'The Poet and the Silk Girl': A Japanese-American Story of Love, Imprisonment and Protest
How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal
How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations
George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'
COVID-19 Puts Amache Camp’s National Park Pursuit in Limbo
Newsom Proclaims Jan. 30 'Fred Korematsu Day' in California, Honoring Man Who Fought Japanese American Internment
'Connection, History and Resilience': Capturing the Heart of LA's Boyle Heights in Song
The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island
‘Swingposium’ Celebrates Music in Japanese American Incarceration Camps … With Taiko
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They were even more adamant when she was a college student at Berkeley in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad things will happen,” Ina remembers them telling her in an effort to deter her from joining the student protests that rocked the campus at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a residual fear behind Ina’s parents’ concern. They were both incarcerated by the United States government during World War II, along with over 125,000 other Japanese-Americans. They were part of a group that resisted their imprisonment and ultimately decided to renounce their U.S. Citizenship. They told Ina about their resistance for the first time when she was in college. 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It uncovers a chapter in their life that, for most of Ina’s life, was shrouded in mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina gave \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/californiareportmagazine\">\u003cem>The California Report Magazine\u003c/em>’s\u003c/a> host Sasha Khokha a personal and detailed account of her family’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memoir is based on letters Ina discovered after her father passed away in 1977 and spans the early days of her parents’ love story at the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition, all the way to their eventual release from the prison camps in 1946.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My mother and I were cleaning out his desk,” Ina tells \u003ci>The California Report Magazine\u003c/i>. “In the back of the bottom drawer was a bundle of letters that were wrapped in string. [My mother] was shocked, and she says, ‘I didn’t know that daddy saved my letters.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days later, her mother gave Ina the letters she had received from Ina’s father while they were imprisoned in separate camps. She never spoke about it again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I found them,” Ina says, “I realized that this was a very important communication.” Equipped with the letters and a diary her mother kept throughout her incarceration, Ina was able to fully understand her parents’ story for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Golden Gate Love Story\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ina’s parents were both \u003ci>Kibei Nisei\u003c/i>, meaning they were born in the United States and raised in Japan. Her father, Itaru, came back to San Francisco as a teenager, where he graduated from high school. He was a bookkeeper by trade, but his first love was haiku poetry, and he became one of the first Japanese-American poets to be published in a Japanese national haiku journal. Shizuko, Ina’s mother, came back to the United States to attend high school then went back to Japan. Then, in 1939, in her early 20s, she was selected to represent Japan’s silk industry at a massive international fair in San Francisco called the Golden Gate International Exhibition. The “Silk Girls,” as they were called, became local celebrities in the Bay Area Japanese-American community, and their presence at social events was highly sought after. One day, Shizuko’s watch broke, and the watchmaker, who had fixed it for her, invited her to dinner. At that dinner, she met Itaru.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know if they would say it was love at first sight,” Ina says, “But shortly after that, they were engaged, and my mother went back to Japan to finish up her job, say goodbye to her grandmother, and then came back to San Francisco, Japantown to marry my father.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1122px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979467\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM.png\" alt=\"A vintage photo of an Asian man and women posing as husband and wife. The woman is wearing a wedding gown and the man wears a suit.\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM.png 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM-800x1089.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM-1020x1389.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM-160x218.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1122px) 100vw, 1122px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shizuko and Itaru Ina were married in San Francisco shortly before the start of WWII. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Only nine months into their marriage, Pearl Harbor was bombed, and they were ordered to register at Kinmon Hall in San Francisco’s Japantown. There, they received a family number, 14911, by which they would be identified for the rest of their incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years later, Ina discovered a photo of her mother waiting in line to be registered. “In 1988, her picture was in a calendar that was being published by the National Japanese American Historical Society. They sent me the calendar, and there was the photograph of my mother standing in line waiting to get her number. It turned out that the photograph was taken by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13884545/the-oakland-museums-dorothea-lange-collection-is-now-online\">Dorothea Lange.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979460\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979460\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white image of an Asian women looking past a crowd outside.\" width=\"572\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2.jpg 572w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2-160x128.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shizuko Ina waits in line with others to register for imprisonment at Kinmon Hall in San Francisco Japantown. Famed photographer Dorothea Lange took this photo. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The couple was first sent to Tanforan racetrack in San Bruno, where the smell of the horses that had just been removed still lingered. For Shizuko, who was newly pregnant with Ina’s brother and suffered from morning sickness, it was shocking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a memory that she never forgot. She didn’t talk about the camp experience very much, but she did talk to us kids about how…they were going to be treated as less than human.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People incarcerated at Tanforan could peer through a fence and see people enjoying their weekends. Sometimes, non-incarcerated friends would drop by and throw fruits and vegetables over the barrier. One day, a woman passing by noticed Shizuko, and she could see that she was expecting. She beckoned for Shizuko to come close to the fence and threw a hand-quilted blanket to her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said to my mother, ‘I hope this helps.’” Ina says. “She always remembered that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina says that when her mother was ill and dying, she still kept the blanket on her bed to remember “that someone outside cared.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979463\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 598px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979463\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26.jpg\" alt=\"A vintage photograph of a family portait of a man, woman and a young boy and girl.\" width=\"598\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26.jpg 598w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26-160x112.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satsuki Ina and her brother were born in prison camps. The family would spend four years across six different camps. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Fighting Back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the next several months, the family was sent to multiple prison camps. While they were at Topaz prison camp in Utah, they, along with other incarcerated people, were given a form to fill out. It became known as the loyalty questionnaire. The government devised the mandatory questionnaire as a way to start releasing prisoners as the incarceration program was becoming costly and the U.S. Army was in need of more soldiers. But before the government considered releasing people, Ina says, they required prisoners to fill out a questionnaire determining their loyalty. The questionnaire hinged on two yes or no questions. The first asked if Japanese prisoners would forswear their loyalty to the emperor of Japan, and the second asked if they would bear arms on behalf of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My parents never had loyalty to the Emperor, so they answered no,” Ina says. “Would they bear arms? They answered no. Because my father’s belief was, if you give me my constitutional rights back, I will do whatever you ask me. But until that time, the answer is no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 864px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979461\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white image of an Asian man's mugshot.\" width=\"864\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18.jpg 864w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18-160x114.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Itaru was placed in a jail within a jail at Tule Lake prison camp. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ina’s parents were branded as “no-nos” and sent to Tule Lake, the largest of the prison camps, which was specially designated as a camp for the disloyal. They were critical of both the Japanese and American governments, but Ina says that didn’t make them ‘disloyal’ to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, my parents were helping at the Red Cross and were dismayed that the enemy had bombed their country. So this whole issue of loyalty was an artificially constructed message to minimize any resistance to the incarceration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Itaru and Shizuko were hopeful that they would eventually be found to have just cause for resistance and be freed. But as time went on, that proved not to be the case. Their options became more limited, and they found themselves facing either indefinite incarceration or repatriation to Japan. Like many other Japanese-Americans who answered no to the loyalty questions, they were presented with the option to give up their citizenship and be sent to Japan permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had tried everything to try to maintain their innocence,” Ina says. “So they came to a place where they would renounce their American citizenship, hoping that by going back to Japan…their children would have more opportunity and more possibility of living without harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>“They were asking me to not let their story die”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Her parents would eventually be separated, with her mother, brother and baby Satsuki staying in Tule Lake and her father sent to another prison camp in Bismark, North Dakota. The letters that Ina found after her father’s passing were from this time of separation. All their letters were read by Japanese censors who worked for the U.S. government. The censors redacted portions of the letters they didn’t want to communicate, but her parents found ingenious ways to get around the censors by stitching letters into their clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My mother said that my father would shred the bed sheets, and then he would write on these cloth letters and then stitch them inside some part of his clothing. And then he would write her a letter, and [if there was] any reference to repairing his pants, she knew there would be a letter somewhere in there,” Ina says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 578px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979462\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1.jpg\" alt=\"A vintage image of a letter written in Japanese.\" width=\"578\" height=\"748\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1.jpg 578w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1-160x207.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shizuko and Itaru’s letters were read by Japanese censors who would cut out parts of the letters. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the letters between Ina’s parents were in Japanese, and she had to work with a translator to interpret them. When Ina was a professor at California State University, Sacramento, she found a bilingual Japanese graduate student, and they embarked on the translation journey together. “It was more co-translating because she didn’t have much knowledge about the Japanese-American incarceration experience,” Ina remembered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The translator] would say, ‘People gathered for dinner in the dining room.’ I would have to say, ‘These were military-style mess halls. These were not bathrooms. These were latrines.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, they translated over 180 diary entries and letters from 1941–46.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina’s family history has informed her work as a psychotherapist, where she specializes in community trauma, as well as her work as an activist. She’s the co-organizer of the Japanese-American social advocacy group Tsuru for Solidarity, where she’s led protests against inhumane policies at the border. In 2019, she and a group of Japanese-Americans, including her older brother Kiyoshi, went to the border town Laredo, Texas, to speak with mothers just released from immigration detention centers, where they had been separated from their children. While Kiyoshi was sharing his story of living in an incarceration camp for the earliest years of his life, one of the mothers was moved to tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s someone who’s just suffered this horrible separation and loss, and she’s shedding tears for us,” Ina recalls. “To have someone cry for us, it was so healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005, Ina produced a documentary with \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Silk-Cocoon-Kim-Ina/dp/B00GTU45L0\">PBS\u003c/a> about her parents’ story, but the idea for a book lingered until finally, at 79 years old, her book will be released later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t feel like I had a choice about writing this book,” Ina says. “The way my parents saved their letters and their diaries and their poems, they were asking me to not let their story die.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Author Satsuki Ina talks about her new book and discusses her parents' love story during the incarceration of Japanese Americans and her work as a trauma therapist.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1710526975,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":2034},"headData":{"title":"'The Poet and the Silk Girl': A Japanese-American Story of Love, Imprisonment and Protest | KQED","description":"Author Satsuki Ina talks about her new book and discusses her parents' love story during the incarceration of Japanese Americans and her work as a trauma therapist.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"'The Poet and the Silk Girl': A Japanese-American Story of Love, Imprisonment and Protest","datePublished":"2024-03-15T11:00:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-03-15T18:22:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/chrt.fm/track/G6C7C3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC7847518423.mp3?updated=1710440031","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jessica Kariisa","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11979430/the-poet-and-the-silk-girl-a-japanese-american-story-of-love-imprisonment-and-protest","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Satsuki Ina’s parents always urged her to follow rules. They were even more adamant when she was a college student at Berkeley in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad things will happen,” Ina remembers them telling her in an effort to deter her from joining the student protests that rocked the campus at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a residual fear behind Ina’s parents’ concern. They were both incarcerated by the United States government during World War II, along with over 125,000 other Japanese-Americans. They were part of a group that resisted their imprisonment and ultimately decided to renounce their U.S. Citizenship. They told Ina about their resistance for the first time when she was in college. They were afraid that if she protested, she might lose her freedom as they did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘The way my parents saved their letters and their diaries and their poems, they were asking me to not let their story die.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Satsuki Ina, author","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Now, almost 60 years later, Ina has written a new memoir about her parents’ time in the prison camps called \u003ca href=\"https://www.heydaybooks.com/catalog/the-poet-and-the-silk/\">\u003ci>The Poet and the Silk Girl\u003c/i>\u003c/a>. It uncovers a chapter in their life that, for most of Ina’s life, was shrouded in mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina gave \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/californiareportmagazine\">\u003cem>The California Report Magazine\u003c/em>’s\u003c/a> host Sasha Khokha a personal and detailed account of her family’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memoir is based on letters Ina discovered after her father passed away in 1977 and spans the early days of her parents’ love story at the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition, all the way to their eventual release from the prison camps in 1946.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My mother and I were cleaning out his desk,” Ina tells \u003ci>The California Report Magazine\u003c/i>. “In the back of the bottom drawer was a bundle of letters that were wrapped in string. [My mother] was shocked, and she says, ‘I didn’t know that daddy saved my letters.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days later, her mother gave Ina the letters she had received from Ina’s father while they were imprisoned in separate camps. She never spoke about it again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I found them,” Ina says, “I realized that this was a very important communication.” Equipped with the letters and a diary her mother kept throughout her incarceration, Ina was able to fully understand her parents’ story for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Golden Gate Love Story\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ina’s parents were both \u003ci>Kibei Nisei\u003c/i>, meaning they were born in the United States and raised in Japan. Her father, Itaru, came back to San Francisco as a teenager, where he graduated from high school. He was a bookkeeper by trade, but his first love was haiku poetry, and he became one of the first Japanese-American poets to be published in a Japanese national haiku journal. Shizuko, Ina’s mother, came back to the United States to attend high school then went back to Japan. Then, in 1939, in her early 20s, she was selected to represent Japan’s silk industry at a massive international fair in San Francisco called the Golden Gate International Exhibition. The “Silk Girls,” as they were called, became local celebrities in the Bay Area Japanese-American community, and their presence at social events was highly sought after. One day, Shizuko’s watch broke, and the watchmaker, who had fixed it for her, invited her to dinner. At that dinner, she met Itaru.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know if they would say it was love at first sight,” Ina says, “But shortly after that, they were engaged, and my mother went back to Japan to finish up her job, say goodbye to her grandmother, and then came back to San Francisco, Japantown to marry my father.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1122px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979467\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM.png\" alt=\"A vintage photo of an Asian man and women posing as husband and wife. The woman is wearing a wedding gown and the man wears a suit.\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM.png 1122w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM-800x1089.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM-1020x1389.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-14-at-1.09.48-PM-160x218.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1122px) 100vw, 1122px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shizuko and Itaru Ina were married in San Francisco shortly before the start of WWII. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Only nine months into their marriage, Pearl Harbor was bombed, and they were ordered to register at Kinmon Hall in San Francisco’s Japantown. There, they received a family number, 14911, by which they would be identified for the rest of their incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years later, Ina discovered a photo of her mother waiting in line to be registered. “In 1988, her picture was in a calendar that was being published by the National Japanese American Historical Society. They sent me the calendar, and there was the photograph of my mother standing in line waiting to get her number. It turned out that the photograph was taken by \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13884545/the-oakland-museums-dorothea-lange-collection-is-now-online\">Dorothea Lange.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979460\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979460\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white image of an Asian women looking past a crowd outside.\" width=\"572\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2.jpg 572w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_07-2-160x128.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shizuko Ina waits in line with others to register for imprisonment at Kinmon Hall in San Francisco Japantown. Famed photographer Dorothea Lange took this photo. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The couple was first sent to Tanforan racetrack in San Bruno, where the smell of the horses that had just been removed still lingered. For Shizuko, who was newly pregnant with Ina’s brother and suffered from morning sickness, it was shocking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a memory that she never forgot. She didn’t talk about the camp experience very much, but she did talk to us kids about how…they were going to be treated as less than human.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People incarcerated at Tanforan could peer through a fence and see people enjoying their weekends. Sometimes, non-incarcerated friends would drop by and throw fruits and vegetables over the barrier. One day, a woman passing by noticed Shizuko, and she could see that she was expecting. She beckoned for Shizuko to come close to the fence and threw a hand-quilted blanket to her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said to my mother, ‘I hope this helps.’” Ina says. “She always remembered that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina says that when her mother was ill and dying, she still kept the blanket on her bed to remember “that someone outside cared.