Inspired by Black Leaders, Japanese Americans Got Reparations After WWII
The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy
The Complicated Origins of SF's Beloved Japanese Tea Garden
How Shuei-Do Manju Shop in San José Inspires a Cult Following With Its Soft, Pillowy Mochi
Memories of Japanese American Incarceration, Across Generations
The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island
The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars
California Lawmakers Apologize for U.S. Internment of Japanese Americans
California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans
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Over the years, she's talked with Kamau Bell, David Byrne, Kamala Harris, Tony Kushner, Armistead Maupin, Van Dyke Parks, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Tommie Smith, among others.\r\n\r\nBefore all this, she hosted \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em> for 7+ years, reporting on topics like \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/rmyrow/on-a-mission-to-reform-assisted-living\">assisted living facilities\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/12/01/367703789/amazon-unleashes-robot-army-to-send-your-holiday-packages-faster\">robot takeover\u003c/a> of Amazon, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/50822/in-search-of-the-chocolate-persimmon\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chocolate persimmons\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nAwards? Sure: Peabody, Edward R. Murrow, Regional Edward R. Murrow, RTNDA, Northern California RTNDA, SPJ Northern California Chapter, LA Press Club, Golden Mic. Prior to joining KQED, Rachael worked in Los Angeles at KPCC and Marketplace. She holds degrees in English and journalism from UC Berkeley (where she got her start in public radio on KALX-FM).\r\n\r\nOutside of the studio, you'll find Rachael hiking Bay Area trails and whipping up Instagram-ready meals in her kitchen.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/87bf8cb5874e045cdff430523a6d48b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"rachaelmyrow","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/rachaelmyrow/","sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"news","roles":["edit_others_posts","editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"bayareabites","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Rachael Myrow | KQED","description":"Senior Editor of KQED's Silicon Valley News Desk","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/87bf8cb5874e045cdff430523a6d48b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/87bf8cb5874e045cdff430523a6d48b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rachael-myrow"},"sasha-khokha":{"type":"authors","id":"254","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"254","found":true},"name":"Sasha Khokha","firstName":"Sasha","lastName":"Khokha","slug":"sasha-khokha","email":"skhokha@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"Host, The California Report Magazine","bio":"Sasha Khokha is the host of \u003cem>The California Report's \u003c/em> weekly magazine program, which takes listeners on sound-rich excursions to meet the people that make the Golden State unique -- through audio documentaries and long-form stories. As \u003cem>The California Report's\u003c/em> Central Valley Bureau Chief based in Fresno for nearly a dozen years, Sasha brought the lives and concerns of rural Californians to listeners around the state. Her reporting helped expose the hidden price immigrant women janitors and farmworkers may pay to keep their jobs: sexual assault at work. It inspired two new California laws to protect them from sexual harassment. She was a key member of the reporting team for the Frontline film \u003cem>Rape on the Night Shift, \u003c/em>which was nominated for two national Emmys. Sasha has also won a national Edward R. Murrow and a national PRNDI award for investigative reporting, as well as multiple prizes from the Society for Professional Journalists. Sasha is a proud alum of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and Brown University and a member of the South Asian Journalists Association.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"KQEDSashaKhokha","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sasha Khokha | KQED","description":"Host, The California Report Magazine","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sasha-khokha"},"clei":{"type":"authors","id":"8617","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"8617","found":true},"name":"Cecilia Lei","firstName":"Cecilia","lastName":"Lei","slug":"clei","email":"clei@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Cecilia Lei is a former on-call producer and reporter for KQED News and Bay Curious. 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Cecilia is a graduate of UC Berkeley’s Graduate School of Journalism and a board member of the Asian American Journalists Association San Francisco Bay Area chapter.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/40975f1f88fccf628ee537bf6ffc2af8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"CeeLei","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"about","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Cecilia Lei | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/40975f1f88fccf628ee537bf6ffc2af8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/40975f1f88fccf628ee537bf6ffc2af8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/clei"},"afont":{"type":"authors","id":"8637","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"8637","found":true},"name":"Amanda Font","firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Font","slug":"afont","email":"afont@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Amanda Font is a producer on the \u003cem>Bay Curious\u003c/em> podcast, and the host and co-producer of the series \u003cem>Audible Cosmos\u003c/em>. 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Amanda earned a B.A. from the BECA program at San Francisco State, where she worked in the university's radio station.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9e81cf0117d5849b9cfb7ab4b1422f1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor","add_users","create_users"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"perspectives","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"radio","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amanda Font | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9e81cf0117d5849b9cfb7ab4b1422f1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d9e81cf0117d5849b9cfb7ab4b1422f1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/afont"},"otaylor":{"type":"authors","id":"11770","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11770","found":true},"name":"Otis R. 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For the third episode of our reparations video \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnwBMVDCx_M\">series\u003c/a>, my colleague Manjula Varghese produced a video that recounts how the civil rights movement inspired tens of thousands of Japanese Americans to demand remuneration for four years of imprisonment during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YLFtziiPk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The video also indirectly illuminates why the reparations effort for Black people has consistently faltered: There is a lack of unified and coordinated support, something that was evident in the lobbying of the federal government by Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The civil rights movement led by Black leaders woke us up,” Donald K. Tamaki, one of nine members of the California Reparations Task Force, says in the video. “This had an impact on the country, but it certainly had an impact on Japanese Americans. By 1970, the next generation, the third generation of Japanese Americans, began to ask questions and demand an accounting of what happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated 82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry, many of whom were Americans, during World War II. About 120,000 people who had their constitutional rights revoked during the war were imprisoned at 10 sites, including two in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 1942, Japanese people living on the West Coast were ordered to abandon their homes, businesses and jobs. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service. Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, traumatized Japanese Americans didn’t speak of what they had endured. But by observing Black Americans organize against social injustices during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Japanese Americans were galvanized to open up, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Reparations in California\" link1=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations,Explore why California launched the first-in-the-nation task force to study reparations for Black people\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/02/RiCLandingPageGraphic-1020x574.png\"]“We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” Tamaki, who was raised in Oakland, told KQED’s Annelise Finney for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">story\u003c/a> last year that marked 80 years since Japanese people were forced from their homes and imprisoned. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations during hearings at Golden Gate University in San Francisco in 1981. In 1988, after a two-decade drive, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 offered an official apology and a payment of $20,000 to former detainees who were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could pave the road for a national reparations plan for Black people — on July 1, the task force will present its recommendations to the Legislature. Last month, the group \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ab3121-agenda10-ch17-draft-05062023.pdf\">released formulas and calculations for remuneration\u003c/a>, including up to $115,260 — or $2,352 for each year of residency between 1971 and 2020 — as compensation for mass incarceration and discriminatory policing and sentencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To remedy health disparities, economists working with the task force suggest $966,921 per Black Californian for “total loss in value of life due to racial discrimination.” The calculation is based on the average life expectancy for Black Californians — 71 years — multiplied by $13,619 for each year lived in the state. Based on calculations by the economists, a Black resident could receive up to $1.2 million in compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Tateishi, former executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League, the nation’s oldest and largest Asian American civil rights organization, played an influential role in the Japanese redress campaign. His family was forced from their home in Los Angeles and imprisoned at the Manzanar War Relocation Center in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our video, Tateishi shares why he believes reparations for Black people are important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you talk about Black reparations, it’s so much more complex — the degree of damage and the harm and the legacy,” he said. “And people will say, ‘But we can’t afford it.’ And my response to that is, ‘Can we afford not to do that?’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t correct this injustice, correct this wrong, what does that mean about us as a society and a nation and a democracy?”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the third installment of KQED's reparations video series, we take a look back at the push for redress by the last racial group to receive reparations for discrimination: Japanese Americans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1686240023,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":887},"headData":{"title":"Inspired by Black Leaders, Japanese Americans Got Reparations After WWII | KQED","description":"In the third installment of KQED's reparations video series, we take a look back at the push for redress by the last racial group to receive reparations for discrimination: Japanese Americans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Commentary","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11952398/inspired-by-black-leaders-japanese-americans-got-reparations-after-wwii","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">\u003ci>Reparations in California\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> is a series of KQED stories and videos exploring the road to racial equity in the state.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Reparations Task Force will present its recommendations to the Legislature next month, the culmination of two years of examining the historic harms of slavery and anti-Black racism in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At KQED, we feel this is an appropriate time to look back at the push for redress by the last racial group to receive reparations for discrimination: Japanese Americans. For the third episode of our reparations video \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnwBMVDCx_M\">series\u003c/a>, my colleague Manjula Varghese produced a video that recounts how the civil rights movement inspired tens of thousands of Japanese Americans to demand remuneration for four years of imprisonment during World War II.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-0YLFtziiPk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The video also indirectly illuminates why the reparations effort for Black people has consistently faltered: There is a lack of unified and coordinated support, something that was evident in the lobbying of the federal government by Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The civil rights movement led by Black leaders woke us up,” Donald K. Tamaki, one of nine members of the California Reparations Task Force, says in the video. “This had an impact on the country, but it certainly had an impact on Japanese Americans. By 1970, the next generation, the third generation of Japanese Americans, began to ask questions and demand an accounting of what happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s parents were among the estimated 82,000 Japanese Americans who received reparations more than three decades ago for the mass incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry, many of whom were Americans, during World War II. About 120,000 people who had their constitutional rights revoked during the war were imprisoned at 10 sites, including two in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 1942, Japanese people living on the West Coast were ordered to abandon their homes, businesses and jobs. The U.S. government claimed that the wartime incarceration was necessary to prevent sabotage and spying following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service. Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the displacement of people of Japanese ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, traumatized Japanese Americans didn’t speak of what they had endured. But by observing Black Americans organize against social injustices during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Japanese Americans were galvanized to open up, according to Tamaki.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Reparations in California ","link1":"https://www.kqed.org/reparations,Explore why California launched the first-in-the-nation task force to study reparations for Black people","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/02/RiCLandingPageGraphic-1020x574.png"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We saw ourselves as second-class citizens,” Tamaki, who was raised in Oakland, told KQED’s Annelise Finney for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11906015/how-japanese-americans-in-the-bay-area-are-carrying-forward-the-legacy-of-reparations\">story\u003c/a> last year that marked 80 years since Japanese people were forced from their homes and imprisoned. “It wasn’t until the Black civil rights movement that our community, my father included, and others began to realize that this is not normal. This is not the way it should be. And I think that motivated him to testify.