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Send news tips to slewis@kqed.org.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/03fd6b21024f99d8b0a1966654586de7?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"SukeyLewis","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sukey Lewis | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/03fd6b21024f99d8b0a1966654586de7?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/03fd6b21024f99d8b0a1966654586de7?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/slewis"},"aehsanipour":{"type":"authors","id":"11580","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11580","found":true},"name":"Asal Ehsanipour","firstName":"Asal","lastName":"Ehsanipour","slug":"aehsanipour","email":"aehsanipour@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"Reporter and Producer","bio":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">Asal Ehsanipour is a producer and reporter for Rightnowish, Bay Curious and The California Report Magazine. She is also a producer for \u003ca href=\"https://www.thedoubleshift.com/\">The Double Shift\u003c/a>, a podcast about a new generation of working mothers. In 2018, Asal was named an Emerging Journalist Fellow by the Journalism and Women’s Symposium. Her work has appeared on KQED, KALW, PRI’s The World, and in several food and travel publications.\u003c/p>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c0e210438f5dca1b76921ff9f0eada52?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Asal Ehsanipour | KQED","description":"Reporter and Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c0e210438f5dca1b76921ff9f0eada52?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c0e210438f5dca1b76921ff9f0eada52?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aehsanipour"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"news_11966417":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11966417","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11966417","score":null,"sort":[1699192846000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"community-college-professors-allege-new-diversity-policies-infringe-on-academic-freedom","title":"Community College Professors Allege New Diversity Policies Infringe on Academic Freedom","publishDate":1699192846,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Community College Professors Allege New Diversity Policies Infringe on Academic Freedom | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Bill Blanken, a chemistry professor at Reedley College, said a new diversity and equity policy in California’s community colleges amounts to a “loyalty oath” and “compelled speech” that runs afoul of free speech and academic freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanken, along with five other tenured professors in State Center Community College District, are challenging new California Community College diversity policies that change the way employees are evaluated. A lawsuit, filed in August, describes the plaintiffs as critics of anti-racism and diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility (DEIA) principles who are concerned that these stances could result in negative performance evaluations or even losing their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need legal protection,” Blanken said in an interview with EdSource on Oct. 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Board of Governors for the California Community Colleges adopted new regulations requiring local districts to evaluate employees, including faculty, on their competency in working with a diverse student population. Local districts were required to be in compliance last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanken disagrees with the DEIA policy’s premise that racism is embedded in institutions, including California’s community colleges, or in disciplines such as chemistry, math and physics. He argues that these fields should be taught in a way that is race- and gender-neutral. That is at the crux of the lawsuit by the six plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Jill Wagner, spokesperson, State Center Community College District\"]‘DEIA initiatives have sparked many important conversations spanning decades, and as this issue continues to evolve, efforts to address them will continue to be at the forefront.’[/pullquote]Filed by free speech advocacy group Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE), \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.thefire.org/news/lawsuit-fire-sues-stop-california-forcing-professors-teach-dei\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://www.thefire.org/news/lawsuit-fire-sues-stop-california-forcing-professors-teach-dei\">the suit\u003c/a> names California Community College Chancellor Sonya Christian, the board of governors of the California Community Colleges as well as the chancellor and governing board of State Center Community College District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related suit, filed in June on behalf of Bakersfield College history professor Daymon Johnson, targets the chancellor and board of the Kern Community College District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Center Community College District, which serves Fresno and surrounding central San Joaquin Valley communities, is one of the first districts in the state to include these new diversity requirements in its \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.scccd.edu/_uploaded-files/documents/scccd-scft-agreement-ft-2022-2025-05.9.23-accessible-copy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest faculty contract (PDF)\u003c/a>. The district said in a statement that it will defend its implementation of the state’s DEIA regulations and its collaborative effort with the State Center Federation of Teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The District now and forever will be a welcoming place for a diverse population, with a commitment to access and inclusion,” wrote Jill Wagner, spokesperson for State Center Community College District. “DEIA initiatives have sparked many important conversations spanning decades, and as this issue continues to evolve, efforts to address them will continue to be at the forefront.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s new evaluation process requires instructional faculty to demonstrate “teaching and learning practices that reflect DEIA and anti-racist principles,” in addition to a written self-evaluation on the faculty’s “understanding” of DEIA competencies and “anti-racist principles,” with the goal of improving “equitable student outcomes and course completion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these principles will play out in the next rounds of evaluation is still uncertain. Blanken said he has not received guidance from his department. A September memo by State Center’s human resources department noted that the district and academic senate have yet to develop uniform training guidelines for evaluations, and that meanwhile, “evaluatees should, in good faith, review the language in the contract and do their best to speak to how they have demonstrated or shown progress toward practices that embrace the DEIA principles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Ortner, the FIRE attorney representing the State Center professors said, “That’s not good enough when free speech is on the line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortner added that broad, undefined regulations could have a “chilling effect” on speech in the classroom. Plaintiffs are particularly concerned about a \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.asccc.org/sites/default/files/CCC_DEI-in-Curriculum_Model_Principles_and_Practices_June_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">framework released by the California Community College Curriculum Committee (PDF)\u003c/a> that warns professors not to “‘weaponize’ academic freedom and academic integrity in an academic discipline or inflict curricular trauma” on historically marginalized students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the suit, plaintiffs said they have changed the way they teach their classes this semester because of the new DEIA policies. Loren Palsgaard, English professor at Madera Community College, said he will no longer assign texts that contain racial slurs, including Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and works by William Faulkner and Flannery O’Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A response filed on Oct. 2 by California Attorney General Rob Bonta, on behalf of the chancellor and the board of governors challenges the claim the DEIA policies bar professors from using these texts, adding that this framework is not binding and only provides a reference for college districts creating their own DEIA policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance “expresses competencies the Chancellor’s Office endorses, but does not require,” wrote Melissa Villarin, spokesperson for the state Chancellor’s Office. “The regulations do not impose penalties on district employees. They are intended to contribute to employee professional development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erwin Chemerinsky, dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law, said that it is well within a college’s rights to not only prescribe the curriculum for courses but to insist that faculty be sensitive to teaching a diverse student body. He added, however, that schools cannot require that faculty espouse a particular viewpoint in their teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is whether this is more the former than the latter,” Chemerinsky wrote in an email to EdSource, adding that he believes the government has a strong argument that this is within its realm of prescribing a curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is hard to say on this record that the First Amendment has been violated,” Chemerisky wrote. “It would be different if a teacher was being disciplined and bringing a challenge.” None of the plaintiffs in the suits has been disciplined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Daniel Ortner, FIRE attorney representing State Center professors\"]‘A lot of colleges have anti-discrimination protections that make students feel welcome, such as tutoring, mentoring. There are a lot of things that you can do that don’t impinge on free speech.’[/pullquote]A separate \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.ifs.org/cases/johnson-v-watkin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://www.ifs.org/cases/johnson-v-watkin/\">suit\u003c/a>, filed by the Institute for Free Speech on behalf of Bakersfield College professor Daymon Johnson, points to the firing of Matthew Garrett, a professor who had been critical of DEIA initiatives. Garrett was not subject to new DEIA policies affecting faculty evaluations. However, Johnson’s suit claims that he worries that he, too, could lose his job, because he shares many of the same conservative values and anti-DEIA stances as Garrett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kern Community College District said in a statement that Garrett was not terminated because of his opinions on DEIA or other free speech issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matthew Garrett was terminated after a lengthy and detailed examination of his disciplinary violations at Bakersfield College,” said district spokesperson Norma Rojas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plaintiffs in both suits have asked the court for a preliminary injunction that would prevent the California Community Colleges’ DEIA policy — as well as State Center Community College District’s faculty contract — from going into immediate effect. The request remains pending in federal court, and no hearing date is currently set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortner said he is not aware of any other lawsuits from California’s 116 community colleges that are targeting the new DEIA policies, but he’s keeping his eye on the issue statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of colleges have anti-discrimination protections that make students feel welcome, such as tutoring, mentoring. There are a lot of things that you can do that don’t impinge on free speech,” Ortner said. “California colleges are much more aggressive and forward in advocating for these principles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/community-college-professors-allege-new-diversity-policies-infringe-on-academic-freedom/699920\">This story originally appeared in EdSource.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":" A lawsuit, filed in August, describes the plaintiffs as critics of anti-racism and diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility (DEIA) principles who are concerned that these stances could result in negative performance evaluations or even losing their jobs.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1705885162,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1353},"headData":{"title":"Community College Professors Allege New Diversity Policies Infringe on Academic Freedom | KQED","description":" A lawsuit, filed in August, describes the plaintiffs as critics of anti-racism and diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility (DEIA) principles who are concerned that these stances could result in negative performance evaluations or even losing their jobs.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"edsource","sourceUrl":"https://edsource.org/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/author/egallegos\">Emma Gallegos\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11966417/community-college-professors-allege-new-diversity-policies-infringe-on-academic-freedom","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bill Blanken, a chemistry professor at Reedley College, said a new diversity and equity policy in California’s community colleges amounts to a “loyalty oath” and “compelled speech” that runs afoul of free speech and academic freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanken, along with five other tenured professors in State Center Community College District, are challenging new California Community College diversity policies that change the way employees are evaluated. A lawsuit, filed in August, describes the plaintiffs as critics of anti-racism and diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility (DEIA) principles who are concerned that these stances could result in negative performance evaluations or even losing their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need legal protection,” Blanken said in an interview with EdSource on Oct. 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Board of Governors for the California Community Colleges adopted new regulations requiring local districts to evaluate employees, including faculty, on their competency in working with a diverse student population. Local districts were required to be in compliance last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanken disagrees with the DEIA policy’s premise that racism is embedded in institutions, including California’s community colleges, or in disciplines such as chemistry, math and physics. He argues that these fields should be taught in a way that is race- and gender-neutral. That is at the crux of the lawsuit by the six plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘DEIA initiatives have sparked many important conversations spanning decades, and as this issue continues to evolve, efforts to address them will continue to be at the forefront.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Jill Wagner, spokesperson, State Center Community College District","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Filed by free speech advocacy group Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE), \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.thefire.org/news/lawsuit-fire-sues-stop-california-forcing-professors-teach-dei\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://www.thefire.org/news/lawsuit-fire-sues-stop-california-forcing-professors-teach-dei\">the suit\u003c/a> names California Community College Chancellor Sonya Christian, the board of governors of the California Community Colleges as well as the chancellor and governing board of State Center Community College District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related suit, filed in June on behalf of Bakersfield College history professor Daymon Johnson, targets the chancellor and board of the Kern Community College District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Center Community College District, which serves Fresno and surrounding central San Joaquin Valley communities, is one of the first districts in the state to include these new diversity requirements in its \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.scccd.edu/_uploaded-files/documents/scccd-scft-agreement-ft-2022-2025-05.9.23-accessible-copy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest faculty contract (PDF)\u003c/a>. The district said in a statement that it will defend its implementation of the state’s DEIA regulations and its collaborative effort with the State Center Federation of Teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The District now and forever will be a welcoming place for a diverse population, with a commitment to access and inclusion,” wrote Jill Wagner, spokesperson for State Center Community College District. “DEIA initiatives have sparked many important conversations spanning decades, and as this issue continues to evolve, efforts to address them will continue to be at the forefront.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s new evaluation process requires instructional faculty to demonstrate “teaching and learning practices that reflect DEIA and anti-racist principles,” in addition to a written self-evaluation on the faculty’s “understanding” of DEIA competencies and “anti-racist principles,” with the goal of improving “equitable student outcomes and course completion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these principles will play out in the next rounds of evaluation is still uncertain. Blanken said he has not received guidance from his department. A September memo by State Center’s human resources department noted that the district and academic senate have yet to develop uniform training guidelines for evaluations, and that meanwhile, “evaluatees should, in good faith, review the language in the contract and do their best to speak to how they have demonstrated or shown progress toward practices that embrace the DEIA principles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Ortner, the FIRE attorney representing the State Center professors said, “That’s not good enough when free speech is on the line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortner added that broad, undefined regulations could have a “chilling effect” on speech in the classroom. Plaintiffs are particularly concerned about a \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.asccc.org/sites/default/files/CCC_DEI-in-Curriculum_Model_Principles_and_Practices_June_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">framework released by the California Community College Curriculum Committee (PDF)\u003c/a> that warns professors not to “‘weaponize’ academic freedom and academic integrity in an academic discipline or inflict curricular trauma” on historically marginalized students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the suit, plaintiffs said they have changed the way they teach their classes this semester because of the new DEIA policies. Loren Palsgaard, English professor at Madera Community College, said he will no longer assign texts that contain racial slurs, including Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and works by William Faulkner and Flannery O’Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A response filed on Oct. 2 by California Attorney General Rob Bonta, on behalf of the chancellor and the board of governors challenges the claim the DEIA policies bar professors from using these texts, adding that this framework is not binding and only provides a reference for college districts creating their own DEIA policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance “expresses competencies the Chancellor’s Office endorses, but does not require,” wrote Melissa Villarin, spokesperson for the state Chancellor’s Office. “The regulations do not impose penalties on district employees. They are intended to contribute to employee professional development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erwin Chemerinsky, dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law, said that it is well within a college’s rights to not only prescribe the curriculum for courses but to insist that faculty be sensitive to teaching a diverse student body. He added, however, that schools cannot require that faculty espouse a particular viewpoint in their teaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is whether this is more the former than the latter,” Chemerinsky wrote in an email to EdSource, adding that he believes the government has a strong argument that this is within its realm of prescribing a curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is hard to say on this record that the First Amendment has been violated,” Chemerisky wrote. “It would be different if a teacher was being disciplined and bringing a challenge.” None of the plaintiffs in the suits has been disciplined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘A lot of colleges have anti-discrimination protections that make students feel welcome, such as tutoring, mentoring. There are a lot of things that you can do that don’t impinge on free speech.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Daniel Ortner, FIRE attorney representing State Center professors","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A separate \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.ifs.org/cases/johnson-v-watkin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://www.ifs.org/cases/johnson-v-watkin/\">suit\u003c/a>, filed by the Institute for Free Speech on behalf of Bakersfield College professor Daymon Johnson, points to the firing of Matthew Garrett, a professor who had been critical of DEIA initiatives. Garrett was not subject to new DEIA policies affecting faculty evaluations. However, Johnson’s suit claims that he worries that he, too, could lose his job, because he shares many of the same conservative values and anti-DEIA stances as Garrett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kern Community College District said in a statement that Garrett was not terminated because of his opinions on DEIA or other free speech issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matthew Garrett was terminated after a lengthy and detailed examination of his disciplinary violations at Bakersfield College,” said district spokesperson Norma Rojas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plaintiffs in both suits have asked the court for a preliminary injunction that would prevent the California Community Colleges’ DEIA policy — as well as State Center Community College District’s faculty contract — from going into immediate effect. The request remains pending in federal court, and no hearing date is currently set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortner said he is not aware of any other lawsuits from California’s 116 community colleges that are targeting the new DEIA policies, but he’s keeping his eye on the issue statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of colleges have anti-discrimination protections that make students feel welcome, such as tutoring, mentoring. There are a lot of things that you can do that don’t impinge on free speech,” Ortner said. “California colleges are much more aggressive and forward in advocating for these principles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/community-college-professors-allege-new-diversity-policies-infringe-on-academic-freedom/699920\">This story originally appeared in EdSource.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11966417/community-college-professors-allege-new-diversity-policies-infringe-on-academic-freedom","authors":["byline_news_11966417"],"categories":["news_18540","news_8"],"tags":["news_33446","news_25365","news_32395","news_33447","news_20013","news_21405","news_23960","news_18797","news_19970"],"featImg":"news_11966418","label":"source_news_11966417"},"news_11894632":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11894632","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11894632","score":null,"sort":[1678456852000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"growing-up-mixed-and-grappling-with-the-question-what-are-you-listeners-weigh-in","title":"Growing Up Mixed and Grappling With the Question 'What Are You?': Listeners Weigh In","publishDate":1678456852,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/mixed-race\">\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">This post is part of a \u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">series of stories\u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\"> on The California Report Magazine about the experience of being mixed race.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally published in November of 2021. The \"Mixed!\" series will include new interviews through March and April of 2023. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identity is always complicated, and for multiracial folks who straddle many identities, it can be isolating. It can also be invigorating and rich to belong to multiple communities and celebrate that complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"More From the California Report's 'Mixed' Series\" postID=\"news_11894797,news_11894597\"]The latest census shows we mixed-race people are a demographic to pay attention to: 2020 data reflects a 276% increase in people who identify as multiracial compared to 2010. Yet mixed-race folks are only beginning to find space for our stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, The California Report Magazine's host, Sasha Khokha and guest host Marisa Lagos delve into the mixed-race experience, grounded in their own backgrounds. They talk with trailblazing artist Kip Fulbeck, whose photo projects are a platform for mixed-race folks to answer the question \"What Are You?\" in their own voices. We also listen in on a conversation between two listeners who share a similar background (Black/Filipina), but straddle different generations, which informs how they understand their identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bring you, our audience, into this series, The California Report and KQED has been reaching out to listeners to ask, \u003ca href=\"#anchor\">“What's something only fellow mixed folks understand about growing up mixed?”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of those responses:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Dianna K. Bautista, Berkeley\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894645\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894645 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"A multiracial family stands together outside, with a copper-colored guardrail, trees and a forest in the background. The father is tall in a light blue hoodie, with an arm around the mother who is in a black jacket and smiling, with their daughter on the far left in a red hoodie and glasses, also smiling. They appear to be on a tourist trip. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-1536x862.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dianna K. Bautista, left, with her parents. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dianna K. Bautista)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'm Filipino on my mom's side, and my dad is mixed like me. He is Filipino, African American, Native American, French and Spanish. My dad would tell me how it was like for my grandmother as a Black woman of color growing up in Arkansas. We would dive back [into our family history] and see how my Native American ancestors were sold in slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I just check one box, I feel like it doesn't fully represent who I am. But when I check multiple boxes, I'm always questioning if I have enough of that heritage, enough of that ethnicity to check that box. And you're in the middle of having a mini-identity crisis because you're not sure which box to check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was reading about this mixed Iranian journalist who is saying how her mixed experience was like floating. It's kind of cool because, yeah, ambiguous skin means that you’re accepted in different groups and different ethnicities and you get to experience that diversity. But there's also negatives to that because you're ambiguous. People are going to assign stereotypes based on what they think you are and you don't have control over that.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Dylan Morimoto, San Francisco\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894644\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894644 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto.jpg\" alt=\"A family of three stands well-dressed in front of a few trees, outside on the grass. On the left, the mother is Jewish in a violet jacket and short gray hair, to the right is the father who is Japanese, sporting a brush-like mustache and in a suit and trenchcoat, with a slight smile that may be characterized as a smirk, and their son is in the center, well dressed in a suit with a close cropped haircut of his black hair, himself smirking.\" width=\"448\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto.jpg 448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dylan Morimoto, center, with his parents. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dylan Morimoto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My father is from Auburn, California, and he's Japanese, and my mom was born in Germany. She's Jewish. My father was incarcerated during World War II. My [dad's whole] family was incarcerated or interned during World War II. And then my mom, you know, left Nazi Germany. You know, I don't look Jewish. I don't really think I look kind of Asian-ish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration, [it was] really upsetting, given my family’s history. It’s nice to see, for me personally, I was happy to see Kamala Harris get elected, and seeing her, you know an African American and Asian woman, was really, really cool. And a Jewish husband, and a mixed family. I am in the same situation. I have two stepkids, so it’s nice to see that diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Sharon Ng, San Francisco\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894642\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894642 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A multiracial family, all decked out in mulitcolored Hawaiian style shirts. They're standing on a street with a similarly multi-colored mural behind them. The Argentinian father is bald, standing in the back on the left, with a bit of a serious look, the mother on the right, also in the back, is of multiracial Chinese and Latina descent, smiling with long earrings and shoulder-length black hair. Their two daughters stand in front of them, each sporting smiles and shoulder-length dark hair. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sharon Ng, right, with her husband and daughters. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Sharon Ng)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our family is kind of China-Latina mashed up. I am Chinese Malaysian and grew up in Vancouver, Canada. My American husband's family is Argentinian but he grew up in France. We met in New York. When people ask my daughter what her heritage is, she says, \"I am half Chinese and half Brooklyn!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I am Chinese by blood, culturally I struggled as a child to understand my “Chineseness” because I did not grow up speaking Mandarin at home, nor did I have the benefit of an extended family of aunties and grandparents to provide context about how to be Chinese. With limited Chinese affirmation and sense of place, it was quite confusing because Vancouver was really white in the '70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My husband] Ian's story is similar. He didn't grow up speaking Spanish, because the U.S. was all about assimilation back then. We feel that learning Spanish will help anchor our kids in part of their roots, which we don't feel we really had (we know our parents tried their very best). Together we are creating new traditions of what is beautiful and delicious: turkey stuffed with sticky rice, with empanadas and chimichurri on the side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\nThat said, we dream that our girls have a sense of belonging and experience affirmation of their multifaceted identities and cultural ways of being a “hyphenated” American. We feel really blessed to live in San Francisco, where we have lots of other friends who are raising mixed-race families. It really normalizes things for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Adrien Colón, Oakland\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894641\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894641 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon.jpg\" alt=\"A photo with an older, vintage camera look, inside a room with a Christmas tree on the left, white ceiling and wood paneling behind a family of three. The mother is White with brown straight hair, holding her son who is in what look like white and red trim pajamas with a Pac Man logo. The father on the right is Puerto Rican, sporting a bit of a serious face, with a dark brown beard and what the child in the middle, now grown up, described as an Afro. The father is in a striped beige polo, and the boy, who is looking down, has his arm around his neck \" width=\"604\" height=\"482\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon-160x128.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adrien Colón as a toddler, with his parents. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Adrien Colón)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So my mom is white and my dad is Puerto Rican. And I think growing up as a kid, I never really questioned it. And it's not until I got a little older that I heard this story about my dad not being allowed in my great-grandparents’ home. They were very much against my mom marrying my dad and they wouldn't allow him in their home because of the way that he looked, because of the color of his skin, the Afro that he wore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I continue to piece together my family tree, and seeing these people who come from all of these different places, and knowing that ... if something had happened to any one of them, that I wouldn't be here, which is a wild thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Stephen Zendejas, Tracy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894640\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894640 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas.jpg\" alt=\"A family of five stand, well-dressed, against an ornate door. They're all smiling. From left to right: a woman in a black and white patterned top with her arms behind her back, an older woman (the mom) in a dark blue blouse with a black undershirt and white necklace, a taller man (the dad) in a light blue dress shirt and navy blue patterned tie (his hair has specks of gray), a shorter woman in a simple black dress and a necklace with a pendant, a young man in a suit and tie similar to the older man's. \" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Zendejas, right, with his parents and siblings. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Stephen Zendajas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My dad is a third-generation Mexican American and my mom is an immigrant from the Philippines who is half Chinese. I would describe growing up as mixed race [as] kind of confusing and complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the concept of racial identity is sometimes still foreign and confusing to me because it's more social than it is scientific. But it's also not something that we can just completely ignore either.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>David Risher, San Francisco\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894639\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894639 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher.jpg\" alt=\"A bald man smiling, squinting a bit in the sun. He is multiracial, Black and white, standing in a paisley-patterned blue and white shirt against a background of trees that is slightly out of focus. \" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Risher. \u003ccite>(Courtesy fo David Risher)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[There are ] so many stories from my childhood in the '70s. I can't count the number of times someone cocked his or her head at me, paused, and asked, \"I've got a question for you. What are you?” It was so uncomfortable. My answer at the time: \"My mother is white, my father is Black. So I'm both.” Today, I just say I’m biracial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a story that sticks with me, from my time attending summer camp as a kid. One day, just before parents’ weekend, I overheard a fellow camper say, \"I don't know about you, but I'd be ashamed if I were you about having a Black dad and a white mom.” In fact, I wasn’t the least ashamed. But hearing that made me wonder, “Should I be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And [there’s] another story from my undergraduate years at Princeton. One evening, my well-meaning Black dorm-mate brought me into her room and said, \"David, at some point you're going to have to choose. If you don't, others will for you, and they’ll make their decision based on who your girlfriend is.” I was shocked, but I got it. People are detectives, looking for clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, after years working at Microsoft and then as an executive at Amazon, I run a Bay Area nonprofit called Worldreader. We use technology and local books from all around the world to help children discover the joy of reading. We’ve helped 19 million children so far, and we’re just getting started. One thing that sets us apart: No matter where we operate — in Africa, India, South America, or the U.S. — we lead with books from local publishers, full of stories of doctors, astronauts, scientists and writers who look like our readers. I bet you see the connection: If you can’t see it, you can’t be it!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ruben Villareal Halprin, San Francisco\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894638\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894638 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin.jpg\" alt='A father who \"Black Cuban\" sports close cropped hair and a mustache and a gray T-shirt, profiled from the side and looking at the camera. On his back is a smiling baby with lighter skin in a baby backpack, wearing a blue T-shirt. ' width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ruben Villareal Halprin as a baby, with his father. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Ruben Villareal Halprin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My mom, a Jewish girl from Boston, met my father, a Black Cuban, while at medical school in Cuba in the late '80s. They got married a couple of years later and I showed up shortly after that. I was the “white boy.” I was “Ruben the Cuban.” I was “blanquito.” It just depends on where I was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wonder sometimes if I looked a little more like my mom or a little more like my dad, how different my life would be. Mind you, that's not if my life would be different, but just how different. I love being mixed. I love dancing between the lines of the binaries that this society has built up ... . In a way, I represent the breaking of cultural and institutional barriers that exist or existed. But breaking down barriers may just be a poetic way of saying you're being slammed into a wall. And that's certainly what it sometimes felt like growing up mixed.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[hearken id=\"7528\" src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/7528.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Census data shows that mixed-race people are a demographic to pay attention to, yet our stories still aren't very visible. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1679511569,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1705},"headData":{"title":"Growing Up Mixed and Grappling With the Question 'What Are You?': Listeners Weigh In | KQED","description":"Census data shows that mixed-race people are a demographic to pay attention to, yet our stories still aren't very visible. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"The California Report Magazine ","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC8228930512.mp3?updated=1678320353","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11894632/growing-up-mixed-and-grappling-with-the-question-what-are-you-listeners-weigh-in","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/mixed-race\">\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">This post is part of a \u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\">series of stories\u003c/i>\u003ci data-stringify-type=\"italic\"> on The California Report Magazine about the experience of being mixed race.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally published in November of 2021. The \"Mixed!\" series will include new interviews through March and April of 2023. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identity is always complicated, and for multiracial folks who straddle many identities, it can be isolating. It can also be invigorating and rich to belong to multiple communities and celebrate that complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More From the California Report's 'Mixed' Series ","postid":"news_11894797,news_11894597"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The latest census shows we mixed-race people are a demographic to pay attention to: 2020 data reflects a 276% increase in people who identify as multiracial compared to 2010. Yet mixed-race folks are only beginning to find space for our stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, The California Report Magazine's host, Sasha Khokha and guest host Marisa Lagos delve into the mixed-race experience, grounded in their own backgrounds. They talk with trailblazing artist Kip Fulbeck, whose photo projects are a platform for mixed-race folks to answer the question \"What Are You?\" in their own voices. We also listen in on a conversation between two listeners who share a similar background (Black/Filipina), but straddle different generations, which informs how they understand their identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bring you, our audience, into this series, The California Report and KQED has been reaching out to listeners to ask, \u003ca href=\"#anchor\">“What's something only fellow mixed folks understand about growing up mixed?”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of those responses:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Dianna K. Bautista, Berkeley\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894645\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894645 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"A multiracial family stands together outside, with a copper-colored guardrail, trees and a forest in the background. The father is tall in a light blue hoodie, with an arm around the mother who is in a black jacket and smiling, with their daughter on the far left in a red hoodie and glasses, also smiling. They appear to be on a tourist trip. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista-1536x862.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dianna-Bautista.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dianna K. Bautista, left, with her parents. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dianna K. Bautista)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'm Filipino on my mom's side, and my dad is mixed like me. He is Filipino, African American, Native American, French and Spanish. My dad would tell me how it was like for my grandmother as a Black woman of color growing up in Arkansas. We would dive back [into our family history] and see how my Native American ancestors were sold in slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I just check one box, I feel like it doesn't fully represent who I am. But when I check multiple boxes, I'm always questioning if I have enough of that heritage, enough of that ethnicity to check that box. And you're in the middle of having a mini-identity crisis because you're not sure which box to check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was reading about this mixed Iranian journalist who is saying how her mixed experience was like floating. It's kind of cool because, yeah, ambiguous skin means that you’re accepted in different groups and different ethnicities and you get to experience that diversity. But there's also negatives to that because you're ambiguous. People are going to assign stereotypes based on what they think you are and you don't have control over that.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Dylan Morimoto, San Francisco\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894644\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894644 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto.jpg\" alt=\"A family of three stands well-dressed in front of a few trees, outside on the grass. On the left, the mother is Jewish in a violet jacket and short gray hair, to the right is the father who is Japanese, sporting a brush-like mustache and in a suit and trenchcoat, with a slight smile that may be characterized as a smirk, and their son is in the center, well dressed in a suit with a close cropped haircut of his black hair, himself smirking.\" width=\"448\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto.jpg 448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Dylan-Morimoto-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dylan Morimoto, center, with his parents. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dylan Morimoto)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My father is from Auburn, California, and he's Japanese, and my mom was born in Germany. She's Jewish. My father was incarcerated during World War II. My [dad's whole] family was incarcerated or interned during World War II. And then my mom, you know, left Nazi Germany. You know, I don't look Jewish. I don't really think I look kind of Asian-ish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration, [it was] really upsetting, given my family’s history. It’s nice to see, for me personally, I was happy to see Kamala Harris get elected, and seeing her, you know an African American and Asian woman, was really, really cool. And a Jewish husband, and a mixed family. I am in the same situation. I have two stepkids, so it’s nice to see that diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>Sharon Ng, San Francisco\u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894642\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894642 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A multiracial family, all decked out in mulitcolored Hawaiian style shirts. They're standing on a street with a similarly multi-colored mural behind them. The Argentinian father is bald, standing in the back on the left, with a bit of a serious look, the mother on the right, also in the back, is of multiracial Chinese and Latina descent, smiling with long earrings and shoulder-length black hair. Their two daughters stand in front of them, each sporting smiles and shoulder-length dark hair. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Sharon-Ng.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sharon Ng, right, with her husband and daughters. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Sharon Ng)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our family is kind of China-Latina mashed up. I am Chinese Malaysian and grew up in Vancouver, Canada. My American husband's family is Argentinian but he grew up in France. We met in New York. When people ask my daughter what her heritage is, she says, \"I am half Chinese and half Brooklyn!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I am Chinese by blood, culturally I struggled as a child to understand my “Chineseness” because I did not grow up speaking Mandarin at home, nor did I have the benefit of an extended family of aunties and grandparents to provide context about how to be Chinese. With limited Chinese affirmation and sense of place, it was quite confusing because Vancouver was really white in the '70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My husband] Ian's story is similar. He didn't grow up speaking Spanish, because the U.S. was all about assimilation back then. We feel that learning Spanish will help anchor our kids in part of their roots, which we don't feel we really had (we know our parents tried their very best). Together we are creating new traditions of what is beautiful and delicious: turkey stuffed with sticky rice, with empanadas and chimichurri on the side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThat said, we dream that our girls have a sense of belonging and experience affirmation of their multifaceted identities and cultural ways of being a “hyphenated” American. We feel really blessed to live in San Francisco, where we have lots of other friends who are raising mixed-race families. It really normalizes things for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Adrien Colón, Oakland\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894641\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894641 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon.jpg\" alt=\"A photo with an older, vintage camera look, inside a room with a Christmas tree on the left, white ceiling and wood paneling behind a family of three. The mother is White with brown straight hair, holding her son who is in what look like white and red trim pajamas with a Pac Man logo. The father on the right is Puerto Rican, sporting a bit of a serious face, with a dark brown beard and what the child in the middle, now grown up, described as an Afro. The father is in a striped beige polo, and the boy, who is looking down, has his arm around his neck \" width=\"604\" height=\"482\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Adrien-Colon-160x128.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adrien Colón as a toddler, with his parents. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Adrien Colón)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So my mom is white and my dad is Puerto Rican. And I think growing up as a kid, I never really questioned it. And it's not until I got a little older that I heard this story about my dad not being allowed in my great-grandparents’ home. They were very much against my mom marrying my dad and they wouldn't allow him in their home because of the way that he looked, because of the color of his skin, the Afro that he wore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I continue to piece together my family tree, and seeing these people who come from all of these different places, and knowing that ... if something had happened to any one of them, that I wouldn't be here, which is a wild thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Stephen Zendejas, Tracy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894640\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894640 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas.jpg\" alt=\"A family of five stand, well-dressed, against an ornate door. They're all smiling. From left to right: a woman in a black and white patterned top with her arms behind her back, an older woman (the mom) in a dark blue blouse with a black undershirt and white necklace, a taller man (the dad) in a light blue dress shirt and navy blue patterned tie (his hair has specks of gray), a shorter woman in a simple black dress and a necklace with a pendant, a young man in a suit and tie similar to the older man's. \" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Stephen-Zendajas-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stephen Zendejas, right, with his parents and siblings. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Stephen Zendajas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My dad is a third-generation Mexican American and my mom is an immigrant from the Philippines who is half Chinese. I would describe growing up as mixed race [as] kind of confusing and complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the concept of racial identity is sometimes still foreign and confusing to me because it's more social than it is scientific. But it's also not something that we can just completely ignore either.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>David Risher, San Francisco\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894639\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894639 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher.jpg\" alt=\"A bald man smiling, squinting a bit in the sun. He is multiracial, Black and white, standing in a paisley-patterned blue and white shirt against a background of trees that is slightly out of focus. \" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/David-Risher-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Risher. \u003ccite>(Courtesy fo David Risher)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[There are ] so many stories from my childhood in the '70s. I can't count the number of times someone cocked his or her head at me, paused, and asked, \"I've got a question for you. What are you?” It was so uncomfortable. My answer at the time: \"My mother is white, my father is Black. So I'm both.” Today, I just say I’m biracial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a story that sticks with me, from my time attending summer camp as a kid. One day, just before parents’ weekend, I overheard a fellow camper say, \"I don't know about you, but I'd be ashamed if I were you about having a Black dad and a white mom.” In fact, I wasn’t the least ashamed. But hearing that made me wonder, “Should I be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And [there’s] another story from my undergraduate years at Princeton. One evening, my well-meaning Black dorm-mate brought me into her room and said, \"David, at some point you're going to have to choose. If you don't, others will for you, and they’ll make their decision based on who your girlfriend is.” I was shocked, but I got it. People are detectives, looking for clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, after years working at Microsoft and then as an executive at Amazon, I run a Bay Area nonprofit called Worldreader. We use technology and local books from all around the world to help children discover the joy of reading. We’ve helped 19 million children so far, and we’re just getting started. One thing that sets us apart: No matter where we operate — in Africa, India, South America, or the U.S. — we lead with books from local publishers, full of stories of doctors, astronauts, scientists and writers who look like our readers. I bet you see the connection: If you can’t see it, you can’t be it!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ruben Villareal Halprin, San Francisco\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894638\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11894638 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin.jpg\" alt='A father who \"Black Cuban\" sports close cropped hair and a mustache and a gray T-shirt, profiled from the side and looking at the camera. On his back is a smiling baby with lighter skin in a baby backpack, wearing a blue T-shirt. ' width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Ruben-Villareal-Halprin-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ruben Villareal Halprin as a baby, with his father. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Ruben Villareal Halprin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My mom, a Jewish girl from Boston, met my father, a Black Cuban, while at medical school in Cuba in the late '80s. They got married a couple of years later and I showed up shortly after that. I was the “white boy.” I was “Ruben the Cuban.” I was “blanquito.” It just depends on where I was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wonder sometimes if I looked a little more like my mom or a little more like my dad, how different my life would be. Mind you, that's not if my life would be different, but just how different. I love being mixed. I love dancing between the lines of the binaries that this society has built up ... . In a way, I represent the breaking of cultural and institutional barriers that exist or existed. But breaking down barriers may just be a poetic way of saying you're being slammed into a wall. And that's certainly what it sometimes felt like growing up mixed.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"hearken","attributes":{"named":{"id":"7528","src":"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/7528.js","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11894632/growing-up-mixed-and-grappling-with-the-question-what-are-you-listeners-weigh-in","authors":["254","3239"],"programs":["news_72","news_26731"],"categories":["news_223","news_8"],"tags":["news_482","news_27626","news_29069","news_30175","news_32533","news_28093","news_19970","news_29068"],"featImg":"news_11942674","label":"source_news_11894632"},"news_11894797":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11894797","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11894797","score":null,"sort":[1636150309000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-does-it-mean-to-be-mixed-a-conversation-between-generations","title":"What Does It Mean to Be Mixed? A Conversation Between Generations","publishDate":1636150309,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/mixed-race\">\u003ci>This post is part of a series of stories featured on this week’s episode of The California Report Magazine about the experience of being mixed race.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>For some mixed-race people, finding a sense of belonging can feel like a balancing act. One common experience is the feeling of being an outsider. But it can create a type of kinship that’s held together by loneliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Two California Report Magazine listeners who share a common background — their mothers are Filipina, their fathers are Black — sat down to have a conversation about identity and growing up mixed in different eras and different parts of the Golden State.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11895300 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2.png\" alt=\"Two women side by side.\" width=\"1367\" height=\"609\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2.png 1367w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2-800x356.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2-1020x454.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2-160x71.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1367px) 100vw, 1367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling, 48, (left) is a business owner in her hometown of San Francisco, and mother of two sons. Katrina Bullock, 21, is a student at UC Berkeley, where she's involved with the Mixed at Berkeley club. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Sieberling and Bullock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Camille Seiberling, 48, is a business owner in her hometown of San Francisco, where she grew up. She has two sons.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katrina Bullock, 21, a student at UC Berkeley, grew up in Santa Clarita, just outside Los Angeles. She helps run a program called \u003ca href=\"http://mixedatberkeley.com\">Mixed at Berkeley\u003c/a>, which aims to support mixed-race students who are the first in their families to go to college.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The question all mixed people get: “What are you?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KB: I'm an Aries. I am Black and Filipino. I'm a woman. I identify as a lot of things, [I’m] a multifaceted person. The question is definitely interesting. When I get asked it, I like to kind of give people a little bit more of my personality. I'm like, “Oh, I'm funny” or “I'm cool” or things like that. Just so they have to really explicitly ask, “What is your ethnic or racial background?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CS: I'm 48, and I've been asked that same question for a long time. When I was younger, it was awkward. Sometimes it depended on who was asking the question. If it was somebody who was white, I would be a little bit curious about why they're asking that question. If [it was] someone who is Filipino, too, or African American or mixed themselves, I would get what they're trying to figure out and it wouldn’t bother me as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894920\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11894920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family.jpeg 512w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-160x117.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling and her husband and two kids. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Camille Seiberling)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KB: Yeah, it really depends on who I'm interacting with and like how they construct race by their experiences. In Santa Clarita, which is a predominantly white community, the people there have a very narrow perception of Blackness. So when they see me, it's very much like I am the tokenized Black person, like I'm the representative of the Black community. Whereas when I interact with people who are in more multicultural spaces, or have a broadened view of the Black community, they will identify that I am mixed and treat me differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"More From the California Report's 'Mixed' Series\" postID=\"news_11894632,news_11894597\"]CS: I know there are Black and Filipino girls like Katrina, but I didn't have that growing up. There were mostly Black and white mixed women that I grew up around. I was really unique, and I still am, actually, in my group of friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: I think that we really all find like a collective identity in this feeling of never fitting in or never feeling like you're fully anything. And then when you find a space with other mixed people who feel the same way, then you kind of take a step back and realize, “Oh, I am a full person. I can be fully Black and fully Filipino. I can just be truly me without having to deal with other people's opinions on what my racial makeup is and like what that says about me. It's just truly who I am.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Race is a lot about how you're perceived\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>CS: Being mixed, I never really felt that people thought I was African American. I was an actress for a while, [and when] I was going out for parts, they always wanted me to be Latina. When I went to Vietnam, they thought I was Vietnamese. When I went to Morocco, they thought I was Moroccan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: Racially I think I present as Black. But culturally, I feel like I still hold Filipino traditions and practices. So growing up in a suburban community that's majority white, a lot of people have these racial assumptions like [from] the get-go. They see one Black person — because there's not that many Black people in my suburban city — and so they see me and they’re like, “OK, she knows everything. I bet she can rap all the Drake songs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894918\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11894918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katrina Bullock (far left) and her parents and sister. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Katrina Bullock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Anti-blackness within mixed families\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KB: One of the first racialized experiences I remember having was in my elementary school. I went to a school where there was a large Filipino population, and I had a classmate who was Filipino and our moms were friends. We were on the playground playing tag, and I tagged him. I'm sure I said something a little bit arrogant, like, “I got you,” and he turned around, and said, “Well, at least I'm not Black.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Later] [m]y dad [told my mom], “Well, she is Black. That's just something that she's going to learn.” That was just my first experience, understanding the aggression that I would face because I'm Black. From that moment forward, I think my dad made it a really strong point in our household for me to know my Black history. We watched a lot of movies and documentaries about Black history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid.jpeg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11894919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid.jpeg\" alt=\"A family photo of eight people in front of the TransAmerica Pyramid building in San Francisco.\" width=\"512\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid.jpeg 512w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid-160x101.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling, second from right, and the Filipino side of her family pose in front of San Francisco's Transamerica Pyramid. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Camille Seiberling)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CS: I didn't have that, not only because my parents separated, [but] because they didn't talk about our history or what they felt about it. I think it has a lot to do with coming out of the '60s and civil rights and my dad struggling. I feel like if he was there more, then I could talk to him about my feelings and get more information about how he was feeling about things. But I just had my mom's perspective, really. So I had to navigate these things myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894921\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11894921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-her-dad.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-her-dad.jpeg 502w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-her-dad-160x163.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling, hugging her father in an undated photo. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Camille Seiberling)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When my mom first decided to be with my dad, there were racist comments. I think [for] my grandmother, my dad not always being there [meant] her stereotypes came true and so were reinforced in some way. I remember the store down the street was owned by a Chinese couple. I remember, they used to always kind of be afraid of my dad coming in [to the store], like he was going to do something. I grew up with those things. They felt very familiar to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The curly hair chronicles\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KB: Once I hit middle school, I think that's when my mom gave me control over my hair. I had a lot of white peers who were straightening their hair. And so, I just adopted that and straightened my hair until probably like the middle of high school. Once I got to Berkeley — actually [in] my club \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/mixedatberkeley/\">Mixed at Berkeley\u003c/a> — they have a program called The Curly Hair Chronicles, where people talk about their curly hair experiences and how to properly deal with curly and textured hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894817\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11894817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katrina Bullock and friends who are part of Mixed at Berkeley, a club for mixed-race students. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Katrina Bullock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CS: I wish I had that. One thing that's good is that my mom didn't chemically straighten [my or] my sister's hair. I always say how it looks like ‘Chaka Khan hair’ when it’s down. But I always wear it up, back from my face. I think it's because of the attention I got, not wanting that attention. When I went to private schools, I was objectified. I got a lot of attention for being mixed or not white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: Mixed people are obviously fetishized. I believe that’s a tool of like white supremacy to keep us kind of subjugated and not thinking about the racial hierarchy. Why has our idea of beauty been shaped around being ethnically ambiguous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mom actually doesn't talk about race as much as my dad did. Just recently, we had a conversation about colorism. I was just telling her [that] in Black communities, I benefit from colorism. But in Filipino communities, I'm more like the victim of colorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up [in] Filipino communities, it was like, “You need to have whitening lotion,” and “You need to pin your nose together so it doesn't look so wide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CS: I think that right now the next generation is looking at this stuff and talking about it more, because there are more of us. When I hear Katrina, I feel that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: Camille, thank you so much for sharing your story. I absolutely love talking to people who are of the same mix because I think it just showcases how diverse the mixed community is. We come from the same racial background, her parents are of the same race [as my parents], but we have such different experiences growing up in different parts of the states during a different era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[hearken id=\"7528\" src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/7528.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"These two California Report Magazine listeners both have Filipina moms and Black dads, but navigate their mixed identities in different ways. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1678908997,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1666},"headData":{"title":"What Does It Mean to Be Mixed? A Conversation Between Generations | KQED","description":"These two California Report Magazine listeners both have Filipina moms and Black dads, but navigate their mixed identities in different ways. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/d7f7d74b-a2da-4f47-9994-add6017259fe/audio.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11894797/what-does-it-mean-to-be-mixed-a-conversation-between-generations","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/mixed-race\">\u003ci>This post is part of a series of stories featured on this week’s episode of The California Report Magazine about the experience of being mixed race.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>For some mixed-race people, finding a sense of belonging can feel like a balancing act. One common experience is the feeling of being an outsider. But it can create a type of kinship that’s held together by loneliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Two California Report Magazine listeners who share a common background — their mothers are Filipina, their fathers are Black — sat down to have a conversation about identity and growing up mixed in different eras and different parts of the Golden State.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11895300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11895300 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2.png\" alt=\"Two women side by side.\" width=\"1367\" height=\"609\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2.png 1367w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2-800x356.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2-1020x454.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/mixed2-160x71.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1367px) 100vw, 1367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling, 48, (left) is a business owner in her hometown of San Francisco, and mother of two sons. Katrina Bullock, 21, is a student at UC Berkeley, where she's involved with the Mixed at Berkeley club. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Sieberling and Bullock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Camille Seiberling, 48, is a business owner in her hometown of San Francisco, where she grew up. She has two sons.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katrina Bullock, 21, a student at UC Berkeley, grew up in Santa Clarita, just outside Los Angeles. She helps run a program called \u003ca href=\"http://mixedatberkeley.com\">Mixed at Berkeley\u003c/a>, which aims to support mixed-race students who are the first in their families to go to college.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The question all mixed people get: “What are you?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KB: I'm an Aries. I am Black and Filipino. I'm a woman. I identify as a lot of things, [I’m] a multifaceted person. The question is definitely interesting. When I get asked it, I like to kind of give people a little bit more of my personality. I'm like, “Oh, I'm funny” or “I'm cool” or things like that. Just so they have to really explicitly ask, “What is your ethnic or racial background?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CS: I'm 48, and I've been asked that same question for a long time. When I was younger, it was awkward. Sometimes it depended on who was asking the question. If it was somebody who was white, I would be a little bit curious about why they're asking that question. If [it was] someone who is Filipino, too, or African American or mixed themselves, I would get what they're trying to figure out and it wouldn’t bother me as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894920\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11894920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family.jpeg 512w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-160x117.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling and her husband and two kids. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Camille Seiberling)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KB: Yeah, it really depends on who I'm interacting with and like how they construct race by their experiences. In Santa Clarita, which is a predominantly white community, the people there have a very narrow perception of Blackness. So when they see me, it's very much like I am the tokenized Black person, like I'm the representative of the Black community. Whereas when I interact with people who are in more multicultural spaces, or have a broadened view of the Black community, they will identify that I am mixed and treat me differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More From the California Report's 'Mixed' Series ","postid":"news_11894632,news_11894597"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>CS: I know there are Black and Filipino girls like Katrina, but I didn't have that growing up. There were mostly Black and white mixed women that I grew up around. I was really unique, and I still am, actually, in my group of friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: I think that we really all find like a collective identity in this feeling of never fitting in or never feeling like you're fully anything. And then when you find a space with other mixed people who feel the same way, then you kind of take a step back and realize, “Oh, I am a full person. I can be fully Black and fully Filipino. I can just be truly me without having to deal with other people's opinions on what my racial makeup is and like what that says about me. It's just truly who I am.