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979463\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 598px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979463\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26.jpg\" alt=\"A vintage photograph of a family portait of a man, woman and a young boy and girl.\" width=\"598\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26.jpg 598w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_26-160x112.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satsuki Ina and her brother were born in prison camps. The family would spend four years across six different camps. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Fighting Back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the next several months, the family was sent to multiple prison camps. While they were at Topaz prison camp in Utah, they, along with other incarcerated people, were given a form to fill out. It became known as the loyalty questionnaire. The government devised the mandatory questionnaire as a way to start releasing prisoners as the incarceration program was becoming costly and the U.S. Army was in need of more soldiers. But before the government considered releasing people, Ina says, they required prisoners to fill out a questionnaire determining their loyalty. The questionnaire hinged on two yes or no questions. The first asked if Japanese prisoners would forswear their loyalty to the emperor of Japan, and the second asked if they would bear arms on behalf of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My parents never had loyalty to the Emperor, so they answered no,” Ina says. “Would they bear arms? They answered no. Because my father’s belief was, if you give me my constitutional rights back, I will do whatever you ask me. But until that time, the answer is no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979461\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 864px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979461\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white image of an Asian man's mugshot.\" width=\"864\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18.jpg 864w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_18-160x114.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Itaru was placed in a jail within a jail at Tule Lake prison camp. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ina’s parents were branded as “no-nos” and sent to Tule Lake, the largest of the prison camps, which was specially designated as a camp for the disloyal. They were critical of both the Japanese and American governments, but Ina says that didn’t make them ‘disloyal’ to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, my parents were helping at the Red Cross and were dismayed that the enemy had bombed their country. So this whole issue of loyalty was an artificially constructed message to minimize any resistance to the incarceration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Itaru and Shizuko were hopeful that they would eventually be found to have just cause for resistance and be freed. But as time went on, that proved not to be the case. Their options became more limited, and they found themselves facing either indefinite incarceration or repatriation to Japan. Like many other Japanese-Americans who answered no to the loyalty questions, they were presented with the option to give up their citizenship and be sent to Japan permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had tried everything to try to maintain their innocence,” Ina says. “So they came to a place where they would renounce their American citizenship, hoping that by going back to Japan…their children would have more opportunity and more possibility of living without harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>“They were asking me to not let their story die”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Her parents would eventually be separated, with her mother, brother and baby Satsuki staying in Tule Lake and her father sent to another prison camp in Bismark, North Dakota. The letters that Ina found after her father’s passing were from this time of separation. All their letters were read by Japanese censors who worked for the U.S. government. The censors redacted portions of the letters they didn’t want to communicate, but her parents found ingenious ways to get around the censors by stitching letters into their clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My mother said that my father would shred the bed sheets, and then he would write on these cloth letters and then stitch them inside some part of his clothing. And then he would write her a letter, and [if there was] any reference to repairing his pants, she knew there would be a letter somewhere in there,” Ina says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11979462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 578px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11979462\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1.jpg\" alt=\"A vintage image of a letter written in Japanese.\" width=\"578\" height=\"748\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1.jpg 578w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/03/PSIL_image_20-1-160x207.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shizuko and Itaru’s letters were read by Japanese censors who would cut out parts of the letters. \u003ccite>(Reproduced with permission from Heyday Books)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the letters between Ina’s parents were in Japanese, and she had to work with a translator to interpret them. When Ina was a professor at California State University, Sacramento, she found a bilingual Japanese graduate student, and they embarked on the translation journey together. “It was more co-translating because she didn’t have much knowledge about the Japanese-American incarceration experience,” Ina remembered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The translator] would say, ‘People gathered for dinner in the dining room.’ I would have to say, ‘These were military-style mess halls. These were not bathrooms. These were latrines.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, they translated over 180 diary entries and letters from 1941–46.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ina’s family history has informed her work as a psychotherapist, where she specializes in community trauma, as well as her work as an activist. She’s the co-organizer of the Japanese-American social advocacy group Tsuru for Solidarity, where she’s led protests against inhumane policies at the border. In 2019, she and a group of Japanese-Americans, including her older brother Kiyoshi, went to the border town Laredo, Texas, to speak with mothers just released from immigration detention centers, where they had been separated from their children. While Kiyoshi was sharing his story of living in an incarceration camp for the earliest years of his life, one of the mothers was moved to tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s someone who’s just suffered this horrible separation and loss, and she’s shedding tears for us,” Ina recalls. “To have someone cry for us, it was so healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005, Ina produced a documentary with \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Silk-Cocoon-Kim-Ina/dp/B00GTU45L0\">PBS\u003c/a> about her parents’ story, but the idea for a book lingered until finally, at 79 years old, her book will be released later this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t feel like I had a choice about writing this book,” Ina says. “The way my parents saved their letters and their diaries and their poems, they were asking me to not let their story die.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11979430/the-poet-and-the-silk-girl-a-japanese-american-story-of-love-imprisonment-and-protest","authors":["byline_news_11979430"],"programs":["news_26731","news_72"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_24788","news_27626","news_2267","news_29325"],"featImg":"news_11979479","label":"news_72"},"news_11954129":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11954129","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11954129","score":null,"sort":[1688036458000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-californias-reparations-task-force-reached-its-final-proposal","title":"How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal","publishDate":1688036458,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How California’s Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>In June 2022, I took an early-morning Amtrak train for a five-hour trip to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/allensworth\">Allensworth\u003c/a>, a town located 30 minutes off Interstate 5 near Bakersfield. It was founded in 1908 and envisioned as a Black utopia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To escape racist violence after the Civil War, Black people built settlements known as freedmen’s towns in a number of states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth, founded by Lt. Col. Allen Allensworth, who was enslaved in Kentucky before fleeing and becoming a Union soldier, was the first of its kind in California, and it was governed entirely by Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11949153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11949153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg\" alt='A gray building with a sign out front that reads, \"Allensworth Community Center.\" A white SUV is parked in the driveway and gray clouds hover above. The road surrounding the property is visibly wet from flooding.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Allensworth Community Center in Allensworth, Tulare County, on May 4, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before boarding, I noticed a Black, elderly woman with a walker and a colorful knit bag. She allowed me to carry her walker as we boarded the train. We found seats across from each other and shared food, stories and songs during the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She leaned in when she spoke, her eyes scanning the passing scenery. Our conversation was lively. Her enthusiasm and soprano voice — she sang with the Oakland Symphony Chorus, and wasn’t shy about singing on the train — featured prominently in the story KQED published a few months later \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11925020/promised-land-a-historically-black-california-town-honors-its-proud-painful-past-and-fights-for-its-future\">about the history of Allensworth and the state park in town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11905371 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxine Butler died about a month after the story was published. She was 70. She died from COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer, according to her obituary. A fiercely religious woman, she told me God would take her when it was time. Yet, I couldn’t help but think of her death as part of a larger tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, the life expectancy for Black people was 70.8 years compared to 76.4 years for white people, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people.\">according to the Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>. If the U.S. had a more equitable health care system, would Butler have had a few more years to live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 30 pages of recommendations to address mental and physical harm in the California Reparations Task Force’s final report. The nine-member body examined California’s history over the last two years and submitted its final recommendations to the state Legislature on Thursday, June 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[ad fullwidth]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I attended nearly all of the meetings. I even canceled plans to be present because what we pay attention to is an expression of our values — as a society and as a media organization. Attending these meetings has been exciting, boring, confusing and heartwarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were moments when I felt like I was at a live concert with songs, dance and verbal affirmations from the audience. At other times, it was like watching friends fight. There were family reunion vibes and also tedious moments when I started to think about my next meal. Through it all, I spent more time with this task force than I have with some of my close family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954291\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man with calm expression stands with his hands folded in front of him as he speaks to a woman with her back toward the camera. They both stand inside a church located in San Francisco. Pews surround them.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Task force member Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis speaks with an attendee during the second day of an in-person meeting of the California Reparations Task Force at the Third Baptist Church in San Francisco on April 14, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I know the cadence of their voices. I know to expect mini-sermons from Rev. Amos C. Brown. When needed, Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis, chair of UC Berkeley’s geography department, would calmly get members back on track by summarizing points while also posing questions. A colleague once described the skill as wizardry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lewis also reminded the audience to do their reading. I read and I researched. I live-tweeted the meetings. I talked to people. And then, I distilled the information into stories. Racism and systemic inequality are so deeply ingrained in society that I wondered if all the task force’s efforts will have any impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11892312 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/RS47078_004_SanFrancisco_LowellBSURally_02052021-qut-1020x679.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth blossomed into a thriving town before racism squeezed it into submission. Once a destination where Black people from around the country moved for safety and an opportunity to flourish, Allensworth is now a dusty Central Valley outpost. Still, it was on Butler’s bucket list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can still hear her singing lyrics from a 1930s gospel hit by Sister Rosetta Tharpe that was later popularized by the folk singer Woody Guthrie. “This train is bound for glory,” she sang. “This train.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force’s report could be bound for glory — or obscurity. Whether or not the recommendations are adopted will, in part, be determined by public pressure. Here’s a timeline of the first-in-the-nation statewide body to study reparations for Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with short, curly brown hair, dangly earrings and a red, blue and cream-patterned blouse sits as she poses for a portrait. A calm look on her face. She wears a simple gold pendant necklace.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assemblymember Dr. Shirley Weber poses for a portrait at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco on March 8, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2020:\u003c/strong> Dr. Shirley Weber, then an Assembly member, introduces \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB3121\">AB 3121\u003c/a>, the legislation that created the task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 29, 2020\u003c/strong>: The legislation passes the Assembly 33-3. The Assembly floor analysis states that the bill comes at an “opportune time” when there is an “increased willingness to undertake a thoughtful and informed discussion of the issue of reparations.” It also notes that the bill “gives California the opportunity to take the lead in fostering a critically important and long overdue official discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: AB 3121 passes the Senate 58-12. The final version of the bill changes the composition of the task force members from eight to nine and adds a “special consideration” clause: “Task Force to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans” with “Special Consideration for African Americans Who are Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: Gov. Gavin Newsom signs AB 3121.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/gavinnewsom/status/1311432334743273472?lang=en\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 1, 2021:\u003c/strong> Senate President Pro Tempore Toni G. Atkins (D-San Diego) appoints Sen. Steven Bradford (D-Gardena) and San Diego City Council member Monica Montgomery Steppe to the task force. Atkins highlights Bradford’s work as chair of the California Legislative Black Caucus and the Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 7, 2021: \u003c/strong>Gov. Newsom announces his appointments to the task force: Dr. Cheryl Grills, Lisa Holder, Donald K. Tamaki, Rev. Amos C. Brown and Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis. “California is leading the nation, in a bipartisan way, on the issue of reparations and racial justice, which is a discussion that is long overdue and deserves our utmost attention,” Newsom said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/05/07/governor-newsom-announces-appointments-to-first-in-the-nation-task-force-to-study-reparations-for-african-americans/\">press release\u003c/a>. Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon (D-Lakewood) appoints Kamilah Moore and Assemblymember Reginald Jones-Sawyer (D-Los Angeles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TT_KXUR-zls\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force meets for the first time. “Your task is to determine the depth of the harm and the ways in which we are to repair that harm,” Sec. of State Weber \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11876194/first-in-the-us-californias-task-force-on-reparations-looks-at-harms-of-slavery\">told task force members\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>July 9, 2021: \u003c/strong>At the second task force meeting, members discussed the importance of community engagement and communications strategy. Both Holder and Grills propose plans, and the members adopt a joint plan to serve as a guide for the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force has its first substantive meeting as the body hears from experts on national and international reparations efforts, slavery, political disenfranchisement, and the Great Migration when millions of Black Southerners left the rural South. Many settled in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11906054 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53887_GettyImages-1248797994-qut-800x505.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 24, 2021:\u003c/strong> William A. Darity Jr., the co-author of \u003cem>From Here to Equality, Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century\u003c/em>, published an \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/business/reparations-wealth-gap.html\">article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> on the racial wealth gap. Darity is one of the task force’s economic consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oct. 12-13, 2021: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886031/california-reparations-task-force-holds-latest-hearings-on-discrimination-in-housing-education-and-more\">task force heard from experts on housing\u003c/a>, education, environmental racism, banking and the racial wealth gap. The task force members began discussing eligibility. Dr. William Spriggs, a professor at Howard University, and Dr. Thomas Craemer, an associate professor in the Department of Public Policy at the University of Connecticut, provided testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craemer testified about the wealth gap and lost wages due to slavery, and Spriggs’ testimony focused on labor. Spriggs and Craemer were part of a team of economic experts working with the task force. Spriggs, 68, died earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11897977 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/College-Avenue-Apartment-complex.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 7-8, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force heard from a series of experts on infrastructure, economics, homelessness and entertainment. Members also discussed the racist and xenophobic remarks posted in the online chat. A collaboration with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies to create reparations listening sessions throughout the state was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force listened to witnesses on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11903718/from-credit-scores-to-job-applications-californias-reparations-task-force-looks-to-algorithms\">discrimination in technology\u003c/a>, public health, mental health and physical health. The members had a robust discussion on eligibility. Weber provided expert testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttDyjWSBTTk&t=3s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed past and current reparations efforts. Erwin Chemerinsky, the dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law, testified on the legal implications of Proposition 209, which prohibits the use of race, ethnicity or sex as criteria in public employment, public contracting and public education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kaycea Campbell, professor of economics at Pierce College, along with Craemer, Darity and Spriggs, were unanimously approved as economic consultants by task force members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February marked the 80th year since people of Japanese descent, many of them Americans, were incarcerated during World War II. KQED’s Annelise Finney wrote about the incarceration of Tamaki’s parents and how the Civil Rights Movement inspired organizing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">Japanese reparations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YLFtziiPk&t=597s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed the criminal legal system, anti-Black hate crimes, the history of policing and the war on drugs. It also heard from a panel on genealogy and eligibility. The body voted in favor of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11909471/unpacking-reparations-eligibility-in-california\">lineage-based\u003c/a> reparations model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11944986 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS63478_005_KQED_AlisonFordBerkeley_03022023-qut-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 13-14, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force held the first in-person meeting at the Third Street Baptist Church in San Francisco, where Brown is the senior pastor. The meeting focused on educational institutions as well as updates on community engagement and strategic communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2022:\u003c/strong> The task force published an \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/ab3121/reports\">interim report\u003c/a>, which examined “the compounding harms experienced by African Americans as a result of slavery and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11942302/californias-legislature-has-roots-in-slavery-are-lawmakers-ready-to-confront-that\">its lingering effects on American society today\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force meeting in Los Angeles focused on examples of domestic and international reparations models and the principles for effective reparations based on human rights law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 14-15, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Oakland to go over a draft of the final recommendations. It heard from local reparations efforts in different cities and counties across California and also re-examined the scope of work for the communications firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11943263 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-1317879072-1020x665.