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamaki’s father testified in front of a commission established to explore reparations during hearings at Golden Gate University in San Francisco in 1981. In 1988, after a two-decade drive, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 offered an official apology and a payment of $20,000 to former detainees who were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could pave the road for a national reparations plan for Black people — on July 1, the task force will present its recommendations to the Legislature. Last month, the group \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ab3121-agenda10-ch17-draft-05062023.pdf\">released formulas and calculations for remuneration\u003c/a>, including up to $115,260 — or $2,352 for each year of residency between 1971 and 2020 — as compensation for mass incarceration and discriminatory policing and sentencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To remedy health disparities, economists working with the task force suggest $966,921 per Black Californian for “total loss in value of life due to racial discrimination.” The calculation is based on the average life expectancy for Black Californians — 71 years — multiplied by $13,619 for each year lived in the state. Based on calculations by the economists, a Black resident could receive up to $1.2 million in compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Tateishi, former executive director of the Japanese American Citizens League, the nation’s oldest and largest Asian American civil rights organization, played an influential role in the Japanese redress campaign. His family was forced from their home in Los Angeles and imprisoned at the Manzanar War Relocation Center in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our video, Tateishi shares why he believes reparations for Black people are important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you talk about Black reparations, it’s so much more complex — the degree of damage and the harm and the legacy,” he said. “And people will say, ‘But we can’t afford it.’ And my response to that is, ‘Can we afford not to do that?’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t correct this injustice, correct this wrong, what does that mean about us as a society and a nation and a democracy?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11952398/inspired-by-black-leaders-japanese-americans-got-reparations-after-wwii","authors":["11770"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_30656","news_30652","news_31116","news_27626","news_6431","news_17856"],"featImg":"news_11952400","label":"source_news_11952398"},"news_11927282":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11927282","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11927282","score":null,"sort":[1664583538000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy","title":"The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy","publishDate":1664583538,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us as part of a collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>, a daily news source for critical thought about the American food system.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of my 20s, I fantasized about working on a farm. I’d wake up with the birds and spend most of my time outdoors, learning about the basics like soil composition, pest management and tractor safety. The plants themselves would teach the more conceptual subjects, on tenacity and growth. This version of myself would be more attuned to nature and to herself — the kind of knowing that I imagined could only come from true solitude, away from technology and the white noise of everyday life. The farm would be my \"Walden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it then, but my daydreaming wasn’t just a coping mechanism — it was largely a yearning for connection with my Japanese heritage, and the side of my family I share it with. They’d been farming in California since immigrating, and, when I was growing up, our relationship had mostly boiled down to annual pleasantries (not including my bachan, my grandma, who attended all of my horse shows and volleyball games with a bag of salty Tengu beef jerky in hand).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"A woman on a farm holding cut sunflowers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caroline Hatano harvesting her first sunflowers at Siena Farms in Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Caroline Hatano)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until last year, on the brink of turning 30, that I finally got the nerve to hit pause on the college-to-corporate-America pipeline to work on a vegetable farm just outside Boston. At my 9-to-5 job, I’d been a senior editor at a small content agency. On the farm, I was just another Carhartt-clad apprentice plastering bandages on my tender, cracked hands. Each week, we’d seed new plants in the greenhouse, transplant and maintain seedlings in the fields, harvest as fast as we could, and pack boxes for the weekly CSA (community-supported agriculture) in an assembly line, with someone’s playlist setting the pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I ever even touched a harvest knife, I knew my favorite crop would be sunflowers. And sure enough, every time I worked my way down a towering row, tilting each flower’s belly down to check how many petals had popped, stumbling out of the field with as many as I could sling across each arm, infant-style, I was reminded of my jichan — my grandpa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-simple\">\n\u003cp>Some 70 years ago, he had sized up his newly leased plot of land and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">decided to gamble on the very same flower\u003c/a>. His farm was across the country in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, a coastal Los Angeles suburb that looks like a California tourism poster, with dramatic rolling hills and cliffs to match. When he died in 2015, just a year after retiring, I had a kind of awakening, realizing I’d missed my opportunity to connect with him in any kind of meaningful adult way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after I wrapped up my apprenticeship and moved to Brooklyn, I learned that his farm, which had continued to operate under his longtime foreman, \u003ca href=\"https://abc7.com/rancho-palos-verdes-hatano-farm-facing-shut-down-land-use/11569082/\">would soon be forced to close\u003c/a>. Like many farmers in the U.S., he’d rented his land, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">under pressure\u003c/a> from the National Park Service, the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was terminating the lease. It would have meant the end of an era for my family regardless, but his farm also happens to hold a larger, more significant legacy: It’s the last Japanese American-founded farm on a peninsula that was once home to hundreds of them — and on Aug. 16, 2022, it ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927395\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927395\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"A man holding baby's breath flowers, while standing beside a white van.\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Hatano favored baby’s breath on his Rancho Palos Verdes ranch, for its slight drought resistance. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up hearing stories about what the peninsula used to be like, back when it was crowded with strawberry and garbanzo bean farms run by Japanese Americans, and my dad would go pigeon hunting with the rest of the farm kids as a method of pest control. Now the area is home to a Trump golf course, a luxury coastal resort and neat rows of identical houses. That's all thanks to the Japanese American community, which first leased the land in 1882 and transformed it from desert into \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">fertile farmland\u003c/a>. Together, many of the farmers pioneered dry-farming techniques that are still in use today, and increasingly important as California’s climate grows increasingly arid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve since learned that a similar story played out up and down the West Coast, despite Japanese immigrants not being able to legally own agricultural land in California until 1952. By the 1910s, nearly two-thirds of residents with Japanese ancestry on the West Coast worked in farming. And they were incredibly successful at it — \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/files/research/japanese-americans/justice-denied/chapter-4.pdf\">the average value per acre was $280\u003c/a> for Japanese farms, versus an average $38 for all West Coast farms. In Los Angeles County, where my jichan raised sunflowers and baby’s breath, Japanese American farmers generated $16 million of the $25 million flower market business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927394\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg\" alt=\"An newsletter description about the Future Farmers of America, showing a photo of young Japanese men.\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-1020x668.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-160x105.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While incarcerated at the Poston, Arizona, camp, James Hatano was a member of the Future Farmers of America organization. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, then, that in 1942, when 120,000 Japanese people on the West Coast (\u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1201502/japanese-internment-camps-during-world-war-ii-are-a-lesson-in-the-scary-economics-of-racial-resentment/\">the vast majority of whom were American citizens\u003c/a>) were incarcerated in concentration camps following Executive Order 9066, white growers were the ones who benefited from commodity price spikes due to shortages. And it’s no coincidence that today, white landowners still control an estimated 98% of farmland in the U.S. I was reminded of this fact every time I toured another organic farm last summer — each grew the same things, used the same tools, shared the same foundational history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the subsequent years of incarceration, many Japanese Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">lost their land, had their equipment stolen, and were forced into agricultural work at camps\u003c/a>. Most never returned to their former agrarian lives. After the war, the U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that Japanese American farm ownership, including leases, dropped to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/19/515822019/farming-behind-barbed-wire-japanese-americans-remember-wwii-incarceration\">less than a quarter\u003c/a> of what it had been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan was incarcerated in the Poston, Arizona, camp as a teenager, eventually escaping by enlisting in the military. It wasn’t until the 1950s that he leased his peninsula plot from the military, \u003ca href=\"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-much-land-does-the-u-s-military-control-in-each-state/\">which still controls 1.7 million acres of land in California\u003c/a>. When the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was incorporated in 1973, part of the land-transfer agreement mandated that the parcel he was on be converted to recreational use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it was out of guilt, respect or plain-old bureaucratic disorganization, the city allowed my jichan to renew his lease anyway until 2014. That was the year he retired and transferred the lease to Martin Martinez, who had started working with him at the farm as a teenage immigrant from Mexico. Allowing his legacy to live on through Martinez would have been especially meaningful, as he represents another oppressed community that now forms the backbone of California agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my jichan’s lease expires, with it will go our community’s only tangible tie to the land we nurtured and made viable, land that provided Japanese Americans with livelihoods, camaraderie and an anchor in times of great turbulence and terror. And although Rancho Palos Verdes is pursuing a historical designation with the intention of preserving that history in some way, it doesn’t feel equitable in any sense. A plaque doesn’t maintain a sense of place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/meet-bainbridge-islands-last-japanese-american-farmer/#:~:text=Across%20the%20island%2C%20Japanese%20American,community%20of%20Japanese%20American%20farmers.\">And this story isn’t singular\u003c/a>, which naturally leads me to a string of what-ifs: If Executive Order 9066 had never been issued, if Japanese Americans didn’t suffer devastating economic setbacks as a result, if we didn’t continue to face discriminatory laws after the war ended, would my jichan have been able to buy land? Would property ownership alone have dramatically changed California’s agricultural landscape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, leasing farmland is still common practice today: In 2016, the USDA reported that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/land-use-land-value-tenure/farmland-ownership-and-tenure/#:~:text=Approximately%2039%20percent%20of%20the,over%2025%20percent%20of%20pastureland\">more than half of cropland in the U.S. is rented\u003c/a>. An inability to acquire land is one of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agriculture.com/news/business/barriers-for-beginning-farmers\">biggest barriers to entry for new farmers\u003c/a>, and because many white families already own farmland or other land they can sell to acquire it, farming remains a predominantly white industry. Like many things in this country, the hierarchy — with white landowners at the top and immigrant laborers at the bottom — stays intact by structural design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927399\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11927399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\" alt=\"Three farmers pose in a crop of nopales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nopales were also a common crop on Hatano’s farm, which sold well to Mexican restaurants in the area. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before I started my apprenticeship, I wondered if one season of farming would be enough to fulfill my agrarian fantasy. Now, a full year out, I find myself mentally drifting back to the easy routine of last summer — of spending all day with my hands in the dirt, playing Marco Polo in the sunflower fields, driving home in silence with the windows down, smelling like sweat and tomato plants. I recognize in farming and gardening an opportunity to feed people, but also to build collective knowledge, establish traditions and honor shared history. And, eventually, I hope, to challenge the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things I like most about farming is that you’re always building on your own work. Over time you create the kind of soil you want, and each season you review last year’s notes and make adjustments to improve yield. It’s a practice that rewards patience. In some ways, turning soil over is almost like burying our dead — cover crops and sunflower stalks become food for the next generation. Which means that long after you’ve left land behind, there’s always evidence you were there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan’s farm might no longer exist in name after this month, but in every plant that blooms up and down the peninsula, there will be a small piece of him and the community he belonged to. And that’s something no one can take away.