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Race is a lot about how you're perceived\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>CS: Being mixed, I never really felt that people thought I was African American. I was an actress for a while, [and when] I was going out for parts, they always wanted me to be Latina. When I went to Vietnam, they thought I was Vietnamese. When I went to Morocco, they thought I was Moroccan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: Racially I think I present as Black. But culturally, I feel like I still hold Filipino traditions and practices. So growing up in a suburban community that's majority white, a lot of people have these racial assumptions like [from] the get-go. They see one Black person — because there's not that many Black people in my suburban city — and so they see me and they’re like, “OK, she knows everything. I bet she can rap all the Drake songs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894918\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11894918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4645-e1635961139131.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katrina Bullock (far left) and her parents and sister. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Katrina Bullock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Anti-blackness within mixed families\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KB: One of the first racialized experiences I remember having was in my elementary school. I went to a school where there was a large Filipino population, and I had a classmate who was Filipino and our moms were friends. We were on the playground playing tag, and I tagged him. I'm sure I said something a little bit arrogant, like, “I got you,” and he turned around, and said, “Well, at least I'm not Black.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Later] [m]y dad [told my mom], “Well, she is Black. That's just something that she's going to learn.” That was just my first experience, understanding the aggression that I would face because I'm Black. From that moment forward, I think my dad made it a really strong point in our household for me to know my Black history. We watched a lot of movies and documentaries about Black history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid.jpeg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11894919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid.jpeg\" alt=\"A family photo of eight people in front of the TransAmerica Pyramid building in San Francisco.\" width=\"512\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid.jpeg 512w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-family-transamerica-pyramid-160x101.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling, second from right, and the Filipino side of her family pose in front of San Francisco's Transamerica Pyramid. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Camille Seiberling)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CS: I didn't have that, not only because my parents separated, [but] because they didn't talk about our history or what they felt about it. I think it has a lot to do with coming out of the '60s and civil rights and my dad struggling. I feel like if he was there more, then I could talk to him about my feelings and get more information about how he was feeling about things. But I just had my mom's perspective, really. So I had to navigate these things myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894921\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11894921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-her-dad.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-her-dad.jpeg 502w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/Camille-and-her-dad-160x163.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camille Seiberling, hugging her father in an undated photo. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Camille Seiberling)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When my mom first decided to be with my dad, there were racist comments. I think [for] my grandmother, my dad not always being there [meant] her stereotypes came true and so were reinforced in some way. I remember the store down the street was owned by a Chinese couple. I remember, they used to always kind of be afraid of my dad coming in [to the store], like he was going to do something. I grew up with those things. They felt very familiar to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The curly hair chronicles\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>KB: Once I hit middle school, I think that's when my mom gave me control over my hair. I had a lot of white peers who were straightening their hair. And so, I just adopted that and straightened my hair until probably like the middle of high school. Once I got to Berkeley — actually [in] my club \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/mixedatberkeley/\">Mixed at Berkeley\u003c/a> — they have a program called The Curly Hair Chronicles, where people talk about their curly hair experiences and how to properly deal with curly and textured hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11894817\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11894817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/11/IMG_4019-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katrina Bullock and friends who are part of Mixed at Berkeley, a club for mixed-race students. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Katrina Bullock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CS: I wish I had that. One thing that's good is that my mom didn't chemically straighten [my or] my sister's hair. I always say how it looks like ‘Chaka Khan hair’ when it’s down. But I always wear it up, back from my face. I think it's because of the attention I got, not wanting that attention. When I went to private schools, I was objectified. I got a lot of attention for being mixed or not white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: Mixed people are obviously fetishized. I believe that’s a tool of like white supremacy to keep us kind of subjugated and not thinking about the racial hierarchy. Why has our idea of beauty been shaped around being ethnically ambiguous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mom actually doesn't talk about race as much as my dad did. Just recently, we had a conversation about colorism. I was just telling her [that] in Black communities, I benefit from colorism. But in Filipino communities, I'm more like the victim of colorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up [in] Filipino communities, it was like, “You need to have whitening lotion,” and “You need to pin your nose together so it doesn't look so wide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CS: I think that right now the next generation is looking at this stuff and talking about it more, because there are more of us. When I hear Katrina, I feel that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KB: Camille, thank you so much for sharing your story. I absolutely love talking to people who are of the same mix because I think it just showcases how diverse the mixed community is. We come from the same racial background, her parents are of the same race [as my parents], but we have such different experiences growing up in different parts of the states during a different era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"hearken","attributes":{"named":{"id":"7528","src":"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/7528.js","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11894797/what-does-it-mean-to-be-mixed-a-conversation-between-generations","authors":["254","3239"],"programs":["news_72","news_26731"],"categories":["news_223","news_8"],"tags":["news_28877","news_20855","news_5056","news_28094","news_32533","news_28093","news_20219","news_19970","news_38","news_30181","news_17597"],"featImg":"news_11894840","label":"news_26731"},"news_11830384":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11830384","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11830384","score":null,"sort":[1596103248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-the-longest-student-strike-in-u-s-history-created-ethnic-studies","title":"Ethnic Studies: Born in the Bay Area from History's Biggest Student Strike","publishDate":1596103248,"format":"image","headTitle":"Ethnic Studies: Born in the Bay Area from History’s Biggest Student Strike | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Earlier this summer, education advocates scored a major win in the California state Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation passed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11825573/ethnic-studies-to-be-required-for-cal-state-university-students\">requiring all California State University students to take courses in ethnic studies\u003c/a>, including African American, Asian American, Latinx and Native American studies. Gov. Gavin Newsom is expected to sign the bill later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious received a question about ethnic studies from 23-year-old Michael Viray: “I’ve heard from one of my professors of ethnic studies at UC Davis that there was actually a revolution in the Bay Area for an ethnic studies field. Is this true? And how did it happen?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viray minored in Asian American Studies, fascinated by coursework that revealed the history and contributions of Filipino Americans, Asian Americans and Latinx Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not being taught in classrooms,” he said. “I didn’t know my own history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael’s professor was right. Ethnic studies was born from a revolution that began at San Francisco State in 1968. How it happened, is a fascinating story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Origins of Black Activism on Campus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>November of 1968 was a tumultuous time. The United States was 13 years into the Vietnam War, Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated and the Black Panther Party was demanding systemic change for Black communities plagued by poverty and police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were members of the Black Student Union who were also members of the Black Panther Party,” said Nesbit Crutchfield, who started his studies at San Francisco State as a business school student in 1967. Crutchfield — who considered himself an “aspiring revolutionary” — soon joined San Francisco State’s Black Student Union, the very first in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830386 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515532.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515532.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515532.750x-160x111.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nesbit Crutchfield in a crowd at a San Francisco State College strike. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Labor Archives and Research Center, San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I felt very privileged to be a member of the Black Student Union,” Crutchfield said. “It was clear to me that the Black Student Union represented a very progressive energy and thought among Black students in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, just a small percentage of Black students attended San Francisco State. Enrollment rates for minority students had dwindled down to just 4%, even though 70% of students in the San Francisco Unified School District were from minority backgrounds. Black students were just a fraction of that 4%. Crutchfield remembers it as a time when “white supremacy was the norm of the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very unusual to see Black people in any positive positions,” Crutchfield said. “As a Black person, you expected to be one of the very few Black people in any classroom, laboratory or auditorium. [The campus] was overwhelmingly white.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Black students were hungry to study their own history. The Black Student Union had been pushing the university to create a Black studies department for nearly three years, but administrators resisted the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though ethnic studies was not validated by the university, it doesn’t mean that that study wasn’t taking place,” said \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.sfsu.edu/~cheo/\">Jason Ferreira\u003c/a>, a professor in the Department of Race and Resistance Studies at San Francisco State’s College of Ethnic Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferreira has spent years collecting oral histories on the student strike. Back in 1968, he said, students had to create their own spaces to learn about their history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830387\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106.jpeg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106-414x552.jpeg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106-354x472.jpeg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Historian Jason Ferreira. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jason Ferreira)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was something called the Experimental College, which was a student-run initiative for them to teach their own classes,” Ferreira said. “The Black Student Union had its own classes, so that was another space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But students didn’t just learn untold histories, they connected them to the ongoing struggle against systemic issues plaguing their communities, including poverty, police brutality and lack of affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was an era of young people asking questions and wanting to transform their communities,” Ferreira explained. “That impulse, that hunger to transform one’s community is actually what forms the basis of ethnic studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Students of Color Create the Third World Liberation Front\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In fall 1968, Penny Nakatsu — originally from San Francisco’s Western Addition neighborhood — was grappling with her own questions about race and identity. At San Francisco State, she pursued a self-directed degree in Asian American studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We weren’t ‘Asian Americans’ then, we were ‘Orientals,’ ” Nakatsu said. “ ‘Oriental’ is a term that was imposed on us by the larger society. Starting to use the term ‘Asian American’ was a way of taking back our own destiny.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11830398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM-800x449.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM-800x449.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM.png 973w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A KTVU News report from November 1968 at San Francisco State College in which Roger Alvarado (center) and Penny Nakatsu (right) announce the Third World Liberation Front’s support of the Black Student Union. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Penny Nakatsu)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At San Francisco State, Nakatsu found herself gravitating toward people with like-minded values and who were involved in the anti-war movement. She became a member of a student organization called the Asian American Political Alliance, which was one of many ethnic student organizations on campus. In early Fall of 1968, these organizations banded together and formed a coalition called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Liberation_Front\">the Third World Liberation Front.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At that particular time, ‘Third World’ referred to the nonaligned countries or cultures in Asia, Africa and Latin America,” Nakatsu explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though students in the Third World Liberation Front came from different cultures, they believed they were united in their shared history of colonial and imperial oppression. The students saw parallels between their tension with the school and what they viewed as the oppression of the Vietnamese by the United States military.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Firing of a Beloved Teacher Sparks Protest\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830392\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/681438b78e080128a0ca3c065b53176b.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/681438b78e080128a0ca3c065b53176b.jpeg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/681438b78e080128a0ca3c065b53176b-160x105.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">George Murray, Minister of Education for the Black Panthers, teaching English at San Francisco State College. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the California State Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of San Francisco State’s most influential anti-Vietnam War organizers was a popular English instructor named George Mason Murray. He also happened to be the minister of education for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/tag/black-panthers\">Black Panther Party\u003c/a>. Students loved Murray, but his outspoken politics were not tolerated by San Francisco State administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The war in Vietnam is racist,” Murray said in a \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/187251?searchOffset=0\">televised press conference\u003c/a>. “It is the war that crackers like Johnson are using Black soldiers and poor white soldiers and Mexican soldiers as dupes and fools to fight against people of color in Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board of trustees forced San Francisco State’s president, Robert Smith, to fire Murray on Nov. 1, 1968. Five days later, the Black Student Union and the Third World Liberation Front joined together and went on strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray’s suspension was like setting fire to kindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student strikers wanted the right to define their own educational experience. Together they drafted \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/strike/bundles/187915\">15 demands\u003c/a>, including a \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/strike/bundles/187979?searchOffset=88\">school of Third World studies\u003c/a>, and a Black studies degree and department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830393 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515517.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515517.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515517.750x-160x111.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nesbit Crutchfield during the San Francisco State College strike. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Labor Archives and Research Center, San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In 1968, the vast majority of white people, a whole lot of Black people, and other people of color did not feel that it was reasonable to know more about themselves,” Crutchfield explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He disagreed. He and the other strikers felt it was vital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that geniuses were falling by the wayside,” he said. “I’m talking about geniuses in education, in literature, in drama, in art … geniuses, in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strikers also wanted to raise admission rates for students of color. At the time, a special admissions program intended to prioritize marginalized students continued to allocate spots to white students. Meanwhile, the United States military was disproportionately drafting Black and brown men to fight in the Vietnam War. They weren’t eligible for student exemption if they weren’t in school, which meant that their right to an education was a matter of life or death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strikers vowed to boycott all classes until the school met their demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to find out and be educated about ourselves,” Crutchfield said. “If we could not get that, then nobody could get an education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Five Months of Striking\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Initially, strikers engaged in acts of disruption known as the “War of the Flea,” a campaign to disrupt the normal operations of the school. Students put cherry bombs in toilets and checked out huge quantities of books to overwhelm the school’s library system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, administrators invited police on campus. They swarmed San Francisco State, dressed in full riot gear and armed with five-foot batons. Students responded by throwing rocks and yelling obscenities at police and administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830426\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830426 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515826.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"609\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515826.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515826.750x-160x130.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Police officers in riot gear marching in formation. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of University Archives, J. Paul Leonard Library, San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By this time, Crutchfield had become a leader of the strike, often \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QtlxIPNiQ0\">speaking to huge crowds of protesters\u003c/a>. He said his involvement put a target on his back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m quite sure they wouldn’t have cared if some of us had died. They definitely wanted some of us to go to prison. Some of us went to prison,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day early on in the strike, police surrounded the Black Student Union office. Crutchfield said police were looking to arrest its members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830444\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 214px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830444\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495646.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495646.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495646.750x-160x250.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An unidentified, bloody-faced student is taken away in handcuffs during a protest. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco State University Photographic Timeline Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I volunteered to leave the Black Student Union first,” Crutchfield said. “The police started running at me. I got beat up with nightsticks and boots and fists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police arrested Crutchfield and escorted him off campus. He faced charges for illegal assembly, resisting arrest and intent to injure and maim, resulting in more than a year in jail. At 80 years old, Crutchfield, now a mental health administrator in Richmond, said he is still dealing with the trauma of that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you can talk to anyone who was at S.F. State, who participated [in the strike], who ran from the police and can say that they’re the same person,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he has no regrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was the great, great grandson of Africans who were made slaves,” he said. “I realized the things I got arrested for were really important to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many white students, especially white radicals, followed the lead of strike leaders like Crutchfield. They believed that without ethnic studies, they themselves had been denied a proper education. Their support intensified as the strike dragged on and the violence continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month into the strike, teachers joined with demands of their own. As tensions escalated, President Smith shut down the school indefinitely. However, Gov. Ronald Reagan and the California State University Board of Trustees demanded he reopen the campus. Smith resigned in December 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his place, the board appointed \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa\">S.I. Hayakawa\u003c/a>, an English professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayakawa was popular with conservatives in Sacramento, but extremely unpopular with strikers. Their confrontations were heated and frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on in his role as interim president, Hayakawa famously climbed aboard a sound truck and yanked the wires from a loud speaker during a student protest. Strikers, in return, called Hayakawa “The Puppet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830442\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830442 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495648.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495648.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495648.750x-160x103.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco State College acting-President S. I. Hayakawa holds press conference after violent demonstrations in December 1968. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco State University Photographic Timeline Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In early January, Hayakawa declared an end to student gatherings on campus. In a press conference he said he believed in the right to free speech, but that “freedom of speech does not mean freedom to incite riot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Mass Bust\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Strikers ignored Hayakawa’s ban on gatherings. Penny Nakatsu was protesting on Jan. 23, 1969 in what many call “the mass bust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two lines of police came up,” Nakatsu said. “They surrounded over 500 people who were there for the rally and trapped all of the individuals who were caught within a human net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police charged at the students. Nakatsu said it was one of the bloodiest and most frightening days of the entire strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The power of the state was trying to literally beat down the strike and strikers,” she said. “It was literally a practiced, orchestrated, military movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of protesters were arrested, backing up San Francisco’s court system for months. Students, faculty and members of the community were affected, Nakatsu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people suffered. Virtually all of the individuals who were arrested had to spend some jail time. A lot of those folks were blacklisted. University lecturers or teachers lost their jobs. There were real consequences to having participated in that event,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Strikers Prevail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After two more months of striking, Hayakawa and strikers negotiated a deal on March 20, 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school agreed to accept virtually all nonwhite applicants for the fall 1969 semester, and establish a College of Ethnic Studies, the first in the country, with classes geared towards communities of color. Hayakawa gave Nakatsu and her peers the job of designing a curriculum from scratch in a matter of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830484\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830484 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515751.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515751.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515751.750x-160x131.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters in action during the San Francisco State College strike. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco State College Strike Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have a feeling that one of the reasons why the administration agreed to that was I don’t think they thought we could pull it off,” Nakatsu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College of Ethnic Studies was ready by fall of 1969. Today, Nakatsu is a civil rights lawyer in San Francisco and believes in the importance of ethnic studies as much as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ethnic studies is a way of embracing all of the cultures that make up the world,” she said. “If we don’t understand each other, how are we going to get along? Ethnic studies is something that’s important, not just for people of color so we know about our histories and cultures and destinies, but for all people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many strikers, Ferreira believes ethnic studies should be required in K-12 schools, as well as universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for ethnic studies is as important today as it ever was, if not more,” he said. “The inability of this country to come to terms with the ongoing practices of racism and white supremacy speaks to the demands of the Third World Liberation Front and the Black Student Union for an education that was relevant and transformative. It’s still an uphill battle. But we’ll win.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"San Francisco State students went on strike for five months in 1968-69 to demand the creation of the first College of Ethnic Studies in the U.S.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700590261,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2499},"headData":{"title":"Ethnic Studies: Born in the Bay Area from History's Biggest Student Strike | KQED","description":"San Francisco State students went on strike for five months in 1968-69 to demand the creation of the first College of Ethnic Studies in the U.S.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC1386887319.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11830384/how-the-longest-student-strike-in-u-s-history-created-ethnic-studies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Earlier this summer, education advocates scored a major win in the California state Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation passed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11825573/ethnic-studies-to-be-required-for-cal-state-university-students\">requiring all California State University students to take courses in ethnic studies\u003c/a>, including African American, Asian American, Latinx and Native American studies. Gov. Gavin Newsom is expected to sign the bill later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious received a question about ethnic studies from 23-year-old Michael Viray: “I’ve heard from one of my professors of ethnic studies at UC Davis that there was actually a revolution in the Bay Area for an ethnic studies field. Is this true? And how did it happen?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viray minored in Asian American Studies, fascinated by coursework that revealed the history and contributions of Filipino Americans, Asian Americans and Latinx Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not being taught in classrooms,” he said. “I didn’t know my own history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael’s professor was right. Ethnic studies was born from a revolution that began at San Francisco State in 1968. How it happened, is a fascinating story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Origins of Black Activism on Campus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>November of 1968 was a tumultuous time. The United States was 13 years into the Vietnam War, Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated and the Black Panther Party was demanding systemic change for Black communities plagued by poverty and police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were members of the Black Student Union who were also members of the Black Panther Party,” said Nesbit Crutchfield, who started his studies at San Francisco State as a business school student in 1967. Crutchfield — who considered himself an “aspiring revolutionary” — soon joined San Francisco State’s Black Student Union, the very first in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830386 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515532.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515532.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515532.750x-160x111.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nesbit Crutchfield in a crowd at a San Francisco State College strike. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Labor Archives and Research Center, San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I felt very privileged to be a member of the Black Student Union,” Crutchfield said. “It was clear to me that the Black Student Union represented a very progressive energy and thought among Black students in the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, just a small percentage of Black students attended San Francisco State. Enrollment rates for minority students had dwindled down to just 4%, even though 70% of students in the San Francisco Unified School District were from minority backgrounds. Black students were just a fraction of that 4%. Crutchfield remembers it as a time when “white supremacy was the norm of the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very unusual to see Black people in any positive positions,” Crutchfield said. “As a Black person, you expected to be one of the very few Black people in any classroom, laboratory or auditorium. [The campus] was overwhelmingly white.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Black students were hungry to study their own history. The Black Student Union had been pushing the university to create a Black studies department for nearly three years, but administrators resisted the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though ethnic studies was not validated by the university, it doesn’t mean that that study wasn’t taking place,” said \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.sfsu.edu/~cheo/\">Jason Ferreira\u003c/a>, a professor in the Department of Race and Resistance Studies at San Francisco State’s College of Ethnic Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferreira has spent years collecting oral histories on the student strike. Back in 1968, he said, students had to create their own spaces to learn about their history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830387\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106.jpeg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106-414x552.jpeg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/IMG_4106-354x472.jpeg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Historian Jason Ferreira. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jason Ferreira)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was something called the Experimental College, which was a student-run initiative for them to teach their own classes,” Ferreira said. “The Black Student Union had its own classes, so that was another space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But students didn’t just learn untold histories, they connected them to the ongoing struggle against systemic issues plaguing their communities, including poverty, police brutality and lack of affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was an era of young people asking questions and wanting to transform their communities,” Ferreira explained. “That impulse, that hunger to transform one’s community is actually what forms the basis of ethnic studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Students of Color Create the Third World Liberation Front\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In fall 1968, Penny Nakatsu — originally from San Francisco’s Western Addition neighborhood — was grappling with her own questions about race and identity. At San Francisco State, she pursued a self-directed degree in Asian American studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We weren’t ‘Asian Americans’ then, we were ‘Orientals,’ ” Nakatsu said. “ ‘Oriental’ is a term that was imposed on us by the larger society. Starting to use the term ‘Asian American’ was a way of taking back our own destiny.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11830398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM-800x449.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM-800x449.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/Screen-Shot-2020-07-23-at-4.26.06-PM.png 973w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A KTVU News report from November 1968 at San Francisco State College in which Roger Alvarado (center) and Penny Nakatsu (right) announce the Third World Liberation Front’s support of the Black Student Union. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Penny Nakatsu)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At San Francisco State, Nakatsu found herself gravitating toward people with like-minded values and who were involved in the anti-war movement. She became a member of a student organization called the Asian American Political Alliance, which was one of many ethnic student organizations on campus. In early Fall of 1968, these organizations banded together and formed a coalition called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Liberation_Front\">the Third World Liberation Front.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At that particular time, ‘Third World’ referred to the nonaligned countries or cultures in Asia, Africa and Latin America,” Nakatsu explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though students in the Third World Liberation Front came from different cultures, they believed they were united in their shared history of colonial and imperial oppression. The students saw parallels between their tension with the school and what they viewed as the oppression of the Vietnamese by the United States military.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Firing of a Beloved Teacher Sparks Protest\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830392\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/681438b78e080128a0ca3c065b53176b.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/681438b78e080128a0ca3c065b53176b.jpeg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/681438b78e080128a0ca3c065b53176b-160x105.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">George Murray, Minister of Education for the Black Panthers, teaching English at San Francisco State College. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the California State Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of San Francisco State’s most influential anti-Vietnam War organizers was a popular English instructor named George Mason Murray. He also happened to be the minister of education for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/tag/black-panthers\">Black Panther Party\u003c/a>. Students loved Murray, but his outspoken politics were not tolerated by San Francisco State administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The war in Vietnam is racist,” Murray said in a \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/187251?searchOffset=0\">televised press conference\u003c/a>. “It is the war that crackers like Johnson are using Black soldiers and poor white soldiers and Mexican soldiers as dupes and fools to fight against people of color in Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board of trustees forced San Francisco State’s president, Robert Smith, to fire Murray on Nov. 1, 1968. Five days later, the Black Student Union and the Third World Liberation Front joined together and went on strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray’s suspension was like setting fire to kindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student strikers wanted the right to define their own educational experience. Together they drafted \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/strike/bundles/187915\">15 demands\u003c/a>, including a \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/strike/bundles/187979?searchOffset=88\">school of Third World studies\u003c/a>, and a Black studies degree and department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830393 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515517.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515517.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515517.750x-160x111.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nesbit Crutchfield during the San Francisco State College strike. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Labor Archives and Research Center, San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In 1968, the vast majority of white people, a whole lot of Black people, and other people of color did not feel that it was reasonable to know more about themselves,” Crutchfield explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He disagreed. He and the other strikers felt it was vital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that geniuses were falling by the wayside,” he said. “I’m talking about geniuses in education, in literature, in drama, in art … geniuses, in politics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strikers also wanted to raise admission rates for students of color. At the time, a special admissions program intended to prioritize marginalized students continued to allocate spots to white students. Meanwhile, the United States military was disproportionately drafting Black and brown men to fight in the Vietnam War. They weren’t eligible for student exemption if they weren’t in school, which meant that their right to an education was a matter of life or death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strikers vowed to boycott all classes until the school met their demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to find out and be educated about ourselves,” Crutchfield said. “If we could not get that, then nobody could get an education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Five Months of Striking\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Initially, strikers engaged in acts of disruption known as the “War of the Flea,” a campaign to disrupt the normal operations of the school. Students put cherry bombs in toilets and checked out huge quantities of books to overwhelm the school’s library system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, administrators invited police on campus. They swarmed San Francisco State, dressed in full riot gear and armed with five-foot batons. Students responded by throwing rocks and yelling obscenities at police and administrators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830426\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830426 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515826.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"609\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515826.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515826.750x-160x130.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Police officers in riot gear marching in formation. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of University Archives, J. Paul Leonard Library, San Francisco State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By this time, Crutchfield had become a leader of the strike, often \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QtlxIPNiQ0\">speaking to huge crowds of protesters\u003c/a>. He said his involvement put a target on his back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m quite sure they wouldn’t have cared if some of us had died. They definitely wanted some of us to go to prison. Some of us went to prison,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day early on in the strike, police surrounded the Black Student Union office. Crutchfield said police were looking to arrest its members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830444\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 214px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830444\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495646.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495646.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495646.750x-160x250.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An unidentified, bloody-faced student is taken away in handcuffs during a protest. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco State University Photographic Timeline Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I volunteered to leave the Black Student Union first,” Crutchfield said. “The police started running at me. I got beat up with nightsticks and boots and fists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police arrested Crutchfield and escorted him off campus. He faced charges for illegal assembly, resisting arrest and intent to injure and maim, resulting in more than a year in jail. At 80 years old, Crutchfield, now a mental health administrator in Richmond, said he is still dealing with the trauma of that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you can talk to anyone who was at S.F. State, who participated [in the strike], who ran from the police and can say that they’re the same person,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he has no regrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was the great, great grandson of Africans who were made slaves,” he said. “I realized the things I got arrested for were really important to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many white students, especially white radicals, followed the lead of strike leaders like Crutchfield. They believed that without ethnic studies, they themselves had been denied a proper education. Their support intensified as the strike dragged on and the violence continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a month into the strike, teachers joined with demands of their own. As tensions escalated, President Smith shut down the school indefinitely. However, Gov. Ronald Reagan and the California State University Board of Trustees demanded he reopen the campus. Smith resigned in December 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his place, the board appointed \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa\">S.I. Hayakawa\u003c/a>, an English professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayakawa was popular with conservatives in Sacramento, but extremely unpopular with strikers. Their confrontations were heated and frequent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on in his role as interim president, Hayakawa famously climbed aboard a sound truck and yanked the wires from a loud speaker during a student protest. Strikers, in return, called Hayakawa “The Puppet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830442\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830442 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495648.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"483\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495648.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1495648.750x-160x103.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco State College acting-President S. I. Hayakawa holds press conference after violent demonstrations in December 1968. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco State University Photographic Timeline Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In early January, Hayakawa declared an end to student gatherings on campus. In a press conference he said he believed in the right to free speech, but that “freedom of speech does not mean freedom to incite riot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Mass Bust\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Strikers ignored Hayakawa’s ban on gatherings. Penny Nakatsu was protesting on Jan. 23, 1969 in what many call “the mass bust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two lines of police came up,” Nakatsu said. “They surrounded over 500 people who were there for the rally and trapped all of the individuals who were caught within a human net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police charged at the students. Nakatsu said it was one of the bloodiest and most frightening days of the entire strike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The power of the state was trying to literally beat down the strike and strikers,” she said. “It was literally a practiced, orchestrated, military movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of protesters were arrested, backing up San Francisco’s court system for months. Students, faculty and members of the community were affected, Nakatsu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people suffered. Virtually all of the individuals who were arrested had to spend some jail time. A lot of those folks were blacklisted. University lecturers or teachers lost their jobs. There were real consequences to having participated in that event,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Strikers Prevail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After two more months of striking, Hayakawa and strikers negotiated a deal on March 20, 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school agreed to accept virtually all nonwhite applicants for the fall 1969 semester, and establish a College of Ethnic Studies, the first in the country, with classes geared towards communities of color. Hayakawa gave Nakatsu and her peers the job of designing a curriculum from scratch in a matter of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11830484\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11830484 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515751.750x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515751.750x.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/07/1515751.750x-160x131.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters in action during the San Francisco State College strike. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of San Francisco State College Strike Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have a feeling that one of the reasons why the administration agreed to that was I don’t think they thought we could pull it off,” Nakatsu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College of Ethnic Studies was ready by fall of 1969. Today, Nakatsu is a civil rights lawyer in San Francisco and believes in the importance of ethnic studies as much as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ethnic studies is a way of embracing all of the cultures that make up the world,” she said. “If we don’t understand each other, how are we going to get along? Ethnic studies is something that’s important, not just for people of color so we know about our histories and cultures and destinies, but for all people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many strikers, Ferreira believes ethnic studies should be required in K-12 schools, as well as universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for ethnic studies is as important today as it ever was, if not more,” he said. “The inability of this country to come to terms with the ongoing practices of racism and white supremacy speaks to the demands of the Third World Liberation Front and the Black Student Union for an education that was relevant and transformative. It’s still an uphill battle. But we’ll win.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11830384/how-the-longest-student-strike-in-u-s-history-created-ethnic-studies","authors":["11580"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_18540","news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_28292","news_20013","news_19203","news_27626","news_19970","news_1260","news_2200","news_28294","news_28784","news_28295","news_28293"],"featImg":"news_11830449","label":"source_news_11830384"},"news_11522537":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11522537","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11522537","score":null,"sort":[1497988694000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"students-sue-sf-state-over-alleged-anti-semitism-discrimination","title":"Students Sue S.F. State Over Alleged Anti-Semitism, Discrimination","publishDate":1497988694,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Six Jewish students and visitors sued San Francisco State University in federal court Monday, alleging the university and its administrators “have knowingly fostered” an anti-Semitic environment and discrimination against Jewish students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The civil rights lawsuit, filed in U.S. District Court in San Francisco, centers on an event in which the campus branch of Hillel, a nationwide Jewish student group, invited Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat to speak on April 6, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speech was attended by 30 to 40 students and Jewish people from outside the campus and by about 20 student protesters, according to an investigation commissioned by the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit claims the pro-Palestinian protesters “commandeered the event and shut it down” by using a portable amplifier to drown out Barkat’s speech with allegedly menacing chants such as “Intifada, Intifada” and “We don’t want you on our campus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It claims that although school policy prohibits interfering with an event and using an unauthorized amplifier, administrators allegedly told campus police to “stand down” and the police did not stop the disruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit alleges the university and administrators violated the students’ and visitors’ constitutional First Amendment right to free speech and assembly and 14th Amendment right to equal treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students also allege Hillel was unfairly excluded from a campus “Know Your Rights” fair aimed at members of vulnerable populations on Feb. 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit contends that the university has a long history of anti-Semitism, dating back to the late 1960s, and that some students are afraid to wear yarmulkes or a Star of David.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asks for a court order prohibiting the alleged discrimination and for compensatory and punitive financial awards. The defendants are the university, President Leslie Wong, several administrators and the statewide California State University Board of Trustees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University General Counsel Daniel Ojeda said in a statement, “The university disagrees with the allegations in the complaint, but we have not had a sufficient opportunity to review or respond to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been working closely with the Jewish community, among other interest groups, to address concerns and improve the campus environment for all students. Those efforts have been very productive and will continue notwithstanding this lawsuit,” Ojeda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university-commissioned investigation by an outside law firm concluded last year that the chanting and amplified sound violated school policy and disrupted the event and that key planning did not occur because the event was planned on less than two weeks’ notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it said, “there were no direct threats of imminent violence that would have justified police intervention, specifically arrest and removal from the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs are represented by lawyers from the Lawfare Project, a nonprofit pro-Israel organization based in New York.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The suit contends that the university has a long history of anti-Semitism, dating back to the late 1960s.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1497998728,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":477},"headData":{"title":"Students Sue S.F. State Over Alleged Anti-Semitism, Discrimination | KQED","description":"The suit contends that the university has a long history of anti-Semitism, dating back to the late 1960s.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11522537 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11522537","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/20/students-sue-sf-state-over-alleged-anti-semitism-discrimination/","disqusTitle":"Students Sue S.F. State Over Alleged Anti-Semitism, Discrimination","source":"Bay City News","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Bay City News\u003c/strong>","path":"/news/11522537/students-sue-sf-state-over-alleged-anti-semitism-discrimination","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Six Jewish students and visitors sued San Francisco State University in federal court Monday, alleging the university and its administrators “have knowingly fostered” an anti-Semitic environment and discrimination against Jewish students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The civil rights lawsuit, filed in U.S. District Court in San Francisco, centers on an event in which the campus branch of Hillel, a nationwide Jewish student group, invited Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat to speak on April 6, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speech was attended by 30 to 40 students and Jewish people from outside the campus and by about 20 student protesters, according to an investigation commissioned by the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit claims the pro-Palestinian protesters “commandeered the event and shut it down” by using a portable amplifier to drown out Barkat’s speech with allegedly menacing chants such as “Intifada, Intifada” and “We don’t want you on our campus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It claims that although school policy prohibits interfering with an event and using an unauthorized amplifier, administrators allegedly told campus police to “stand down” and the police did not stop the disruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit alleges the university and administrators violated the students’ and visitors’ constitutional First Amendment right to free speech and assembly and 14th Amendment right to equal treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students also allege Hillel was unfairly excluded from a campus “Know Your Rights” fair aimed at members of vulnerable populations on Feb. 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit contends that the university has a long history of anti-Semitism, dating back to the late 1960s, and that some students are afraid to wear yarmulkes or a Star of David.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asks for a court order prohibiting the alleged discrimination and for compensatory and punitive financial awards. The defendants are the university, President Leslie Wong, several administrators and the statewide California State University Board of Trustees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University General Counsel Daniel Ojeda said in a statement, “The university disagrees with the allegations in the complaint, but we have not had a sufficient opportunity to review or respond to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been working closely with the Jewish community, among other interest groups, to address concerns and improve the campus environment for all students. Those efforts have been very productive and will continue notwithstanding this lawsuit,” Ojeda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university-commissioned investigation by an outside law firm concluded last year that the chanting and amplified sound violated school policy and disrupted the event and that key planning did not occur because the event was planned on less than two weeks’ notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it said, “there were no direct threats of imminent violence that would have justified police intervention, specifically arrest and removal from the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs are represented by lawyers from the Lawfare Project, a nonprofit pro-Israel organization based in New York.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11522537/students-sue-sf-state-over-alleged-anti-semitism-discrimination","authors":["byline_news_11522537"],"programs":["news_6944","news_72"],"categories":["news_6188","news_8"],"tags":["news_20310","news_19970","news_2200"],"featImg":"news_11522545","label":"source_news_11522537"},"news_11452859":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11452859","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11452859","score":null,"sort":[1494624168000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ahead-of-mothers-day-bail-reform-groups-get-moms-out-of-jail","title":"Ahead of Mother's Day, Bail Reform Groups Get Moms Out of Jail","publishDate":1494624168,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Three moms in Alameda County will be spending Mother’s Day at home with their kids instead of locked up in jail or immigration detention. They are among 30 moms being bailed out nationwide by social and racial justice groups looking to reform the bail system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moms were being bailed out in Oakland, Los Angeles, Memphis, Atlanta, Minneapolis, New York, Chicago and a number of other cities across the country as part of \u003ca href=\"https://nomoremoneybail.org/\">National Mama’s Bail Out Day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women lose custody of their children because they cannot make bail,” said Cheryl Diston, a member of the Essie Justice Group in Oakland that was participating in the bailout day. \"Families are torn apart because they cannot make bail. It isn’t right. It’s not right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen people gathered on the steps of Alameda County Superior Court in Oakland on Thursday to talk about the financial and emotional cost of bail that often falls on African-American mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11452863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11452863\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_000-1020x765.jpeg\" alt=\"Cheryl Diston, 52, has a son in jail waiting trial. She says money bail is immoral.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cheryl Diston, 52, spoke of the humiliation of being in jail when she was a young mother and the pain of being separated from her kids. She says money bail is immoral. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Black women are twice as likely as white women to end up in jails, and nearly 80 percent of women in jails nationwide are mothers, according to advocacy groups. Since 1980, the number of incarcerated women has grown by 700 percent, the groups said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le’Char Toki, of the Essie Justice Group, spoke about being a kid and remembering seeing a bail bonds commercial on TV.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was of a black child needing his mother to bail him out,” she said. “The message I heard that day was: A woman, a black woman, will do whatever it takes to bring her loved one home. The bail bonds industry was taking advantage of it with [sic] their own profit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toki said that when her little brother was arrested some time after that, she saw her mom become the same woman she’d seen on that commercial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less than an hour [later], the bail bondsman became the co-owner of everything my family worked hard for,” she said. “When my husband was arrested, I was back in the same bail bond shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers also told their own stories of incarceration. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.naco.org/sites/default/files/documents/Final%20paper_County%20Jails%20at%20a%20Crossroads_8.10.15.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the people in jail are there waiting for trial, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Many of them sit behind bars because they can’t afford to pay bail. Criminal justice reform advocates\u003ca href=\"http://www.pretrial.org/\"> say\u003c/a> money alone shouldn’t determine a person’s freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The momentum to reform bail is growing in Oakland and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/03/23/california-lawmakers-push-for-reforms-to-bail-system/\">considering\u003c/a> two bills -- AB 42 and SB 10 -- that would move the state away from a money-based bail system toward a model that assesses an individual’s risk to society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11452874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11452874\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"A representative from Assemblyman Rob Bonta's office attended National Mama's Bail Out Day to talk about AB42, which would overhaul California's bail system. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-1180x885.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-960x720.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-240x180.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-375x281.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-520x390.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A representative from Assemblyman Rob Bonta's office attended National Mama's Bail Out Day to talk about AB 42, which would overhaul California's bail system. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bail agents are critical, saying that this legislation will end up costing taxpayers and will put the public at risk. They have said that money bail works because it provides a financial incentive for people to show up to court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge in Houston, Texas, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/29/us/judge-strikes-down-harris-county-bail-system.html?_r=0\">found\u003c/a> that holding people in jail simply because they are unable to pay bail is unconstitutional because it violates the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution. Another \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/05/03/2-billion-bail-bond-industry-threatened-by-lawsuit-against-san-francisco/\">constitutional challenge\u003c/a> to money bail is also working its way through federal court here in California.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Three moms in Alameda County will be home on Mother’s Day with their kids instead of locked up in jail or immigration detention. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1494631985,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":635},"headData":{"title":"Ahead of Mother's Day, Bail Reform Groups Get Moms Out of Jail | KQED","description":"Three moms in Alameda County will be home on Mother’s Day with their kids instead of locked up in jail or immigration detention. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11452859 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11452859","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/12/ahead-of-mothers-day-bail-reform-groups-get-moms-out-of-jail/","disqusTitle":"Ahead of Mother's Day, Bail Reform Groups Get Moms Out of Jail","audioUrl":"http:www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2017/05/20170511LewisMomsBailout.mp3","guestFields":"0","path":"/news/11452859/ahead-of-mothers-day-bail-reform-groups-get-moms-out-of-jail","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three moms in Alameda County will be spending Mother’s Day at home with their kids instead of locked up in jail or immigration detention. They are among 30 moms being bailed out nationwide by social and racial justice groups looking to reform the bail system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moms were being bailed out in Oakland, Los Angeles, Memphis, Atlanta, Minneapolis, New York, Chicago and a number of other cities across the country as part of \u003ca href=\"https://nomoremoneybail.org/\">National Mama’s Bail Out Day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women lose custody of their children because they cannot make bail,” said Cheryl Diston, a member of the Essie Justice Group in Oakland that was participating in the bailout day. \"Families are torn apart because they cannot make bail. It isn’t right. It’s not right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen people gathered on the steps of Alameda County Superior Court in Oakland on Thursday to talk about the financial and emotional cost of bail that often falls on African-American mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11452863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11452863\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_000-1020x765.jpeg\" alt=\"Cheryl Diston, 52, has a son in jail waiting trial. She says money bail is immoral.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cheryl Diston, 52, spoke of the humiliation of being in jail when she was a young mother and the pain of being separated from her kids. She says money bail is immoral. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Black women are twice as likely as white women to end up in jails, and nearly 80 percent of women in jails nationwide are mothers, according to advocacy groups. Since 1980, the number of incarcerated women has grown by 700 percent, the groups said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le’Char Toki, of the Essie Justice Group, spoke about being a kid and remembering seeing a bail bonds commercial on TV.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was of a black child needing his mother to bail him out,” she said. “The message I heard that day was: A woman, a black woman, will do whatever it takes to bring her loved one home. The bail bonds industry was taking advantage of it with [sic] their own profit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toki said that when her little brother was arrested some time after that, she saw her mom become the same woman she’d seen on that commercial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less than an hour [later], the bail bondsman became the co-owner of everything my family worked hard for,” she said. “When my husband was arrested, I was back in the same bail bond shop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers also told their own stories of incarceration. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.naco.org/sites/default/files/documents/Final%20paper_County%20Jails%20at%20a%20Crossroads_8.10.15.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the people in jail are there waiting for trial, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Many of them sit behind bars because they can’t afford to pay bail. Criminal justice reform advocates\u003ca href=\"http://www.pretrial.org/\"> say\u003c/a> money alone shouldn’t determine a person’s freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The momentum to reform bail is growing in Oakland and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California legislators are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/03/23/california-lawmakers-push-for-reforms-to-bail-system/\">considering\u003c/a> two bills -- AB 42 and SB 10 -- that would move the state away from a money-based bail system toward a model that assesses an individual’s risk to society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11452874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11452874\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"A representative from Assemblyman Rob Bonta's office attended National Mama's Bail Out Day to talk about AB42, which would overhaul California's bail system. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-1180x885.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-960x720.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-240x180.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-375x281.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/File_001-1-520x390.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A representative from Assemblyman Rob Bonta's office attended National Mama's Bail Out Day to talk about AB 42, which would overhaul California's bail system. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bail agents are critical, saying that this legislation will end up costing taxpayers and will put the public at risk. They have said that money bail works because it provides a financial incentive for people to show up to court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge in Houston, Texas, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/29/us/judge-strikes-down-harris-county-bail-system.html?_r=0\">found\u003c/a> that holding people in jail simply because they are unable to pay bail is unconstitutional because it violates the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution. Another \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/05/03/2-billion-bail-bond-industry-threatened-by-lawsuit-against-san-francisco/\">constitutional challenge\u003c/a> to money bail is also working its way through federal court here in California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11452859/ahead-of-mothers-day-bail-reform-groups-get-moms-out-of-jail","authors":["8676"],"programs":["news_6944","news_72"],"categories":["news_6188","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_260","news_18821","news_20584","news_20942","news_19970"],"featImg":"news_11452870","label":"news_72"},"news_11105970":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11105970","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11105970","score":null,"sort":[1474992908000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"department-of-labor-accuses-silicon-valley-company-of-discrimination","title":"Department of Labor Accuses Silicon Valley Company of Discrimination","publishDate":1474992908,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Labor has filed a lawsuit accusing a fast-growing Silicon Valley software company of systematically discriminating against Asian job applicants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.palantir.com/\">Palantir Technologies\u003c/a> was co-founded by prominent tech financier Peter Thiel, with backing from an investment arm of the CIA, and was recently valued at $20 billion. The privately held company makes powerful data analytics software used by U.S. military, intelligence and law enforcement agencies, along with banks, insurance companies and other non-government clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unusual lawsuit — which comes as Silicon Valley is grappling with broader criticism for a lack of diversity — claims Palantir \"routinely eliminated\" Asian job candidates during the resume-screening and telephone-interview stages of the company's hiring process. The claims are based on a statistical analysis conducted by federal officials responsible for making sure government contractors comply with anti-discrimination rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palantir denied the allegations Monday and said it will contest the suit. It argued in a statement that the government's case \"relies on a narrow and flawed statistical analysis relating to three job descriptions from 2010 to 2011.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman didn't respond to questions about the ethnic makeup of Palantir's workforce. But the statement added: \"The results of our hiring practices speak for themselves.