/smith-river-complex/\">Smith River Complex\u003c/a>, which began in Del Norte County and has since crossed into southern Oregon, burning a total of more than 140 square miles. Smoke from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2023/8/16/happy-camp-complex\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in Siskiyou County, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2022/8/5/six-rivers-srf-lightning-complex\">Six Rivers Complex\u003c/a> in Trinity and Humboldt counties — and from other fires in southern Oregon — is also being funneled down the coast and contributing to the current poor air quality in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Natalia Navarro and Dan Brekke contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11961815/as-smoke-returns-bay-area-air-quality-expected-to-worsen-over-next-few-days","authors":["182"],"categories":["news_19906","news_457","news_8"],"tags":["news_2928","news_20628","news_20120","news_27626","news_2936","news_3","news_29851","news_4463"],"featImg":"news_11961831","label":"news"},"news_11897789":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11897789","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11897789","score":null,"sort":[1638453706000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-largely-failed-to-enforce-worker-smoke-protections-under-bidens-new-osha-pick","title":"California Failed to Protect Outdoor Workers from Wildfire Smoke Under Biden's New OSHA Chief","publishDate":1638453706,"format":"image","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>President Joe Biden’s pick to lead the nation’s worker health and safety efforts largely failed in his previous job to enforce protections for California outdoor workers exposed to toxic wildfire smoke. That’s according to an investigation by KQED and The California Newsroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faced its largest wildfire seasons on record, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5141_1.html\">employers were required to take steps to prevent millions of outdoor workers from breathing harmful levels of smoke\u003c/a> — such as by providing N95 masks or moving them indoors on days with unhealthy air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But under the leadership of Douglas Parker, who joined the Biden administration last month, the California agency tasked with enforcing the smoke regulations rarely penalized employers for breaking the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/data/industry-employment-and-unemployment-rates-for-counties.html\">Nearly 4 million Californians labor in agriculture, construction, utilities and other industries with outdoor jobs\u003c/a>, an analysis of state employment figures shows. Parker led the California Division of Occupational Health and Safety, known as Cal/OSHA, as it cited employers just 11 times in the more than two years between July 2019, when the smoke protections went into effect, and October 5, 2021, according to data provided by the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month Parker joined the Biden administration to lead OSHA at the federal level, as assistant secretary for the U.S. Department of Labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews and advocate surveys, vulnerable workers in the state’s $60 billion agricultural industry reported they labored in heavy smoke without any of the required safeguards, pointing to a potentially widespread problem of employers not following the first-in-the-nation requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11897839\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"968\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3-800x540.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3-1020x689.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3-160x108.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smoke “affects me on my chest, and I get a very hoarse voice and a lot of cough,” said Alejandra Beltran, 44, who harvested raisins in Fresno County during this year’s wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she browsed boxes of groceries at a food bank in the small town of Biola, Beltran said she had never heard of the regulations that are meant to protect her, despite a provision mandating that employers educate workers about the health risks of breathing wildfire smoke “in a language and manner readily understandable by employees.” Beltran said she also was never offered an N95 mask, or other protections required by the smoke regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'We have to do a better job'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In an interview, state Assemblymember Robert Rivas (D-Salinas), chair of the Assembly Agriculture Committee, called the state’s enforcement to date “disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eleven violations is obviously a very low number, but it's certainly, in my opinion, not a true reflection of potential issues that are out there,” he said. “We have to do a better job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rivas proposed a bill that would have stepped up enforcement by establishing dedicated Cal/OSHA “strike teams” of inspectors that would be deployed to agricultural worksites on days with unhealthy air. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVersionsCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB73&cversion=20210AB7399INT\">It was gutted in August after generating opposition from Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration\u003c/a>, according to documents viewed by The California Newsroom and people close to the negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents show the California Labor and Workforce Development Agency, which oversees Cal/OSHA, requesting amendments to the bill, including deleting the “strike teams” provision. Rivas ultimately agreed to take it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having a mechanism of enforcement is incredibly important,” said Rivas, who grew up in a farmworker family. “My effort here was not trying to penalize growers in any way or the agricultural industry, but it was to achieve a level of accountability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897803 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/DougParker.jpg\" alt=\"A professional head shot of a smiling, middle-aged White man with medium-short brown hair, a gray suit jacket, pink shirt, and darker pink tie.\" width=\"800\" height=\"848\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/DougParker.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/DougParker-160x170.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Joe Biden recently appointed Douglas L. Parker, former chief of Cal/OSHA, as assistant secretary for the U.S. Department of Labor. Parker was sworn in Nov. 3, 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy U.S. Department of Labor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spokespeople for the Labor and Workforce Development Agency and Newsom’s press office did not respond to multiple inquiries. In an email, Parker alluded to his new position in the Biden administration and declined to comment, saying he wanted “the chance to study more about what has been happening outside of California.” He referred our inquiry back to Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency’s acting chief, Danielle 'Dan' Lucido, defended Cal/OSHA’s record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are a leader in providing worker protection, including against smoke,” she said. “We care very much about enforcement of this regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Parker himself who petitioned Cal/OSHA to create the protections. In December 2018, prior to his tenure at the agency, Parker joined with labor advocates, \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21120192-petition-573\">writing\u003c/a> that “an emergency standard needs to be put in place as soon as possible, since wildfires are now occurring during many months of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Little outreach, few complaints, fewer inspections\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Breathing dangerous particulate matter in wildfire smoke can cause eye and throat irritation, persistent coughing, wheezing or difficulty breathing. Exposure to so-called PM 2.5 also can lead to more serious health problems, such as reduced lung function, heart failure and early death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A September investigation by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous-air-as-california-burns-america-breathes-toxic-smoke\">The California Newsroom linked the rise of wildfire smoke to sharp increases in hospitalizations for heart and lung conditions in the state\u003c/a>. It also found a dramatic rise in prescriptions for the asthma medication albuterol as the number of “smoke days” increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11890211 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Leadphoto-1038x576.png']Beltran and other farmworkers in Fresno County told KQED and The California Newsroom their employers never mentioned the required protections against smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some things they just like to keep to themselves,” said Beltran, the mother of six children. “And obviously we are the ones put at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of Beltran and other farmworkers who labor outside expose a Catch-22 scenario on the enforcement of the wildfire smoke regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897805 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran.jpg\" alt=\"A light-complected woman with long blond hair looks frankly at the camera, her right elbow propped on top of a car, her head tipped to her right. She wears a white mask that covers her face from nose to chin, a teal and white sweatshirt, and a dark blue jacket. Beyond her and beneath a leafy tree, a couple other parked cars are visible, and beyond a chain link fence lies a field with brown dirt and bright green leafy crops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworker Alejandra Beltran, 44, leans on her truck near vineyards in Biola, California, on Oct. 13, 2021. Beltran said she worked outdoors in heavy smoke conditions as recently as Oct. 4 and 5, but wasn’t aware of the required worker protections. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without strike teams of inspectors in the field, Cal/OSHA typically only shows up to worksites following a complaint. But the lack of awareness about required protections and workers opting to not report problems because they fear retaliation means Cal/OSHA has carried out very few inspections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency received only 221 complaints related to wildfire smoke and visited worksites for just 26 employers between July 2019 and October 5, 2021, the data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11897872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1240\" height=\"1446\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable.jpg 1240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable-800x933.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable-1020x1189.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable-160x187.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1240px) 100vw, 1240px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucido said the small number of inspections did not indicate a problem. “Whenever we are put on notice through a complaint, we do what we're supposed to do and roll out to investigate, if there’s a serious complaint,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency responded to most of the rest of those complaints by sending a letter to employers, asking them to respond to concerns in writing. Observers say that rarely leads to fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Nayamin Martinez, executive director of the Central California Environmental Justice Network\"]'I always find it very ironic when the agencies brag, 'Oh, we have more stringent rules [than] the entire nation.' Well, those rules are out there. But if you don't enforce them, then there's nothing good out of them.'[/pullquote]The California Farm Bureau Federation, the state’s largest agricultural trade group, has been working tirelessly to ensure agricultural employers know about the rules and to help them comply, a representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having workers who are not healthy is not a very good way to get the work done,” said Bryan Little, who directs human resources policy for the federation. He has led many trainings on wildfire smoke regulations for the organization’s 33,000 members, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people that I've talked to certainly leave me with the impression that they're trying very hard to make sure that they get their compliance issues right,” said Little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But workers’ statements to KQED and The California Newsroom coincide with the findings of a recent survey of more than 300 agricultural workers in the San Joaquin Valley conducted by the nonprofit Central California Environmental Justice Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rule is not working,” said Nayamin Martinez, the network’s executive director. “I always find it very ironic when the agencies brag, ‘Oh, we have more stringent rules [than] the entire nation.’ Well, those rules are out there. But if you don’t enforce them, then there's nothing good out of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 60% of farmworkers surveyed in Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera and Tulare counties said that their employers did not provide N95 masks or that they did not know what N95s were. About 45% reported they were not aware of California’s wildfire smoke protections, said Martinez, whose small nonprofit developed wallet cards in Spanish to educate workers about the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industries where workers labor outdoors — such as agriculture, construction and landscaping — depend on a significant proportion of undocumented workers who are especially fearful of retaliation if they report problems. These workers may also face language and other barriers that make it more difficult to alert Cal/OSHA about conditions at their worksites, said Anne Katten, who directs the California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation’s pesticide and work safety project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be much more outreach and it needs to be linguistically and culturally appropriate for workers,” said Katten, who joined Parker in petitioning Cal/OSHA for the protections. “It needs to be more high-profile. There needs to be a real, proactive program of having public service announcements and information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez suspects many small employers, especially Spanish-speaking farm labor contractors, also are unaware of the regulations. Others have difficulty monitoring the air quality index, or AQI, as prominent air quality websites are in English only, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only two agricultural employers were issued fines by Cal/OSHA inspectors for failing to provide enough respirators or effective training to employees exposed to wildfire smoke, agency data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cal/OSHA's troubled history\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The paltry enforcement of the state smoke standard is just the latest example of the agency being slow to act on regulations that respond to crises made worse by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-cal-osha-farm-workers-20150612-story.html\">Cal/OSHA settled a lawsuit brought by five farmworkers and the United Farm Workers union\u003c/a> that accused the agency of neglecting its duty to enforce a 2005 law that protects outdoor workers from excessive heat. Farmworkers had died from heat-related illnesses while on the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency agreed to increase its scrutiny of workplaces during high-heat months, and also \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2021/2021-61.html\">waged a massive education campaign about the protections\u003c/a>, which require employers to provide basics like access to fresh water and shade, said Kevin Riley, who directs UCLA’s Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result said, Martinez, are radio announcements about the heat standard broadcast in multiple languages. “You can see billboards everywhere,” she said. “Compared to that, I didn’t see as much education, public education about the wildfire rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11886628 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50596_019_SanFrancisco_HeatWaveImpacts_08062021-qut-1020x680.jpg']Meanwhile, Cal/OSHA also struggled with staffing shortages that worsened during the pandemic. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11875988/minimal-to-non-existent-safety-inspector-shortage-worsened-in-pandemic-leaving-california-workers-vulnerable\">vacancy rate for inspectors statewide reached 26% in February\u003c/a>, according to Cal/OSHA, but the agency was able to hire dozens of safety engineers and industrial hygienists. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/DOSH-Recruitment-Hiring.html\">Its vacancy rate for those positions is now just 16%.\u003c/a> Still, the agency has been overwhelmed by COVID-19 related complaints, say labor advocates, and cut down on in-person visits to worksites for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucido, the current head of Cal/OSHA, acknowledged that the pandemic undercut the agency’s ability to increase awareness about the rule, but pushed back against the notion that enforcing the wildfire smoke protections is not a priority for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are determined to enforce this regulation and educate workers about their rights,” she said. “Having the pandemic in play for a year and a half of this new regulation impacted our ability to create materials and do other things that we would have wanted to do to engage in outreach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last six months, the agency has posted \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/worker-health-and-safety-in-wildfire-regions.html\">videos\u003c/a> and other training materials on its website about the regulations in Spanish and English and met with community-based organizations that can help workers file complaints, she added. But there has been no massive public outreach campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One worker's story\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California’s wildfire smoke requirements for employers are activated only when outdoor workers may be exposed to wildfire smoke and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/\">air quality index\u003c/a> for PM 2.5 reaches 151 or above, which the federal Environmental Protection Agency deems “unhealthy.” At that level, employers must offer workers N95 masks or make changes to reduce workers’ exposure to the smoke. Wearing N95 masks is compulsory when the AQI hits 500 or more, a level rarely reached during even the worst wildfires and 200 points higher than the standard for “hazardous” set by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/AgComm/2019/CAC_2019_actual_final.pdf\">top 10 agricultural counties in the state\u003c/a>, most of which lie in the San Joaquin Valley, Fresno has experienced the most wildfire season days with an AQI greater than 150, according to an analysis by KQED and The California Newsroom of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/air-data-daily-air-quality-tracker\">EPA historical air quality data\u003c/a>. Since the smoke rule went into effect, Fresno has seen a total of 45 “unhealthy” air days during peak wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1114px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897816 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"A map of Northern California counties, outlined in white, with a red overlay in the middle, with a U around the central area in orange, then a U of yellow around that, and finally green outside the yellow on the left, where the ocean is.\" width=\"1114\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA.jpg 1114w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA-800x445.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA-1020x568.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA-160x89.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1114px) 100vw, 1114px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An analysis of satellite images by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shows that heavy smoke inundated Fresno and other parts of the San Joaquin Valley on Oct. 5, 2021, including fields where farmworkers interviewed by KQED and The California Report said they labored that day. Most of the smoke emanated from the KNP Complex Fire that was raging in nearby Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one of those days, Oct. 5, 2021, a 33-year-old immigrant from Mexico said he worked a regular shift pulling dry grapevines from the soil by a Fresno highway. The AQI hovered around 160 in the county, according to the EPA, while federal satellite images showed intense smoke blanketing the field where he worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smoke was really thick, you could really feel it,” said the worker, who has labored in the U.S. for 15 years, in Spanish. “My throat hurt that day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his employer, a farm labor contractor that he identified as Can II Ag Mgt. Inc., has never offered training or N95 masks on smoky days, he said. A large banner for the company was tied to a portable toilet in the field where he toiled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At work they haven’t given us masks at all,” said the worker, who was surprised to learn about the safeguards. “They’ve never given us classes on what to do when there’s a lot of pollution because of the smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED is withholding the man’s name because he fears retaliation from his employer and, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/national-agricultural-workers-survey/research/data-tables\">like more than 40% of agricultural workers in the state, is undocumented\u003c/a>. A second farmworker who said he also was employed by Can II Ag Mgt., which is based in Kerman, provided similar testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897819 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign.jpg\" alt=\"Backlit by bright sun on a four-wheeled extended trailer are a red portable toilet with a hand-washing station on the left and an olive-colored company sign nearly the height of the toilet and three times as long on the right. The trailer sits on a dirt road beside a field.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-800x498.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-1020x634.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-1536x955.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A banner for Can II Ag Mgt. stands next to a portable toilet at a field in Fresno County where farmworkers said the company failed to offer them N95 masks or other required protections during heavy smoke days. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several attempts to reach Guillermo Cantu, Can II Ag Mgt.’s chief executive officer according to California corporate filings, were unsuccessful. But his wife and co-worker, Angie Garcia, said they were aware of the wildfire smoke rule and referred questions to their attorney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We provide everything necessary to use while they are working,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s attorney, Anthony Raimondo, denied the allegations made by farmworkers, but declined to provide evidence that Can II Ag Mgt. had taken any steps to reduce workers’ exposure to wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The company is in compliance with all the rules of the state of California. We deny the allegations 100%,” said Raimondo, president of Raimondo & Associates in the city of Fresno. “These are uncorroborated, unsubstantiated statements. And there’ll be no further comment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data provided by Cal/OSHA show no workers filed a complaint against this company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Farida Jhabvala Romero is a reporter for KQED in San Francisco. She produced this investigation for The California Newsroom. Aaron Glantz, senior investigations editor for the newsroom, edited this story with managing editor Adriene Hill. It was edited by David Marks and copy edited by Jenny Pritchett of KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Newsroom is a collaboration of NPR, 17 public radio stations across the state, from San Diego to the Oregon border, and CalMatters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The state rarely penalized employers for breaking the rules under Douglas Parker, who now leads the federal agency charged with ensuring worker safety, according to an investigation by KQED and The California Newsroom.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1662486721,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":62,"wordCount":2868},"headData":{"title":"California Failed to Protect Outdoor Workers from Wildfire Smoke Under Biden's New OSHA Chief | KQED","description":"The state rarely penalized employers for breaking the rules under Douglas Parker, who now leads the federal agency charged with ensuring worker safety, according to an investigation by KQED and The California Newsroom.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"California Failed to Protect Outdoor Workers from Wildfire Smoke Under Biden's New OSHA Chief","datePublished":"2021-12-02T14:01:46.000Z","dateModified":"2022-09-06T17:52:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11897789 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11897789","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/12/02/california-largely-failed-to-enforce-worker-smoke-protections-under-bidens-new-osha-pick/","disqusTitle":"California Failed to Protect Outdoor Workers from Wildfire Smoke Under Biden's New OSHA Chief","source":"California Newsroom","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/1ffd184b-3feb-44cf-9079-adf201017d42/audio.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11897789/california-largely-failed-to-enforce-worker-smoke-protections-under-bidens-new-osha-pick","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Joe Biden’s pick to lead the nation’s worker health and safety efforts largely failed in his previous job to enforce protections for California outdoor workers exposed to toxic wildfire smoke. That’s according to an investigation by KQED and The California Newsroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state faced its largest wildfire seasons on record, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5141_1.html\">employers were required to take steps to prevent millions of outdoor workers from breathing harmful levels of smoke\u003c/a> — such as by providing N95 masks or moving them indoors on days with unhealthy air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But under the leadership of Douglas Parker, who joined the Biden administration last month, the California agency tasked with enforcing the smoke regulations rarely penalized employers for breaking the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/data/industry-employment-and-unemployment-rates-for-counties.html\">Nearly 4 million Californians labor in agriculture, construction, utilities and other industries with outdoor jobs\u003c/a>, an analysis of state employment figures shows. Parker led the California Division of Occupational Health and Safety, known as Cal/OSHA, as it cited employers just 11 times in the more than two years between July 2019, when the smoke protections went into effect, and October 5, 2021, according to data provided by the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month Parker joined the Biden administration to lead OSHA at the federal level, as assistant secretary for the U.S. Department of Labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In interviews and advocate surveys, vulnerable workers in the state’s $60 billion agricultural industry reported they labored in heavy smoke without any of the required safeguards, pointing to a potentially widespread problem of employers not following the first-in-the-nation requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11897839\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1434\" height=\"968\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3.png 1434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3-800x540.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3-1020x689.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/workers_citations-3-160x108.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1434px) 100vw, 1434px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smoke “affects me on my chest, and I get a very hoarse voice and a lot of cough,” said Alejandra Beltran, 44, who harvested raisins in Fresno County during this year’s wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she browsed boxes of groceries at a food bank in the small town of Biola, Beltran said she had never heard of the regulations that are meant to protect her, despite a provision mandating that employers educate workers about the health risks of breathing wildfire smoke “in a language and manner readily understandable by employees.” Beltran said she also was never offered an N95 mask, or other protections required by the smoke regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>'We have to do a better job'\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In an interview, state Assemblymember Robert Rivas (D-Salinas), chair of the Assembly Agriculture Committee, called the state’s enforcement to date “disappointing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eleven violations is obviously a very low number, but it's certainly, in my opinion, not a true reflection of potential issues that are out there,” he said. “We have to do a better job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rivas proposed a bill that would have stepped up enforcement by establishing dedicated Cal/OSHA “strike teams” of inspectors that would be deployed to agricultural worksites on days with unhealthy air. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVersionsCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB73&cversion=20210AB7399INT\">It was gutted in August after generating opposition from Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration\u003c/a>, according to documents viewed by The California Newsroom and people close to the negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents show the California Labor and Workforce Development Agency, which oversees Cal/OSHA, requesting amendments to the bill, including deleting the “strike teams” provision. Rivas ultimately agreed to take it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having a mechanism of enforcement is incredibly important,” said Rivas, who grew up in a farmworker family. “My effort here was not trying to penalize growers in any way or the agricultural industry, but it was to achieve a level of accountability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897803 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/DougParker.jpg\" alt=\"A professional head shot of a smiling, middle-aged White man with medium-short brown hair, a gray suit jacket, pink shirt, and darker pink tie.