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An ode to the Japanese American community that transformed Southern California into the agricultural hub it is today. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1664639000,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1734},"headData":{"title":"The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy | KQED","description":"An ode to the Japanese American community that transformed Southern California into the agricultural hub it is today. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11927282 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11927282","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/09/30/the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy/","disqusTitle":"The Loss of My Family's Farm Is a Loss for California's Japanese Agricultural Legacy","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/a92a8b54-87e6-483a-a29e-af200152defe/audio.mp3","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/author/chatano/\">Caroline Hatano\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/news/11927282/the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us as part of a collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://civileats.com/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>, a daily news source for critical thought about the American food system.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For much of my 20s, I fantasized about working on a farm. I’d wake up with the birds and spend most of my time outdoors, learning about the basics like soil composition, pest management and tractor safety. The plants themselves would teach the more conceptual subjects, on tenacity and growth. This version of myself would be more attuned to nature and to herself — the kind of knowing that I imagined could only come from true solitude, away from technology and the white noise of everyday life. The farm would be my \"Walden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t realize it then, but my daydreaming wasn’t just a coping mechanism — it was largely a yearning for connection with my Japanese heritage, and the side of my family I share it with. They’d been farming in California since immigrating, and, when I was growing up, our relationship had mostly boiled down to annual pleasantries (not including my bachan, my grandma, who attended all of my horse shows and volleyball games with a bag of salty Tengu beef jerky in hand).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927398\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"A woman on a farm holding cut sunflowers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/panese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-3-caroline-sunflowers.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caroline Hatano harvesting her first sunflowers at Siena Farms in Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Caroline Hatano)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until last year, on the brink of turning 30, that I finally got the nerve to hit pause on the college-to-corporate-America pipeline to work on a vegetable farm just outside Boston. At my 9-to-5 job, I’d been a senior editor at a small content agency. On the farm, I was just another Carhartt-clad apprentice plastering bandages on my tender, cracked hands. Each week, we’d seed new plants in the greenhouse, transplant and maintain seedlings in the fields, harvest as fast as we could, and pack boxes for the weekly CSA (community-supported agriculture) in an assembly line, with someone’s playlist setting the pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I ever even touched a harvest knife, I knew my favorite crop would be sunflowers. And sure enough, every time I worked my way down a towering row, tilting each flower’s belly down to check how many petals had popped, stumbling out of the field with as many as I could sling across each arm, infant-style, I was reminded of my jichan — my grandpa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-simple\">\n\u003cp>Some 70 years ago, he had sized up his newly leased plot of land and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">decided to gamble on the very same flower\u003c/a>. His farm was across the country in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, a coastal Los Angeles suburb that looks like a California tourism poster, with dramatic rolling hills and cliffs to match. When he died in 2015, just a year after retiring, I had a kind of awakening, realizing I’d missed my opportunity to connect with him in any kind of meaningful adult way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after I wrapped up my apprenticeship and moved to Brooklyn, I learned that his farm, which had continued to operate under his longtime foreman, \u003ca href=\"https://abc7.com/rancho-palos-verdes-hatano-farm-facing-shut-down-land-use/11569082/\">would soon be forced to close\u003c/a>. Like many farmers in the U.S., he’d rented his land, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2021/11/24/the-last-japanese-american-farm-on-the-palos-verdes-peninsula-will-close-this-is-why/\">under pressure\u003c/a> from the National Park Service, the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was terminating the lease. It would have meant the end of an era for my family regardless, but his farm also happens to hold a larger, more significant legacy: It’s the last Japanese American-founded farm on a peninsula that was once home to hundreds of them — and on Aug. 16, 2022, it ceased to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927395\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927395\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"A man holding baby's breath flowers, while standing beside a white van.\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-5-unloading-flowers.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Hatano favored baby’s breath on his Rancho Palos Verdes ranch, for its slight drought resistance. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up hearing stories about what the peninsula used to be like, back when it was crowded with strawberry and garbanzo bean farms run by Japanese Americans, and my dad would go pigeon hunting with the rest of the farm kids as a method of pest control. Now the area is home to a Trump golf course, a luxury coastal resort and neat rows of identical houses. That's all thanks to the Japanese American community, which first leased the land in 1882 and transformed it from desert into \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">fertile farmland\u003c/a>. Together, many of the farmers pioneered dry-farming techniques that are still in use today, and increasingly important as California’s climate grows increasingly arid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve since learned that a similar story played out up and down the West Coast, despite Japanese immigrants not being able to legally own agricultural land in California until 1952. By the 1910s, nearly two-thirds of residents with Japanese ancestry on the West Coast worked in farming. And they were incredibly successful at it — \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/files/research/japanese-americans/justice-denied/chapter-4.pdf\">the average value per acre was $280\u003c/a> for Japanese farms, versus an average $38 for all West Coast farms. In Los Angeles County, where my jichan raised sunflowers and baby’s breath, Japanese American farmers generated $16 million of the $25 million flower market business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927394\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11927394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg\" alt=\"An newsletter description about the Future Farmers of America, showing a photo of young Japanese men.\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-800x524.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-1020x668.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan-160x105.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/220811-rancho-palos-verdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-4-yearbook-scan.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While incarcerated at the Poston, Arizona, camp, James Hatano was a member of the Future Farmers of America organization. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, then, that in 1942, when 120,000 Japanese people on the West Coast (\u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1201502/japanese-internment-camps-during-world-war-ii-are-a-lesson-in-the-scary-economics-of-racial-resentment/\">the vast majority of whom were American citizens\u003c/a>) were incarcerated in concentration camps following Executive Order 9066, white growers were the ones who benefited from commodity price spikes due to shortages. And it’s no coincidence that today, white landowners still control an estimated 98% of farmland in the U.S. I was reminded of this fact every time I toured another organic farm last summer — each grew the same things, used the same tools, shared the same foundational history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the subsequent years of incarceration, many Japanese Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.sunset.com/home-garden/brief-history-of-japanese-american-farmers-in-the-west\">lost their land, had their equipment stolen, and were forced into agricultural work at camps\u003c/a>. Most never returned to their former agrarian lives. After the war, the U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that Japanese American farm ownership, including leases, dropped to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/19/515822019/farming-behind-barbed-wire-japanese-americans-remember-wwii-incarceration\">less than a quarter\u003c/a> of what it had been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan was incarcerated in the Poston, Arizona, camp as a teenager, eventually escaping by enlisting in the military. It wasn’t until the 1950s that he leased his peninsula plot from the military, \u003ca href=\"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-much-land-does-the-u-s-military-control-in-each-state/\">which still controls 1.7 million acres of land in California\u003c/a>. When the city of Rancho Palos Verdes was incorporated in 1973, part of the land-transfer agreement mandated that the parcel he was on be converted to recreational use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it was out of guilt, respect or plain-old bureaucratic disorganization, the city allowed my jichan to renew his lease anyway until 2014. That was the year he retired and transferred the lease to Martin Martinez, who had started working with him at the farm as a teenage immigrant from Mexico. Allowing his legacy to live on through Martinez would have been especially meaningful, as he represents another oppressed community that now forms the backbone of California agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my jichan’s lease expires, with it will go our community’s only tangible tie to the land we nurtured and made viable, land that provided Japanese Americans with livelihoods, camaraderie and an anchor in times of great turbulence and terror. And although Rancho Palos Verdes is pursuing a historical designation with the intention of preserving that history in some way, it doesn’t feel equitable in any sense. A plaque doesn’t maintain a sense of place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/life/food-drink/meet-bainbridge-islands-last-japanese-american-farmer/#:~:text=Across%20the%20island%2C%20Japanese%20American,community%20of%20Japanese%20American%20farmers.\">And this story isn’t singular\u003c/a>, which naturally leads me to a string of what-ifs: If Executive Order 9066 had never been issued, if Japanese Americans didn’t suffer devastating economic setbacks as a result, if we didn’t continue to face discriminatory laws after the war ended, would my jichan have been able to buy land? Would property ownership alone have dramatically changed California’s agricultural landscape?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, leasing farmland is still common practice today: In 2016, the USDA reported that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/land-use-land-value-tenure/farmland-ownership-and-tenure/#:~:text=Approximately%2039%20percent%20of%20the,over%2025%20percent%20of%20pastureland\">more than half of cropland in the U.S. is rented\u003c/a>. An inability to acquire land is one of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.agriculture.com/news/business/barriers-for-beginning-farmers\">biggest barriers to entry for new farmers\u003c/a>, and because many white families already own farmland or other land they can sell to acquire it, farming remains a predominantly white industry. Like many things in this country, the hierarchy — with white landowners at the top and immigrant laborers at the bottom — stays intact by structural design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11927399\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11927399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg\" alt=\"Three farmers pose in a crop of nopales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/09/rdes-farm-japanese-american-farmers-agriculture-california-history-2-nopales-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nopales were also a common crop on Hatano’s farm, which sold well to Mexican restaurants in the area. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Hatano family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before I started my apprenticeship, I wondered if one season of farming would be enough to fulfill my agrarian fantasy. Now, a full year out, I find myself mentally drifting back to the easy routine of last summer — of spending all day with my hands in the dirt, playing Marco Polo in the sunflower fields, driving home in silence with the windows down, smelling like sweat and tomato plants. I recognize in farming and gardening an opportunity to feed people, but also to build collective knowledge, establish traditions and honor shared history. And, eventually, I hope, to challenge the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things I like most about farming is that you’re always building on your own work. Over time you create the kind of soil you want, and each season you review last year’s notes and make adjustments to improve yield. It’s a practice that rewards patience. In some ways, turning soil over is almost like burying our dead — cover crops and sunflower stalks become food for the next generation. Which means that long after you’ve left land behind, there’s always evidence you were there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My jichan’s farm might no longer exist in name after this month, but in every plant that blooms up and down the peninsula, there will be a small piece of him and the community he belonged to. And that’s something no one can take away.