\" Palantir is a Palo Alto-based company that employs more than 1,800 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal lawsuit comes as leading Silicon Valley tech companies are struggling to answer criticism about a lack of diversity in staffing. One legal expert said the federal lawsuit may reflect a broader aim by the government \"to shed more light and get more accountability\" from the tech industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the new economy, but we still want to make sure there aren't new forms of discrimination in these industries,\" said Orly Lobel, a University of San Diego law professor who's studied Silicon Valley hiring patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another leading tech company recently agreed to pay $750,000 in back wages to settle discrimination claims brought by the Labor Department, without admitting wrongdoing. Those charges involved African-Americans, Asians and Hispanics who sought inside sales jobs at an Arkansas data processing facility operated by Hewlett Packard Enterprise, the government announced last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are confident in our hiring processes and we will continue to promote and build a diverse and inclusive workforce,\" HPE said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Apple, Google, Facebook and other prominent Silicon Valley corporations have acknowledged they employ disproportionately low numbers of women, African-Americans and Latinos, compared with the general population. Hiring figures released by those larger companies generally show that employees of South and East Asian descent are better represented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal lawsuit against Palantir, however, focuses on Asian job candidates because they applied in relatively large numbers. Rose Darling, a senior trial attorney for the Labor Department, said the government's analysis showed a disproportionate number of Asian applicants were rejected for positions at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the suit alleges that Asians made up 77 percent of a pool of more than 730 qualified applicants for the job of quality assurance engineer at Palantir. The company hired one Asian and six non-Asians, according to the Labor Department's compliance office, which calculated the statistical likelihood of that result is one in 741.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For another position, described as an engineering intern, the lawsuit said there's a \"one in a billion\" chance that Palantir's hiring pattern occurred by chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the analysis involved hiring statistics for 2010 and 2011, Darling said the company hasn't shown evidence that it has changed its practices since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appellate courts have allowed the use of statistical analyses in discrimination claims because it's rare to find more explicit evidence, like a memo that says \"Don't hire\" from a certain group, Lobel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You used to have 'smoking guns,' but that's more rare these days,\" she said. \"So the courts are recognizing that you can prove discrimination by showing that the odds that this would be the result, without discrimination, are just so low.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit is the first of its kind brought against a Silicon Valley company in recent years, Darling said. She declined to say if other investigations are pending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit was filed with the Labor Department's Office of Administrative Law Judges, which is a quasi-judicial system within the department. The outcome of the case can be appealed to the regular federal court system.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An analysis showed a disproportionate number of Asian applicants were rejected for positions at Palantir Technologies.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475016165,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":745},"headData":{"title":"Department of Labor Accuses Silicon Valley Company of Discrimination | KQED","description":"An analysis showed a disproportionate number of Asian applicants were rejected for positions at Palantir Technologies.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11105970 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11105970","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/27/department-of-labor-accuses-silicon-valley-company-of-discrimination/","disqusTitle":"Department of Labor Accuses Silicon Valley Company of Discrimination","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BrandonBailey\">Brandon Bailey\u003c/a> \u003cbr> Associated Press \u003c/strong> ","nprStoryId":"495641741","path":"/news/11105970/department-of-labor-accuses-silicon-valley-company-of-discrimination","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Labor has filed a lawsuit accusing a fast-growing Silicon Valley software company of systematically discriminating against Asian job applicants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.palantir.com/\">Palantir Technologies\u003c/a> was co-founded by prominent tech financier Peter Thiel, with backing from an investment arm of the CIA, and was recently valued at $20 billion. The privately held company makes powerful data analytics software used by U.S. military, intelligence and law enforcement agencies, along with banks, insurance companies and other non-government clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unusual lawsuit — which comes as Silicon Valley is grappling with broader criticism for a lack of diversity — claims Palantir \"routinely eliminated\" Asian job candidates during the resume-screening and telephone-interview stages of the company's hiring process. The claims are based on a statistical analysis conducted by federal officials responsible for making sure government contractors comply with anti-discrimination rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palantir denied the allegations Monday and said it will contest the suit. It argued in a statement that the government's case \"relies on a narrow and flawed statistical analysis relating to three job descriptions from 2010 to 2011.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman didn't respond to questions about the ethnic makeup of Palantir's workforce. But the statement added: \"The results of our hiring practices speak for themselves.\" Palantir is a Palo Alto-based company that employs more than 1,800 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal lawsuit comes as leading Silicon Valley tech companies are struggling to answer criticism about a lack of diversity in staffing. One legal expert said the federal lawsuit may reflect a broader aim by the government \"to shed more light and get more accountability\" from the tech industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the new economy, but we still want to make sure there aren't new forms of discrimination in these industries,\" said Orly Lobel, a University of San Diego law professor who's studied Silicon Valley hiring patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another leading tech company recently agreed to pay $750,000 in back wages to settle discrimination claims brought by the Labor Department, without admitting wrongdoing. Those charges involved African-Americans, Asians and Hispanics who sought inside sales jobs at an Arkansas data processing facility operated by Hewlett Packard Enterprise, the government announced last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are confident in our hiring processes and we will continue to promote and build a diverse and inclusive workforce,\" HPE said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Apple, Google, Facebook and other prominent Silicon Valley corporations have acknowledged they employ disproportionately low numbers of women, African-Americans and Latinos, compared with the general population. Hiring figures released by those larger companies generally show that employees of South and East Asian descent are better represented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal lawsuit against Palantir, however, focuses on Asian job candidates because they applied in relatively large numbers. Rose Darling, a senior trial attorney for the Labor Department, said the government's analysis showed a disproportionate number of Asian applicants were rejected for positions at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the suit alleges that Asians made up 77 percent of a pool of more than 730 qualified applicants for the job of quality assurance engineer at Palantir. The company hired one Asian and six non-Asians, according to the Labor Department's compliance office, which calculated the statistical likelihood of that result is one in 741.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For another position, described as an engineering intern, the lawsuit said there's a \"one in a billion\" chance that Palantir's hiring pattern occurred by chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the analysis involved hiring statistics for 2010 and 2011, Darling said the company hasn't shown evidence that it has changed its practices since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Appellate courts have allowed the use of statistical analyses in discrimination claims because it's rare to find more explicit evidence, like a memo that says \"Don't hire\" from a certain group, Lobel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You used to have 'smoking guns,' but that's more rare these days,\" she said. \"So the courts are recognizing that you can prove discrimination by showing that the odds that this would be the result, without discrimination, are just so low.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit is the first of its kind brought against a Silicon Valley company in recent years, Darling said. She declined to say if other investigations are pending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit was filed with the Labor Department's Office of Administrative Law Judges, which is a quasi-judicial system within the department. The outcome of the case can be appealed to the regular federal court system.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11105970/department-of-labor-accuses-silicon-valley-company-of-discrimination","authors":["byline_news_11105970"],"programs":["news_6944","news_72"],"categories":["news_8","news_248"],"tags":["news_17687","news_19970"],"featImg":"news_11106028","label":"news_72"},"news_11097535":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11097535","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11097535","score":null,"sort":[1474666583000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"silicon-valley-church-hosts-racists-anonymous-meetings","title":"Silicon Valley Church Hosts ‘Racists Anonymous’ Meetings","publishDate":1474666583,"format":"video","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Like many other Americans, the Rev. Ron Buford feels frustrated and upset by news of two more police shootings of a person of color -- most recently in North Carolina and Oklahoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How can we keep doing this?\" he said. \"This has to stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buford said that as an African-American, he too, has been racially profiled by police in his native Cleveland during \"unjust\" traffic stops. But the problem is much larger than police and so more people must engage in a solution, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Police reflect the racism that’s in the broader society. And when \u003cem>we\u003c/em> change, we will produce better police departments,\" said Buford, 60.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285300128\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help combat what he considers an illness at the root of many problems in the U.S. and other countries, Buford is inviting people in his Silicon Valley community of Sunnyvale and neighboring areas to come together in a series of 12-step meetings he's calling Racists Anonymous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buford considers racism \"an addiction,\" which is why he is modeling his meetings on the Alcoholics Anonymous program. As with any addiction, the first step is acknowledging you have a problem so you can take responsibility, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Racism in the world is real. We should stop being in denial about it, the way an alcoholic is in denial about alcoholism. We should say instead -- yup, we are racist, and we are working on it,\" Buford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weekly Racists Anonymous meetings aim to facilitate frank conversations among people with different backgrounds about their prejudices, so that each participant can gradually change their \"racist\" behavior with support from their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one recent meeting at Buford's \u003ca href=\"http://uccsunnyvale.org/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Congregational Community Church of Sunnyvale\u003c/a>, 10 participants took turns introducing themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm Josie and I'm a racist,\" said an African-American woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm Morgan and I'm a racist,\" continued a white man next to her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm Jane and I'm a racist,\" said an Asian woman and so on, until everyone sitting in the circle of folding chairs had spoken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11100331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11100331 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Racists Anonymous members hug after a meeting at a chapel in Sunnyvale. The diverse group includes a psychiatrist, preschool director, landscaper, and retired business executive.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-400x278.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-800x555.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-1180x819.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-960x666.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Racists Anonymous members hug after a meeting at a chapel in Sunnyvale. The group includes a psychiatrist, preschool director, landscaper and retired business executive. The individuals in the photo permitted KQED to publish this image. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Racists Anonymous defines the term \"racism\" as something most humans would relate to. If you treat someone differently because of how they look, it's racism, said Buford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By redefining racism and making it really broad, it includes a lot of things we need to get rid of,\" he said, adding that for him, it's been the stereotype of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/07/09/200500744/dueling-stereotypes-bad-asian-drivers-good-at-everything-asiana\" target=\"_blank\">Asians as bad drivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I confessed to the group, you know? I have this thing I’ve said about Asian ladies driving cars. That is just really racist, there is no reason to believe that,\" he said. \"If you look at the fact that we are all racist, and that we all have to reduce our racism, then that’s what we need to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That does not mean it's easy to identify initially with such a loaded term, said Casey Ream, remembering his first meeting a couple of months ago. Ream said he doesn't mind using his full name, though others in the group prefer to remain anonymous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very difficult to say, 'Hi, my name is Casey and I’m a racist.' It made me feel humility, it made me feel embarrassed,\" said Ream, 26. \"But it also made me feel like -- OK, if these other people are not going to lash out at me right now after saying that, and if they are going to say it, too, then maybe this is a good starting place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting this month, participants discussed Step 9: making amends with people you've hurt or offended. That theme inspired Bonnie, a former kindergarten teacher, to admit she's ashamed she can't remember the names of some African-Americans. She wonders whether it would be a good idea to apologize to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’d love to know people’s names and be able to talk to them and I can’t remember those weird names,\" said Bonnie, 77. \"I just feel terrible about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the group listened politely, and then from across the room Josie, who is African-American, suggested Bonnie not use the term \"weird.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might want to use 'unique' or 'different' because I don’t think a mother would like it if you said, 'Your child has a weird name, where \u003cem>did\u003c/em> you get Shaniqua from?'\" said Josie, 73, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank you,\" said Bonnie, sounding more relieved. \"We help each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the group's members have been attending Racists Anonymous since Buford opened the first-ever session last October. Their conversations are cordial and respectful. Some admit they would not share with outsiders the very personal anecdotes -- occasionally loaded with guilt or resentment -- they disclose at their meetings. Others say the honest dialogue gives them courage to open up about their own experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darryl Alford, who also chose not to remain anonymous for this story, told fellow members about a painful incident that happened to him decades ago, while he was walking home from school as a first-grader in Portland, Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A little white boy comes up and punches me in the stomach and calls me the N-word,\" said Alford, his voice breaking. \"I never heard that word at home. It was horrible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alford said he hadn't really talked about that experience before, except maybe to his wife. After the meeting, he wondered whether that boy ever thought about asking for his forgiveness. He said he hadn't dwelled on the incident during all those years, but now it was time to finally let it go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thinking about forgiveness, I guess I want to also say I do forgive him for what he did to me,\" Alford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants at Racists Anonymous share a common desire to move on from grudges and regret, and to become more aware of how they behave with others in their daily lives, said Ream, the youngest member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, he realized he was the only white person among Latino shoppers at a convenience store in San Jose and caught himself feeling uncomfortable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's at the root of the problem, being uncomfortable with someone based on their race,\" said Ream, a part-time landscaper. \"So at those moments, I just open up, smile, and I’m glad to present myself as part of the mix.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12th step of Racists Anonymous is to share the message with other “race addicts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is catching on. Two churches in North Carolina and Florida found out about Racists Anonymous online, through Facebook and an e-newsletter, and have begun meetings as well.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Pastor in Sunnyvale adapted Alcoholics Anonymous' 12 steps of recovery to help people change their prejudices and stereotypes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1479839964,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1233},"headData":{"title":"Silicon Valley Church Hosts ‘Racists Anonymous’ Meetings | KQED","description":"Pastor in Sunnyvale adapted Alcoholics Anonymous' 12 steps of recovery to help people change their prejudices and stereotypes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11097535 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11097535","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/23/silicon-valley-church-hosts-racists-anonymous-meetings/","disqusTitle":"Silicon Valley Church Hosts ‘Racists Anonymous’ Meetings","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/2M5TZMfNXow","nprStoryId":"495242758","path":"/news/11097535/silicon-valley-church-hosts-racists-anonymous-meetings","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like many other Americans, the Rev. Ron Buford feels frustrated and upset by news of two more police shootings of a person of color -- most recently in North Carolina and Oklahoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How can we keep doing this?\" he said. \"This has to stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buford said that as an African-American, he too, has been racially profiled by police in his native Cleveland during \"unjust\" traffic stops. But the problem is much larger than police and so more people must engage in a solution, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Police reflect the racism that’s in the broader society. And when \u003cem>we\u003c/em> change, we will produce better police departments,\" said Buford, 60.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285300128&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285300128'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help combat what he considers an illness at the root of many problems in the U.S. and other countries, Buford is inviting people in his Silicon Valley community of Sunnyvale and neighboring areas to come together in a series of 12-step meetings he's calling Racists Anonymous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buford considers racism \"an addiction,\" which is why he is modeling his meetings on the Alcoholics Anonymous program. As with any addiction, the first step is acknowledging you have a problem so you can take responsibility, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Racism in the world is real. We should stop being in denial about it, the way an alcoholic is in denial about alcoholism. We should say instead -- yup, we are racist, and we are working on it,\" Buford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weekly Racists Anonymous meetings aim to facilitate frank conversations among people with different backgrounds about their prejudices, so that each participant can gradually change their \"racist\" behavior with support from their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one recent meeting at Buford's \u003ca href=\"http://uccsunnyvale.org/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Congregational Community Church of Sunnyvale\u003c/a>, 10 participants took turns introducing themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm Josie and I'm a racist,\" said an African-American woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm Morgan and I'm a racist,\" continued a white man next to her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm Jane and I'm a racist,\" said an Asian woman and so on, until everyone sitting in the circle of folding chairs had spoken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11100331\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11100331 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Racists Anonymous members hug after a meeting at a chapel in Sunnyvale. The diverse group includes a psychiatrist, preschool director, landscaper, and retired business executive.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-400x278.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-800x555.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-1180x819.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS21199_IMG_0023-qut-960x666.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Racists Anonymous members hug after a meeting at a chapel in Sunnyvale. The group includes a psychiatrist, preschool director, landscaper and retired business executive. The individuals in the photo permitted KQED to publish this image. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Racists Anonymous defines the term \"racism\" as something most humans would relate to. If you treat someone differently because of how they look, it's racism, said Buford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By redefining racism and making it really broad, it includes a lot of things we need to get rid of,\" he said, adding that for him, it's been the stereotype of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/07/09/200500744/dueling-stereotypes-bad-asian-drivers-good-at-everything-asiana\" target=\"_blank\">Asians as bad drivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I confessed to the group, you know? I have this thing I’ve said about Asian ladies driving cars. That is just really racist, there is no reason to believe that,\" he said. \"If you look at the fact that we are all racist, and that we all have to reduce our racism, then that’s what we need to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That does not mean it's easy to identify initially with such a loaded term, said Casey Ream, remembering his first meeting a couple of months ago. Ream said he doesn't mind using his full name, though others in the group prefer to remain anonymous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very difficult to say, 'Hi, my name is Casey and I’m a racist.' It made me feel humility, it made me feel embarrassed,\" said Ream, 26. \"But it also made me feel like -- OK, if these other people are not going to lash out at me right now after saying that, and if they are going to say it, too, then maybe this is a good starting place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting this month, participants discussed Step 9: making amends with people you've hurt or offended. That theme inspired Bonnie, a former kindergarten teacher, to admit she's ashamed she can't remember the names of some African-Americans. She wonders whether it would be a good idea to apologize to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’d love to know people’s names and be able to talk to them and I can’t remember those weird names,\" said Bonnie, 77. \"I just feel terrible about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of the group listened politely, and then from across the room Josie, who is African-American, suggested Bonnie not use the term \"weird.