\" width=\"800\" height=\"848\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/DougParker.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/DougParker-160x170.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Joe Biden recently appointed Douglas L. Parker, former chief of Cal/OSHA, as assistant secretary for the U.S. Department of Labor. Parker was sworn in Nov. 3, 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy U.S. Department of Labor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spokespeople for the Labor and Workforce Development Agency and Newsom’s press office did not respond to multiple inquiries. In an email, Parker alluded to his new position in the Biden administration and declined to comment, saying he wanted “the chance to study more about what has been happening outside of California.” He referred our inquiry back to Cal/OSHA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency’s acting chief, Danielle 'Dan' Lucido, defended Cal/OSHA’s record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are a leader in providing worker protection, including against smoke,” she said. “We care very much about enforcement of this regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Parker himself who petitioned Cal/OSHA to create the protections. In December 2018, prior to his tenure at the agency, Parker joined with labor advocates, \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21120192-petition-573\">writing\u003c/a> that “an emergency standard needs to be put in place as soon as possible, since wildfires are now occurring during many months of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Little outreach, few complaints, fewer inspections\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Breathing dangerous particulate matter in wildfire smoke can cause eye and throat irritation, persistent coughing, wheezing or difficulty breathing. Exposure to so-called PM 2.5 also can lead to more serious health problems, such as reduced lung function, heart failure and early death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A September investigation by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous-air-as-california-burns-america-breathes-toxic-smoke\">The California Newsroom linked the rise of wildfire smoke to sharp increases in hospitalizations for heart and lung conditions in the state\u003c/a>. It also found a dramatic rise in prescriptions for the asthma medication albuterol as the number of “smoke days” increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11890211","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Leadphoto-1038x576.png","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Beltran and other farmworkers in Fresno County told KQED and The California Newsroom their employers never mentioned the required protections against smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some things they just like to keep to themselves,” said Beltran, the mother of six children. “And obviously we are the ones put at risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experience of Beltran and other farmworkers who labor outside expose a Catch-22 scenario on the enforcement of the wildfire smoke regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897805 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran.jpg\" alt=\"A light-complected woman with long blond hair looks frankly at the camera, her right elbow propped on top of a car, her head tipped to her right. She wears a white mask that covers her face from nose to chin, a teal and white sweatshirt, and a dark blue jacket. Beyond her and beneath a leafy tree, a couple other parked cars are visible, and beyond a chain link fence lies a field with brown dirt and bright green leafy crops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Alejandra-Beltran-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworker Alejandra Beltran, 44, leans on her truck near vineyards in Biola, California, on Oct. 13, 2021. Beltran said she worked outdoors in heavy smoke conditions as recently as Oct. 4 and 5, but wasn’t aware of the required worker protections. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without strike teams of inspectors in the field, Cal/OSHA typically only shows up to worksites following a complaint. But the lack of awareness about required protections and workers opting to not report problems because they fear retaliation means Cal/OSHA has carried out very few inspections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency received only 221 complaints related to wildfire smoke and visited worksites for just 26 employers between July 2019 and October 5, 2021, the data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11897872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1240\" height=\"1446\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable.jpg 1240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable-800x933.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable-1020x1189.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/AQITable-160x187.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1240px) 100vw, 1240px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucido said the small number of inspections did not indicate a problem. “Whenever we are put on notice through a complaint, we do what we're supposed to do and roll out to investigate, if there’s a serious complaint,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency responded to most of the rest of those complaints by sending a letter to employers, asking them to respond to concerns in writing. Observers say that rarely leads to fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'I always find it very ironic when the agencies brag, 'Oh, we have more stringent rules [than] the entire nation.' Well, those rules are out there. But if you don't enforce them, then there's nothing good out of them.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Nayamin Martinez, executive director of the Central California Environmental Justice Network","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The California Farm Bureau Federation, the state’s largest agricultural trade group, has been working tirelessly to ensure agricultural employers know about the rules and to help them comply, a representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having workers who are not healthy is not a very good way to get the work done,” said Bryan Little, who directs human resources policy for the federation. He has led many trainings on wildfire smoke regulations for the organization’s 33,000 members, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people that I've talked to certainly leave me with the impression that they're trying very hard to make sure that they get their compliance issues right,” said Little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But workers’ statements to KQED and The California Newsroom coincide with the findings of a recent survey of more than 300 agricultural workers in the San Joaquin Valley conducted by the nonprofit Central California Environmental Justice Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rule is not working,” said Nayamin Martinez, the network’s executive director. “I always find it very ironic when the agencies brag, ‘Oh, we have more stringent rules [than] the entire nation.’ Well, those rules are out there. But if you don’t enforce them, then there's nothing good out of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 60% of farmworkers surveyed in Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera and Tulare counties said that their employers did not provide N95 masks or that they did not know what N95s were. About 45% reported they were not aware of California’s wildfire smoke protections, said Martinez, whose small nonprofit developed wallet cards in Spanish to educate workers about the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industries where workers labor outdoors — such as agriculture, construction and landscaping — depend on a significant proportion of undocumented workers who are especially fearful of retaliation if they report problems. These workers may also face language and other barriers that make it more difficult to alert Cal/OSHA about conditions at their worksites, said Anne Katten, who directs the California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation’s pesticide and work safety project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be much more outreach and it needs to be linguistically and culturally appropriate for workers,” said Katten, who joined Parker in petitioning Cal/OSHA for the protections. “It needs to be more high-profile. There needs to be a real, proactive program of having public service announcements and information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez suspects many small employers, especially Spanish-speaking farm labor contractors, also are unaware of the regulations. Others have difficulty monitoring the air quality index, or AQI, as prominent air quality websites are in English only, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only two agricultural employers were issued fines by Cal/OSHA inspectors for failing to provide enough respirators or effective training to employees exposed to wildfire smoke, agency data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cal/OSHA's troubled history\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The paltry enforcement of the state smoke standard is just the latest example of the agency being slow to act on regulations that respond to crises made worse by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-cal-osha-farm-workers-20150612-story.html\">Cal/OSHA settled a lawsuit brought by five farmworkers and the United Farm Workers union\u003c/a> that accused the agency of neglecting its duty to enforce a 2005 law that protects outdoor workers from excessive heat. Farmworkers had died from heat-related illnesses while on the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency agreed to increase its scrutiny of workplaces during high-heat months, and also \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2021/2021-61.html\">waged a massive education campaign about the protections\u003c/a>, which require employers to provide basics like access to fresh water and shade, said Kevin Riley, who directs UCLA’s Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result said, Martinez, are radio announcements about the heat standard broadcast in multiple languages. “You can see billboards everywhere,” she said. “Compared to that, I didn’t see as much education, public education about the wildfire rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11886628","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50596_019_SanFrancisco_HeatWaveImpacts_08062021-qut-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Meanwhile, Cal/OSHA also struggled with staffing shortages that worsened during the pandemic. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11875988/minimal-to-non-existent-safety-inspector-shortage-worsened-in-pandemic-leaving-california-workers-vulnerable\">vacancy rate for inspectors statewide reached 26% in February\u003c/a>, according to Cal/OSHA, but the agency was able to hire dozens of safety engineers and industrial hygienists. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/DOSH-Recruitment-Hiring.html\">Its vacancy rate for those positions is now just 16%.\u003c/a> Still, the agency has been overwhelmed by COVID-19 related complaints, say labor advocates, and cut down on in-person visits to worksites for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucido, the current head of Cal/OSHA, acknowledged that the pandemic undercut the agency’s ability to increase awareness about the rule, but pushed back against the notion that enforcing the wildfire smoke protections is not a priority for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are determined to enforce this regulation and educate workers about their rights,” she said. “Having the pandemic in play for a year and a half of this new regulation impacted our ability to create materials and do other things that we would have wanted to do to engage in outreach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last six months, the agency has posted \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/worker-health-and-safety-in-wildfire-regions.html\">videos\u003c/a> and other training materials on its website about the regulations in Spanish and English and met with community-based organizations that can help workers file complaints, she added. But there has been no massive public outreach campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One worker's story\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California’s wildfire smoke requirements for employers are activated only when outdoor workers may be exposed to wildfire smoke and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/\">air quality index\u003c/a> for PM 2.5 reaches 151 or above, which the federal Environmental Protection Agency deems “unhealthy.” At that level, employers must offer workers N95 masks or make changes to reduce workers’ exposure to the smoke. Wearing N95 masks is compulsory when the AQI hits 500 or more, a level rarely reached during even the worst wildfires and 200 points higher than the standard for “hazardous” set by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/AgComm/2019/CAC_2019_actual_final.pdf\">top 10 agricultural counties in the state\u003c/a>, most of which lie in the San Joaquin Valley, Fresno has experienced the most wildfire season days with an AQI greater than 150, according to an analysis by KQED and The California Newsroom of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/air-data-daily-air-quality-tracker\">EPA historical air quality data\u003c/a>. Since the smoke rule went into effect, Fresno has seen a total of 45 “unhealthy” air days during peak wildfire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1114px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897816 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"A map of Northern California counties, outlined in white, with a red overlay in the middle, with a U around the central area in orange, then a U of yellow around that, and finally green outside the yellow on the left, where the ocean is.\" width=\"1114\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA.jpg 1114w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA-800x445.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA-1020x568.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Smoke-Fresno-Oct-5-NOAA-160x89.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1114px) 100vw, 1114px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An analysis of satellite images by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shows that heavy smoke inundated Fresno and other parts of the San Joaquin Valley on Oct. 5, 2021, including fields where farmworkers interviewed by KQED and The California Report said they labored that day. Most of the smoke emanated from the KNP Complex Fire that was raging in nearby Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one of those days, Oct. 5, 2021, a 33-year-old immigrant from Mexico said he worked a regular shift pulling dry grapevines from the soil by a Fresno highway. The AQI hovered around 160 in the county, according to the EPA, while federal satellite images showed intense smoke blanketing the field where he worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The smoke was really thick, you could really feel it,” said the worker, who has labored in the U.S. for 15 years, in Spanish. “My throat hurt that day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his employer, a farm labor contractor that he identified as Can II Ag Mgt. Inc., has never offered training or N95 masks on smoky days, he said. A large banner for the company was tied to a portable toilet in the field where he toiled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At work they haven’t given us masks at all,” said the worker, who was surprised to learn about the safeguards. “They’ve never given us classes on what to do when there’s a lot of pollution because of the smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED is withholding the man’s name because he fears retaliation from his employer and, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/national-agricultural-workers-survey/research/data-tables\">like more than 40% of agricultural workers in the state, is undocumented\u003c/a>. A second farmworker who said he also was employed by Can II Ag Mgt., which is based in Kerman, provided similar testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11897819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11897819 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign.jpg\" alt=\"Backlit by bright sun on a four-wheeled extended trailer are a red portable toilet with a hand-washing station on the left and an olive-colored company sign nearly the height of the toilet and three times as long on the right. The trailer sits on a dirt road beside a field.