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11927282/the-loss-of-my-familys-farm-is-a-loss-for-californias-japanese-agricultural-legacy","authors":["byline_news_11927282"],"programs":["news_26731"],"categories":["news_223","news_8"],"tags":["news_4092","news_31720","news_18163","news_6431","news_17856","news_29180"],"featImg":"news_11927397","label":"news_26731"},"news_11915583":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11915583","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11915583","score":null,"sort":[1654081304000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-japanese-tea-garden-a-beloved-s-f-landmark-with-a-troubling-past","title":"The Complicated Origins of SF's Beloved Japanese Tea Garden","publishDate":1654081304,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Complicated Origins of SF’s Beloved Japanese Tea Garden | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese Tea Garden is one of the most magical corners of Golden Gate Park. Pass through its elaborate front gate, and the serene landscape welcomes you to take a deep breath and let life’s stresses melt away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping-stone paths weave through beds of well-tended plants, koi fish swim beneath an arched drum bridge and benches invite visitors to sit and admire the blooming cherry blossom trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an oasis from the hustle and bustle of daily life, which makes it a hard pill to swallow that the history of this garden is full of racism toward Asian Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A fair comes to Golden Gate Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were living in the United States at the end of the 19th century, it was a tough time. The country was trying to rebound from an economic depression that shuttered about 15,000 businesses and sent unemployment soaring to nearly 25 percent. Congress was looking for anything to spur a little economic growth. In 1893, they decided to hold a World’s Fair in Chicago, called the World’s Columbian Exposition. It drew millions of visitors — and their dollars — and was, by all accounts, a huge success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael H. de Young, publisher of The San Francisco Chronicle, was a national commissioner for the Chicago fair and was inspired by what he saw. Before long, he was lobbying to hold a fair in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He really wanted to point out that San Francisco was as good as every other city on the East Coast,” said Nicole Meldahl, executive director of the Western Neighborhoods Project, a nonprofit focused on the history of the west side of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But de Young’s interests weren’t only for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[De Young] also owned a bunch of land in the Sunset District, which was totally undeveloped at the time. So he thought, ‘Why don’t we put a midwinter exposition in Golden Gate Park? It’ll show how good the weather is here in California. And also it would be bringing tons of people out here,'” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to build transportation and make other infrastructure improvements around the park — all things that would make the property de Young was hoping to sell more attractive to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, de Young was successful in his bid to bring a fair to San Francisco. With Congress and local leaders on board, the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 came to be. Over the course of eight months, organizers transformed a portion of quiet, tree-studded Golden Gate Park into a boisterous fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Midwinter fair\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the fair’s attractions surrounded the Grand Court, which you can still see today in Golden Gate Park. It’s the plaza between the de Young Museum and the California Academy of Sciences, also known as the Music Concourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A118128?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=33b26e9e7c761f3cf72f&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=3\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png\" alt=\"A night time shot of a tall tower lit up and beaming a light across the night. A little ways off is a round pavilion also brilliantly lit up.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night view of the Midwinter International Exhibition of 1894 in Golden Gate Park. The Electric Tower stood at the center of the Grand Court, now known as the Music Concourse, and offered visitors views across the park. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated in the middle of the Grand Court was the Electric Tower, where visitors could climb up and get a view out over the fairgrounds. Food was the main attraction at the Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. There was also an ostrich farm, a scenic railway and a mining camp where guests could pretend to be gold miners. Oh, and a 100-foot-tall Firth wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” … which is a Ferris wheel, but ‘Ferris Wheel’ was copyrighted. So some guy named Firth built this one,” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also a lot of cultural exhibitions about faraway places like Egypt, Hungary, China and Japan. These attractions were supposed to showcase art, food and culture from other countries — places San Franciscans were unlikely to visit themselves during the 1890s. But it was often done in a way that was problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was advertised to white people as a visit to authentic countries and cultures, and it was just kinda a sketch,” said Sango Tajima, a performer and writer who has been researching the history of the Japanese Tea Garden for an upcoming performance there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairgoers were invited to view the lifestyles of Native Americans on display at the Eskimo Village — where Inuit people were made to live in plaster igloos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an Indian Village with wooden lean-tos and straw huts. And there was an African Village where you could meet members of the Dahomey tribe — who were actually just actors from Oakland,” said Tajima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the Japanese Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A117954?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=8be6806e44bf968d2e5b&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=9&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=11\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915619\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png\" alt=\"A black and white photo shows a small rounded bridge built of lashed together logs and a small thach roofed building in the distance.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park, circa 1894, when it made its debut as part of the California Midwinter International Exhibition. People loved the tea garden so much that organizers left it when they demolished the rest of the fair. Later, a Japanese landscape architect named Makoto Hagiwara took over care of the garden, building it out and importing plants and animals to make it more authentic. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Organizers had plans for fairgoers to ride around in a fleet of rickshaws, pulled by Japanese men. This plan did not sit well with Japanese Americans in San Francisco. They wrote a letter to the fair committee that said: “The custom of requiring the jinrikisha to be drawn by men instead of animals is degrading. … We, consequently, respectfully and earnestly protest against its use in this manner in the Park or upon public streets during the Fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers responded by having white men, who wore yellowface and were dressed in Japanese garb, do the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also aspects of these exhibitions that showcased culture in less problematic ways. The Japanese Village had a theater where Japanese dancers and acrobats performed, a studio with an artist creating live paintings, and a house where tea was served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just kind of a taste of Japan, and what it would be like to ride a jinrikisha passenger car and visit a tea garden and enjoy some Japanese treats,” Tajima said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the many exhibits at the fair, the Japanese Village was a crowd favorite. It was so beloved that when the rest of the fair was disassembled in July 1894, it remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Tea Garden’s many lives\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the fair closed, the design and operation of the garden was taken over by Makoto Hagiwara, a landscape architect who immigrated from Japan in 1878. He nurtured its grounds, importing plants, birds and fish from Japan, reportedly at his own expense. He also tripled the size of the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A142735?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=34fdfb99b9b8f3492b06&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=4\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png\" alt=\"Black and white photo of an older Asian man in a suit looking at a card. A younger Asian woman reads over his shoulder. They are dressed in clothes typical of the early 20th century.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Makoto Hagiwara, manager of the Japanese Tea Garden, and his daughter look at a card after returning from a vacation to Japan. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He hired a bunch of Japanese craftsmen to build the garden,” said Tajima. “And [they] kind of made it a little bit more authentic to what a Japanese garden in Japan might look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hagiwara built a house on the grounds and moved in with his family. They joined him in caring for the garden, dedicating their lives and talents to its upkeep. When Hagiwara died in 1925, his daughter, Takano Hagiwara, and her children continued to care for the grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1942, at the start of World War II, they were evicted from their home and sent to the Japanese concentration camp at Tanforan (near where the Tanforan Mall is today).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The garden was scrubbed of its Japanese affiliations: Structures were demolished, a Shinto shrine was removed, and the garden itself was renamed “The Oriental Tea Garden.” Chinese women replaced the Japanese workers. In a matter of months, the work of the Hagiwara family was almost completely erased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hagiwaras were held in concentration camps until the end of the war. When they were finally released, San Francisco leaders did not allow the family to return to their home in the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took years, but slowly, Japanese elements were returned to the garden and the name was changed back to the “Japanese Tea Garden.” The city also is recognizing the work and passion of Hagiwara and his family more. San Francisco Recreation and Parks put up a plaque honoring the Hagiwara family, designed by revered sculptor Ruth Asawa. And the road in front of the garden is now named Hagiwara Tea Garden Drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you make the trip to the Japanese Tea Garden today, enjoy the beautiful plants, peaceful places to sit, and delightful treats served in the teahouse. They are all a reminder that even in the face of hatred, beauty can endure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park was first conceived as part of the Midwinter International Exhibition of 1894. The public loved it, and the garden remained after the fair was dismantled. A Japanese gardener named Makoto Hagiwara took on the task of making it more authentic. Go there today, and you're walking through his legacy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700532598,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1513},"headData":{"title":"The Complicated Origins of SF's Beloved Japanese Tea Garden | KQED","description":"The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park was first conceived as part of the Midwinter International Exhibition of 1894. The public loved it, and the garden remained after the fair was dismantled. A Japanese gardener named Makoto Hagiwara took on the task of making it more authentic. Go there today, and you're walking through his legacy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://dcs.megaphone.fm/KQINC4203093917.mp3?key=ad322f5050740e710970eafc759c809b","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11915583/the-japanese-tea-garden-a-beloved-s-f-landmark-with-a-troubling-past","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese Tea Garden is one of the most magical corners of Golden Gate Park. Pass through its elaborate front gate, and the serene landscape welcomes you to take a deep breath and let life’s stresses melt away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping-stone paths weave through beds of well-tended plants, koi fish swim beneath an arched drum bridge and benches invite visitors to sit and admire the blooming cherry blossom trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an oasis from the hustle and bustle of daily life, which makes it a hard pill to swallow that the history of this garden is full of racism toward Asian Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A fair comes to Golden Gate Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were living in the United States at the end of the 19th century, it was a tough time. The country was trying to rebound from an economic depression that shuttered about 15,000 businesses and sent unemployment soaring to nearly 25 percent. Congress was looking for anything to spur a little economic growth. In 1893, they decided to hold a World’s Fair in Chicago, called the World’s Columbian Exposition. It drew millions of visitors — and their dollars — and was, by all accounts, a huge success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael H. de Young, publisher of The San Francisco Chronicle, was a national commissioner for the Chicago fair and was inspired by what he saw. Before long, he was lobbying to hold a fair in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He really wanted to point out that San Francisco was as good as every other city on the East Coast,” said Nicole Meldahl, executive director of the Western Neighborhoods Project, a nonprofit focused on the history of the west side of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But de Young’s interests weren’t only for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[De Young] also owned a bunch of land in the Sunset District, which was totally undeveloped at the time. So he thought, ‘Why don’t we put a midwinter exposition in Golden Gate Park? It’ll show how good the weather is here in California. And also it would be bringing tons of people out here,'” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to build transportation and make other infrastructure improvements around the park — all things that would make the property de Young was hoping to sell more attractive to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, de Young was successful in his bid to bring a fair to San Francisco. With Congress and local leaders on board, the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 came to be. Over the course of eight months, organizers transformed a portion of quiet, tree-studded Golden Gate Park into a boisterous fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Midwinter fair\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the fair’s attractions surrounded the Grand Court, which you can still see today in Golden Gate Park. It’s the plaza between the de Young Museum and the California Academy of Sciences, also known as the Music Concourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A118128?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=33b26e9e7c761f3cf72f&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=3\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png\" alt=\"A night time shot of a tall tower lit up and beaming a light across the night. A little ways off is a round pavilion also brilliantly lit up.