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in San Diego. The members heard from experts on tax law, as well as local reparations efforts in San Francisco, Berkeley and Sacramento. Discussions on recommendations for changing laws and what an apology from the state might look like continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2023:\u003c/strong> “The Reasons for Reparations,” the first episode of KQED’s five-part YouTube series on reparations, is published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnwBMVDCx_M\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 3-4, 2023: \u003c/strong>Much of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11945690/californias-reparations-task-force-oks-method-to-calculate-lost-wealth-whats-next\">task force\u003c/a> meeting in Sacramento served as an update from advisory committees on communications and formal apologies. The members listened to a panel on implementation plans and approved the concept for a California Freedmen’s Affairs office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Sacramento again. Brown attended the meeting from Ghana as part of Vice President Kamala Harris’ delegation. The members received the final calculations from the economic experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/lakitalki/status/1508832379971915785\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 6, 2023: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11948385/californias-making-a-plan-for-reparations-but-will-anyone-hear-about-it\">task force held its last substantive meeting\u003c/a> in Oakland. Though more procedural in content, the audience interaction was contentious and two people were escorted out for disturbing the meeting. The draft of the final report and recommendations were approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 29, 2023: \u003c/strong>The final task force meeting will be held in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The 9-member body examined the state's history for 2 years. Follow this timeline of key moments as final recommendations are submitted to the Legislature.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1688054756,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":2155},"headData":{"title":"How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal | KQED","description":"The 9-member body examined the state's history for 2 years. Follow this timeline of key moments as final recommendations are submitted to the Legislature.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"How California's Reparations Task Force Reached Its Final Proposal","datePublished":"2023-06-29T11:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2023-06-29T16:05:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"audioUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/Forum-2022-01-14b.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11954129/how-californias-reparations-task-force-reached-its-final-proposal","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In June 2022, I took an early-morning Amtrak train for a five-hour trip to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/allensworth\">Allensworth\u003c/a>, a town located 30 minutes off Interstate 5 near Bakersfield. It was founded in 1908 and envisioned as a Black utopia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To escape racist violence after the Civil War, Black people built settlements known as freedmen’s towns in a number of states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth, founded by Lt. Col. Allen Allensworth, who was enslaved in Kentucky before fleeing and becoming a Union soldier, was the first of its kind in California, and it was governed entirely by Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11949153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11949153\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg\" alt='A gray building with a sign out front that reads, \"Allensworth Community Center.\" A white SUV is parked in the driveway and gray clouds hover above. The road surrounding the property is visibly wet from flooding.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/05/011_KQED_Allensworth_05042023-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Allensworth Community Center in Allensworth, Tulare County, on May 4, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before boarding, I noticed a Black, elderly woman with a walker and a colorful knit bag. She allowed me to carry her walker as we boarded the train. We found seats across from each other and shared food, stories and songs during the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She leaned in when she spoke, her eyes scanning the passing scenery. Our conversation was lively. Her enthusiasm and soprano voice — she sang with the Oakland Symphony Chorus, and wasn’t shy about singing on the train — featured prominently in the story KQED published a few months later \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11925020/promised-land-a-historically-black-california-town-honors-its-proud-painful-past-and-fights-for-its-future\">about the history of Allensworth and the state park in town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11905371","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maxine Butler died about a month after the story was published. She was 70. She died from COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer, according to her obituary. A fiercely religious woman, she told me God would take her when it was time. Yet, I couldn’t help but think of her death as part of a larger tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, the life expectancy for Black people was 70.8 years compared to 76.4 years for white people, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people.\">according to the Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>. If the U.S. had a more equitable health care system, would Butler have had a few more years to live?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 30 pages of recommendations to address mental and physical harm in the California Reparations Task Force’s final report. The nine-member body examined California’s history over the last two years and submitted its final recommendations to the state Legislature on Thursday, June 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I attended nearly all of the meetings. I even canceled plans to be present because what we pay attention to is an expression of our values — as a society and as a media organization. Attending these meetings has been exciting, boring, confusing and heartwarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were moments when I felt like I was at a live concert with songs, dance and verbal affirmations from the audience. At other times, it was like watching friends fight. There were family reunion vibes and also tedious moments when I started to think about my next meal. Through it all, I spent more time with this task force than I have with some of my close family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954291\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man with calm expression stands with his hands folded in front of him as he speaks to a woman with her back toward the camera. They both stand inside a church located in San Francisco. Pews surround them.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS55329_038_KQED_CAReparationsTaskForce_04142022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Task force member Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis speaks with an attendee during the second day of an in-person meeting of the California Reparations Task Force at the Third Baptist Church in San Francisco on April 14, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I know the cadence of their voices. I know to expect mini-sermons from Rev. Amos C. Brown. When needed, Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis, chair of UC Berkeley’s geography department, would calmly get members back on track by summarizing points while also posing questions. A colleague once described the skill as wizardry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lewis also reminded the audience to do their reading. I read and I researched. I live-tweeted the meetings. I talked to people. And then, I distilled the information into stories. Racism and systemic inequality are so deeply ingrained in society that I wondered if all the task force’s efforts will have any impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11892312","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/RS47078_004_SanFrancisco_LowellBSURally_02052021-qut-1020x679.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allensworth blossomed into a thriving town before racism squeezed it into submission. Once a destination where Black people from around the country moved for safety and an opportunity to flourish, Allensworth is now a dusty Central Valley outpost. Still, it was on Butler’s bucket list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can still hear her singing lyrics from a 1930s gospel hit by Sister Rosetta Tharpe that was later popularized by the folk singer Woody Guthrie. “This train is bound for glory,” she sang. “This train.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force’s report could be bound for glory — or obscurity. Whether or not the recommendations are adopted will, in part, be determined by public pressure. Here’s a timeline of the first-in-the-nation statewide body to study reparations for Black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with short, curly brown hair, dangly earrings and a red, blue and cream-patterned blouse sits as she poses for a portrait. A calm look on her face. She wears a simple gold pendant necklace.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS63563_008_KQED_DrShirleyWeber_03082023-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assemblymember Dr. Shirley Weber poses for a portrait at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco on March 8, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2020:\u003c/strong> Dr. Shirley Weber, then an Assembly member, introduces \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB3121\">AB 3121\u003c/a>, the legislation that created the task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 29, 2020\u003c/strong>: The legislation passes the Assembly 33-3. The Assembly floor analysis states that the bill comes at an “opportune time” when there is an “increased willingness to undertake a thoughtful and informed discussion of the issue of reparations.” It also notes that the bill “gives California the opportunity to take the lead in fostering a critically important and long overdue official discussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aug. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: AB 3121 passes the Senate 58-12. The final version of the bill changes the composition of the task force members from eight to nine and adds a “special consideration” clause: “Task Force to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans” with “Special Consideration for African Americans Who are Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 30, 2020\u003c/strong>: Gov. Gavin Newsom signs AB 3121.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1311432334743273472"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 1, 2021:\u003c/strong> Senate President Pro Tempore Toni G. Atkins (D-San Diego) appoints Sen. Steven Bradford (D-Gardena) and San Diego City Council member Monica Montgomery Steppe to the task force. Atkins highlights Bradford’s work as chair of the California Legislative Black Caucus and the Committee on Public Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 7, 2021: \u003c/strong>Gov. Newsom announces his appointments to the task force: Dr. Cheryl Grills, Lisa Holder, Donald K. Tamaki, Rev. Amos C. Brown and Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis. “California is leading the nation, in a bipartisan way, on the issue of reparations and racial justice, which is a discussion that is long overdue and deserves our utmost attention,” Newsom said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/05/07/governor-newsom-announces-appointments-to-first-in-the-nation-task-force-to-study-reparations-for-african-americans/\">press release\u003c/a>. Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon (D-Lakewood) appoints Kamilah Moore and Assemblymember Reginald Jones-Sawyer (D-Los Angeles).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/TT_KXUR-zls'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/TT_KXUR-zls'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force meets for the first time. “Your task is to determine the depth of the harm and the ways in which we are to repair that harm,” Sec. of State Weber \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11876194/first-in-the-us-californias-task-force-on-reparations-looks-at-harms-of-slavery\">told task force members\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>July 9, 2021: \u003c/strong>At the second task force meeting, members discussed the importance of community engagement and communications strategy. Both Holder and Grills propose plans, and the members adopt a joint plan to serve as a guide for the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force has its first substantive meeting as the body hears from experts on national and international reparations efforts, slavery, political disenfranchisement, and the Great Migration when millions of Black Southerners left the rural South. Many settled in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11906054","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53887_GettyImages-1248797994-qut-800x505.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 24, 2021:\u003c/strong> William A. Darity Jr., the co-author of \u003cem>From Here to Equality, Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century\u003c/em>, published an \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/business/reparations-wealth-gap.html\">article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> on the racial wealth gap. Darity is one of the task force’s economic consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oct. 12-13, 2021: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886031/california-reparations-task-force-holds-latest-hearings-on-discrimination-in-housing-education-and-more\">task force heard from experts on housing\u003c/a>, education, environmental racism, banking and the racial wealth gap. The task force members began discussing eligibility. Dr. William Spriggs, a professor at Howard University, and Dr. Thomas Craemer, an associate professor in the Department of Public Policy at the University of Connecticut, provided testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craemer testified about the wealth gap and lost wages due to slavery, and Spriggs’ testimony focused on labor. Spriggs and Craemer were part of a team of economic experts working with the task force. Spriggs, 68, died earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11897977","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/College-Avenue-Apartment-complex.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 7-8, 2021: \u003c/strong>The task force heard from a series of experts on infrastructure, economics, homelessness and entertainment. Members also discussed the racist and xenophobic remarks posted in the online chat. A collaboration with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies to create reparations listening sessions throughout the state was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force listened to witnesses on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11903718/from-credit-scores-to-job-applications-californias-reparations-task-force-looks-to-algorithms\">discrimination in technology\u003c/a>, public health, mental health and physical health. The members had a robust discussion on eligibility. Weber provided expert testimony.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ttDyjWSBTTk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ttDyjWSBTTk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed past and current reparations efforts. Erwin Chemerinsky, the dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law, testified on the legal implications of Proposition 209, which prohibits the use of race, ethnicity or sex as criteria in public employment, public contracting and public education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kaycea Campbell, professor of economics at Pierce College, along with Craemer, Darity and Spriggs, were unanimously approved as economic consultants by task force members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February marked the 80th year since people of Japanese descent, many of them Americans, were incarcerated during World War II. KQED’s Annelise Finney wrote about the incarceration of Tamaki’s parents and how the Civil Rights Movement inspired organizing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">Japanese reparations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force discussed the criminal legal system, anti-Black hate crimes, the history of policing and the war on drugs. It also heard from a panel on genealogy and eligibility. The body voted in favor of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11909471/unpacking-reparations-eligibility-in-california\">lineage-based\u003c/a> reparations model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11944986","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS63478_005_KQED_AlisonFordBerkeley_03022023-qut-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>April 13-14, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force held the first in-person meeting at the Third Street Baptist Church in San Francisco, where Brown is the senior pastor. The meeting focused on educational institutions as well as updates on community engagement and strategic communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 1, 2022:\u003c/strong> The task force published an \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/ab3121/reports\">interim report\u003c/a>, which examined “the compounding harms experienced by African Americans as a result of slavery and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11942302/californias-legislature-has-roots-in-slavery-are-lawmakers-ready-to-confront-that\">its lingering effects on American society today\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sept. 23-24, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force meeting in Los Angeles focused on examples of domestic and international reparations models and the principles for effective reparations based on human rights law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dec. 14-15, 2022: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Oakland to go over a draft of the final recommendations. It heard from local reparations efforts in different cities and counties across California and also re-examined the scope of work for the communications firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11943263","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/GettyImages-1317879072-1020x665.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jan. 27-28, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in San Diego. The members heard from experts on tax law, as well as local reparations efforts in San Francisco, Berkeley and Sacramento. Discussions on recommendations for changing laws and what an apology from the state might look like continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Feb. 21, 2023:\u003c/strong> “The Reasons for Reparations,” the first episode of KQED’s five-part YouTube series on reparations, is published.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vnwBMVDCx_M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vnwBMVDCx_M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 3-4, 2023: \u003c/strong>Much of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11945690/californias-reparations-task-force-oks-method-to-calculate-lost-wealth-whats-next\">task force\u003c/a> meeting in Sacramento served as an update from advisory committees on communications and formal apologies. The members listened to a panel on implementation plans and approved the concept for a California Freedmen’s Affairs office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>March 29-30, 2023: \u003c/strong>The task force met in Sacramento again. Brown attended the meeting from Ghana as part of Vice President Kamala Harris’ delegation. The members received the final calculations from the economic experts.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1508832379971915785"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>May 6, 2023: \u003c/strong>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11948385/californias-making-a-plan-for-reparations-but-will-anyone-hear-about-it\">task force held its last substantive meeting\u003c/a> in Oakland. Though more procedural in content, the audience interaction was contentious and two people were escorted out for disturbing the meeting. The draft of the final report and recommendations were approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>June 29, 2023: \u003c/strong>The final task force meeting will be held in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11954129/how-californias-reparations-task-force-reached-its-final-proposal","authors":["11626"],"categories":["news_31795","news_8"],"tags":["news_30345","news_26650","news_30652","news_4750","news_27626","news_16","news_4691","news_6431","news_2267","news_2997","news_61","news_2923"],"featImg":"news_11954143","label":"news"},"news_11906015":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11906015","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11906015","score":null,"sort":[1645624826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations","title":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations","publishDate":1645624826,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">Reparations in California\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> is a series of KQED stories exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Donald Tamaki sat in an empty auditorium at Golden Gate University in San Francisco flipping through pages of a photo album until he found what he was looking for.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Donald Tamaki, member, California Reparations Task Force\"]'For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before.'[/pullquote]From underneath the clear page protector, an image of his mother’s face beamed up at him. By her side in the photo are two of her grandchildren. One holds a letter and the other a white paper check from the United States government for $20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/redress\">82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations\u003c/a> more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry during World War II. It was in this auditorium, in 1981, that Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month marks the 80th year since Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were imprisoned, beginning in 1942. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A finger pointing to a photo of a women in an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, points to a photo of his mother in an album compiled by his parents, documenting the 1981 Japanese American reparations movement. Below the photo is a check for $20,000 that his parents received as reparation for the injustice inflicted on them during World War II. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incarceration was the result of a racist hysteria in a country that still hasn’t reckoned with its long history of racism. In California, there were \u003ca href=\"https://maps.densho.org/sitesofshame/?facilityCategories=WRA%7CEAIS%7CHawaii&farDestVisible=true&farPreVisible=true&farSelectedCamp=&lat=37.2875&layers=exclusion%20orders%7Csos-facilities&lng=-117.6780&selectedFamily=&zoom=5.078681400972185\">23 sites\u003c/a> where Japanese people, many of whom were American-born citizens, including Tamaki’s parents, were imprisoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than three decades since his mother received some compensation and an apology for the injustices she suffered, Tamaki, a senior attorney at San Francisco law firm Minami Tamaki LLP, is working on another reparations movement, this time for Black Californians. Tamaki, 70, is a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, the nine-member group appointed to study the issue and recommend proposals to address the systemic marginalization and oppression of Black people in California since the state’s founding in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Oakland, Tamaki is the only non-Black member of the task force. He said his parents’ incarceration was connected to white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entrenchment of white supremacy in this country’s institutions and laws has handcuffed the experience of Black people in America since the first enslaved Africans were delivered to Virginia’s shores in 1619.[aside label=\"Related Coverage\" tag=\"japanese-american-internment\"]“Every person of color has been impacted by it, but some groups certainly worse than others and none more persistently and as long and horrifically, I think, as African Americans,” said Tamaki, who was appointed to the task force by Gov. Gavin Newsom. “The Japanese American incarceration that my family faced was simply just a permutation and was an offshoot of that system that permitted it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both born and raised in the Bay Area, Tamaki’s parents — his father, Minoru, and his mother, Iyo — were in their early 20s when Pearl Harbor was bombed. In the aftermath of the attack, law enforcement officials raided Japanese American communities along the West Coast, ordering curfews for residents and arresting community leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family removed anything from their home that appeared Japanese, burning family photos and wall hangings containing calligraphy. Iyo’s family found hate mail slipped under the door of the family's tailoring shop in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru and Iyo, along with nearly 8,000 Bay Area residents of Japanese ancestry, were required to report to a detention center at Tanforan Racetrack, a horse-racing facility in San Bruno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family closed the hotel they owned in San Francisco's Japantown, handing the keys to an acquaintance, who was Black, to keep safe. Minoru stopped attending pharmacology classes at UC Berkeley. Japanese people were told to pack only essentials — something to sleep on, eating utensils, cups and plates — for Tanforan, and they weren’t given any information on how long they’d be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru, Iyo and their families slept in hastily converted horse stalls for months before being sent 700 miles away to the Topaz War Relocation Center in Utah. They were not allowed to return home for three years. At the end of the war, Minoru's family settled in Oakland and reopened their hotel across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s current reparations task force is modeled, in part, after the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, the body that studied and recommended reparations for Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man posing in a hall.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, outside Golden Gate University in San Francisco on Feb. 1, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Commission members traveled around the country to gather testimony from people who experienced wartime incarceration. For the three days the commission was in the Bay Area in 1981, public hearings were held in Golden Gate University’s auditorium, during which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/JA-Reparations-Finney-Minoru-Tamaki-CWRIC-Testimony.mp3\">Minoru shared his story of imprisonment\u003c/a> and how it affected his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki, then a young lawyer, wasn’t able to see his father’s testimony on the third day because he was working to overturn the conviction of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American man from Oakland who had resisted incarceration. Korematsu claimed the exclusion of a specific racial group from the West Coast was unconstitutional. The 1942 conviction was formally vacated in 1983.[aside postID=news_11905371 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg']“I didn't view it as being particularly historic at the time,” Tamaki said of his father’s testimony, during his first trip back to the auditorium since the hearings. “It was a defining moment in my own parents' lives. Up to that point, they had never talked about what had happened. After this, they began to speak out and open up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the reparations movement, it was common for people who’d been through incarceration to keep quiet about what they endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Culturally speaking, one Japanese tradition is the tradition of gaman. Gaman, loosely translated, means you endure hardship,” Tamaki said. “You don't say anything about it. You deal with it and you just suck it up, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was also a form of survival in a society dominated by white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these folks who were put in concentration camps when the war ended returned to the very communities that exiled them in the first place,” Tamaki said. “And so the way of dealing with it was to not talk about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman standing in a garden.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee outside her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1981, Naomi Kubota Lee, then a UC Berkeley undergraduate student, was the co-chair for the San Francisco branch of the \u003ca href=\"https://ncrr-la.org/about.html\">National Coalition for Redress/Reparations\u003c/a>, a Japanese American grassroots organization that organized people to testify at the commission hearings. Lee’s parents and grandparents were incarcerated at Topaz with Tamaki’s parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee keeps an archive from the hearings, filled with transcripts of testimony and handbills, stored in three rows of filing boxes in a studio in her Mill Valley home. She remembers sitting in the audience, surrounded by other Japanese Americans, listening to people describe their experiences, in some cases, for the very first time. The rapt audience cheered for the speakers, while also weeping with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really quite an emotional process when I reopen and read some testimonies here and there,” Lee said. “I can actually remember the people. Their voices come back into my thinking. There's a healing thing about being heard, being listened to finally. It wasn't just for the commissioners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill granting reparations passed on Aug. 4, 1988. The package included $20,000 for each survivor, a letter of apology from President George H.W. Bush and a federal grant program to fund public education projects about Japanese American incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gave me a sense that it really honored my ancestors,” Lee said. “I think that’s the first feeling I had — happiness for them. Maybe not happiness, but just that it reversed the terrible silence surrounding the camps and what they had to live through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A women looks through an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks through her archive of documents and photos relating to the Japanese American redress and reparations movement, at her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In total, just over two-thirds of the people incarcerated received monetary reparations. Many, like Lee’s grandparents, passed away before they could receive a payment. While the checks didn’t repay Japanese Americans for what was lost, Lee said the money provided recognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was being viewed as an American — deserving of an apology and compensation — that mattered most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That's the problem for all people of color, this concept that you're a perpetual foreigner, you're not a real American,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the way Black Americans organized during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that galvanized Japanese Americans to demand reparations, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew up not knowing who we were. Racism becomes so pervasive that it's normal. We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” he said. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Someone holding a black-and-white photo of a family.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks at photos of her family from when they were imprisoned at the Topaz concentration camp during WWII. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This summer, the task force Tamaki is part of will host listening sessions across the state, in partnership with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies. Black Californians are invited to share how the legacy of slavery has affected their lives and what kinds of reparations would be meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before,” Tamaki said. “It's going to take all of us to change this country. It can't be done by Black people alone.”[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than three decades since Japanese Americans in California received a formal apology and some degree of compensation for injustices they suffered during World War II, some are advancing another reparations movement — this time for Black Californians.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645653399,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1887},"headData":{"title":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations | KQED","description":"More than three decades since Japanese Americans in California received a formal apology and some degree of compensation for injustices they suffered during World War II, some are advancing another reparations movement — this time for Black Californians.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations","datePublished":"2022-02-23T14:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2022-02-23T21:56:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11906015 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11906015","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/02/23/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations/","disqusTitle":"How Japanese Americans in the Bay Area Are Carrying Forward the Legacy of Reparations","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/23869d7b-639e-42e6-9e8b-ae40012d85aa/audio.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">Reparations in California\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> is a series of KQED stories exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Donald Tamaki sat in an empty auditorium at Golden Gate University in San Francisco flipping through pages of a photo album until he found what he was looking for.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Donald Tamaki, member, California Reparations Task Force","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>From underneath the clear page protector, an image of his mother’s face beamed up at him. By her side in the photo are two of her grandchildren. One holds a letter and the other a white paper check from the United States government for $20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/redress\">82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations\u003c/a> more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry during World War II. It was in this auditorium, in 1981, that Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month marks the 80th year since Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were imprisoned, beginning in 1942. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A finger pointing to a photo of a women in an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53419_010_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, points to a photo of his mother in an album compiled by his parents, documenting the 1981 Japanese American reparations movement. Below the photo is a check for $20,000 that his parents received as reparation for the injustice inflicted on them during World War II. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The incarceration was the result of a racist hysteria in a country that still hasn’t reckoned with its long history of racism. In California, there were \u003ca href=\"https://maps.densho.org/sitesofshame/?facilityCategories=WRA%7CEAIS%7CHawaii&farDestVisible=true&farPreVisible=true&farSelectedCamp=&lat=37.2875&layers=exclusion%20orders%7Csos-facilities&lng=-117.6780&selectedFamily=&zoom=5.078681400972185\">23 sites\u003c/a> where Japanese people, many of whom were American-born citizens, including Tamaki’s parents, were imprisoned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than three decades since his mother received some compensation and an apology for the injustices she suffered, Tamaki, a senior attorney at San Francisco law firm Minami Tamaki LLP, is working on another reparations movement, this time for Black Californians. Tamaki, 70, is a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, the nine-member group appointed to study the issue and recommend proposals to address the systemic marginalization and oppression of Black people in California since the state’s founding in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born and raised in Oakland, Tamaki is the only non-Black member of the task force. He said his parents’ incarceration was connected to white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entrenchment of white supremacy in this country’s institutions and laws has handcuffed the experience of Black people in America since the first enslaved Africans were delivered to Virginia’s shores in 1619.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Coverage ","tag":"japanese-american-internment"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Every person of color has been impacted by it, but some groups certainly worse than others and none more persistently and as long and horrifically, I think, as African Americans,” said Tamaki, who was appointed to the task force by Gov. Gavin Newsom. “The Japanese American incarceration that my family faced was simply just a permutation and was an offshoot of that system that permitted it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both born and raised in the Bay Area, Tamaki’s parents — his father, Minoru, and his mother, Iyo — were in their early 20s when Pearl Harbor was bombed. In the aftermath of the attack, law enforcement officials raided Japanese American communities along the West Coast, ordering curfews for residents and arresting community leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family removed anything from their home that appeared Japanese, burning family photos and wall hangings containing calligraphy. Iyo’s family found hate mail slipped under the door of the family's tailoring shop in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru and Iyo, along with nearly 8,000 Bay Area residents of Japanese ancestry, were required to report to a detention center at Tanforan Racetrack, a horse-racing facility in San Bruno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru’s family closed the hotel they owned in San Francisco's Japantown, handing the keys to an acquaintance, who was Black, to keep safe. Minoru stopped attending pharmacology classes at UC Berkeley. Japanese people were told to pack only essentials — something to sleep on, eating utensils, cups and plates — for Tanforan, and they weren’t given any information on how long they’d be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minoru, Iyo and their families slept in hastily converted horse stalls for months before being sent 700 miles away to the Topaz War Relocation Center in Utah. They were not allowed to return home for three years. At the end of the war, Minoru's family settled in Oakland and reopened their hotel across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s current reparations task force is modeled, in part, after the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, the body that studied and recommended reparations for Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A man posing in a hall.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53448_038_KQED_ReparatioinsTaskForce_DonTamaki_02012022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Tamaki, a member of the California Reparations Task Force, outside Golden Gate University in San Francisco on Feb. 1, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Commission members traveled around the country to gather testimony from people who experienced wartime incarceration. For the three days the commission was in the Bay Area in 1981, public hearings were held in Golden Gate University’s auditorium, during which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/JA-Reparations-Finney-Minoru-Tamaki-CWRIC-Testimony.mp3\">Minoru shared his story of imprisonment\u003c/a> and how it affected his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki, then a young lawyer, wasn’t able to see his father’s testimony on the third day because he was working to overturn the conviction of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American man from Oakland who had resisted incarceration. Korematsu claimed the exclusion of a specific racial group from the West Coast was unconstitutional. The 1942 conviction was formally vacated in 1983.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11905371","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/CA-capitol-building-1020x574.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I didn't view it as being particularly historic at the time,” Tamaki said of his father’s testimony, during his first trip back to the auditorium since the hearings. “It was a defining moment in my own parents' lives. Up to that point, they had never talked about what had happened. After this, they began to speak out and open up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the reparations movement, it was common for people who’d been through incarceration to keep quiet about what they endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Culturally speaking, one Japanese tradition is the tradition of gaman. Gaman, loosely translated, means you endure hardship,” Tamaki said. “You don't say anything about it. You deal with it and you just suck it up, basically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was also a form of survival in a society dominated by white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these folks who were put in concentration camps when the war ended returned to the very communities that exiled them in the first place,” Tamaki said. “And so the way of dealing with it was to not talk about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906166\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A woman standing in a garden.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53324_030_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee outside her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1981, Naomi Kubota Lee, then a UC Berkeley undergraduate student, was the co-chair for the San Francisco branch of the \u003ca href=\"https://ncrr-la.org/about.html\">National Coalition for Redress/Reparations\u003c/a>, a Japanese American grassroots organization that organized people to testify at the commission hearings. Lee’s parents and grandparents were incarcerated at Topaz with Tamaki’s parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee keeps an archive from the hearings, filled with transcripts of testimony and handbills, stored in three rows of filing boxes in a studio in her Mill Valley home. She remembers sitting in the audience, surrounded by other Japanese Americans, listening to people describe their experiences, in some cases, for the very first time. The rapt audience cheered for the speakers, while also weeping with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really quite an emotional process when I reopen and read some testimonies here and there,” Lee said. “I can actually remember the people. Their voices come back into my thinking. There's a healing thing about being heard, being listened to finally. It wasn't just for the commissioners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill granting reparations passed on Aug. 4, 1988. The package included $20,000 for each survivor, a letter of apology from President George H.W. Bush and a federal grant program to fund public education projects about Japanese American incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gave me a sense that it really honored my ancestors,” Lee said. “I think that’s the first feeling I had — happiness for them. Maybe not happiness, but just that it reversed the terrible silence surrounding the camps and what they had to live through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A women looks through an album.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53332_038_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks through her archive of documents and photos relating to the Japanese American redress and reparations movement, at her home in Mill Valley on Jan. 27, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In total, just over two-thirds of the people incarcerated received monetary reparations. Many, like Lee’s grandparents, passed away before they could receive a payment. While the checks didn’t repay Japanese Americans for what was lost, Lee said the money provided recognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki said it was being viewed as an American — deserving of an apology and compensation — that mattered most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That's the problem for all people of color, this concept that you're a perpetual foreigner, you're not a real American,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the way Black Americans organized during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that galvanized Japanese Americans to demand reparations, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew up not knowing who we were. Racism becomes so pervasive that it's normal. We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” he said. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11906160\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11906160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Someone holding a black-and-white photo of a family.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53339_046_KQED_NaomiKubotaLee_01272022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Naomi Kubota Lee looks at photos of her family from when they were imprisoned at the Topaz concentration camp during WWII. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This summer, the task force Tamaki is part of will host listening sessions across the state, in partnership with UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies. Black Californians are invited to share how the legacy of slavery has affected their lives and what kinds of reparations would be meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those who think that the current reparations effort for Black Americans is a pipe dream, that it's impossible, I remind them that, actually, it was done before,” Tamaki said. “It's going to take all of us to change this country. It can't be done by Black people alone.