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-800x498.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-1020x634.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/12/Can-II-sign-1536x955.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A banner for Can II Ag Mgt. stands next to a portable toilet at a field in Fresno County where farmworkers said the company failed to offer them N95 masks or other required protections during heavy smoke days. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several attempts to reach Guillermo Cantu, Can II Ag Mgt.’s chief executive officer according to California corporate filings, were unsuccessful. But his wife and co-worker, Angie Garcia, said they were aware of the wildfire smoke rule and referred questions to their attorney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We provide everything necessary to use while they are working,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s attorney, Anthony Raimondo, denied the allegations made by farmworkers, but declined to provide evidence that Can II Ag Mgt. had taken any steps to reduce workers’ exposure to wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The company is in compliance with all the rules of the state of California. We deny the allegations 100%,” said Raimondo, president of Raimondo & Associates in the city of Fresno. “These are uncorroborated, unsubstantiated statements. And there’ll be no further comment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data provided by Cal/OSHA show no workers filed a complaint against this company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Farida Jhabvala Romero is a reporter for KQED in San Francisco. She produced this investigation for The California Newsroom. Aaron Glantz, senior investigations editor for the newsroom, edited this story with managing editor Adriene Hill. It was edited by David Marks and copy edited by Jenny Pritchett of KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Newsroom is a collaboration of NPR, 17 public radio stations across the state, from San Diego to the Oregon border, and CalMatters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11897789/california-largely-failed-to-enforce-worker-smoke-protections-under-bidens-new-osha-pick","authors":["8659"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_19906","news_457","news_8","news_13","news_356"],"tags":["news_6145","news_18538","news_5043","news_18269","news_27626","news_28199","news_19904","news_25409","news_2936","news_29851"],"featImg":"news_11897794","label":"source_news_11897789"},"news_11890929":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11890929","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11890929","score":null,"sort":[1633390550000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-newsrooms-dangerous-air-investigation-prompts-response-from-state-federal-lawmakers","title":"California Newsroom's 'Dangerous Air' Investigation Prompts Response from State, Federal Lawmakers","publishDate":1633390550,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Capital Public Radio | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":22688,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>State and federal lawmakers plan to introduce legislation and hold at least one oversight hearing in response to \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous-air-as-california-burns-america-breathes-toxic-smoke\">Dangerous Air\u003c/a>,\" an investigation from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pressroom/11132/npr-and-california-public-radio-stations-collaborate-on-a-statewide-regional-newsroom\">The California Newsroom\u003c/a> — a collaboration of NPR, KQED and 16 public radio stations across the state — which showed that smoke from western wildfires is choking vast swaths of the country, from Los Angeles to Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11890211\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Leadphoto-1020x680.png\"]\"This investigation confirms what we’ve known for years: As wildfires become more frequent due to climate change, the health of our communities will suffer,” said Rep. Ro Khanna (D-Santa Clara), who chairs the U.S. House Oversight Subcommittee on Environment, in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will have a hearing on wildfires, smoke pollution, and commercial logging practices that may be making the problem worse. This is a matter of public health, environmental justice, and Congress has no option but to act,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation analyzed federal satellite imagery collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Carried out in partnership with Stanford University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanfordecholab.com/\">Environmental Change and Human Outcomes Lab\u003c/a>, it revealed a startling increase in the number of days residents were breathing smoke in cities across America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San José, which Khanna represents, residents breathed wildfire smoke an average of 45 days a year between 2016 and 2020, the investigation found, a 400% increase from the period between 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>\nhttps://twitter.com/RepJasonCrow/status/1442965156598845440\u003cbr>\n“We are living and breathing the climate crisis,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepJasonCrow/status/1442965156598845440\">tweeted Rep. Jason Crow\u003c/a> (D-Colorado). He noted our investigation showed his suburban Denver district was “seeing an average of 2 additional weeks of wildfire smoke per year — 14 more days of increased risk for asthma, respiratory disease, and premature births.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rep. Ro Khanna (D-Santa Clara)\"]'This investigation confirms what we’ve known for years.'[/pullquote]Lawmakers from both parties said the investigation provided further evidence for a comprehensive government response. They advocated for better forest management, including prescribed burns, which experts say are crucial to stemming serious wildfires that send dangerous smoke into the skies. And there are proposals for the immediate term — including stronger protections for workers and the creation of smoke shelters, where people with elevated health risks can escape the dangerous air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, where residents are most affected, Assemblymember Luz Rivas, a Democrat from Los Angeles who chairs the Assembly Natural Resources Committee, said she plans to introduce a legislative package to address wildfire smoke impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One potential area of focus would be increasing protections for outdoor workers and standardizing when schoolchildren are not let out for recess to avoid being exposed to dangerous air. “A lot of my constituents are worried about their children and long-term health effects,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rivas’s proposal is one of many that seeks to minimize the immediate health impacts of widespread smoke, recognizing it will take many years — and colossal amounts of money — to address the root causes.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Forest management and climate change\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Forests across the western U.S. are overgrown, filled with bone-dry vegetation that fuels catastrophic fires. The Golden State saw its most active wildfire season in history last year, with 4.3 million acres burned, nearly 10,500 structures damaged or destroyed and 33 deaths. Over 2 million acres have burned so far this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rep. Doug LaMalfa (R-Richvale)\"]'The short- and long-term [solutions] come down to management of the lands where the fire starts.'[/pullquote]Both Democrats and Republicans said the investigation showed more aggressive forest management is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The short- and long-term [solutions] come down to management of the lands where the fire starts,” said Rep. Doug LaMalfa (R-Richvale), whose district in rural Northern California includes areas where residents breathe smoke three months a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that thinning forestlands has gotten harder due to increased regulations. Projects can take years due to lengthy environmental reviews and the bureaucratic approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest management does not mean “clear cutting” or removing all trees, LaMalfa said, adding that he and other lawmakers have been advocating for a variety of targeted management techniques, including forest thinning and prescribed burning. The California Legislature passed bills this year to \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/16/prescribed-burns-could-help-reduce-californias-wildfires-a-new-bill-could-help-make-planned-fires-more-frequent/\">change liability laws\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://sd03.senate.ca.gov/news/20210910-sen-dodd-lauds-passage-controlled-burn-insurance-fund\">create a $20 million insurance liability fund\u003c/a> to encourage more prescribed burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low- and moderate-intensity fire is a natural part of the forest ecosystem. But a century of aggressive forest suppression has snuffed out these so-called “good fires,” leading to a dangerous buildup of undergrowth. Fire scientists say state and federal governments need to substantially increase their forest management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11887158\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/IMG_7268-1020x680.jpg\"]For the government’s part, the ambition is there, but execution still lags. Last August, California entered into an agreement with the U.S. Forest Service to each perform fire prevention work on 500,000 acres annually in the state by 2025. The Forest Service remains well short of that goal, treating about 120,000 acres in the last year. Cal Fire was unable to provide up-to-date numbers on its progress toward the target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats also advocate for more aggressive action on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Build Back Better Act — a $3.5 trillion, 2,000-plus page bill that captures many of President Biden’s policy priorities — includes several ambitious climate change proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation, currently being negotiated in Congress, includes a $150 billion program that would pay utility companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It’s unclear whether that provision will make it into the final legislation, however, as it has received pushback from Sen. Joe Manchin, a centrist Democrat whose vote is seen as crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire scientists say climate change has set the stage for wildfires to burn out of control in recent years. LaMalfa, echoing some fellow Republicans, says prioritizing land management is \"a lot better than this continued fight over what we're going to [do about] climate change.” Fire and climate experts argue a long-term plan for addressing climate change is essential for curbing wildfires, in addition to forest management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Protecting essential workers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers in California passed legislation this year to protect agricultural workers from the increasing dangers of wildfire smoke — and they’re looking to build on it next session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11886628\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50596_019_SanFrancisco_HeatWaveImpacts_08062021-qut-1020x680.jpg\"]\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB73\">Assembly Bill 73\u003c/a>, which Gov. Gavin Newsom signed last week, ensures that the state’s stockpile of N95 masks is available to farmworkers during severe smoke events. It also requires employers to provide workers with training in the language they speak on the dangers posed by wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Assemblymember Robert Rivas, who represents nearly 100,000 farmworkers, authored the bill to “ensure that we're doing all we can to protect the health and safety of such a vulnerable population of workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rivas says employers were already required to provide workers with masks, but struggled to acquire adequate PPE inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next session, Rivas may revive proposed requirements left out of the final bill. For example, an early version would have created “strike teams” deployed by the state to ensure employer compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jared Huffman (D-Petaluma), a member of the U.S. House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, said it was time to start making policies for “smoke refugees” — for example, federally funded air shelters for residents who need a safe place to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost like evacuation centers [on] one of these days where the air is just too unhealthy to breathe,” said Huffman, whose sprawling Northern California district runs from the Golden Gate Bridge to the Oregon border. “At least people that have fragile conditions, who maybe can't afford air conditioning or don't have things in their home to protect them, can go to these places and have quality air to breathe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Alex Padilla, along with several other Democrats, introduced a bill this year that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.padilla.senate.gov/press-releases/padilla-feinstein-introduce-package-of-bills-to-help-communities-impacted-by-wildfire-smoke/\">allow the president to declare a “smoke emergency.