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night view of the Midwinter International Exhibition of 1894 in Golden Gate Park. The Electric Tower stood at the center of the Grand Court, now known as the Music Concourse, and offered visitors views across the park. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated in the middle of the Grand Court was the Electric Tower, where visitors could climb up and get a view out over the fairgrounds. Food was the main attraction at the Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. There was also an ostrich farm, a scenic railway and a mining camp where guests could pretend to be gold miners. Oh, and a 100-foot-tall Firth wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” … which is a Ferris wheel, but ‘Ferris Wheel’ was copyrighted. So some guy named Firth built this one,” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also a lot of cultural exhibitions about faraway places like Egypt, Hungary, China and Japan. These attractions were supposed to showcase art, food and culture from other countries — places San Franciscans were unlikely to visit themselves during the 1890s. But it was often done in a way that was problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was advertised to white people as a visit to authentic countries and cultures, and it was just kinda a sketch,” said Sango Tajima, a performer and writer who has been researching the history of the Japanese Tea Garden for an upcoming performance there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairgoers were invited to view the lifestyles of Native Americans on display at the Eskimo Village — where Inuit people were made to live in plaster igloos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an Indian Village with wooden lean-tos and straw huts. And there was an African Village where you could meet members of the Dahomey tribe — who were actually just actors from Oakland,” said Tajima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the Japanese Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A117954?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=8be6806e44bf968d2e5b&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=9&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=11\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915619\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png\" alt=\"A black and white photo shows a small rounded bridge built of lashed together logs and a small thach roofed building in the distance.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park, circa 1894, when it made its debut as part of the California Midwinter International Exhibition. People loved the tea garden so much that organizers left it when they demolished the rest of the fair. Later, a Japanese landscape architect named Makoto Hagiwara took over care of the garden, building it out and importing plants and animals to make it more authentic. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Organizers had plans for fairgoers to ride around in a fleet of rickshaws, pulled by Japanese men. This plan did not sit well with Japanese Americans in San Francisco. They wrote a letter to the fair committee that said: “The custom of requiring the jinrikisha to be drawn by men instead of animals is degrading. … We, consequently, respectfully and earnestly protest against its use in this manner in the Park or upon public streets during the Fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers responded by having white men, who wore yellowface and were dressed in Japanese garb, do the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also aspects of these exhibitions that showcased culture in less problematic ways. The Japanese Village had a theater where Japanese dancers and acrobats performed, a studio with an artist creating live paintings, and a house where tea was served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just kind of a taste of Japan, and what it would be like to ride a jinrikisha passenger car and visit a tea garden and enjoy some Japanese treats,” Tajima said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the many exhibits at the fair, the Japanese Village was a crowd favorite. It was so beloved that when the rest of the fair was disassembled in July 1894, it remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Tea Garden’s many lives\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the fair closed, the design and operation of the garden was taken over by Makoto Hagiwara, a landscape architect who immigrated from Japan in 1878. He nurtured its grounds, importing plants, birds and fish from Japan, reportedly at his own expense. He also tripled the size of the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A142735?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=34fdfb99b9b8f3492b06&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=4\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png\" alt=\"Black and white photo of an older Asian man in a suit looking at a card. A younger Asian woman reads over his shoulder. They are dressed in clothes typical of the early 20th century.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Makoto Hagiwara, manager of the Japanese Tea Garden, and his daughter look at a card after returning from a vacation to Japan. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He hired a bunch of Japanese craftsmen to build the garden,” said Tajima. “And [they] kind of made it a little bit more authentic to what a Japanese garden in Japan might look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hagiwara built a house on the grounds and moved in with his family. They joined him in caring for the garden, dedicating their lives and talents to its upkeep. When Hagiwara died in 1925, his daughter, Takano Hagiwara, and her children continued to care for the grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1942, at the start of World War II, they were evicted from their home and sent to the Japanese concentration camp at Tanforan (near where the Tanforan Mall is today).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The garden was scrubbed of its Japanese affiliations: Structures were demolished, a Shinto shrine was removed, and the garden itself was renamed “The Oriental Tea Garden.” Chinese women replaced the Japanese workers. In a matter of months, the work of the Hagiwara family was almost completely erased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hagiwaras were held in concentration camps until the end of the war. When they were finally released, San Francisco leaders did not allow the family to return to their home in the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took years, but slowly, Japanese elements were returned to the garden and the name was changed back to the “Japanese Tea Garden.” The city also is recognizing the work and passion of Hagiwara and his family more. San Francisco Recreation and Parks put up a plaque honoring the Hagiwara family, designed by revered sculptor Ruth Asawa. And the road in front of the garden is now named Hagiwara Tea Garden Drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you make the trip to the Japanese Tea Garden today, enjoy the beautiful plants, peaceful places to sit, and delightful treats served in the teahouse. They are all a reminder that even in the face of hatred, beauty can endure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"baycuriousquestion","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11915583/the-japanese-tea-garden-a-beloved-s-f-landmark-with-a-troubling-past","authors":["102"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_823","news_17856","news_31164","news_31163","news_6627"],"featImg":"news_11915613","label":"source_news_11915583"},"news_11886880":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11886880","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11886880","score":null,"sort":[1632571210000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-shuei-do-manju-shop-in-san-jose-inspires-a-cult-following-with-its-soft-pillowy-mochi","title":"How Shuei-Do Manju Shop in San José Inspires a Cult Following With Its Soft, Pillowy Mochi","publishDate":1632571210,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/hidden-gems\">\u003cem>Read more from The California Report Magazine's 'Hidden Gems' series.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>To be honest, The Shuei-Do Manju Shop is not quite a \u003cem>hidden\u003c/em> gem. It was established in 1953, and word has been out for almost 70 years now. But hidden or not, it's certainly a \u003cem>gem — \u003c/em>There’s almost always a line at this little shop on Jackson Street, the main drag in San José’s Japantown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mochi made here by hand is so soft, so pillowy, one Instagram follower described them as “baby cheeks,” and this journalist (cough) can confirm the description is accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re some of the best I’ve ever had. It’s always nice and fresh,\" said Gene Takahashi from the Takahashi Market in San Mateo (\u003cem>another\u003c/em> hidden gem, by the way). \"I have a legion of addicts that come shopping at my store, looking for this.\" He drives down twice a week to pick up 40 pieces of mochi for his store on Thursdays, and 80 to 90 on Saturdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Takahashi miscalculates demand, and the treats don’t sell out, he’ll be unable to resist eating what’s left, especially the Kinako (top row, center in the photo below): That’s the mochi filled with white lima bean paste, covered on the outside with a blizzard of soybean flour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a trick to eating it,\" Takahashi advised. \"You have to make sure and take a breath first before you bite it, so you don’t inhale, and sneeze, and get brown powder in the air!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886965\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11886965 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"Six pieces of mochi, from top left, pink, sandy-colored with powder topping, white, dark gray, and two gray mochis with white sugar powder topping.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1919\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-1536x1151.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-2048x1535.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-1920x1439.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Which to pick? There's no wrong choice at Shuei-Do Manju Shop in San José's Japantown. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Japanese teatime sweets are called \u003ca href=\"https://sakura.co/blog/what-is-japanese-wagashi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wagashi,\u003c/a> and there are hundreds of varieties, many regional and seasonal. Here in the U.S., much of what you'll find in supermarkets has been shipped directly from Japan. There are even Japanese chains like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kitchoan.com/shop/all/in-store-pickup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">K. Minamoto\u003c/a> that feature stores in California and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But stores run by Japanese Americans are a special breed, and there are a vanishing few. \u003ca href=\"http://www.benkyodocompany.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Benkyodo\u003c/a> in San Francisco's Japantown is expected to close at the end of the year. More widely, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11837511/whats-lost-in-bay-area-asian-culture-when-sf-eviction-moratorium-ends\">the Japantown mall has had a rough pandemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom and Judy Kumamaru, the owners at Shuei-Do, specialize in mochi. Those are the sweets made with glutinous rice pounded into a paste and steamed, sometimes flavored and cut into squares, more often molded into something the size of a golf ball, filled with white lima or red adzuki bean paste, and lightly dusted so they don’t stick to your hand or the little paper cups they come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kumamarus also make manju (baked) and chichi dango (made with rice flour, versus rice). On the day I visited, wobbly pink squares of strawberry chichi dango were the featured special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their kitchen is tiny, packed with ancient copper kettles, giant steaming baskets, a baker’s oven and a simple wooden table for assembly. The two of them move with steady, practiced ease: pinching off the mochi paste, pressing with fingers to make a space for the filling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11886968 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-scaled.jpeg\" alt='A whiteboard details the treats at Shuei-Do, saying \"chichidango flavors\" in multicolored marker, with a drawing of a bear with a mask on top of a mochi pastry. ' width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The teatime treats at Shuei-Do are made fresh, sans preservatives. Plan to eat them within three days, presuming you make it home without having finished them all. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There’s no real recipe. Everything is by look, feel and timing,\" said Judy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_10459596,news_11636018,arts_13814125\" label=\"Related Coverage\"]The Kumamarus didn’t start out in sweets. Judy was a dental technician. Tom worked for an electronics company. It so happens, Judy’s parents were pals with the original husband-and-wife team, the Ozawas, who launched Shuei-Do Manju Shop in 1953. So when they were ready to retire, in the late 1980s, Judy’s parents lined up a transfer of ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The shop was well known,\" Tom explained. \"It was already established. No competition. No other shops are around, until you go to San Francisco or LA or Fresno.\" In short, they knew there was already an established, loyal customer base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tom and Judy had to say yes to taking over the business before the Ozawas taught them the trade, and it turns out to be a lot of work. \"I get here about 5 [a.m.], and I don’t get home till 8, 9 [p.m.],\" said Tom. The couple downsized the menu of varieties from around 20 to around a dozen, but still struggle to meet consumer demand. They pull all-nighters ahead of major holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.taiwantrade.com/product/commercial-mochi-maker-machine-high-quality-good-design-1142679.html#\">machines now that can churn out thousands of mochi in an hour\u003c/a>, the Kumamarus looked into them years ago, and decided against the mechanical mochi-makers. They didn’t like the prospect of just running a wholesale business, spending their days on the computer, on the phone, managing accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886969\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11886969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"Tom and Judy Kumamaru make the peanut butter mochi, introduced into their lineup by customer demand.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1922\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-800x601.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-1020x766.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-1536x1153.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-2048x1538.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-1920x1442.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom and Judy Kumamaru make the peanut butter mochi, introduced into their lineup by customer demand. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also, in a world where many mochi can be prettier to look at than tasty to eat, it matters to the Kumamarus that their preservative-free, “country-style” mochi tastes the way they like it: soft, fresh, not too sweet. They're so particular, so focused on quality, they get relatives in Japan to ship them specialty ingredients that aren't available in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kumamarus like the simple delight it brings customers. \"I love it when someone bites into it and they just go, 'Ooooh.' They like it, you know?\" said Judy. She added she's seen people open their boxes right outside the store and down several mochi immediately, unable to wait until they get home. They get customers from Los Angeles and Japan. NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/shueidomanju/posts/flashbackfriday-when-former-us-secretary-of-transportation-norman-mineta-and-act/10158660461832679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">profiled the shop\u003c/a> a few years back, delighting Judy's relatives in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11886974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"The outside of Shuei-Do, a mochi shop, with its door wide open. It has blue awning and beige lettering. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-800x556.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-1020x709.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-160x111.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-1536x1068.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-2048x1424.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-1920x1335.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When they first started, Tom and Judy Kumamaru were open six days a week, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Now, it’s four days a week, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somehow, 34 years have passed since the Kumamarus started. The original owners, the Ozawas, lasted 35 years. Who is going to continue this critical community service if Tom and Judy can't convince their kids to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are four kids to choose from. Like other family members, the Kumamaru \"children\" (they're grown now) already help, when they aren’t busy with their own jobs. Like that \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/shueidomanju/\">Instagram account\u003c/a> keeping Shuei-Do current with younger foodies? That’s the kids. But it’s not a sure bet one of them wants do this for another 35 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The minute we get in here, it’s nonstop till we close. It’s hard for just one to take over. You would need a few people, in order to get all this done. So it’s still up in the air. They’re still not saying!\" Judy said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Shuei-Do (the name means \"gathering place\") is one of a handful of Japanese mochi makers left in the San Francisco Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1651417054,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1199},"headData":{"title":"How Shuei-Do Manju Shop in San José Inspires a Cult Following With Its Soft, Pillowy Mochi | KQED","description":"Shuei-Do (the name means "gathering place") is one of a handful of Japanese mochi makers left in the San Francisco Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11886880 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11886880","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/09/25/how-shuei-do-manju-shop-in-san-jose-inspires-a-cult-following-with-its-soft-pillowy-mochi/","disqusTitle":"How Shuei-Do Manju Shop in San José Inspires a Cult Following With Its Soft, Pillowy Mochi","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"/food/","audioUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/09/TCRPM-20210924_Myrow_webLeveled_1.mp3","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/news/11886880/how-shuei-do-manju-shop-in-san-jose-inspires-a-cult-following-with-its-soft-pillowy-mochi","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/hidden-gems\">\u003cem>Read more from The California Report Magazine's 'Hidden Gems' series.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>To be honest, The Shuei-Do Manju Shop is not quite a \u003cem>hidden\u003c/em> gem. It was established in 1953, and word has been out for almost 70 years now. But hidden or not, it's certainly a \u003cem>gem — \u003c/em>There’s almost always a line at this little shop on Jackson Street, the main drag in San José’s Japantown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mochi made here by hand is so soft, so pillowy, one Instagram follower described them as “baby cheeks,” and this journalist (cough) can confirm the description is accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re some of the best I’ve ever had. It’s always nice and fresh,\" said Gene Takahashi from the Takahashi Market in San Mateo (\u003cem>another\u003c/em> hidden gem, by the way). \"I have a legion of addicts that come shopping at my store, looking for this.\" He drives down twice a week to pick up 40 pieces of mochi for his store on Thursdays, and 80 to 90 on Saturdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Takahashi miscalculates demand, and the treats don’t sell out, he’ll be unable to resist eating what’s left, especially the Kinako (top row, center in the photo below): That’s the mochi filled with white lima bean paste, covered on the outside with a blizzard of soybean flour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a trick to eating it,\" Takahashi advised. \"You have to make sure and take a breath first before you bite it, so you don’t inhale, and sneeze, and get brown powder in the air!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886965\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11886965 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"Six pieces of mochi, from top left, pink, sandy-colored with powder topping, white, dark gray, and two gray mochis with white sugar powder topping.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1919\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-1536x1151.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-2048x1535.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/IMG_0783-1920x1439.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Which to pick? There's no wrong choice at Shuei-Do Manju Shop in San José's Japantown. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Japanese teatime sweets are called \u003ca href=\"https://sakura.co/blog/what-is-japanese-wagashi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wagashi,\u003c/a> and there are hundreds of varieties, many regional and seasonal. Here in the U.S., much of what you'll find in supermarkets has been shipped directly from Japan. There are even Japanese chains like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kitchoan.com/shop/all/in-store-pickup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">K. Minamoto\u003c/a> that feature stores in California and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But stores run by Japanese Americans are a special breed, and there are a vanishing few. \u003ca href=\"http://www.benkyodocompany.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Benkyodo\u003c/a> in San Francisco's Japantown is expected to close at the end of the year. More widely, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11837511/whats-lost-in-bay-area-asian-culture-when-sf-eviction-moratorium-ends\">the Japantown mall has had a rough pandemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom and Judy Kumamaru, the owners at Shuei-Do, specialize in mochi. Those are the sweets made with glutinous rice pounded into a paste and steamed, sometimes flavored and cut into squares, more often molded into something the size of a golf ball, filled with white lima or red adzuki bean paste, and lightly dusted so they don’t stick to your hand or the little paper cups they come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kumamarus also make manju (baked) and chichi dango (made with rice flour, versus rice). On the day I visited, wobbly pink squares of strawberry chichi dango were the featured special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their kitchen is tiny, packed with ancient copper kettles, giant steaming baskets, a baker’s oven and a simple wooden table for assembly. The two of them move with steady, practiced ease: pinching off the mochi paste, pressing with fingers to make a space for the filling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11886968 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-scaled.jpeg\" alt='A whiteboard details the treats at Shuei-Do, saying \"chichidango flavors\" in multicolored marker, with a drawing of a bear with a mask on top of a mochi pastry. ' width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-06-20-AM-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The teatime treats at Shuei-Do are made fresh, sans preservatives. Plan to eat them within three days, presuming you make it home without having finished them all. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"There’s no real recipe. Everything is by look, feel and timing,\" said Judy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_10459596,news_11636018,arts_13814125","label":"Related Coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Kumamarus didn’t start out in sweets. Judy was a dental technician. Tom worked for an electronics company. It so happens, Judy’s parents were pals with the original husband-and-wife team, the Ozawas, who launched Shuei-Do Manju Shop in 1953. So when they were ready to retire, in the late 1980s, Judy’s parents lined up a transfer of ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The shop was well known,\" Tom explained. \"It was already established. No competition. No other shops are around, until you go to San Francisco or LA or Fresno.\" In short, they knew there was already an established, loyal customer base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tom and Judy had to say yes to taking over the business before the Ozawas taught them the trade, and it turns out to be a lot of work. \"I get here about 5 [a.m.], and I don’t get home till 8, 9 [p.m.],\" said Tom. The couple downsized the menu of varieties from around 20 to around a dozen, but still struggle to meet consumer demand. They pull all-nighters ahead of major holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.taiwantrade.com/product/commercial-mochi-maker-machine-high-quality-good-design-1142679.html#\">machines now that can churn out thousands of mochi in an hour\u003c/a>, the Kumamarus looked into them years ago, and decided against the mechanical mochi-makers. They didn’t like the prospect of just running a wholesale business, spending their days on the computer, on the phone, managing accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886969\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11886969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"Tom and Judy Kumamaru make the peanut butter mochi, introduced into their lineup by customer demand.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1922\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-800x601.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-1020x766.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-1536x1153.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-2048x1538.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-9-58-20-AM-1920x1442.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom and Judy Kumamaru make the peanut butter mochi, introduced into their lineup by customer demand. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also, in a world where many mochi can be prettier to look at than tasty to eat, it matters to the Kumamarus that their preservative-free, “country-style” mochi tastes the way they like it: soft, fresh, not too sweet. They're so particular, so focused on quality, they get relatives in Japan to ship them specialty ingredients that aren't available in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kumamarus like the simple delight it brings customers. \"I love it when someone bites into it and they just go, 'Ooooh.' They like it, you know?\" said Judy. She added she's seen people open their boxes right outside the store and down several mochi immediately, unable to wait until they get home. They get customers from Los Angeles and Japan. NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/shueidomanju/posts/flashbackfriday-when-former-us-secretary-of-transportation-norman-mineta-and-act/10158660461832679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">profiled the shop\u003c/a> a few years back, delighting Judy's relatives in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11886974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11886974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"The outside of Shuei-Do, a mochi shop, with its door wide open. It has blue awning and beige lettering. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-800x556.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-1020x709.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-160x111.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-1536x1068.jpeg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-2048x1424.jpeg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/08/Photo-Aug-19-10-43-06-AM-1920x1335.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When they first started, Tom and Judy Kumamaru were open six days a week, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Now, it’s four days a week, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somehow, 34 years have passed since the Kumamarus started. The original owners, the Ozawas, lasted 35 years. Who is going to continue this critical community service if Tom and Judy can't convince their kids to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are four kids to choose from. Like other family members, the Kumamaru \"children\" (they're grown now) already help, when they aren’t busy with their own jobs. Like that \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/shueidomanju/\">Instagram account\u003c/a> keeping Shuei-Do current with younger foodies? That’s the kids. But it’s not a sure bet one of them wants do this for another 35 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The minute we get in here, it’s nonstop till we close. It’s hard for just one to take over. You would need a few people, in order to get all this done. So it’s still up in the air. They’re still not saying!\" Judy said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11886880/how-shuei-do-manju-shop-in-san-jose-inspires-a-cult-following-with-its-soft-pillowy-mochi","authors":["251"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_223","news_24114","news_8"],"tags":["news_333","news_19623","news_17856","news_23056","news_29847","news_29846","news_2011","news_18541","news_31025","news_29849","news_29848"],"featImg":"news_11886964","label":"source_news_11886880"},"news_11861010":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11861010","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11861010","score":null,"sort":[1613776252000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"memories-of-japanese-american-incarceration-across-generations","title":"Memories of Japanese American Incarceration, Across Generations","publishDate":1613776252,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>For Japanese Americans across California, Feb. 19 marks the Day of Remembrance, the solemn anniversary of the day in 1942 when President Franklin Roosevelt signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11802883/california-apologizes-but-scars-remain\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, which led to the forced relocation and incarceration of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans in prison camps across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Japanese Americans who experienced imprisonment get older, a California project wants to preserve their memories of what happened, while it's still possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.yonseimemoryproject.com/\">The Yonsei Memory Project\u003c/a>, based in Fresno, is an intergenerational effort to capture family stories of World War II and beyond — and the diversity of the Japanese American experience in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/02/19/governor-newsom-issues-proclamation-declaring-a-day-of-remembrance-japanese-american-evacuation-2/\">signed a proclamation\u003c/a> to make Feb. 19 an official Day of Remembrance, calling the executive order \"a decision motivated by discrimination and xenophobia\" and \"a betrayal of our most sacred values as a nation that we must never repeat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day in 2020, shortly before COVID-19 lockdowns began, Yonsei Memory Project organizers collaborated with \u003ca href=\"https://storycorps.org/\">StoryCorps\u003c/a> to record conversations between family members and friends across generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>These interviews have been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Gary Tsudama and Yutaka Yamamoto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861094 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-800x503.