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations","authors":["11772"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_18538","news_30652","news_27626","news_6431","news_2267","news_28180","news_28211","news_2923"],"featImg":"news_11906133","label":"news"},"news_11905723":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11905723","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11905723","score":null,"sort":[1645226235000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america","title":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'","publishDate":1645226235,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. It \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation#background\">sent approximately 70,000 U.S. citizens\u003c/a> into \u003ca href=\"#concentrationcamp\">concentration camps\u003c/a> for years, including a very young \u003ca href=\"https://www.georgetakei.com/\">George Takei\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was 5 years old at the time,\" recalls the actor. \"It was a terrorizing morning I will never be able to forget. Literally at gunpoint, we were ordered out of our home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best known for playing Mr. Sulu in the original \"Star Trek,\" Takei is a longtime activist whose causes have included LGBTQ rights and reparations for Japanese American survivors of concentration camps. In 1942, his family was sent to Rohwer War Relocation Center in Arkansas, then later to Tule Lake Segregation Center in Northern California. The Takei family was among thousands of American families who lost their homes, farms, stores, cars, churches, temples and countless belongings because of xenophobia and racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some people had their life savings taken from them just because we looked like the people who bombed Pearl Harbor,\" Takei says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11905725 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-2696598-c8618e2cb82ad24872943ba94c33ff875df34960-scaled-e1645224923493.jpg\" alt=\"black and white photo of a car in front of a downtown Oakland storefront, with a large sign saying 'I AM AN AMERICAN' hung above the entrance\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign on the Wanto Co. grocery store in Oakland on Dec. 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The store was closed and the Matsuda family, who owned it, was relocated and incarcerated by the U.S. government. \u003ccite>(Dorothea Lange/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Collectively, Japanese Americans forced into concentration camps lost more than $6 billion adjusted for inflation, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/06/15/The-economic-losses-of-Japanese-Americans-interned-during-World-War/5877424497600/\">an estimate from the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a story George Takei has told over and over: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/17/742558996/george-takei-recalls-time-in-an-american-internment-camp-in-they-called-us-enemy\">in a memoir\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-Bo59p_B7U\">on Broadway\u003c/a>, and to members of Congress in 1981. Takei testified at a hearing as part of an effort to push for redress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I urge restitution for the incarceration of Japanese Americans because that restitution would, at the same time, be a bold move to strengthen the integrity of America,\" Takei told a federal commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other activists, he succeeded. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan, a Republican, signed legislation to give $20,000 and a formal apology to Japanese Americans who had survived incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Takei dedicated the money he received from the federal government to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.janm.org/\">Japanese American National Museum\u003c/a> in Los Angeles. Now, he's a passionate supporter of redress for descendants of enslaved people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For us, it was four horrific years,\" Takei says. \"For African Americans, it's four torturous centuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Reparations in California' tag='california-reparations']Such solidarity warms the heart of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/experts/andre-m-perry/\">Andre Perry, a renowned scholar of reparations and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institute\u003c/a>. \"George is exerting a level of patriotism that we don't see today,\" he says. \"You can be of a different persuasion but share a common cause, a common purpose. I may not be related to you, but civically, I'm your brother. I'm your sister. I'm your friend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If he were around, I'd give him a big hug,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perry notes that the historic experiences of Black Americans and Japanese Americans are obviously very different, but ultimately, he says, it's about getting to a similar place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even with slavery, it's not impossible to find out who deserves reparations,\" he points out. \"And it's clearly not impossible with redlining and criminal justice atrocities. That was not that long ago. We can identify who is injured and who deserves how much. It's really about willingness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11905726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-151717374-53de73ad756ea52c6bb54825cb15b48019312275-scaled-e1645226050120.jpg\" alt=\"profile shot of george takei\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1439\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Actor George Takei in Hollywood in September 2012. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, composer \u003ca href=\"https://www.kenjibunch.net/\">Kenji Bunch\u003c/a> set George Takei's testimony before Congress to music. His piece, called \"Lost Freedom: A Memory,\" premiered at the Moab Music Festival. Takei himself provided narration. \"I believe that America today is strong enough and confident enough to recognize a grievous failure,\" he reads in his inimitable baritone. \"I believe that it is honest enough to acknowledge that damage was done. And I would like to think it is honorable enough to provide proper restitution to the injury that was done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does George Takei still believe that in 2022? He says he does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he believes America — and Americans — are still strong and honorable enough for the best of this country's ideals to prevail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca id=\"concentrationcamp\">\u003c/a>Editor's note: KQED is using the term \"concentration camp\" to describe the facilities in which Japanese American and Japanese people were imprisoned by the United States during World War II. The term \"internment\" most appropriately applies to the detention of foreign nationals during wartime — but during World War II, 70,000 U.S. citizens were incarcerated in camps. The phrase \"internment camp,\" in this context, is a euphemism and therefore misleading. \"Concentration camp\" is most associated with the facilities where millions of Jewish (and non-Jewish) people were forcibly relocated and massacred by the Nazis during the Holocaust. It is also appropriate for the experience of Japanese and Japanese American people in the U.S. during World War II, as the definition of \"concentration camp\" is \"a place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George+Takei+got+reparations.+He+says+they+%27strengthen+the+integrity+of+America%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Eighty years ago, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed an executive order that sent thousands of Japanese Americans to concentration camps. Actor George Takei was among them.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645228654,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":877},"headData":{"title":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America' | KQED","description":"Eighty years ago, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed an executive order that sent thousands of Japanese Americans to concentration camps. Actor George Takei was among them.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'","datePublished":"2022-02-18T23:17:15.000Z","dateModified":"2022-02-18T23:57:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11905723 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11905723","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/02/18/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america/","disqusTitle":"George Takei Got Reparations. He Says They 'Strengthen the Integrity of America'","source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org/","nprImageCredit":"Kaz Takeuchi","nprByline":"Neda Ulaby","nprImageAgency":"Visual Communications Photographic Archive","nprStoryId":"1077276293","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1077276293&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2022/02/18/1077276293/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america?ft=nprml&f=1077276293","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 18 Feb 2022 12:45:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 18 Feb 2022 07:00:52 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 18 Feb 2022 12:45:02 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/news/11905723/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. It \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation#background\">sent approximately 70,000 U.S. citizens\u003c/a> into \u003ca href=\"#concentrationcamp\">concentration camps\u003c/a> for years, including a very young \u003ca href=\"https://www.georgetakei.com/\">George Takei\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was 5 years old at the time,\" recalls the actor. \"It was a terrorizing morning I will never be able to forget. Literally at gunpoint, we were ordered out of our home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best known for playing Mr. Sulu in the original \"Star Trek,\" Takei is a longtime activist whose causes have included LGBTQ rights and reparations for Japanese American survivors of concentration camps. In 1942, his family was sent to Rohwer War Relocation Center in Arkansas, then later to Tule Lake Segregation Center in Northern California. The Takei family was among thousands of American families who lost their homes, farms, stores, cars, churches, temples and countless belongings because of xenophobia and racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some people had their life savings taken from them just because we looked like the people who bombed Pearl Harbor,\" Takei says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11905725 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-2696598-c8618e2cb82ad24872943ba94c33ff875df34960-scaled-e1645224923493.jpg\" alt=\"black and white photo of a car in front of a downtown Oakland storefront, with a large sign saying 'I AM AN AMERICAN' hung above the entrance\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign on the Wanto Co. grocery store in Oakland on Dec. 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The store was closed and the Matsuda family, who owned it, was relocated and incarcerated by the U.S. government. \u003ccite>(Dorothea Lange/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Collectively, Japanese Americans forced into concentration camps lost more than $6 billion adjusted for inflation, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/06/15/The-economic-losses-of-Japanese-Americans-interned-during-World-War/5877424497600/\">an estimate from the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a story George Takei has told over and over: \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/17/742558996/george-takei-recalls-time-in-an-american-internment-camp-in-they-called-us-enemy\">in a memoir\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-Bo59p_B7U\">on Broadway\u003c/a>, and to members of Congress in 1981. Takei testified at a hearing as part of an effort to push for redress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I urge restitution for the incarceration of Japanese Americans because that restitution would, at the same time, be a bold move to strengthen the integrity of America,\" Takei told a federal commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other activists, he succeeded. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan, a Republican, signed legislation to give $20,000 and a formal apology to Japanese Americans who had survived incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Takei dedicated the money he received from the federal government to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.janm.org/\">Japanese American National Museum\u003c/a> in Los Angeles. Now, he's a passionate supporter of redress for descendants of enslaved people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For us, it was four horrific years,\" Takei says. \"For African Americans, it's four torturous centuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reparations in California ","tag":"california-reparations"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Such solidarity warms the heart of \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/experts/andre-m-perry/\">Andre Perry, a renowned scholar of reparations and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institute\u003c/a>. \"George is exerting a level of patriotism that we don't see today,\" he says. \"You can be of a different persuasion but share a common cause, a common purpose. I may not be related to you, but civically, I'm your brother. I'm your sister. I'm your friend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If he were around, I'd give him a big hug,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perry notes that the historic experiences of Black Americans and Japanese Americans are obviously very different, but ultimately, he says, it's about getting to a similar place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even with slavery, it's not impossible to find out who deserves reparations,\" he points out. \"And it's clearly not impossible with redlining and criminal justice atrocities. That was not that long ago. We can identify who is injured and who deserves how much. It's really about willingness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11905726\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11905726\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/gettyimages-151717374-53de73ad756ea52c6bb54825cb15b48019312275-scaled-e1645226050120.jpg\" alt=\"profile shot of george takei\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1439\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Actor George Takei in Hollywood in September 2012. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, composer \u003ca href=\"https://www.kenjibunch.net/\">Kenji Bunch\u003c/a> set George Takei's testimony before Congress to music. His piece, called \"Lost Freedom: A Memory,\" premiered at the Moab Music Festival. Takei himself provided narration. \"I believe that America today is strong enough and confident enough to recognize a grievous failure,\" he reads in his inimitable baritone. \"I believe that it is honest enough to acknowledge that damage was done. And I would like to think it is honorable enough to provide proper restitution to the injury that was done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does George Takei still believe that in 2022? He says he does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he believes America — and Americans — are still strong and honorable enough for the best of this country's ideals to prevail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca id=\"concentrationcamp\">\u003c/a>Editor's note: KQED is using the term \"concentration camp\" to describe the facilities in which Japanese American and Japanese people were imprisoned by the United States during World War II. The term \"internment\" most appropriately applies to the detention of foreign nationals during wartime — but during World War II, 70,000 U.S. citizens were incarcerated in camps. The phrase \"internment camp,\" in this context, is a euphemism and therefore misleading. \"Concentration camp\" is most associated with the facilities where millions of Jewish (and non-Jewish) people were forcibly relocated and massacred by the Nazis during the Holocaust. It is also appropriate for the experience of Japanese and Japanese American people in the U.S. during World War II, as the definition of \"concentration camp\" is \"a place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George+Takei+got+reparations.+He+says+they+%27strengthen+the+integrity+of+America%27+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11905723/george-takei-got-reparations-he-says-they-strengthen-the-integrity-of-america","authors":["byline_news_11905723"],"categories":["news_6188","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_18538","news_6948","news_2842","news_6431","news_2267","news_19644","news_2923"],"featImg":"news_11905724","label":"source_news_11905723"},"news_11860385":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11860385","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11860385","score":null,"sort":[1613330192000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"covid-19-puts-amache-camps-national-park-pursuit-in-limbo","title":"COVID-19 Puts Amache Camp’s National Park Pursuit in Limbo","publishDate":1613330192,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>At first, the trip unfolded as just an academic tracing of family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Tonai had for years heard the stories from his father, Minoru, about the Amache internment camp in southeastern Colorado, where the U.S. government transported thousands of Japanese Americans from California and held them behind barbed wire and guard posts for three years during World War II. The family lore became a constant soundtrack that, over time, receded to a kind of background noise — always heard, seldom absorbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1990, as a master’s student at the University of Northern Colorado, Tonai actually visited the site just outside the town of Granada. He explored the remnants of building foundations and other landmarks for an independent study project in photography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father had described the exact location of the family barracks — Building 9L, Apartment B. Tonai approached a slight dip in what remained of the foundation, a subtle reminder of the doorway to another time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just stepping across that threshold proved a life-changing experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I did that,” recalls Tonai, 60, “the stories came flooding back. My father used to talk about things like walking down a certain road at the camp, and now I could envision him as a 13- to 16-year-old boy, actually doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Tonai’s experience decades ago, the Amache site has been curated and improved, largely under the leadership of the Amache Preservation Society, a local school project headed by John Hopper, a social studies teacher-turned-principal of Granada High School. Hundreds of local students have found the single square mile of land a valuable historical resource, but it also has hosted years of pilgrimages for the former incarcerees and their families and drawn more than 20,000 visitors annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of that has led Amache to another threshold. Supporters of the site have pushed to establish it as a unit of the National Park System, a designation that could literally put Amache on the map as a federally run tourist destination. It also would shift most of the work around caring for it — a tall task that up to now has been mostly the province of Hopper and a handful of high school kids — to federal authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Tonai and his father, about to turn 92, have lent their voices to the ongoing preservation of a site that has broad historical and cultural importance, but particular resonance for the families of those who experienced Amache firsthand.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"John Tonai, who heard stories of Japanese internment from his father\"]'My dad was a teenager, just coming into his own, and he was always very angry about it. He has always supported preserving the memory of the camp.