\"\u003c/a> The federal government could then help communities establish smoke shelters and relocate vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/AlexPadilla4CA/status/1443971333352824849\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Better data, public health tracking\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>State and federal lawmakers also said they need reliable and comprehensive data in order to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Data in this area is absolutely critical [to] understanding the detrimental health impacts from wildfire smoke,” said Assemblymember Rivas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Related Coverage' tag='2021-wildfires']The California Newsroom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/28/dangerous-air-we-mapped-the-rise-in-wildfire-smoke-across-america-heres-how-we-did-it/\">investigation relied on satellite images of smoke plumes\u003c/a> rather than data on air quality itself, because air monitoring stations maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are spread inconsistently across the country, with many gaps in rural and urban areas most affected by wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the federal level, Senate Democrats introduced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2421?r=49&s=1\">Smoke Planning and Research Act\u003c/a>, which would set aside $20 million in research funding for the EPA to study the health impacts of smoke and create a grant program to fund research efforts at the local level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the California Legislature passed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB619\">Assembly Bill 619\u003c/a>, which requires the state Department of Public Health to develop safety guidelines for counties to implement during dangerous air quality days. The bill is on Newsom’s desk.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lawmakers plan to introduce legislation in response to an investigation from KQED and The California Newsroom, which showed smoke from western wildfires is choking vast swaths of the country.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1633451902,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1612},"headData":{"title":"NPR Wildfire Smoke Investigation Spurs Response From Lawmakers","description":"Lawmakers plan to introduce legislation in response to an investigation from KQED and The California Newsroom, which showed smoke from western wildfires is choking vast swaths of the country.","ogTitle":"'Confirms What We’ve Known For Years': Our Wildfire Smoke Investigation Spurs Response From Lawmakers","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"'Confirms What We’ve Known For Years': Our Wildfire Smoke Investigation Spurs Response From Lawmakers","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"California Newsroom's 'Dangerous Air' Investigation Prompts Response from State, Federal Lawmakers","datePublished":"2021-10-04T23:35:50.000Z","dateModified":"2021-10-05T16:38:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11890929 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11890929","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/10/04/california-newsrooms-dangerous-air-investigation-prompts-response-from-state-federal-lawmakers/","disqusTitle":"California Newsroom's 'Dangerous Air' Investigation Prompts Response from State, Federal Lawmakers","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/about/bios/scott-rodd/\">Scott Rodd\u003c/a>","path":"/news/11890929/california-newsrooms-dangerous-air-investigation-prompts-response-from-state-federal-lawmakers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State and federal lawmakers plan to introduce legislation and hold at least one oversight hearing in response to \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890211/dangerous-air-as-california-burns-america-breathes-toxic-smoke\">Dangerous Air\u003c/a>,\" an investigation from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pressroom/11132/npr-and-california-public-radio-stations-collaborate-on-a-statewide-regional-newsroom\">The California Newsroom\u003c/a> — a collaboration of NPR, KQED and 16 public radio stations across the state — which showed that smoke from western wildfires is choking vast swaths of the country, from Los Angeles to Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11890211","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/Leadphoto-1020x680.png","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\"This investigation confirms what we’ve known for years: As wildfires become more frequent due to climate change, the health of our communities will suffer,” said Rep. Ro Khanna (D-Santa Clara), who chairs the U.S. House Oversight Subcommittee on Environment, in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will have a hearing on wildfires, smoke pollution, and commercial logging practices that may be making the problem worse. This is a matter of public health, environmental justice, and Congress has no option but to act,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation analyzed federal satellite imagery collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Carried out in partnership with Stanford University’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanfordecholab.com/\">Environmental Change and Human Outcomes Lab\u003c/a>, it revealed a startling increase in the number of days residents were breathing smoke in cities across America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San José, which Khanna represents, residents breathed wildfire smoke an average of 45 days a year between 2016 and 2020, the investigation found, a 400% increase from the period between 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1442965156598845440"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n“We are living and breathing the climate crisis,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepJasonCrow/status/1442965156598845440\">tweeted Rep. Jason Crow\u003c/a> (D-Colorado). He noted our investigation showed his suburban Denver district was “seeing an average of 2 additional weeks of wildfire smoke per year — 14 more days of increased risk for asthma, respiratory disease, and premature births.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'This investigation confirms what we’ve known for years.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Rep. Ro Khanna (D-Santa Clara)","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Lawmakers from both parties said the investigation provided further evidence for a comprehensive government response. They advocated for better forest management, including prescribed burns, which experts say are crucial to stemming serious wildfires that send dangerous smoke into the skies. And there are proposals for the immediate term — including stronger protections for workers and the creation of smoke shelters, where people with elevated health risks can escape the dangerous air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, where residents are most affected, Assemblymember Luz Rivas, a Democrat from Los Angeles who chairs the Assembly Natural Resources Committee, said she plans to introduce a legislative package to address wildfire smoke impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One potential area of focus would be increasing protections for outdoor workers and standardizing when schoolchildren are not let out for recess to avoid being exposed to dangerous air. “A lot of my constituents are worried about their children and long-term health effects,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rivas’s proposal is one of many that seeks to minimize the immediate health impacts of widespread smoke, recognizing it will take many years — and colossal amounts of money — to address the root causes.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Forest management and climate change\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Forests across the western U.S. are overgrown, filled with bone-dry vegetation that fuels catastrophic fires. The Golden State saw its most active wildfire season in history last year, with 4.3 million acres burned, nearly 10,500 structures damaged or destroyed and 33 deaths. Over 2 million acres have burned so far this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'The short- and long-term [solutions] come down to management of the lands where the fire starts.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Rep. Doug LaMalfa (R-Richvale)","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Both Democrats and Republicans said the investigation showed more aggressive forest management is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The short- and long-term [solutions] come down to management of the lands where the fire starts,” said Rep. Doug LaMalfa (R-Richvale), whose district in rural Northern California includes areas where residents breathe smoke three months a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that thinning forestlands has gotten harder due to increased regulations. Projects can take years due to lengthy environmental reviews and the bureaucratic approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest management does not mean “clear cutting” or removing all trees, LaMalfa said, adding that he and other lawmakers have been advocating for a variety of targeted management techniques, including forest thinning and prescribed burning. The California Legislature passed bills this year to \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/16/prescribed-burns-could-help-reduce-californias-wildfires-a-new-bill-could-help-make-planned-fires-more-frequent/\">change liability laws\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://sd03.senate.ca.gov/news/20210910-sen-dodd-lauds-passage-controlled-burn-insurance-fund\">create a $20 million insurance liability fund\u003c/a> to encourage more prescribed burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low- and moderate-intensity fire is a natural part of the forest ecosystem. But a century of aggressive forest suppression has snuffed out these so-called “good fires,” leading to a dangerous buildup of undergrowth. Fire scientists say state and federal governments need to substantially increase their forest management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11887158","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/IMG_7268-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For the government’s part, the ambition is there, but execution still lags. Last August, California entered into an agreement with the U.S. Forest Service to each perform fire prevention work on 500,000 acres annually in the state by 2025. The Forest Service remains well short of that goal, treating about 120,000 acres in the last year. Cal Fire was unable to provide up-to-date numbers on its progress toward the target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats also advocate for more aggressive action on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Build Back Better Act — a $3.5 trillion, 2,000-plus page bill that captures many of President Biden’s policy priorities — includes several ambitious climate change proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation, currently being negotiated in Congress, includes a $150 billion program that would pay utility companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It’s unclear whether that provision will make it into the final legislation, however, as it has received pushback from Sen. Joe Manchin, a centrist Democrat whose vote is seen as crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire scientists say climate change has set the stage for wildfires to burn out of control in recent years. LaMalfa, echoing some fellow Republicans, says prioritizing land management is \"a lot better than this continued fight over what we're going to [do about] climate change.” Fire and climate experts argue a long-term plan for addressing climate change is essential for curbing wildfires, in addition to forest management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Protecting essential workers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers in California passed legislation this year to protect agricultural workers from the increasing dangers of wildfire smoke — and they’re looking to build on it next session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11886628","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/RS50596_019_SanFrancisco_HeatWaveImpacts_08062021-qut-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB73\">Assembly Bill 73\u003c/a>, which Gov. Gavin Newsom signed last week, ensures that the state’s stockpile of N95 masks is available to farmworkers during severe smoke events. It also requires employers to provide workers with training in the language they speak on the dangers posed by wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Assemblymember Robert Rivas, who represents nearly 100,000 farmworkers, authored the bill to “ensure that we're doing all we can to protect the health and safety of such a vulnerable population of workers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rivas says employers were already required to provide workers with masks, but struggled to acquire adequate PPE inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next session, Rivas may revive proposed requirements left out of the final bill. For example, an early version would have created “strike teams” deployed by the state to ensure employer compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Jared Huffman (D-Petaluma), a member of the U.S. House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, said it was time to start making policies for “smoke refugees” — for example, federally funded air shelters for residents who need a safe place to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost like evacuation centers [on] one of these days where the air is just too unhealthy to breathe,” said Huffman, whose sprawling Northern California district runs from the Golden Gate Bridge to the Oregon border. “At least people that have fragile conditions, who maybe can't afford air conditioning or don't have things in their home to protect them, can go to these places and have quality air to breathe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Alex Padilla, along with several other Democrats, introduced a bill this year that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.padilla.senate.gov/press-releases/padilla-feinstein-introduce-package-of-bills-to-help-communities-impacted-by-wildfire-smoke/\">allow the president to declare a “smoke emergency.\"\u003c/a> The federal government could then help communities establish smoke shelters and relocate vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1443971333352824849"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003ch3>Better data, public health tracking\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>State and federal lawmakers also said they need reliable and comprehensive data in order to take action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Data in this area is absolutely critical [to] understanding the detrimental health impacts from wildfire smoke,” said Assemblymember Rivas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Coverage ","tag":"2021-wildfires"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The California Newsroom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2021/09/28/dangerous-air-we-mapped-the-rise-in-wildfire-smoke-across-america-heres-how-we-did-it/\">investigation relied on satellite images of smoke plumes\u003c/a> rather than data on air quality itself, because air monitoring stations maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are spread inconsistently across the country, with many gaps in rural and urban areas most affected by wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the federal level, Senate Democrats introduced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2421?r=49&s=1\">Smoke Planning and Research Act\u003c/a>, which would set aside $20 million in research funding for the EPA to study the health impacts of smoke and create a grant program to fund research efforts at the local level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the California Legislature passed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB619\">Assembly Bill 619\u003c/a>, which requires the state Department of Public Health to develop safety guidelines for counties to implement during dangerous air quality days. The bill is on Newsom’s desk.