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-800x503.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-1020x641.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-1536x966.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yutaka Yamamoto (left) and Gary Tsudama (right) have been friends since 1951. Both men were sent to incarceration camps as children during World War II. (Courtesy of StoryCorps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lifelong friends Gary Tsudama, 95, and Yutaka Yamamoto, 88, on memories of the days after Japanese Americans were ordered to leave their homes:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gary\u003c/strong>: My dad came over from Hiroshima when he was 16 years old. He came into the city of Stockton and opened up a grocery store. When the war broke out, we were given the notice of one week to clean up our business, so my dad went around Stockton to find us some grocer who'd buy the stock that was in the store. He found a man to buy it for 60 cents on the dollar. My dad had to agree to it, and then he waited and waited for them to come pick it up. [The] day before we had to leave, he came and gave my dad 15 cents on the dollar. And my dad had no way to get out of it, so he took it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yutaka\u003c/strong>: At that time, nobody said we were Japanese. They used the nickname 'Jap.' That was one of the things that, to this day, I have never forgotten. It’s very painful to hear people call you a 'Jap.' I remember that was a big shock. I remember going to school. I was in the fourth grade then, and I told my teacher, who was a Caucasian, I wouldn't be coming to school from tomorrow. And her only reply was, \"Oh.\" No, not goodbye or nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harumi Sasaki\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861187 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nadine Takeuchi with her mother Harumi Sasaki. Harumi was born in California, but her family returned to Japan during World War II, and witnessed the bombing of Hiroshima from the nearby countryside where they lived. (Courtesy of StoryCorps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harumi Sasaki, 88, telling her daughter, Nadine Takeuchi, about watching the bombing of Hiroshima, from a cave in the mountains:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: I know you were born in El Centro, California, but you never said what it was like. What did your parents do in El Centro?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Picked strawberries. It was real hot. We played outside, and no shoes. [aside tag=\"internment,japanese-americans\" label=\"more coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: How old were you when you moved to Japan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: 4 or 5 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: So as you were growing up, World War II was going on. [You were living in the countryside.] So what happened right before they dropped the bomb? Do you remember? Did you hear airplanes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Everybody was scared and hiding [in the cave]. A little later, we couldn't hear the noise. So we thought, oh, OK. And then, the bomb came out, boom!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: You heard a big boom! Did you see it? What did it look like?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Smoke, like a mushroom cloud. People are running into our village, little ones, adults, skin hanging, burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: [After the war] I remember you had a hard time getting back to California. Even though you were a United States citizen, and so was Dad. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Because they think we were a spy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: Part of the reason was because Dad was in the camps and answered the questionnaire. He said he would not serve in the army and he would not be loyal to the United States because he was mad [about the treatment of Japanese Americans]. [ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Masumoto Family\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11861049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nikiko Masumoto (pictured right), with her grandmother Carol and younger brother Korio in 2020. Carol met their grandfather as a teenager in an incarceration camp in Gila River, Arizona. \u003ccite>(Courtey of the Masumoto Family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nikiko Masumoto, peach farmer, author, queer activist and co-founder of the Yonsei Memory Project:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nikiko\u003c/strong>: I’m Yonsei, which means fourth-generation Japanese American. My great grandparents immigrated from Japan. [We're] this tipping point generation, because in most of our families, we're the last generation to know personally the survivors of World War II and incarceration camps. Storytelling implores us to listen deeply. I think when we're able to develop our skills of listening deeply, we can bear witness to each other's pain and then, in turn, we can no longer become vectors of violence. We keep on trying to invite people in to listen. Because I think once someone's story touches your heart, it transforms you in a way that you can no longer hate them. My wish is that we can continue to do those brave acts of deep listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Carol Masumoto, Nikiko's grandmother, on lessons for the next generation\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nikiko\u003c/strong>: What do you want me and my generation to remember about camp, and after camp?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carol\u003c/strong>: It was a bad thing. My brother got wounded and died [in the war]. I mean, here we were in camp and then they died for our country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nikiko\u003c/strong>: Hopefully we'll learn as a human population to be better to one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carol\u003c/strong>: The younger generation is a lot more understanding, I noticed. Of course, there are more mixed-race people. You get a lot of good understanding, so we all get close to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861090\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861090 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marcy and David Mas Masumoto standing in a vineyard shortly after they became engaged in the early 80s (left) and in 2020 (right). \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Masumoto Family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcy and Mas Masumoto (Nikiko’s parents) on the challenges of navigating racism against Japanese Americans in Marcy's German American family\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marcy\u003c/strong>: [My father's] formative years were during World War II. He carried some very, very strong biases against Japanese, in particular, stemming from the war. The fact that you were Japanese American, he could not separate that. After about 30 years [of our marriage], on the outside, he seemed to be much more accepting. I'm not sure if actually he ever really was on the inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mas\u003c/strong>: I think he represented a lot of America, especially during the war, when 'these people were aliens and foreigners.’ Suddenly we were the enemy, based on how you looked. That led up to internment and Japanese American relocation during World War II. Your understanding of that story, that legacy part of our family history, and that part of me — when you could grasp that, understand it, it was love.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Yuriko Uno Kaku\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861186\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861186 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuriko Uno Kaku with her grandson, Karl Kaku, and granddaughter-in-law, Sasha Khokha. (Courtesy of StoryCorps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Report's Sasha Khokha also participated in an interview with her own grandmother-in-law. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Yuriko Uno Kaku, 97, spoke with Khokha and Karl Kaku about living through the war in Japan as a Japanese American\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: I was born in Oakland, grew up in Alameda until I was 9 years old. My dad was a good painter, did lots of watercolor. He painted this picture of Lake Merritt in 1914. Back then, there were no homes on the hills, it was wide open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861192 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-1536x1132.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A watercolor painting of Oakland's Lake Merritt, circa 1914, by Yuriko Uno Kaku's father, Masamichi Uno. (Sasha Khoka/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sasha\u003c/strong>: Your family went back to live in Japan when you were 9, and when you were a young woman, the war broke out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: Born in the United States, [the Japanese government] thought we were the enemy. They came to check on us, the [Japanese equivalent of the] FBI. We just hid that we had anything to do with America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sasha\u003c/strong>: Did you stop speaking English during that time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: Yes, we did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sasha\u003c/strong>: At the same time that your family was trying to hide your Americanness in Tokyo, your family back here in California, incarcerated in the camps all around the country, were trying to prove their Americanness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: Yeah, my cousin \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Edison_Uno/\">Edison Uno\u003c/a> did a big job with the Japanese American Citizens League [to help launch efforts to get reparations] for Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Shortly before COVID-19 lockdowns began, Yonsei Memory Project organizers collaborated with StoryCorps to record conversations between family members and friends to capture the complexity of Japanese American identity across generations. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1613779176,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1518},"headData":{"title":"Memories of Japanese American Incarceration, Across Generations | KQED","description":"Shortly before COVID-19 lockdowns began, Yonsei Memory Project organizers collaborated with StoryCorps to record conversations between family members and friends to capture the complexity of Japanese American identity across generations. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11861010 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11861010","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2021/02/19/memories-of-japanese-american-incarceration-across-generations/","disqusTitle":"Memories of Japanese American Incarceration, Across Generations","audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC3030064749.mp3","path":"/news/11861010/memories-of-japanese-american-incarceration-across-generations","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For Japanese Americans across California, Feb. 19 marks the Day of Remembrance, the solemn anniversary of the day in 1942 when President Franklin Roosevelt signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11802883/california-apologizes-but-scars-remain\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, which led to the forced relocation and incarceration of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans in prison camps across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Japanese Americans who experienced imprisonment get older, a California project wants to preserve their memories of what happened, while it's still possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.yonseimemoryproject.com/\">The Yonsei Memory Project\u003c/a>, based in Fresno, is an intergenerational effort to capture family stories of World War II and beyond — and the diversity of the Japanese American experience in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/02/19/governor-newsom-issues-proclamation-declaring-a-day-of-remembrance-japanese-american-evacuation-2/\">signed a proclamation\u003c/a> to make Feb. 19 an official Day of Remembrance, calling the executive order \"a decision motivated by discrimination and xenophobia\" and \"a betrayal of our most sacred values as a nation that we must never repeat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day in 2020, shortly before COVID-19 lockdowns began, Yonsei Memory Project organizers collaborated with \u003ca href=\"https://storycorps.org/\">StoryCorps\u003c/a> to record conversations between family members and friends across generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>These interviews have been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Gary Tsudama and Yutaka Yamamoto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861094 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-800x503.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-800x503.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-1020x641.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka-1536x966.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Gary-and-Yutaka.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yutaka Yamamoto (left) and Gary Tsudama (right) have been friends since 1951. Both men were sent to incarceration camps as children during World War II. (Courtesy of StoryCorps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lifelong friends Gary Tsudama, 95, and Yutaka Yamamoto, 88, on memories of the days after Japanese Americans were ordered to leave their homes:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gary\u003c/strong>: My dad came over from Hiroshima when he was 16 years old. He came into the city of Stockton and opened up a grocery store. When the war broke out, we were given the notice of one week to clean up our business, so my dad went around Stockton to find us some grocer who'd buy the stock that was in the store. He found a man to buy it for 60 cents on the dollar. My dad had to agree to it, and then he waited and waited for them to come pick it up. [The] day before we had to leave, he came and gave my dad 15 cents on the dollar. And my dad had no way to get out of it, so he took it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yutaka\u003c/strong>: At that time, nobody said we were Japanese. They used the nickname 'Jap.' That was one of the things that, to this day, I have never forgotten. It’s very painful to hear people call you a 'Jap.' I remember that was a big shock. I remember going to school. I was in the fourth grade then, and I told my teacher, who was a Caucasian, I wouldn't be coming to school from tomorrow. And her only reply was, \"Oh.