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might want to use 'unique' or 'different' because I don’t think a mother would like it if you said, 'Your child has a weird name, where \u003cem>did\u003c/em> you get Shaniqua from?'\" said Josie, 73, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank you,\" said Bonnie, sounding more relieved. \"We help each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the group's members have been attending Racists Anonymous since Buford opened the first-ever session last October. Their conversations are cordial and respectful. Some admit they would not share with outsiders the very personal anecdotes -- occasionally loaded with guilt or resentment -- they disclose at their meetings. Others say the honest dialogue gives them courage to open up about their own experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darryl Alford, who also chose not to remain anonymous for this story, told fellow members about a painful incident that happened to him decades ago, while he was walking home from school as a first-grader in Portland, Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A little white boy comes up and punches me in the stomach and calls me the N-word,\" said Alford, his voice breaking. \"I never heard that word at home. It was horrible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alford said he hadn't really talked about that experience before, except maybe to his wife. After the meeting, he wondered whether that boy ever thought about asking for his forgiveness. He said he hadn't dwelled on the incident during all those years, but now it was time to finally let it go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thinking about forgiveness, I guess I want to also say I do forgive him for what he did to me,\" Alford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants at Racists Anonymous share a common desire to move on from grudges and regret, and to become more aware of how they behave with others in their daily lives, said Ream, the youngest member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, he realized he was the only white person among Latino shoppers at a convenience store in San Jose and caught himself feeling uncomfortable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's at the root of the problem, being uncomfortable with someone based on their race,\" said Ream, a part-time landscaper. \"So at those moments, I just open up, smile, and I’m glad to present myself as part of the mix.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12th step of Racists Anonymous is to share the message with other “race addicts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is catching on. Two churches in North Carolina and Florida found out about Racists Anonymous online, through Facebook and an e-newsletter, and have begun meetings as well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11097535/silicon-valley-church-hosts-racists-anonymous-meetings","authors":["8659"],"programs":["news_6944","news_72"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_19970","news_19216"],"label":"news_72"},"news_11049131":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11049131","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11049131","score":null,"sort":[1471071675000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-negro-motorist-green-book-window-on-yesterday-lesson-for-today","title":"The 'Negro Motorist Green Book': Window on Yesterday, Lesson for Today","publishDate":1471071675,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":72,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>andacy Taylor, a California writer and photographer, was looking for a new way to tell the tale of Route 66, the Mother Road that brought dirt-poor Dust Bowl migrants and generations of dreamers to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor started driving the old federal highway back in the early 1990s while working on \"\u003ca href=\"http://taylormadeculture.com/counterculture/\" target=\"_blank\">Counter Culture\u003c/a>,\" a project focusing on the lives of coffee-shop waitresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That work led to an invitation a few years ago to write a travel guide on Route 66, which stretched from Chicago to Santa Monica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11049398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-400x528.jpg\" alt='The cover of the 1947 edition of the \"Negro Motorist Green Book.\" ' width=\"400\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-400x528.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-800x1055.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-1920x2533.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-1180x1557.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-960x1266.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v.jpg 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of the 1947 edition of the 'Negro Motorist Green Book.' \u003ccite>(New York Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I wondered, 'How do we tell a different story here,'\" Taylor says during an interview in Los Angeles. \"Most of the things you read about Route 66 are the same: 1950s-era, let's get back to the good old days, the white suburbanite family jumps into their Airstream trailer. That imagery of that kind of retro travel has been the dominant story of Route 66.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she wondered about the place of black travelers and women in the Route 66 story, a question that was on her mind when she visited an exhibition at the Autry Museum of the American West in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked away in the corner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lamag.com/driver/history-of-route-66-revealed-in-the-autry-centers-new-exhibit/\" target=\"_blank\">the show\u003c/a> was a small section on black travel. And that's where Taylor found that other Route 66 story she'd been looking for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a 'Green Book' under glass,\" she remembers. \"I'd never seen it. I'd never heard of it. Nobody in my family had ever heard of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he \"\u003ca href=\"http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-green-book#/?tab=about\" target=\"_blank\">Green Book\u003c/a>\" -- published starting in 1936 as the \"Negro Motorist Green Book\" and later as the \"Negro Travelers' Green Book\" -- was a guide to hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, gas stations and other services that welcomed black patronage. The guide listed thousands of businesses during its three decades, including more than 400 in California. Among those were dozens of sites in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/278043070&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named after its creator, a Harlem postal worker named Victor Hugo Green, the book declared that its purpose was \"to give the Negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties, embarrassments and to make his trips more enjoyable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What sort of \"difficulties\" and \"embarrassments\" would the guide help travelers avoid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Segregation was in full force throughout the country,\" Taylor says, and African-Americans faced a range of challenges, humiliations and dangers when they ventured into unfamiliar territory and to parts of the country, like most of the West, where few blacks lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those difficulties could range from a white business owner's simple refusal to serve black patrons on the more benign end of the spectrum to the threat of harassment and violence in \"\u003ca href=\"http://sundown.afro.illinois.edu/sundowntowns.php\" target=\"_blank\">sundown towns\u003c/a>\" that prohibited blacks after nightfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049401\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11049401\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-400x472.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of "Ruth and the Green Book," a children's story by Calvin Alexander Ramsey. \" width=\"400\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-400x472.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-800x943.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-960x1132.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book.jpg 1018w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover of 'Ruth and the Green Book,' a children's story by Calvin Alexander Ramsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leaving Chicago on Route 66, Taylor points out, travelers would find a lot of \"Green Book\" properties on the city's South Side. But racial restrictions started on the city's outskirts and were common all the way to the West Coast. Taylor says that as many as half the counties along the highway had sundown laws, and even where such ordinances were not in place, lodging was often unavailable to black travelers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most of the \"Green Book\" era, she says, just six out of the 100 hotels in the Albuquerque area were open to blacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You were facing not only the humiliation of being turned away, knocking on door to door to door, all of a sudden the 'vacancy' sign turns off and you knew why,\" Taylor says. \"But there were other critical things you needed on the road, like gas. There were plenty of places that wouldn't serve blacks ... A lot of black travelers during that time carried everything they might need with them, like gas cans or portable toilets or food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor, a native of Columbus, Ohio, who spent part of her childhood in Texas, says discovering the \"Green Book\" was jarring. But, she adds, the guide exemplifies a determination to overcome all the obstacles that might be encountered on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Being a black woman who travels so much and realizing my only limitation is what I can afford -- I can freely go into 99 percent of the places I want to go to -- it just seemed incomprehensible to me that we needed this guide,\" she says. \"But then when you look inside ... it's just a resourceful solution. It's very practical. It was a horrific problem they were dealing with, but it wasn't written in the style of, 'Oh, my god, look how horrible!' It was, 'You, too, can experience America.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>aylor is one of a handful of historians and artists who have happened upon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/arts/design/the-green-book-legacy-a-beacon-for-black-travelers.html\" target=\"_blank\">the \"Green Book\" story\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calvin Alexander Ramsey, an Atlanta-based writer, published a children's story, \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Ruth-Green-Calvin-Alexander-Ramsey/dp/0761352554\" target=\"_blank\">Ruth and the Green Book\u003c/a>,\" that details a fictional postwar road trip from Chicago to Alabama. Ramsey and filmmaker Becky Wible Searles are working on a documentary film, \"\u003ca href=\"https://greenbookchronicles.com/video/\" target=\"_blank\">The Green Book Chronicles\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says she considers the \"Green Book\" an invaluable reference, an \"incredible archive and trove of history and black business and all of these things that even most black people I knew didn't know about.\" But she feels it's more than that -- an opportunity to assess the country's progress in the half century since the guide ceased publication, at the height of the 1960s civil rights movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really need to not just say that this happened in the past,\" Taylor says. \"The 'Green Book' has a place in the present to teach us how far we've come but also how far we haven't come. Physical mobility, getting from A to B ... that was a problem the 'Green Book' was trying to resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she's driven by a sense that a lack of social mobility for many black Americans today \"is just as debilitating and just as fatal\" as lack of physical mobility was in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supported by grants and fellowships from \u003ca href=\"http://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/candacy-taylor\" target=\"_blank\">Harvard\u003c/a>, the New York Public Library's \u003ca href=\"https://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/fellowships-institutes/schomburg-center-scholars-in-residency/current-and-past-fellows\" target=\"_blank\">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calhum.org/news/blog/the-negro-motorist-green-book-project-director-interview\" target=\"_blank\">California Humanities\u003c/a>, Taylor has launched \u003ca href=\"http://taylormadeculture.com/the-green-book/\" target=\"_blank\">a project\u003c/a> to develop an interactive map that trace changes in physical and social conditions for black Americans from the 1930s to the present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She will document \"Green Book\" sites, sundown towns, the location of current Ku Klux Klan chapters, incarceration rates, and economic and other disparities among racial groups. That data will be the basis of an interactive map demonstrating how inequities of the past have persisted into the present.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"L.A. cultural historian taps a Jim Crow-era guide for black travelers to inform a portrait of the current state of racial equality in the United States. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471113866,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1125},"headData":{"title":"The 'Negro Motorist Green Book': Window on Yesterday, Lesson for Today | KQED","description":"L.A. cultural historian taps a Jim Crow-era guide for black travelers to inform a portrait of the current state of racial equality in the United States. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11049131 http://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11049131","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/13/the-negro-motorist-green-book-window-on-yesterday-lesson-for-today/","disqusTitle":"The 'Negro Motorist Green Book': Window on Yesterday, Lesson for Today","customPermalink":"2016/08/13/the-green-book-project-route-66-candacy-taylor/","path":"/news/11049131/the-negro-motorist-green-book-window-on-yesterday-lesson-for-today","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>andacy Taylor, a California writer and photographer, was looking for a new way to tell the tale of Route 66, the Mother Road that brought dirt-poor Dust Bowl migrants and generations of dreamers to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor started driving the old federal highway back in the early 1990s while working on \"\u003ca href=\"http://taylormadeculture.com/counterculture/\" target=\"_blank\">Counter Culture\u003c/a>,\" a project focusing on the lives of coffee-shop waitresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That work led to an invitation a few years ago to write a travel guide on Route 66, which stretched from Chicago to Santa Monica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11049398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-400x528.jpg\" alt='The cover of the 1947 edition of the \"Negro Motorist Green Book.\" ' width=\"400\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-400x528.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-800x1055.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-1920x2533.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-1180x1557.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v-960x1266.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nypl.digitalcollections.29219280-892b-0132-4271-58d385a7bbd0.001.v.jpg 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of the 1947 edition of the 'Negro Motorist Green Book.' \u003ccite>(New York Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I wondered, 'How do we tell a different story here,'\" Taylor says during an interview in Los Angeles. \"Most of the things you read about Route 66 are the same: 1950s-era, let's get back to the good old days, the white suburbanite family jumps into their Airstream trailer. That imagery of that kind of retro travel has been the dominant story of Route 66.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she wondered about the place of black travelers and women in the Route 66 story, a question that was on her mind when she visited an exhibition at the Autry Museum of the American West in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked away in the corner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lamag.com/driver/history-of-route-66-revealed-in-the-autry-centers-new-exhibit/\" target=\"_blank\">the show\u003c/a> was a small section on black travel. And that's where Taylor found that other Route 66 story she'd been looking for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a 'Green Book' under glass,\" she remembers. \"I'd never seen it. I'd never heard of it. Nobody in my family had ever heard of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he \"\u003ca href=\"http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/the-green-book#/?tab=about\" target=\"_blank\">Green Book\u003c/a>\" -- published starting in 1936 as the \"Negro Motorist Green Book\" and later as the \"Negro Travelers' Green Book\" -- was a guide to hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, gas stations and other services that welcomed black patronage. The guide listed thousands of businesses during its three decades, including more than 400 in California. Among those were dozens of sites in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/278043070&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named after its creator, a Harlem postal worker named Victor Hugo Green, the book declared that its purpose was \"to give the Negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties, embarrassments and to make his trips more enjoyable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What sort of \"difficulties\" and \"embarrassments\" would the guide help travelers avoid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Segregation was in full force throughout the country,\" Taylor says, and African-Americans faced a range of challenges, humiliations and dangers when they ventured into unfamiliar territory and to parts of the country, like most of the West, where few blacks lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those difficulties could range from a white business owner's simple refusal to serve black patrons on the more benign end of the spectrum to the threat of harassment and violence in \"\u003ca href=\"http://sundown.afro.illinois.edu/sundowntowns.php\" target=\"_blank\">sundown towns\u003c/a>\" that prohibited blacks after nightfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049401\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11049401\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-400x472.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of "Ruth and the Green Book," a children's story by Calvin Alexander Ramsey. \" width=\"400\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-400x472.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-800x943.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book-960x1132.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ruth-and-the-green-book.jpg 1018w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover of 'Ruth and the Green Book,' a children's story by Calvin Alexander Ramsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leaving Chicago on Route 66, Taylor points out, travelers would find a lot of \"Green Book\" properties on the city's South Side. But racial restrictions started on the city's outskirts and were common all the way to the West Coast. Taylor says that as many as half the counties along the highway had sundown laws, and even where such ordinances were not in place, lodging was often unavailable to black travelers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most of the \"Green Book\" era, she says, just six out of the 100 hotels in the Albuquerque area were open to blacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You were facing not only the humiliation of being turned away, knocking on door to door to door, all of a sudden the 'vacancy' sign turns off and you knew why,\" Taylor says. \"But there were other critical things you needed on the road, like gas. There were plenty of places that wouldn't serve blacks ... A lot of black travelers during that time carried everything they might need with them, like gas cans or portable toilets or food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor, a native of Columbus, Ohio, who spent part of her childhood in Texas, says discovering the \"Green Book\" was jarring. But, she adds, the guide exemplifies a determination to overcome all the obstacles that might be encountered on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Being a black woman who travels so much and realizing my only limitation is what I can afford -- I can freely go into 99 percent of the places I want to go to -- it just seemed incomprehensible to me that we needed this guide,\" she says. \"But then when you look inside ... it's just a resourceful solution. It's very practical. It was a horrific problem they were dealing with, but it wasn't written in the style of, 'Oh, my god, look how horrible!' It was, 'You, too, can experience America.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>aylor is one of a handful of historians and artists who have happened upon \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/arts/design/the-green-book-legacy-a-beacon-for-black-travelers.html\" target=\"_blank\">the \"Green Book\" story\u003c/a> in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calvin Alexander Ramsey, an Atlanta-based writer, published a children's story, \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Ruth-Green-Calvin-Alexander-Ramsey/dp/0761352554\" target=\"_blank\">Ruth and the Green Book\u003c/a>,\" that details a fictional postwar road trip from Chicago to Alabama. Ramsey and filmmaker Becky Wible Searles are working on a documentary film, \"\u003ca href=\"https://greenbookchronicles.com/video/\" target=\"_blank\">The Green Book Chronicles\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says she considers the \"Green Book\" an invaluable reference, an \"incredible archive and trove of history and black business and all of these things that even most black people I knew didn't know about.\" But she feels it's more than that -- an opportunity to assess the country's progress in the half century since the guide ceased publication, at the height of the 1960s civil rights movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really need to not just say that this happened in the past,\" Taylor says. \"The 'Green Book' has a place in the present to teach us how far we've come but also how far we haven't come. Physical mobility, getting from A to B ... that was a problem the 'Green Book' was trying to resolve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she's driven by a sense that a lack of social mobility for many black Americans today \"is just as debilitating and just as fatal\" as lack of physical mobility was in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supported by grants and fellowships from \u003ca href=\"http://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/candacy-taylor\" target=\"_blank\">Harvard\u003c/a>, the New York Public Library's \u003ca href=\"https://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/fellowships-institutes/schomburg-center-scholars-in-residency/current-and-past-fellows\" target=\"_blank\">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calhum.org/news/blog/the-negro-motorist-green-book-project-director-interview\" target=\"_blank\">California Humanities\u003c/a>, Taylor has launched \u003ca href=\"http://taylormadeculture.com/the-green-book/\" target=\"_blank\">a project\u003c/a> to develop an interactive map that trace changes in physical and social conditions for black Americans from the 1930s to the present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She will document \"Green Book\" sites, sundown towns, the location of current Ku Klux Klan chapters, incarceration rates, and economic and other disparities among racial groups. That data will be the basis of an interactive map demonstrating how inequities of the past have persisted into the present.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11049131/the-negro-motorist-green-book-window-on-yesterday-lesson-for-today","authors":["222"],"programs":["news_6944","news_72"],"categories":["news_223","news_1397"],"tags":["news_19970","news_17286","news_17041"],"featImg":"news_11049133","label":"news_72"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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