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11890929/california-newsrooms-dangerous-air-investigation-prompts-response-from-state-federal-lawmakers","authors":["byline_news_11890929"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_29668","news_20341","news_29018","news_27626","news_16","news_2563","news_29986","news_6238","news_2936","news_29634","news_29851"],"affiliates":["news_22688"],"featImg":"news_11890936","label":"news_22688"},"news_11838717":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11838717","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11838717","score":null,"sort":[1600469073000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ready-set-weekend","title":"Ready, Set...Weekend!","publishDate":1600469073,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mark Fiore: Drawn to the Bay | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":18515,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The smoke is gone (for now) and blue skies are back in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone seems to be breathing a little easier now that the air doesn't look so apocalyptic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those breaths, however, are generally happening through pandemic face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds like some \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/\">smoke may return\u003c/a> to the area later in the weekend, but at this point in a miserable year, let's get what frolicking under blue skies we can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The smoke is gone (for now) and blue skies are back in the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1600471187,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":76},"headData":{"title":"Ready, Set...Weekend! | KQED","description":"The smoke is gone (for now) and blue skies are back in the Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Ready, Set...Weekend!","datePublished":"2020-09-18T22:44:33.000Z","dateModified":"2020-09-18T23:19:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11838717 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11838717","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/09/18/ready-set-weekend/","disqusTitle":"Ready, Set...Weekend!","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/news/11838717/ready-set-weekend","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The smoke is gone (for now) and blue skies are back in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone seems to be breathing a little easier now that the air doesn't look so apocalyptic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those breaths, however, are generally happening through pandemic face masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds like some \u003ca href=\"https://www.baaqmd.gov/\">smoke may return\u003c/a> to the area later in the weekend, but at this point in a miserable year, let's get what frolicking under blue skies we can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11838717/ready-set-weekend","authors":["3236"],"series":["news_18515"],"categories":["news_19906","news_457"],"tags":["news_27350","news_27504","news_20949","news_2936","news_4463"],"featImg":"news_11838718","label":"news_18515"},"news_11837538":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11837538","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11837538","score":null,"sort":[1599860864000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"smoggy-conditions-will-persist-through-the-weekend-experts-say","title":"Smoggy Conditions Will Persist Through the Weekend, Experts Say","publishDate":1599860864,"format":"image","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Most of the Bay Area can expect overcast skies and smoggy — smoke plus fog — conditions to continue through the rest of Friday and into the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exceptions are parts of the North Bay and East Bay, where a thinning of smoke in the mid-to-upper levels of the atmosphere is letting in a bit of filtered sunshine and warmer temperatures, according to Brian Garcia, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Smoke has dropped into the lowest levels of the atmosphere over the past 24 hours or so,\" Garcia said, adding that pretty much everywhere inhabited by people is being impacted by smoke. [aside tag=\"2020-wildfires\" label=\"more coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Layers of smoke have been wafting into the region over the past few days from nearby fires, specifically those burning north of the region, including the North Complex Fire east of Chico, the August Complex Fire in the Mendocino National Forest, and even as far as southern Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is an unprecedented scenario in the Bay Area,\" Garcia said. \"We have seen worse air quality, but the duration of unhealthy air quality is something we have not seen before in recorded history around the Bay Area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia said it's important that people take the unhealthy air warnings seriously, and make sure to \"take care of themselves and take care of each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday and Wednesday, layers of smoke aloft, and marine layer fog below it, caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Area skies to appear orange and dark.\u003c/a> The phenomenon made news headlines across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoggy conditions will persist until the region sees enough wind to scour out the atmosphere, which we may not see until early next week, according to Garcia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the smoke cover and lower temperatures are preventing a sea breeze we'd normally get from the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we are not expecting the types of winds that we would typically get in our area today or tomorrow,\" Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service says smoke is expected to begin dispersing by Sunday, but especially on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The several consecutive days of extremely poor air quality has local officials concerned about public health effects, and are warning residents to stay indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir Woods, Alcatraz Island and Fort Point are among the outdoor spaces closed Friday due to poor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, San Francisco opened up several weather relief centers for those who cannot shelter indoors, and Muni buses are free Friday to make traveling to those sites easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SF_emergency/status/1304471157077278720\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some COVID-19 city testing sites have been forced to close Friday afternoon due to the air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press briefing Friday, Executive Director of San Francisco’s Department of Emergency Management Mary Ellen Carroll said, \"We are still in a global pandemic and testing is considered an essential activity. However, we are closing our SoMa testing site and the community mobile testing sites in Western Addition and OMI,\" short for Ocean View-Merced-Ingleside. Carroll added that the closures were at the request of the city's community partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also asking residents to avoid adding additional air pollution by curtailing certain activities such as lawn mowing, leaf blowing, driving and barbecuing as well as other dust producing activities. \"Avoid using hairspray or doing any painting indoors today. And if possible, utilize your stove fan if you're cooking,\" Carroll said. [ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor dining in San Francisco is still permitted, but discouraged, according to Dr. Naveena Bobba, deputy director of health at the San Francisco Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Clara \u003ca href=\"https://www.santaclaraca.gov/i-want-to/stay-informed/newsroom/summer-2020-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suspended\u003c/a> curbside and walk-up library services due to poor air quality Friday, but drop boxes remain open. Some outdoor programs and facility operations have also been suspended, including at the International Swim Center and city athletic fields and skate park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Regional Park District hasn’t closed parks but is advising visitors to minimize or refrain from spending time outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, because of the air quality, the San Francisco office of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and support centers in San Francisco, Oakland and Santa Rosa are closed Friday for in-person services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also closed on Friday is Golden Gate Fields in Berkeley for horse racing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has extended its Spare the Air Alert, making it illegal to use fireplaces or any other wood-burning devices through Sept. 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/StarkKev/status/1304494865703555072\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"According to officials with the National Weather Service, smoggy conditions will persist until the region sees enough wind to scour out the atmosphere, which we may not see until early next week.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1599928218,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":762},"headData":{"title":"Smoggy Conditions Will Persist Through the Weekend, Experts Say | KQED","description":"According to officials with the National Weather Service, smoggy conditions will persist until the region sees enough wind to scour out the atmosphere, which we may not see until early next week.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Smoggy Conditions Will Persist Through the Weekend, Experts Say","datePublished":"2020-09-11T21:47:44.000Z","dateModified":"2020-09-12T16:30:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11837538 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11837538","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/09/11/smoggy-conditions-will-persist-through-the-weekend-experts-say/","disqusTitle":"Smoggy Conditions Will Persist Through the Weekend, Experts Say","path":"/news/11837538/smoggy-conditions-will-persist-through-the-weekend-experts-say","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most of the Bay Area can expect overcast skies and smoggy — smoke plus fog — conditions to continue through the rest of Friday and into the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exceptions are parts of the North Bay and East Bay, where a thinning of smoke in the mid-to-upper levels of the atmosphere is letting in a bit of filtered sunshine and warmer temperatures, according to Brian Garcia, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Smoke has dropped into the lowest levels of the atmosphere over the past 24 hours or so,\" Garcia said, adding that pretty much everywhere inhabited by people is being impacted by smoke. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"tag":"2020-wildfires","label":"more coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Layers of smoke have been wafting into the region over the past few days from nearby fires, specifically those burning north of the region, including the North Complex Fire east of Chico, the August Complex Fire in the Mendocino National Forest, and even as far as southern Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is an unprecedented scenario in the Bay Area,\" Garcia said. \"We have seen worse air quality, but the duration of unhealthy air quality is something we have not seen before in recorded history around the Bay Area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia said it's important that people take the unhealthy air warnings seriously, and make sure to \"take care of themselves and take care of each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday and Wednesday, layers of smoke aloft, and marine layer fog below it, caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Area skies to appear orange and dark.\u003c/a> The phenomenon made news headlines across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoggy conditions will persist until the region sees enough wind to scour out the atmosphere, which we may not see until early next week, according to Garcia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the smoke cover and lower temperatures are preventing a sea breeze we'd normally get from the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we are not expecting the types of winds that we would typically get in our area today or tomorrow,\" Garcia said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service says smoke is expected to begin dispersing by Sunday, but especially on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The several consecutive days of extremely poor air quality has local officials concerned about public health effects, and are warning residents to stay indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muir Woods, Alcatraz Island and Fort Point are among the outdoor spaces closed Friday due to poor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, San Francisco opened up several weather relief centers for those who cannot shelter indoors, and Muni buses are free Friday to make traveling to those sites easier.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1304471157077278720"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some COVID-19 city testing sites have been forced to close Friday afternoon due to the air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press briefing Friday, Executive Director of San Francisco’s Department of Emergency Management Mary Ellen Carroll said, \"We are still in a global pandemic and testing is considered an essential activity. However, we are closing our SoMa testing site and the community mobile testing sites in Western Addition and OMI,\" short for Ocean View-Merced-Ingleside. Carroll added that the closures were at the request of the city's community partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also asking residents to avoid adding additional air pollution by curtailing certain activities such as lawn mowing, leaf blowing, driving and barbecuing as well as other dust producing activities. \"Avoid using hairspray or doing any painting indoors today. And if possible, utilize your stove fan if you're cooking,\" Carroll said. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor dining in San Francisco is still permitted, but discouraged, according to Dr. Naveena Bobba, deputy director of health at the San Francisco Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Clara \u003ca href=\"https://www.santaclaraca.gov/i-want-to/stay-informed/newsroom/summer-2020-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suspended\u003c/a> curbside and walk-up library services due to poor air quality Friday, but drop boxes remain open. Some outdoor programs and facility operations have also been suspended, including at the International Swim Center and city athletic fields and skate park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Regional Park District hasn’t closed parks but is advising visitors to minimize or refrain from spending time outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, because of the air quality, the San Francisco office of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and support centers in San Francisco, Oakland and Santa Rosa are closed Friday for in-person services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also closed on Friday is Golden Gate Fields in Berkeley for horse racing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has extended its Spare the Air Alert, making it illegal to use fireplaces or any other wood-burning devices through Sept. 14.