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He probably has stronger thoughts than almost anybody I know,” Tonai, who now works as an exhibit preparator and photographer for the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles, says of his father. “My dad was a teenager, just coming into his own, and he was always very angry about it. He has always supported preserving the memory of the camp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort on the federal level officially began in late 2019 with the John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act. The massive legislation included dozens of initiatives and effectively launched a study of the Amache site’s suitability. But months later, the gears ground to a halt: Most significantly, the COVID-19 crisis stifled the normal schedule of public comment and wreaked havoc on the prescribed timeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, it’s kind of in limbo,” Hopper says. “The way I’m looking at it, we’ve lost a year with the COVID deal, not being able to meet in person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An already lengthy federal process — the study and recommendation alone have a three-year timeline — suddenly seemed to get nudged even further into the future. For Hopper, who has seen his work with Amache become an all-consuming passion, the prospect of handing the lion’s share of the responsibility for the site to the government experts sooner rather than later offers peace of mind — not to mention the chance for actual retirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that not only has become a part of my life, but it’s on my mind just about every day — doesn’t matter what day,” Hopper, 57, says of Amache. “It’s always on my mind. It’s made me what I am, from an educational standpoint with these students. I want to make sure that the school continues to be involved as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when rural Colorado struggles with declining population and attendant economic challenges, Amache offers restorative opportunities. The work of the Amache Preservation Society has already helped restore a valuable historic and cultural marker. And in combination with both the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site near Eads and a similar attraction at Bent’s Old Fort in La Junta — each less than an hour’s drive from Granada – it creates a historic triangle on the Eastern Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Park designation would only add to the attraction, Hopper figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be a lot more aware,” he says. “Once they’re down here and tour all these sites, there are a lot of others. We’ve got the Santa Fe Trail, plus museums in Holly and Las Animas. We’re building up a decent historical area for people to come and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Amache, structures from barracks to the camp’s guard and water towers have been reconstituted on the grounds. Memorials have been constructed or restored. An original recreation center at the camp that had been moved to Granada’s city park was returned to its original foundation. A museum in town has slowly collected an impressive array of artifacts from the era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People come from a long distance away to see Amache,” Hopper says. “That’s a help for the community, as well as people spending dollars and time in Granada. That’s the other thing: You become a National Park site, and it helps the community with more jobs and kind of solidifies that the community will stay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19-related delays in the federal study’s public engagement effort, which stalled last spring, could push that portion of the process to next spring, notes Jeremy Sweat, chief of planning and compliance for the National Park Service regional office in Lakewood. Some meetings scheduled to take place in person, including some on the West Coast to accommodate original internees and their families, had to be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a new NPS team has been assembled, he adds, some virtual meetings will be added to the schedule to receive public input. When that portion of the process is complete, the federal staffers will start analyzing the four key criteria that figure into the study recommendation to the Secretary of the Interior, who then forwards the report to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress isn’t bound by the findings, which are designed simply to inform lawmakers. Any member could still introduce a bill to establish Amache as a unit of the National Park System, Sweat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Checking the boxes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Amache incarceration site already has been designated a National Historic Landmark. But to become a unit of the National Park System, it would need to pass four additional tests during the site study. On average, about one in four studies results in a recommendation for inclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with approval, the NPS notes, it can take as long as 10 years to get a new national park up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Amache is hoping to clear four hurdles of the site study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significance: Amache’s status as a National Historic Landmark already pretty well checks this box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We typically still do some level of analysis to make sure nothing has changed, that there’s no new information,” Sweat says. “But in this case, it’s safe to say it’s nationally significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of other factors also weigh in its favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Ralph Carr’s welcoming the arrival of Japanese Americans, in stark contrast to many other reactions across the country and even sentiment within Colorado, bolsters the site with a unique set of historical circumstances. Additionally, Amache experienced much less conflict and violence than other incarceration sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suitability: This is where the process becomes even more detailed, as the focus turns to the site’s uniqueness and whether or not it’s represented or protected by other entities. Here, the study completes a comparative analysis to other sites — and among the 10 camps that were scattered across the interior U.S., a handful of others have already achieved federal recognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweat explains that the study looks at whether other sites tell the exact same story or have similar resources. But he emphasizes that the fact that there are other incarceration sites in other areas of the country in no way disqualifies Amache from consideration. The U.S. has many federally recognized sites that reference the same general historical narrative, such as the Civil War or Revolutionary War or even other Japanese American sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as it’s demonstrated that the site has a unique history and resources, that doesn’t count against it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feasibility: This portion of the study looks at whether the site is of sufficient size and appropriate configuration to allow the NPS to manage it at a reasonable cost. Sweat says that access is a key factor here — whether the site can be accessed safely by visitors, but also that it can be acquired as federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Amache grounds are owned by the town of Granada, which Hopper says currently seems disposed to offer the land for a National Park site. But that can change with the political winds, which is another reason Hopper would like to see this process move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With local elections, you never know,” he says. “Maybe down the road people say maybe we don’t want to donate the land now. That’s why I’d like to move this along. But it’s not going to move along anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Need for NPS management: The question here is whether NPS management is the “clearly superior” approach to other options. Could a site continue under its current management or move to management by some other entity, whether state or federal, private or nonprofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that Amache already benefits from the management of the Amache Preservation Society doesn’t necessarily mean that this is the optimal approach — and won’t count against the site in the study. [aside tag=\"internment, japanese\" label=\"More Related Stories\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely not a disqualifier that there’s an existing organization,” Sweat says. “Most that are considered for inclusion in the Park Service usually have a managing entity. The real question is whether it’s necessary for the federal government and Park Service to manage, or does it receive adequate protection from the existing organization?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper feels that National Park designation would be optimal, though if the federal government were to disagree he would probably pursue other avenues, such as the creation of a state park on the site. But he has looked hard at all the NPS criteria and, by his calculation, Amache more than measures up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought we were a good fit on all of them,” he says. “Amache is nationally significant, and we’d be the furthest east of all the other National Park camps. We’re right on Highway 50, a coast-to-coast highway that’s well traveled. And Amache has a uniqueness about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Maintenance isn’t easy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The site can be a handful for the students to maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper has nine students participating this year, and their time has been consumed re-staining the guard tower, mowing, trimming trees, conducting tours and working at the museum. They also typically give presentations about the camp to schools in Colorado, Kansas and Oklahoma. Every other year — at least before COVID — students also visited Japan and stayed with host families to learn more about the culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A current project has featured students helping to erect a replica of a historic kiosk that displayed the names of all the internees from Amache who served in the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking around a thousand names — plus a Medal of Honor recipient, and of course the 31 who died fighting for the United States,” Hopper says. “I’ve got students filing names correctly so we can get them to a company to manufacture panels for us. I used to be a roofer, so I built the roof myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s finished, the kiosk will greet visitors at the main gate, with a series of flagpoles behind it flying the American flag, Colorado state flag, the flag for the 442nd Infantry Regiment that included almost entirely soldiers of Japanese American ancestry and a yet-to-be designed flag representing Amache.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then we’ll light it up so people will understand that the people at Amache fought for the United States,” Hopper says. “So many people don’t understand that. You wouldn’t believe it. We still have people saying they were POWs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, if the study process moves Amache to the next stage, a member of Congress could introduce a bill to authorize the creation of a new National Park. That would then need to pass in both the House and Senate and be signed into law by the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the outcome that would bring Hopper a sense of completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I retire, I want to feel good about it,” he says. “I want to walk away and let the next generation take it on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where Tanner Grasmick comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 26-year-old social studies teacher grew up around Granada and, in his senior year, worked at Amache fixing signs, doing restoration, giving tours and then traveling to spread the word around the region. He even visited Japan, where he met a host family with whom he remains in touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His dedication to Amache now has the familiar echo of Hopper’s as he works the dark history of the camp into his own teaching at Granada High School. That’s why Hopper already has tagged him as his successor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the National Park Service takes control of the site or not, there will always be a role for the area kids — even if it’s just managing the museum, which would remain a separate, local entity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasmick feels like he’s up for the task of following in his teacher’s footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve met countless people from pilgrimages to Amache, and they’re such great people that I’d love to continue on with what Mr. Hopper has done and keep it going for them, too,” he says. “I’d definitely like to do it for a lifetime commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Supporters of Colorado's Amache site — formerly a Japanese internment location — want to establish it as part of the National Park System, a designation that could literally put Amache on the map as a federally run tourist destination. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1613330192,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":57,"wordCount":2623},"headData":{"title":"COVID-19 Puts Amache Camp’s National Park Pursuit in Limbo | KQED","description":"Supporters of Colorado's Amache site — formerly a Japanese internment location — want to establish it as part of the National Park System, a designation that could literally put Amache on the map as a federally run tourist destination. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"COVID-19 Puts Amache Camp’s National Park Pursuit in Limbo","datePublished":"2021-02-14T19:16:32.000Z","dateModified":"2021-02-14T19:16:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11860385 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11860385","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/02/14/covid-19-puts-amache-camps-national-park-pursuit-in-limbo/","disqusTitle":"COVID-19 Puts Amache Camp’s National Park Pursuit in Limbo","nprByline":"Kevin Simpson \u003cbr> Associated Press","path":"/news/11860385/covid-19-puts-amache-camps-national-park-pursuit-in-limbo","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At first, the trip unfolded as just an academic tracing of family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Tonai had for years heard the stories from his father, Minoru, about the Amache internment camp in southeastern Colorado, where the U.S. government transported thousands of Japanese Americans from California and held them behind barbed wire and guard posts for three years during World War II. The family lore became a constant soundtrack that, over time, receded to a kind of background noise — always heard, seldom absorbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1990, as a master’s student at the University of Northern Colorado, Tonai actually visited the site just outside the town of Granada. He explored the remnants of building foundations and other landmarks for an independent study project in photography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father had described the exact location of the family barracks — Building 9L, Apartment B. Tonai approached a slight dip in what remained of the foundation, a subtle reminder of the doorway to another time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just stepping across that threshold proved a life-changing experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I did that,” recalls Tonai, 60, “the stories came flooding back. My father used to talk about things like walking down a certain road at the camp, and now I could envision him as a 13- to 16-year-old boy, actually doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Tonai’s experience decades ago, the Amache site has been curated and improved, largely under the leadership of the Amache Preservation Society, a local school project headed by John Hopper, a social studies teacher-turned-principal of Granada High School. Hundreds of local students have found the single square mile of land a valuable historical resource, but it also has hosted years of pilgrimages for the former incarcerees and their families and drawn more than 20,000 visitors annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of that has led Amache to another threshold. Supporters of the site have pushed to establish it as a unit of the National Park System, a designation that could literally put Amache on the map as a federally run tourist destination. It also would shift most of the work around caring for it — a tall task that up to now has been mostly the province of Hopper and a handful of high school kids — to federal authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Tonai and his father, about to turn 92, have lent their voices to the ongoing preservation of a site that has broad historical and cultural importance, but particular resonance for the families of those who experienced Amache firsthand.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'My dad was a teenager, just coming into his own, and he was always very angry about it. He has always supported preserving the memory of the camp.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"John Tonai, who heard stories of Japanese internment from his father","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He probably has stronger thoughts than almost anybody I know,” Tonai, who now works as an exhibit preparator and photographer for the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles, says of his father. “My dad was a teenager, just coming into his own, and he was always very angry about it. He has always supported preserving the memory of the camp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort on the federal level officially began in late 2019 with the John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act. The massive legislation included dozens of initiatives and effectively launched a study of the Amache site’s suitability. But months later, the gears ground to a halt: Most significantly, the COVID-19 crisis stifled the normal schedule of public comment and wreaked havoc on the prescribed timeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, it’s kind of in limbo,” Hopper says. “The way I’m looking at it, we’ve lost a year with the COVID deal, not being able to meet in person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An already lengthy federal process — the study and recommendation alone have a three-year timeline — suddenly seemed to get nudged even further into the future. For Hopper, who has seen his work with Amache become an all-consuming passion, the prospect of handing the lion’s share of the responsibility for the site to the government experts sooner rather than later offers peace of mind — not to mention the chance for actual retirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that not only has become a part of my life, but it’s on my mind just about every day — doesn’t matter what day,” Hopper, 57, says of Amache. “It’s always on my mind. It’s made me what I am, from an educational standpoint with these students. I want to make sure that the school continues to be involved as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when rural Colorado struggles with declining population and attendant economic challenges, Amache offers restorative opportunities. The work of the Amache Preservation Society has already helped restore a valuable historic and cultural marker. And in combination with both the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site near Eads and a similar attraction at Bent’s Old Fort in La Junta — each less than an hour’s drive from Granada – it creates a historic triangle on the Eastern Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Park designation would only add to the attraction, Hopper figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be a lot more aware,” he says. “Once they’re down here and tour all these sites, there are a lot of others. We’ve got the Santa Fe Trail, plus museums in Holly and Las Animas. We’re building up a decent historical area for people to come and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Amache, structures from barracks to the camp’s guard and water towers have been reconstituted on the grounds. Memorials have been constructed or restored. An original recreation center at the camp that had been moved to Granada’s city park was returned to its original foundation. A museum in town has slowly collected an impressive array of artifacts from the era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People come from a long distance away to see Amache,” Hopper says. “That’s a help for the community, as well as people spending dollars and time in Granada. That’s the other thing: You become a National Park site, and it helps the community with more jobs and kind of solidifies that the community will stay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19-related delays in the federal study’s public engagement effort, which stalled last spring, could push that portion of the process to next spring, notes Jeremy Sweat, chief of planning and compliance for the National Park Service regional office in Lakewood. Some meetings scheduled to take place in person, including some on the West Coast to accommodate original internees and their families, had to be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a new NPS team has been assembled, he adds, some virtual meetings will be added to the schedule to receive public input. When that portion of the process is complete, the federal staffers will start analyzing the four key criteria that figure into the study recommendation to the Secretary of the Interior, who then forwards the report to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress isn’t bound by the findings, which are designed simply to inform lawmakers. Any member could still introduce a bill to establish Amache as a unit of the National Park System, Sweat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Checking the boxes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Amache incarceration site already has been designated a National Historic Landmark. But to become a unit of the National Park System, it would need to pass four additional tests during the site study. On average, about one in four studies results in a recommendation for inclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with approval, the NPS notes, it can take as long as 10 years to get a new national park up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Amache is hoping to clear four hurdles of the site study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significance: Amache’s status as a National Historic Landmark already pretty well checks this box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We typically still do some level of analysis to make sure nothing has changed, that there’s no new information,” Sweat says. “But in this case, it’s safe to say it’s nationally significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of other factors also weigh in its favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Ralph Carr’s welcoming the arrival of Japanese Americans, in stark contrast to many other reactions across the country and even sentiment within Colorado, bolsters the site with a unique set of historical circumstances. Additionally, Amache experienced much less conflict and violence than other incarceration sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suitability: This is where the process becomes even more detailed, as the focus turns to the site’s uniqueness and whether or not it’s represented or protected by other entities. Here, the study completes a comparative analysis to other sites — and among the 10 camps that were scattered across the interior U.S., a handful of others have already achieved federal recognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweat explains that the study looks at whether other sites tell the exact same story or have similar resources. But he emphasizes that the fact that there are other incarceration sites in other areas of the country in no way disqualifies Amache from consideration. The U.S. has many federally recognized sites that reference the same general historical narrative, such as the Civil War or Revolutionary War or even other Japanese American sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as it’s demonstrated that the site has a unique history and resources, that doesn’t count against it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feasibility: This portion of the study looks at whether the site is of sufficient size and appropriate configuration to allow the NPS to manage it at a reasonable cost. Sweat says that access is a key factor here — whether the site can be accessed safely by visitors, but also that it can be acquired as federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Amache grounds are owned by the town of Granada, which Hopper says currently seems disposed to offer the land for a National Park site. But that can change with the political winds, which is another reason Hopper would like to see this process move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With local elections, you never know,” he says. “Maybe down the road people say maybe we don’t want to donate the land now. That’s why I’d like to move this along. But it’s not going to move along anytime soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Need for NPS management: The question here is whether NPS management is the “clearly superior” approach to other options. Could a site continue under its current management or move to management by some other entity, whether state or federal, private or nonprofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that Amache already benefits from the management of the Amache Preservation Society doesn’t necessarily mean that this is the optimal approach — and won’t count against the site in the study. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"tag":"internment, japanese","label":"More Related Stories "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely not a disqualifier that there’s an existing organization,” Sweat says. “Most that are considered for inclusion in the Park Service usually have a managing entity. The real question is whether it’s necessary for the federal government and Park Service to manage, or does it receive adequate protection from the existing organization?