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1304494865703555072"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11837538/smoggy-conditions-will-persist-through-the-weekend-experts-say","authors":["11642"],"categories":["news_19906","news_457","news_8"],"tags":["news_28440","news_2928","news_38","news_2936","news_4463"],"featImg":"news_11837630","label":"news"},"news_11837126":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11837126","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11837126","score":null,"sort":[1599675967000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-sky-really-is-kind-of-falling","title":"The Sky Really is Kind Of Falling","publishDate":1599675967,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Mark Fiore: Drawn to the Bay | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":18515,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The Bay Area (and much of the West) awoke to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\">eerie skies thick with smoke\u003c/a> as massive wildfires continued to burn across multiple states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQEDnews/status/1303731548412231681?s=20\">Smoke particles from fires\u003c/a> are interacting with sunlight to give Wednesday a particularly eerie/apocalyptic/terrifying/Instagram-worthy glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is, it seems that the particles are mostly staying high overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is, the National Weather Service says that is about to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1303720348605538305\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Bay Area (and much of the West) awoke to eerie skies thick with smoke as massive wildfires continued to burn across multiple states. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1599675967,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":79},"headData":{"title":"The Sky Really is Kind Of Falling | KQED","description":"The Bay Area (and much of the West) awoke to eerie skies thick with smoke as massive wildfires continued to burn across multiple states. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"The Sky Really is Kind Of Falling","datePublished":"2020-09-09T18:26:07.000Z","dateModified":"2020-09-09T18:26:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11837126 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11837126","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/09/09/the-sky-really-is-kind-of-falling/","disqusTitle":"The Sky Really is Kind Of Falling","path":"/news/11837126/the-sky-really-is-kind-of-falling","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area (and much of the West) awoke to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\">eerie skies thick with smoke\u003c/a> as massive wildfires continued to burn across multiple states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQEDnews/status/1303731548412231681?s=20\">Smoke particles from fires\u003c/a> are interacting with sunlight to give Wednesday a particularly eerie/apocalyptic/terrifying/Instagram-worthy glow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is, it seems that the particles are mostly staying high overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is, the National Weather Service says that is about to change.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1303720348605538305"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11837126/the-sky-really-is-kind-of-falling","authors":["3236"],"series":["news_18515"],"categories":["news_19906","news_457"],"tags":["news_20341","news_20949","news_2936","news_4463"],"featImg":"news_11837129","label":"news_18515"},"news_11836398":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11836398","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11836398","score":null,"sort":[1599260453000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"who-is-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-smoke-poverty-and-racism-play-a-part","title":"Poverty and Racism Leave People More Vulnerable to Wildfire Smoke","publishDate":1599260453,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Ta’Kira Dannette Byrd is thin and lithe, like a blade of wild grass swaying in the wind. The little girl was diagnosed with asthma when she was 5 years old. Her first major health crisis came three years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers being “really really sick” all day. Then, in the middle of the night, her cat went bounding into mom’s room, yowling, and woke her up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess, like, my face was all purple and stuff and I couldn’t breathe,” said Ta’Kira, now 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mom, Shawntierra Dolton, came running into the living room, where Ta’Kira sleeps. She took one look at her daughter’s face and “hurried up and put the treatment on her.” Then they rushed to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years that followed, the routine became an all-too-regular part of life for the Vallejo family. And the massive wildfires that burned every year almost certainly played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme fire seasons seem to be the new normal in the American West. The spate of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11834132/see-where-wildfires-are-burning-in-california\">lightning-sparked blazes\u003c/a> that recently blanketed California in unhealthy smoke is just the most recent reminder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is affected equally. Just as we’ve seen with the coronavirus pandemic, place and race play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira lives with her mom and two younger brothers at the Marina Vista Apartments — a low-income housing development comprised of blocky two-story buildings in downtown Vallejo. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://healthyplacesindex.org\">California Healthy Places Index\u003c/a>, developed by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California, their neighborhood is one of the least healthy in the entire state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the poor health outcomes: high asthma rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11836549\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11836549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ta’Kira, 11, colors in her notebook at home in Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lee Romney/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Ta’Kira, living with a condition that regularly inflames her airways can be scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have PE and I run a lot, it makes me feel kind of weak and stuff,” she said. “It feels like my lungs are just closing up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Ta’Kira tends to put a positive spin on things — even during an emergency treatment of oxygen and helium that doctors administered during that first hospitalization, to open up her lungs. Known as Heliox, the treatment is reserved for the most serious cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was put on that for an hour,” she said in a playful sing-song, “and I couldn’t even talk because the thing was on my mouth and on my nose. It made me sound like a squeaky mouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days later, Ta’Kira went home with a bunch of new prescriptions. But her medical records, which Shawntierra shared with KQED, reveal that she ran out of some key maintenance meds over the next few years — partly because of hitches with her Medi-Cal, the state’s government insurance program that serves low-income families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Dr. John Balmes, professor of medicine and environmental health sciences at UCSF and UC Berkeley']'Based on what we know from outdoor air pollution and about asthma biology in general, the effects can be cumulative.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those hardships are just one example of how wealth can impact health — gaps in Ta’Kira’s treatment made controlling her asthma harder, and she landed back in the ER again and again. Then wildfires — record-breaking in their scope and devastation — started burning, beginning with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tubbs-fire\">the Tubbs Fire in October 2017\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blaze raged through Sonoma and Napa counties, destroying several Santa Rosa neighborhoods. Even though it burned a ways from Vallejo, wildfires produce tiny particulate matter that can travel great distances and lodge deep in the lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the year that followed, Ta’Kira was rushed to the ER with bad asthma attacks every three to four months. But those visits didn’t happen on the days when the smoke was at its worst, though she felt it in her chest. Instead, Ta’Kira ended up visiting the ER repeatedly in the weeks and months that followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. John Balmes, a professor of medicine and environmental health sciences at UCSF and UC Berkeley who studies the impact of air pollution on kids, said that’s not surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Based on what we know from outdoor air pollution and about asthma biology in general, the effects can be cumulative,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short-term impacts of wildfire smoke are well documented. Studies have shown that smoky days correlate with spikes in ER visits for lung and heart problems in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for long-term health effects, there’s a lot we still don’t know. A recent Stanford University study showed potentially lasting damage to the immune systems of kids who’d been exposed to fire smoke. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\">an investigation by the Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> found a spike in ER visits of adults and kids experiencing lung and heart ailments three to five months after the Tubbs Fire. [ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, like with daily air pollution, Balmes said, it’s pretty clear that inhalation of particulate matter from smoke can cause harm over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A child could be exposed to wildfire smoke for a period and have some increase in airway inflammation,” he said, “which would then put them at greater risk of exacerbations from allergens that they’re sensitized to, or make them more at risk for having exacerbation when they get a cold.” [aside tag=\"wildfires\" label=\"more coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New record-setting blazes would follow the Tubbs Fire. In November 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/camp-fire\">the Camp Fire decimated the town of Paradise\u003c/a> in Butte County, spreading smoke laden with toxins from burning plastics and other industrial materials for hundreds of miles. Three months later, Ta’Kira was back in the hospital again. “Working very hard to breathe,” her medical notes say. “Unable to hold a long conversation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was scared because I had to get an IV,” she said. “They always put it in the same arm. But then this one nurse she knew I was scared so she took her time putting the fluid all the way in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira put on a brave face about that IV, and about the ambulance ride she took hours later, when she was transferred to the pediatric ICU in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mom, Shawntierra, is a singer. And Ta’Kira says during that time in ICU, she often sang — especially during her long overnight stays on a pull-out couch next to her daughter’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Shawntierra, these hospitalizations have been terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just remember crying a lot,” she said, “because they kept coming in the room doing extra stuff to her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira is not alone in her medical struggles. \u003ca href=\"https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=15\">Black children like her are disproportionately affected by asthma\u003c/a>, more likely to be hospitalized for it, and even to die from it. Especially in low-income neighborhoods like the Vallejo census tract where Ta’Kira has lived for her entire young life. Data show that more Black people live in that neighborhood than anywhere else in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11836544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11836544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1441\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Residents from downtown Vallejo’s Marina Vista Gardens say wildfire smoke easily permeates poor-quality aluminum window frames at the apartment complex, contributing to indoor pollution. \u003ccite>(Lee Romney/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those concerning asthma statistics for Black children, Balmes said, are due in part to higher exposure to air pollution in low-income neighborhoods from sources such as industry and freeway soot. But also, he said, because of more indirect factors including discrimination, poor housing, poverty, noise and garbage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about those trends, he said, wildfire smoke is “likely to differentially impact kids in these neighborhoods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During every wildfire-related smoke event, Ta’Kira’s mom said, she has made sure to follow public health advice to keep the ground-floor apartment’s windows and doors closed. But that only helps if they keep the smoke out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marina Vista’s oldest apartment buildings were built about 50 years ago. And about half a dozen residents — including Shawntierra — said smoke comes right in through the flimsy aluminum window frames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garbage is a problem at Marina Vista, too. It attracts critters whose droppings are common asthma triggers. Large, bulky, open-topped garbage bins sit just feet from Shawntierra’s unit, across a narrow pathway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawntierra said management should move them farther away from the living units, “or at least spray more often for roaches and mice. Sometimes we’ll see them all outside the apartments and inside. Just everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, Ta’Kira was back at the ER again, on a cardiac monitor, getting a continuous flow of asthma meds through a nebulizer. Her lungs were already compromised when, a week later, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782314/what-you-need-to-know-sonoma-countys-kincade-fire\">the Kincade Fire\u003c/a> started burning within 100 miles of her home, blanketing Vallejo in smoke. Two weeks later, she was back at the ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year has been a bit better for Ta’Kira when it comes to asthma attacks, her mother said. Maybe because she’s getting older. Maybe because the medicines she takes each day are doing their job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Ta’Kira Dannette Byrd, 11']'I worry about fires a lot.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last month’s lightning-triggered blazes bumped California into yet another unprecedented crisis: A record-breaking number of “Spare the Air” days led millions of residents — at least, those who were able — to take shelter indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a week into those bad-air days, I went back to Marina Gardens to visit Shawntierra and Ta’Kira. Even though Ta’Kira had only been to the ER once in the past few months, mom said she was “very, very worried” about the relentless smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be cautious, she and the kids had been taking refuge at Shawntierra’s mom’s home in Contra Costa County. Even though outside air quality there has been lousy, too, her place has higher-quality windows and doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She lives in a two-story so it’s a lot more space for her,” Shawntierra said, “and when you enter in her house it’s just pure, clean. Clean air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma has been a part of Ta’Kira’s life for years now. Inhaling tiny harmful particulate matter from wildfire smoke — that’s just one of her many triggers. But it’s joined the list of forces outside her control that cause her anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about fires a lot,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira was quiet on that last visit, saying she felt “fine.” But a few minutes later, Shawntierra called with an update: Ta’Kira, she said, had just told her that her chest had been hurting at night. She’d been keeping it to herself, because she was worried about going back to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As we’ve seen with the coronavirus pandemic, place and race play a role in who is impacted most by wildfire smoke. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1599502726,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":48,"wordCount":1891},"headData":{"title":"Poverty and Racism Leave People More Vulnerable to Wildfire Smoke | KQED","description":"As we’ve seen with the coronavirus pandemic, place and race play a role in who is impacted most by wildfire smoke. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Poverty and Racism Leave People More Vulnerable to Wildfire Smoke","datePublished":"2020-09-04T23:00:53.000Z","dateModified":"2020-09-07T18:18:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11836398 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11836398","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/09/04/who-is-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-smoke-poverty-and-racism-play-a-part/","disqusTitle":"Poverty and Racism Leave People More Vulnerable to Wildfire Smoke","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/bf6e33fc-d44d-4d77-b7e4-ac2c017f72c6/audio.mp3","nprByline":"Lee Romney","path":"/news/11836398/who-is-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-smoke-poverty-and-racism-play-a-part","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ta’Kira Dannette Byrd is thin and lithe, like a blade of wild grass swaying in the wind. The little girl was diagnosed with asthma when she was 5 years old. Her first major health crisis came three years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers being “really really sick” all day. Then, in the middle of the night, her cat went bounding into mom’s room, yowling, and woke her up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess, like, my face was all purple and stuff and I couldn’t breathe,” said Ta’Kira, now 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mom, Shawntierra Dolton, came running into the living room, where Ta’Kira sleeps. She took one look at her daughter’s face and “hurried up and put the treatment on her.” Then they rushed to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years that followed, the routine became an all-too-regular part of life for the Vallejo family. And the massive wildfires that burned every year almost certainly played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme fire seasons seem to be the new normal in the American West. The spate of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11834132/see-where-wildfires-are-burning-in-california\">lightning-sparked blazes\u003c/a> that recently blanketed California in unhealthy smoke is just the most recent reminder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is affected equally. Just as we’ve seen with the coronavirus pandemic, place and race play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira lives with her mom and two younger brothers at the Marina Vista Apartments — a low-income housing development comprised of blocky two-story buildings in downtown Vallejo. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://healthyplacesindex.org\">California Healthy Places Index\u003c/a>, developed by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California, their neighborhood is one of the least healthy in the entire state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the poor health outcomes: high asthma rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11836549\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11836549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44653_TaKiraDrawing-qut-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ta’Kira, 11, colors in her notebook at home in Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lee Romney/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Ta’Kira, living with a condition that regularly inflames her airways can be scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have PE and I run a lot, it makes me feel kind of weak and stuff,” she said. “It feels like my lungs are just closing up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Ta’Kira tends to put a positive spin on things — even during an emergency treatment of oxygen and helium that doctors administered during that first hospitalization, to open up her lungs. Known as Heliox, the treatment is reserved for the most serious cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was put on that for an hour,” she said in a playful sing-song, “and I couldn’t even talk because the thing was on my mouth and on my nose. It made me sound like a squeaky mouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days later, Ta’Kira went home with a bunch of new prescriptions. But her medical records, which Shawntierra shared with KQED, reveal that she ran out of some key maintenance meds over the next few years — partly because of hitches with her Medi-Cal, the state’s government insurance program that serves low-income families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'Based on what we know from outdoor air pollution and about asthma biology in general, the effects can be cumulative.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Dr. John Balmes, professor of medicine and environmental health sciences at UCSF and UC Berkeley","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those hardships are just one example of how wealth can impact health — gaps in Ta’Kira’s treatment made controlling her asthma harder, and she landed back in the ER again and again. Then wildfires — record-breaking in their scope and devastation — started burning, beginning with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/tubbs-fire\">the Tubbs Fire in October 2017\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blaze raged through Sonoma and Napa counties, destroying several Santa Rosa neighborhoods. Even though it burned a ways from Vallejo, wildfires produce tiny particulate matter that can travel great distances and lodge deep in the lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the year that followed, Ta’Kira was rushed to the ER with bad asthma attacks every three to four months. But those visits didn’t happen on the days when the smoke was at its worst, though she felt it in her chest. Instead, Ta’Kira ended up visiting the ER repeatedly in the weeks and months that followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. John Balmes, a professor of medicine and environmental health sciences at UCSF and UC Berkeley who studies the impact of air pollution on kids, said that’s not surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Based on what we know from outdoor air pollution and about asthma biology in general, the effects can be cumulative,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short-term impacts of wildfire smoke are well documented. Studies have shown that smoky days correlate with spikes in ER visits for lung and heart problems in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for long-term health effects, there’s a lot we still don’t know. A recent Stanford University study showed potentially lasting damage to the immune systems of kids who’d been exposed to fire smoke. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\">an investigation by the Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> found a spike in ER visits of adults and kids experiencing lung and heart ailments three to five months after the Tubbs Fire. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, like with daily air pollution, Balmes said, it’s pretty clear that inhalation of particulate matter from smoke can cause harm over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A child could be exposed to wildfire smoke for a period and have some increase in airway inflammation,” he said, “which would then put them at greater risk of exacerbations from allergens that they’re sensitized to, or make them more at risk for having exacerbation when they get a cold.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"tag":"wildfires","label":"more coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New record-setting blazes would follow the Tubbs Fire. In November 2018, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/camp-fire\">the Camp Fire decimated the town of Paradise\u003c/a> in Butte County, spreading smoke laden with toxins from burning plastics and other industrial materials for hundreds of miles. Three months later, Ta’Kira was back in the hospital again. “Working very hard to breathe,” her medical notes say. “Unable to hold a long conversation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was scared because I had to get an IV,” she said. “They always put it in the same arm. But then this one nurse she knew I was scared so she took her time putting the fluid all the way in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira put on a brave face about that IV, and about the ambulance ride she took hours later, when she was transferred to the pediatric ICU in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mom, Shawntierra, is a singer. And Ta’Kira says during that time in ICU, she often sang — especially during her long overnight stays on a pull-out couch next to her daughter’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Shawntierra, these hospitalizations have been terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just remember crying a lot,” she said, “because they kept coming in the room doing extra stuff to her.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira is not alone in her medical struggles. \u003ca href=\"https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=15\">Black children like her are disproportionately affected by asthma\u003c/a>, more likely to be hospitalized for it, and even to die from it. Especially in low-income neighborhoods like the Vallejo census tract where Ta’Kira has lived for her entire young life. Data show that more Black people live in that neighborhood than anywhere else in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11836544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11836544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1441\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/09/RS44654_MarinaGardens-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Residents from downtown Vallejo’s Marina Vista Gardens say wildfire smoke easily permeates poor-quality aluminum window frames at the apartment complex, contributing to indoor pollution. \u003ccite>(Lee Romney/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those concerning asthma statistics for Black children, Balmes said, are due in part to higher exposure to air pollution in low-income neighborhoods from sources such as industry and freeway soot. But also, he said, because of more indirect factors including discrimination, poor housing, poverty, noise and garbage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about those trends, he said, wildfire smoke is “likely to differentially impact kids in these neighborhoods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During every wildfire-related smoke event, Ta’Kira’s mom said, she has made sure to follow public health advice to keep the ground-floor apartment’s windows and doors closed. But that only helps if they keep the smoke out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marina Vista’s oldest apartment buildings were built about 50 years ago. And about half a dozen residents — including Shawntierra — said smoke comes right in through the flimsy aluminum window frames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garbage is a problem at Marina Vista, too. It attracts critters whose droppings are common asthma triggers. Large, bulky, open-topped garbage bins sit just feet from Shawntierra’s unit, across a narrow pathway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawntierra said management should move them farther away from the living units, “or at least spray more often for roaches and mice. Sometimes we’ll see them all outside the apartments and inside. Just everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, Ta’Kira was back at the ER again, on a cardiac monitor, getting a continuous flow of asthma meds through a nebulizer. Her lungs were already compromised when, a week later, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782314/what-you-need-to-know-sonoma-countys-kincade-fire\">the Kincade Fire\u003c/a> started burning within 100 miles of her home, blanketing Vallejo in smoke. Two weeks later, she was back at the ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year has been a bit better for Ta’Kira when it comes to asthma attacks, her mother said. Maybe because she’s getting older. Maybe because the medicines she takes each day are doing their job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'I worry about fires a lot.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Ta’Kira Dannette Byrd, 11","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last month’s lightning-triggered blazes bumped California into yet another unprecedented crisis: A record-breaking number of “Spare the Air” days led millions of residents — at least, those who were able — to take shelter indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a week into those bad-air days, I went back to Marina Gardens to visit Shawntierra and Ta’Kira. Even though Ta’Kira had only been to the ER once in the past few months, mom said she was “very, very worried” about the relentless smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be cautious, she and the kids had been taking refuge at Shawntierra’s mom’s home in Contra Costa County. Even though outside air quality there has been lousy, too, her place has higher-quality windows and doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She lives in a two-story so it’s a lot more space for her,” Shawntierra said, “and when you enter in her house it’s just pure, clean. Clean air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma has been a part of Ta’Kira’s life for years now. Inhaling tiny harmful particulate matter from wildfire smoke — that’s just one of her many triggers. But it’s joined the list of forces outside her control that cause her anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about fires a lot,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ta’Kira was quiet on that last visit, saying she felt “fine.” But a few minutes later, Shawntierra called with an update: Ta’Kira, she said, had just told her that her chest had been hurting at night. She’d been keeping it to herself, because she was worried about going back to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11836398/who-is-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-smoke-poverty-and-racism-play-a-part","authors":["byline_news_11836398"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_19906","news_457","news_8"],"tags":["news_18145","news_18543","news_2936","news_273","news_4463"],"featImg":"news_11836543","label":"news_72"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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