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper feels that National Park designation would be optimal, though if the federal government were to disagree he would probably pursue other avenues, such as the creation of a state park on the site. But he has looked hard at all the NPS criteria and, by his calculation, Amache more than measures up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought we were a good fit on all of them,” he says. “Amache is nationally significant, and we’d be the furthest east of all the other National Park camps. We’re right on Highway 50, a coast-to-coast highway that’s well traveled. And Amache has a uniqueness about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Maintenance isn’t easy\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The site can be a handful for the students to maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper has nine students participating this year, and their time has been consumed re-staining the guard tower, mowing, trimming trees, conducting tours and working at the museum. They also typically give presentations about the camp to schools in Colorado, Kansas and Oklahoma. Every other year — at least before COVID — students also visited Japan and stayed with host families to learn more about the culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A current project has featured students helping to erect a replica of a historic kiosk that displayed the names of all the internees from Amache who served in the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking around a thousand names — plus a Medal of Honor recipient, and of course the 31 who died fighting for the United States,” Hopper says. “I’ve got students filing names correctly so we can get them to a company to manufacture panels for us. I used to be a roofer, so I built the roof myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s finished, the kiosk will greet visitors at the main gate, with a series of flagpoles behind it flying the American flag, Colorado state flag, the flag for the 442nd Infantry Regiment that included almost entirely soldiers of Japanese American ancestry and a yet-to-be designed flag representing Amache.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then we’ll light it up so people will understand that the people at Amache fought for the United States,” Hopper says. “So many people don’t understand that. You wouldn’t believe it. We still have people saying they were POWs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, if the study process moves Amache to the next stage, a member of Congress could introduce a bill to authorize the creation of a new National Park. That would then need to pass in both the House and Senate and be signed into law by the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the outcome that would bring Hopper a sense of completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I retire, I want to feel good about it,” he says. “I want to walk away and let the next generation take it on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where Tanner Grasmick comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 26-year-old social studies teacher grew up around Granada and, in his senior year, worked at Amache fixing signs, doing restoration, giving tours and then traveling to spread the word around the region. He even visited Japan, where he met a host family with whom he remains in touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His dedication to Amache now has the familiar echo of Hopper’s as he works the dark history of the camp into his own teaching at Granada High School. That’s why Hopper already has tagged him as his successor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the National Park Service takes control of the site or not, there will always be a role for the area kids — even if it’s just managing the museum, which would remain a separate, local entity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasmick feels like he’s up for the task of following in his teacher’s footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve met countless people from pilgrimages to Amache, and they’re such great people that I’d love to continue on with what Mr. Hopper has done and keep it going for them, too,” he says. “I’d definitely like to do it for a lifetime commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11860385/covid-19-puts-amache-camps-national-park-pursuit-in-limbo","authors":["byline_news_11860385"],"categories":["news_223","news_19906","news_1169","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_160","news_2267","news_2715"],"featImg":"news_11860387","label":"news"},"news_11857895":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11857895","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11857895","score":null,"sort":[1612111718000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"newsom-proclaims-jan-30-fred-korematsu-day-in-ca-honoring-man-who-fought-japanese-internment","title":"Newsom Proclaims Jan. 30 'Fred Korematsu Day' in California, Honoring Man Who Fought Japanese American Internment","publishDate":1612111718,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>Fred Korematsu fought for social justice in his home state, California, and now California will honor his memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, more than 75 years after Korematsu fought against Japanese American internment, Gov. Gavin Newsom declared Jan. 30 as \"Fred Korematsu Day\" in California, pledging to honor his decades-long crusade for years to come. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Rep. Barbara Lee, D-Oakland\"]'He never gave up the fight for civil rights ... His story is such a reminder of the power of standing up for what is right and refusing to accept state-sanctioned racism.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While national in scope, much of the bigotry Korematsu faced was in his own backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1942, Korematsu, an Oakland-native, was arrested and held in San Leandro for failing to report for internment, transferred to military custody in San Francisco's Presidio, and like 120,000 other Americans, was ultimately interred simply for being of Japanese ancestry. He was imprisoned in the Tanforan assembly center in San Bruno before being transferred to an internment camp in Topaz, Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the prompting of the ACLU, Korematsu, who was a 23-year-old welder, challenged his internment at the U.S. Supreme Court. While he lost his case, he firmly planted his feet in history, standing up to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's order 9066 to intern Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Korematsu's effort — along with grassroots organizing from Japanese Americans across the country — ultimately led to the Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/blog/remembering-civil-liberties-hero-fred-korematsu\">adopting the Civil Liberties Act of 1988\u003c/a>, apologizing to Japanese Americans for internment and granting reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Rep. Barbara Lee, D-Oakland, noted that long journey at a virtual event hosted by the Fred T. Korematsu Institute on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He never gave up the fight for civil rights,\" Lee noted. \"His story is such a reminder of the power of standing up for what is right and refusing to accept state-sanctioned racism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee said Korematsu's struggle bore resemblance to the famed Rosa Parks. He struck Lee as humble, however, when she first met him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKhcyrIx0eE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His legacy also lives on through the Fred T. Korematsu Institute, helmed by his daughter, Karen Korematsu. She has been working for 10 years to see the nation formally recognize her father, and the holiday is now celebrated in Hawaii, Virginia, Florida and Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The institute has also distributed education toolkits on Japanese American internment and Korematsu's story to more than 12,000 educators and more than 1 million students across the United States, according to the institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Thurmond, the California state superintendent of public instruction, praised Korematsu's story and its influence on students. Thurmond also drew parallels between the internment of Japanese Americans and the ongoing racial struggles of today, because the United States still hasn't let go of its racist past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We continue to see so many challenges around racism and police brutality against African Americans and others, we see acts of hate all throughout our Capitol, white supremacists bringing violence into the Capitol and attempting to overthrow our government,\" Thurmond said. \"That's why we have to do like Congressman John Lewis said and get in a good kind of trouble, and to celebrate Fred Korematsu.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan. 30 was the late activist's birthday. In a virtual event on Saturday, his daughter Karen Korematsu said his message lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'd like to say on this special day is, 'Happy birthday, daddy.' He would've been 102 years old. His legacy continues to grow and to inspire,\" she said. \"One person can make a difference, and so can you.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fred Korematsu fought for social justice in his home state of California, and now California will honor his memory.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1612210543,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":610},"headData":{"title":"Newsom Proclaims Jan. 30 'Fred Korematsu Day' in California, Honoring Man Who Fought Japanese American Internment | KQED","description":"Fred Korematsu fought for social justice in his home state of California, and now California will honor his memory.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Newsom Proclaims Jan. 30 'Fred Korematsu Day' in California, Honoring Man Who Fought Japanese American Internment","datePublished":"2021-01-31T16:48:38.000Z","dateModified":"2021-02-01T20:15:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11857895 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11857895","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/01/31/newsom-proclaims-jan-30-fred-korematsu-day-in-ca-honoring-man-who-fought-japanese-internment/","disqusTitle":"Newsom Proclaims Jan. 30 'Fred Korematsu Day' in California, Honoring Man Who Fought Japanese American Internment","path":"/news/11857895/newsom-proclaims-jan-30-fred-korematsu-day-in-ca-honoring-man-who-fought-japanese-internment","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fred Korematsu fought for social justice in his home state, California, and now California will honor his memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, more than 75 years after Korematsu fought against Japanese American internment, Gov. Gavin Newsom declared Jan. 30 as \"Fred Korematsu Day\" in California, pledging to honor his decades-long crusade for years to come. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'He never gave up the fight for civil rights ... His story is such a reminder of the power of standing up for what is right and refusing to accept state-sanctioned racism.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Rep. Barbara Lee, D-Oakland","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While national in scope, much of the bigotry Korematsu faced was in his own backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1942, Korematsu, an Oakland-native, was arrested and held in San Leandro for failing to report for internment, transferred to military custody in San Francisco's Presidio, and like 120,000 other Americans, was ultimately interred simply for being of Japanese ancestry. He was imprisoned in the Tanforan assembly center in San Bruno before being transferred to an internment camp in Topaz, Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the prompting of the ACLU, Korematsu, who was a 23-year-old welder, challenged his internment at the U.S. Supreme Court. While he lost his case, he firmly planted his feet in history, standing up to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's order 9066 to intern Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Korematsu's effort — along with grassroots organizing from Japanese Americans across the country — ultimately led to the Congress \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/blog/remembering-civil-liberties-hero-fred-korematsu\">adopting the Civil Liberties Act of 1988\u003c/a>, apologizing to Japanese Americans for internment and granting reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Rep. Barbara Lee, D-Oakland, noted that long journey at a virtual event hosted by the Fred T. Korematsu Institute on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He never gave up the fight for civil rights,\" Lee noted. \"His story is such a reminder of the power of standing up for what is right and refusing to accept state-sanctioned racism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee said Korematsu's struggle bore resemblance to the famed Rosa Parks. He struck Lee as humble, however, when she first met him.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mKhcyrIx0eE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mKhcyrIx0eE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>His legacy also lives on through the Fred T. Korematsu Institute, helmed by his daughter, Karen Korematsu. She has been working for 10 years to see the nation formally recognize her father, and the holiday is now celebrated in Hawaii, Virginia, Florida and Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The institute has also distributed education toolkits on Japanese American internment and Korematsu's story to more than 12,000 educators and more than 1 million students across the United States, according to the institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Thurmond, the California state superintendent of public instruction, praised Korematsu's story and its influence on students. Thurmond also drew parallels between the internment of Japanese Americans and the ongoing racial struggles of today, because the United States still hasn't let go of its racist past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We continue to see so many challenges around racism and police brutality against African Americans and others, we see acts of hate all throughout our Capitol, white supremacists bringing violence into the Capitol and attempting to overthrow our government,\" Thurmond said. \"That's why we have to do like Congressman John Lewis said and get in a good kind of trouble, and to celebrate Fred Korematsu.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan. 30 was the late activist's birthday. In a virtual event on Saturday, his daughter Karen Korematsu said his message lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'd like to say on this special day is, 'Happy birthday, daddy.' He would've been 102 years old. His legacy continues to grow and to inspire,\" she said. \"One person can make a difference, and so can you.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11857895/newsom-proclaims-jan-30-fred-korematsu-day-in-ca-honoring-man-who-fought-japanese-internment","authors":["11690"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_4750","news_27626","news_2264","news_2267","news_29107","news_23276"],"featImg":"news_11289614","label":"news"},"news_11848066":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11848066","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11848066","score":null,"sort":[1605920676000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"connection-history-and-resilience-capturing-the-heart-of-las-boyle-heights-in-song","title":"'Connection, History and Resilience': Capturing the Heart of LA's Boyle Heights in Song","publishDate":1605920676,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>How do sounds capture a neighborhood? What does it mean when local residents archive their own local soundscape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the driving questions behind a new project in the East Los Angeles neighborhood of Boyle Heights. The \u003ca href=\"https://actaonline.org/program/sounds-of-california/\">Alliance for California Traditional Arts\u003c/a> has commissioned 10 original songs from local artists, focused on themes of anti-displacement and belonging, along with stories about the immigrant experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grammy Award-winning musician and ACTA program manager \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu5laJPLn7g\">Quetzal Flores\u003c/a> has been helping to curate the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545?mt=2\">The California Report Magazine\u003c/a> host Sasha Khokha sat down with Flores to talk about the project, and how it focuses on immigrant narratives and culture. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4Xj0hcpRD0\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>On Boyle Heights, a Community of Immigrants\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Quetzal Flores\"]'When you put the narrative in the hands of artists, they tell beautiful, powerful stories of deep connection, deep history, and resilience.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyle Heights has been a community of immigrants since its inception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were communities that could not live anywhere besides Boyle Heights, Compton or other parts of the city that were designated [for immigrants and BIPOC people] through redlining policies. We look at how the economic powers within the city of Los Angeles are positioning themselves to to gentrify Boyle Heights, to displace people, to prey on economic opportunity in the place that has been their sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a history of defiance, resistance to power and to the oppressive tactics of capitalism, patriarchy and white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11848070\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11848070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-800x417.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-800x417.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-1020x532.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-160x83.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-1536x801.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of anti-eviction protesters in downtown LA. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Eva Garcia/ACTA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>On Cross-Cultural Neighborhood Connections\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There's a great story that I was told by a friend: an Eastern European woman would walk by my friend's house every day [when she was little].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day she stopped and said, 'Hey, little girl. Come here. What's that smell? I pass by your house every day and that smell reels me in.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little girl says, 'My mom is making tortillas.' So she brought her a tortilla with some butter on it. And the woman said, 'This is incredible. Can we exchange? I make sour cream. I will bring you a batch of sour cream every week and you give me tortillas and we'll exchange.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two women became best friends and were connected for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dY4X616IbT4&\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>On Reclaiming Boyle Heights' Narrative\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Eddika Organista’s song \"Their Landing\" chronicles her family's migration story from Tijuana to Boyle Heights — the story of many people living in Boyle Heights. Eddika told the personal story of her parents arriving from Tijuana, being homeless in the city and finding home in Boyle Heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When artist Nobuko Miyamoto was a young girl, she and her family were incarcerated by the United States government. Coming out of camp they landed in Boyle Heights. Miyamoto sings about seeing her mother restitch their lives back together, and healing from the trauma of being forcibly removed and incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqvIyATWcp8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Nobuko Miyamoto\"]'Boyle Heights was a refuge for many Japanese Americans returning from World War II concentration camps. We found color, a taste for food and music and life that been stolen from us.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miyamoto became a trained dancer who landed in Broadway and landed a part also in \"West Side Story.\" During that period she was very active in the movement for Asian American rights, so she's been a deeply rooted activist and performer for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miyamoto is also a community elder, and she holds a very important perspective. The cross-generational dialogue within these compositions is key.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>On Blending Genres and Languages\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Angelica Mata's song, “Mariachi Plaza\" is a song in the collection that is bilingual, both in English and Spanish, and it also blends different genres of music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angelica is the child of two prominent mariachis in Los Angeles. In \"Mariachi Plaza\" she blends a lush ballad-like introduction into a mariachi piece with fervor and intensity and pride that mariachi elicits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angelica's main tradition is mariachi music, but she's a lover of all genres of music. She loves Brazilian music. She loves jazz. And lyrically, she loves her neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF8CHTptaBo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oftentimes, what happens in the process of gentrifying a community, there's an erasure of culture and the people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To center the culture and the people is a way of reaffirming our existence — it's the mirror that people can look at and say to themselves, 'I matter. I have value. My value is not determined by how much money I make, but the deep connections I have to people in this neighborhood and the sounds that remind me I belong here.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Sounds of California project will launch a website in the Spring, where listeners can access sounds from many vibrant communities across the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new collection of songs by neighborhood artists celebrates the immigrant roots of LA's Boyle Heights.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1606240336,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":845},"headData":{"title":"'Connection, History and Resilience': Capturing the Heart of LA's Boyle Heights in Song | KQED","description":"A new collection of songs by neighborhood artists celebrates the immigrant roots of LA's Boyle Heights.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"'Connection, History and Resilience': Capturing the Heart of LA's Boyle Heights in Song","datePublished":"2020-11-21T01:04:36.000Z","dateModified":"2020-11-24T17:52:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11848066 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11848066","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/11/20/connection-history-and-resilience-capturing-the-heart-of-las-boyle-heights-in-song/","disqusTitle":"'Connection, History and Resilience': Capturing the Heart of LA's Boyle Heights in Song","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/dccf02a6-1712-4b64-b3e4-ac7a00104c1b/audio.mp3","path":"/news/11848066/connection-history-and-resilience-capturing-the-heart-of-las-boyle-heights-in-song","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How do sounds capture a neighborhood? What does it mean when local residents archive their own local soundscape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the driving questions behind a new project in the East Los Angeles neighborhood of Boyle Heights. The \u003ca href=\"https://actaonline.org/program/sounds-of-california/\">Alliance for California Traditional Arts\u003c/a> has commissioned 10 original songs from local artists, focused on themes of anti-displacement and belonging, along with stories about the immigrant experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grammy Award-winning musician and ACTA program manager \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu5laJPLn7g\">Quetzal Flores\u003c/a> has been helping to curate the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545?mt=2\">The California Report Magazine\u003c/a> host Sasha Khokha sat down with Flores to talk about the project, and how it focuses on immigrant narratives and culture. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Q4Xj0hcpRD0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Q4Xj0hcpRD0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>On Boyle Heights, a Community of Immigrants\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'When you put the narrative in the hands of artists, they tell beautiful, powerful stories of deep connection, deep history, and resilience.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Quetzal Flores","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyle Heights has been a community of immigrants since its inception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were communities that could not live anywhere besides Boyle Heights, Compton or other parts of the city that were designated [for immigrants and BIPOC people] through redlining policies. We look at how the economic powers within the city of Los Angeles are positioning themselves to to gentrify Boyle Heights, to displace people, to prey on economic opportunity in the place that has been their sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a history of defiance, resistance to power and to the oppressive tactics of capitalism, patriarchy and white supremacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11848070\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11848070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-800x417.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-800x417.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-1020x532.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-160x83.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut-1536x801.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/11/RS46064_19.-Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-12.51.44-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of anti-eviction protesters in downtown LA. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Eva Garcia/ACTA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>On Cross-Cultural Neighborhood Connections\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There's a great story that I was told by a friend: an Eastern European woman would walk by my friend's house every day [when she was little].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day she stopped and said, 'Hey, little girl. Come here. What's that smell? I pass by your house every day and that smell reels me in.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little girl says, 'My mom is making tortillas.' So she brought her a tortilla with some butter on it. And the woman said, 'This is incredible. Can we exchange? I make sour cream. I will bring you a batch of sour cream every week and you give me tortillas and we'll exchange.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two women became best friends and were connected for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dY4X616IbT4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dY4X616IbT4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>On Reclaiming Boyle Heights' Narrative\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Eddika Organista’s song \"Their Landing\" chronicles her family's migration story from Tijuana to Boyle Heights — the story of many people living in Boyle Heights. Eddika told the personal story of her parents arriving from Tijuana, being homeless in the city and finding home in Boyle Heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When artist Nobuko Miyamoto was a young girl, she and her family were incarcerated by the United States government. Coming out of camp they landed in Boyle Heights. Miyamoto sings about seeing her mother restitch their lives back together, and healing from the trauma of being forcibly removed and incarcerated.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/yqvIyATWcp8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/yqvIyATWcp8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'Boyle Heights was a refuge for many Japanese Americans returning from World War II concentration camps. We found color, a taste for food and music and life that been stolen from us.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Nobuko Miyamoto","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miyamoto became a trained dancer who landed in Broadway and landed a part also in \"West Side Story.\" During that period she was very active in the movement for Asian American rights, so she's been a deeply rooted activist and performer for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miyamoto is also a community elder, and she holds a very important perspective. The cross-generational dialogue within these compositions is key.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>On Blending Genres and Languages\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Angelica Mata's song, “Mariachi Plaza\" is a song in the collection that is bilingual, both in English and Spanish, and it also blends different genres of music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angelica is the child of two prominent mariachis in Los Angeles. In \"Mariachi Plaza\" she blends a lush ballad-like introduction into a mariachi piece with fervor and intensity and pride that mariachi elicits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angelica's main tradition is mariachi music, but she's a lover of all genres of music. She loves Brazilian music. She loves jazz. And lyrically, she loves her neighborhood.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/sF8CHTptaBo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/sF8CHTptaBo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Oftentimes, what happens in the process of gentrifying a community, there's an erasure of culture and the people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To center the culture and the people is a way of reaffirming our existence — it's the mirror that people can look at and say to themselves, 'I matter. I have value. My value is not determined by how much money I make, but the deep connections I have to people in this neighborhood and the sounds that remind me I belong here.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Sounds of California project will launch a website in the Spring, where listeners can access sounds from many vibrant communities across the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11848066/connection-history-and-resilience-capturing-the-heart-of-las-boyle-heights-in-song","authors":["11580"],"programs":["news_26731"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_28827","news_28823","news_21515","news_28826","news_17708","news_2267","news_20310","news_25409","news_4","news_21258","news_1425"],"featImg":"news_11848275","label":"news_26731"},"news_11821133":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11821133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11821133","score":null,"sort":[1590660059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island","publishDate":1590660059,"format":"image","headTitle":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n[documentcloud url=“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html” responsive=true]\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700590673,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":44,"wordCount":2265},"headData":{"title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","description":"Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island","datePublished":"2020-05-28T10:00:59.000Z","dateModified":"2023-11-21T18:17:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC2105243508.mp3","path":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"documentcloud","attributes":{"named":{"url":"“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html”","responsive":"true","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","authors":["8617"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_28025","news_24788","news_6431","news_17856","news_2267","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11821307","label":"source_news_11821133"},"news_11802718":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11802718","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11802718","score":null,"sort":[1582383640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"swingposium-celebrates-music-in-japanese-american-incarceration-camps-with-taiko","title":"‘Swingposium’ Celebrates Music in Japanese American Incarceration Camps … With Taiko","publishDate":1582383640,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>When you think about internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, you probably don’t think about big bands and dancing. But music — especially swing music — played a big role in incarceration camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Music was infused early on in the internment incarceration experience as a way to bring some normalcy,” said Franco Imperial, artistic director of San Jose Taiko, a performance group with a California take on classical Japanese percussion. “Music was a source of hope. It allowed them to escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802776\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11802776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audience members join in on San Jose Taiko's dance for an interactive performance. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of Mark Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"https://taiko.org/swingposium\">Swingposium,\u003c/a>\" San Jose Taiko's interactive show touring the state, celebrates the big band scene that emerged while Japanese American people were in incarceration camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole show starts with the door swinging open. You've just been transported through time,\" Imperial said. The classic Benny Goodman song, “In the Mood,\" plays courtesy of a live jazz ensemble, and the audience starts dancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an audience member, you are not just watching, but you are participating,\" he said. \"Imagine yourself walking onto a movie set from the 1940s, in an internment camp dance hall. And so you're surrounded by actors, dancers, Taiko musicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802779\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11802779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Actors Nicole Ogata and Matt Mori cozy up for a slow dance. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of Mark Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Swingposium\" employs actors from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epicimmersive.com/\">Epic Immersive\u003c/a> to tell a personal story of internment. Imperial teases the plot: It’s about “love that blossomed between a young man named George and a young woman named Amy.” George is named after real life incarceree and bandleader, George Igawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more than a love story, \"Swingposium\" explores the complex effects of incarceration on a Japanese American's identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[George is] also navigating being a teenager of 18, wondering if he should go to war,\" Imperial said. \"Why should you fight for a country that incarcerates your family and yourself without due process? And [on] another side, wanting to prove yourself as an American?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>San Jose's Take on Taiko: California Style\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Taiko signifies a broad range of Japanese percussion instruments, but San Jose Taiko’s version of Taiko is different from Japan’s classical forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 1973, San Jose Taiko decided that its sound was meant to be representative of the \"Asian soul of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we first performed in Japan in the early '90s, the Taiko establishment in Japan saw us from California. We were smiling, being joyful and effusive. And they labeled us 'California Sunshine Taiko,' \" Imperial said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining swing music with a modern, ensemble-style of Taiko felt like a natural progression, Imperial said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, how did they choreograph the performances so they could \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1un9X2_sOY\">play a huge taiko drum\u003c/a> and swing dance at the same time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial’s answer: trial and error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802786\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802786\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1146\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut-800x478.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut-1020x609.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The George Igawa Orchestra perform in Hope Mountain, Wyoming. \u003ccite>(HMWF Collection 2001.007, Gift of Joy Teraoka)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>'Americanization' Versus American Affirmation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Swing bands were sponsored by the War Relocation Authority as a propaganda tool meant to “Americanize\" incarcerees. Bands like the \u003ca href=\"https://everything2.com/title/George+Igawa+Band\">George Igawa Band\u003c/a> in Heart Mountain, Wyoming, were funded by the Recreation Department, and some band members even received a monthly salary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802787\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802787\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Internment survivor Naomi Meyers is interviewed by Franco Imperial, Artistic Director San Jose Taiko, before 'Swingposium.' \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you were at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, the only swing band if you wanted to listen to swing music live was the George Igawa Band,” Imperial said. “They played a gig and then bused back into the incarceration camps afterwards. They were used for anything from high school dances to community dances. What was unbelievable was that they would be used for war bond rallies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial noted that there were no recorded instances of Taiko at Heart Mountain, but dancing to swing music was a way incarcerated people affirmed their American identities. And today, \"Swingposium\" uses Taiko as a symbol for the spirit and resilience of Japanese people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was them proving that we're just as American as anybody else in the country. They were saying they loved Duke Ellington and Cole Porter and listened to the same music,\" he said. \"This music was an expression of them saying we're no different than anyone outside of the barbed wire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"San Jose Taiko has a unique touring show that tells the hidden history of one way Japanese Americans maintained morale in the camps: through swing dancing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1582736782,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":741},"headData":{"title":"‘Swingposium’ Celebrates Music in Japanese American Incarceration Camps … With Taiko | KQED","description":"San Jose Taiko has a unique touring show that tells the hidden history of one way Japanese Americans maintained morale in the camps: through swing dancing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"‘Swingposium’ Celebrates Music in Japanese American Incarceration Camps … With Taiko","datePublished":"2020-02-22T15:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2020-02-26T17:06:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","isAccessibleForFree":"Y","publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.kqed.org/#organization","name":"KQED","url":"https://www.kqed.org","logo":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}}},"disqusIdentifier":"11802718 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11802718","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/22/swingposium-celebrates-music-in-japanese-american-incarceration-camps-with-taiko/","disqusTitle":"‘Swingposium’ Celebrates Music in Japanese American Incarceration Camps … With Taiko","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/ff85a310-8399-4b49-a784-ab68018a5097/audio.mp3","path":"/news/11802718/swingposium-celebrates-music-in-japanese-american-incarceration-camps-with-taiko","audioDuration":358000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think about internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, you probably don’t think about big bands and dancing. But music — especially swing music — played a big role in incarceration camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Music was infused early on in the internment incarceration experience as a way to bring some normalcy,” said Franco Imperial, artistic director of San Jose Taiko, a performance group with a California take on classical Japanese percussion. “Music was a source of hope. It allowed them to escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802776\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11802776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41463_PHOTO1-qut.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audience members join in on San Jose Taiko's dance for an interactive performance. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of Mark Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"https://taiko.org/swingposium\">Swingposium,\u003c/a>\" San Jose Taiko's interactive show touring the state, celebrates the big band scene that emerged while Japanese American people were in incarceration camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole show starts with the door swinging open. You've just been transported through time,\" Imperial said. The classic Benny Goodman song, “In the Mood,\" plays courtesy of a live jazz ensemble, and the audience starts dancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an audience member, you are not just watching, but you are participating,\" he said. \"Imagine yourself walking onto a movie set from the 1940s, in an internment camp dance hall. And so you're surrounded by actors, dancers, Taiko musicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802779\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11802779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41465_PHOTO3-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Actors Nicole Ogata and Matt Mori cozy up for a slow dance. \u003ccite>(Photo Courtesy of Mark Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Swingposium\" employs actors from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epicimmersive.com/\">Epic Immersive\u003c/a> to tell a personal story of internment. Imperial teases the plot: It’s about “love that blossomed between a young man named George and a young woman named Amy.” George is named after real life incarceree and bandleader, George Igawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more than a love story, \"Swingposium\" explores the complex effects of incarceration on a Japanese American's identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[George is] also navigating being a teenager of 18, wondering if he should go to war,\" Imperial said. \"Why should you fight for a country that incarcerates your family and yourself without due process? And [on] another side, wanting to prove yourself as an American?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>San Jose's Take on Taiko: California Style\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Taiko signifies a broad range of Japanese percussion instruments, but San Jose Taiko’s version of Taiko is different from Japan’s classical forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in 1973, San Jose Taiko decided that its sound was meant to be representative of the \"Asian soul of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we first performed in Japan in the early '90s, the Taiko establishment in Japan saw us from California. We were smiling, being joyful and effusive. And they labeled us 'California Sunshine Taiko,' \" Imperial said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining swing music with a modern, ensemble-style of Taiko felt like a natural progression, Imperial said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, how did they choreograph the performances so they could \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1un9X2_sOY\">play a huge taiko drum\u003c/a> and swing dance at the same time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial’s answer: trial and error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802786\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802786\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1146\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut-800x478.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41468_PHOTO6-qut-1020x609.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The George Igawa Orchestra perform in Hope Mountain, Wyoming. \u003ccite>(HMWF Collection 2001.007, Gift of Joy Teraoka)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>'Americanization' Versus American Affirmation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Swing bands were sponsored by the War Relocation Authority as a propaganda tool meant to “Americanize\" incarcerees. Bands like the \u003ca href=\"https://everything2.com/title/George+Igawa+Band\">George Igawa Band\u003c/a> in Heart Mountain, Wyoming, were funded by the Recreation Department, and some band members even received a monthly salary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802787\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802787\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41467_PHOTO5-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Internment survivor Naomi Meyers is interviewed by Franco Imperial, Artistic Director San Jose Taiko, before 'Swingposium.' \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you were at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, the only swing band if you wanted to listen to swing music live was the George Igawa Band,” Imperial said. “They played a gig and then bused back into the incarceration camps afterwards. They were used for anything from high school dances to community dances. What was unbelievable was that they would be used for war bond rallies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial noted that there were no recorded instances of Taiko at Heart Mountain, but dancing to swing music was a way incarcerated people affirmed their American identities. And today, \"Swingposium\" uses Taiko as a symbol for the spirit and resilience of Japanese people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was them proving that we're just as American as anybody else in the country. They were saying they loved Duke Ellington and Cole Porter and listened to the same music,\" he said. \"This music was an expression of them saying we're no different than anyone outside of the barbed wire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11802718/swingposium-celebrates-music-in-japanese-american-incarceration-camps-with-taiko","authors":["11660"],"programs":["news_72","news_26731"],"categories":["news_223","news_8"],"tags":["news_2267","news_18541","news_17041"],"featImg":"news_11802789","label":"news_26731"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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