\" No, not goodbye or nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harumi Sasaki\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861187 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Harumi-and-Nadine.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nadine Takeuchi with her mother Harumi Sasaki. Harumi was born in California, but her family returned to Japan during World War II, and witnessed the bombing of Hiroshima from the nearby countryside where they lived. (Courtesy of StoryCorps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harumi Sasaki, 88, telling her daughter, Nadine Takeuchi, about watching the bombing of Hiroshima, from a cave in the mountains:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: I know you were born in El Centro, California, but you never said what it was like. What did your parents do in El Centro?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Picked strawberries. It was real hot. We played outside, and no shoes. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"tag":"internment,japanese-americans","label":"more coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: How old were you when you moved to Japan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: 4 or 5 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: So as you were growing up, World War II was going on. [You were living in the countryside.] So what happened right before they dropped the bomb? Do you remember? Did you hear airplanes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Everybody was scared and hiding [in the cave]. A little later, we couldn't hear the noise. So we thought, oh, OK. And then, the bomb came out, boom!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: You heard a big boom! Did you see it? What did it look like?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Smoke, like a mushroom cloud. People are running into our village, little ones, adults, skin hanging, burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: [After the war] I remember you had a hard time getting back to California. Even though you were a United States citizen, and so was Dad. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Harumi\u003c/strong>: Because they think we were a spy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nadine\u003c/strong>: Part of the reason was because Dad was in the camps and answered the questionnaire. He said he would not serve in the army and he would not be loyal to the United States because he was mad [about the treatment of Japanese Americans]. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Masumoto Family\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861049\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11861049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/RS47226_IMG_4620-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nikiko Masumoto (pictured right), with her grandmother Carol and younger brother Korio in 2020. Carol met their grandfather as a teenager in an incarceration camp in Gila River, Arizona. \u003ccite>(Courtey of the Masumoto Family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nikiko Masumoto, peach farmer, author, queer activist and co-founder of the Yonsei Memory Project:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nikiko\u003c/strong>: I’m Yonsei, which means fourth-generation Japanese American. My great grandparents immigrated from Japan. [We're] this tipping point generation, because in most of our families, we're the last generation to know personally the survivors of World War II and incarceration camps. Storytelling implores us to listen deeply. I think when we're able to develop our skills of listening deeply, we can bear witness to each other's pain and then, in turn, we can no longer become vectors of violence. We keep on trying to invite people in to listen. Because I think once someone's story touches your heart, it transforms you in a way that you can no longer hate them. My wish is that we can continue to do those brave acts of deep listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Carol Masumoto, Nikiko's grandmother, on lessons for the next generation\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nikiko\u003c/strong>: What do you want me and my generation to remember about camp, and after camp?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carol\u003c/strong>: It was a bad thing. My brother got wounded and died [in the war]. I mean, here we were in camp and then they died for our country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nikiko\u003c/strong>: Hopefully we'll learn as a human population to be better to one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carol\u003c/strong>: The younger generation is a lot more understanding, I noticed. Of course, there are more mixed-race people. You get a lot of good understanding, so we all get close to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861090\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861090 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Mas-and-Marcy-Then-and-Now.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marcy and David Mas Masumoto standing in a vineyard shortly after they became engaged in the early 80s (left) and in 2020 (right). \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Masumoto Family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcy and Mas Masumoto (Nikiko’s parents) on the challenges of navigating racism against Japanese Americans in Marcy's German American family\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marcy\u003c/strong>: [My father's] formative years were during World War II. He carried some very, very strong biases against Japanese, in particular, stemming from the war. The fact that you were Japanese American, he could not separate that. After about 30 years [of our marriage], on the outside, he seemed to be much more accepting. I'm not sure if actually he ever really was on the inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mas\u003c/strong>: I think he represented a lot of America, especially during the war, when 'these people were aliens and foreigners.’ Suddenly we were the enemy, based on how you looked. That led up to internment and Japanese American relocation during World War II. Your understanding of that story, that legacy part of our family history, and that part of me — when you could grasp that, understand it, it was love.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Yuriko Uno Kaku\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861186\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861186 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Kaku.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuriko Uno Kaku with her grandson, Karl Kaku, and granddaughter-in-law, Sasha Khokha. (Courtesy of StoryCorps)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Report's Sasha Khokha also participated in an interview with her own grandmother-in-law. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Yuriko Uno Kaku, 97, spoke with Khokha and Karl Kaku about living through the war in Japan as a Japanese American\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: I was born in Oakland, grew up in Alameda until I was 9 years old. My dad was a good painter, did lots of watercolor. He painted this picture of Lake Merritt in 1914. Back then, there were no homes on the hills, it was wide open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11861192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11861192 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-800x590.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-1020x752.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting-1536x1132.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/02/Lake-Merritt-Painting.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A watercolor painting of Oakland's Lake Merritt, circa 1914, by Yuriko Uno Kaku's father, Masamichi Uno. (Sasha Khoka/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sasha\u003c/strong>: Your family went back to live in Japan when you were 9, and when you were a young woman, the war broke out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: Born in the United States, [the Japanese government] thought we were the enemy. They came to check on us, the [Japanese equivalent of the] FBI. We just hid that we had anything to do with America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sasha\u003c/strong>: Did you stop speaking English during that time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: Yes, we did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sasha\u003c/strong>: At the same time that your family was trying to hide your Americanness in Tokyo, your family back here in California, incarcerated in the camps all around the country, were trying to prove their Americanness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yuriko\u003c/strong>: Yeah, my cousin \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Edison_Uno/\">Edison Uno\u003c/a> did a big job with the Japanese American Citizens League [to help launch efforts to get reparations] for Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11861010/memories-of-japanese-american-incarceration-across-generations","authors":["254","8637"],"programs":["news_72","news_26731"],"categories":["news_223","news_8"],"tags":["news_29182","news_24788","news_20676","news_37","news_2842","news_29181","news_22582","news_17856","news_2266","news_6501","news_28704"],"affiliates":["news_29183"],"featImg":"news_11861198","label":"news_26731"},"news_11821133":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11821133","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11821133","score":null,"sort":[1590660059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island","publishDate":1590660059,"format":"image","headTitle":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n[documentcloud url=“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html” responsive=true]\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1700590673,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":44,"wordCount":2265},"headData":{"title":"The Little-Known History of Japanese Internment on Angel Island | KQED","description":"Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"Bay Curious","sourceUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious","audioUrl":"https://traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC2105243508.mp3","path":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Off the coast of Tiburon, jutting out of the San Francisco Bay, is Angel Island. Accessible only by a ferry, it’s a large, hilly state park that offers sweeping views and miles of hiking trails. But it’s most famous for something less picturesque: its history as an immigration processing and detention center during the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4471-354x472.jpg 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese internees stayed in Angel Island’s immigration barracks where Chinese immigrants had carved poems of sadness and anguish on the walls decades earlier. \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Bay Area and visited the island with my class in middle school. We learned about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11443320/as-chinese-exclusion-act-turns-135-experts-point-to-parallels-today\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a> and the discrimination Chinese immigrants faced on Angel Island \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/history\">from 1910-1940\u003c/a>. They were subjected to interrogations and invasive medical exams. Some were detained for months, or even years, in the crowded barracks. The poignant poems carved by Chinese immigrants onto the walls of Angel Island’s Immigration Station are still visible to visitors today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a Bay Curious listener mused about \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the island’s past — something I hadn’t heard of before: “I wonder about Angel Island and the history of Japanese internment camps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a Chinese American, learning about the island’s immigration history had felt personally important, but this listener’s question about Japanese internees made me contemplate if I truly understood the full extent of Asian American history on the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>FBI Deems Those With Cultural Ties to Japan as ‘Enemy Aliens’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Angel Island’s Japanese internment history eluded even the island’s park rangers and tour guides. I met with Grant Din, a researcher and former volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, who is virtually the only expert on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a National Park Service grant, Din spent about five years digging into Angel Island’s role in the internment of Japanese people during World War II. Many are already familiar with this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10868581/photos-3-very-different-views-of-japanese-internment\">dark chapter of American history\u003c/a>, which remains to this day one of the most egregious examples of large-scale, federally sanctioned racial profiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821185 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-800x571.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/IMG_4473.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Din (right), volunteer with the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, researched Angel Island’s Japanese internment history with the help of student researcher Marissa Shoji (left). \u003ccite>(Cecilia Lei/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. government arrested and detained more than 110,000 U.S. residents and citizens of Japanese descent along the West Coast. Authorized through \u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74\">Executive Order 9066\u003c/a>, the decision was deemed a necessary precaution in case any people with Japanese ancestry living in the United States were secretly colluding with Japan’s war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11821314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/asianamericans-1-160x90.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPBS has a new documentary series called Asian Americans, about the identity, contributions and challenges experienced throughout American history. Watch it at \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/show/asian-americans/\">PBS.org\u003c/a>, using the PBS app or at \u003ca href=\"https://video.kqed.org/\">video.kqed.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Japanese civilians, including families with young children, were uprooted from their homes and businesses. They were relocated to internment camps in remote areas throughout the U.S. Close to two-thirds of them were American-born and thus legal U.S. citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, there was the group that Din researched: another category of Japanese internees who had secretly been under close scrutiny by the Department of Justice and FBI for months, even years before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17,000 Japanese issei immigrants (first generation residents born in Japan) were suspected of “subversive activities” and deemed the most “dangerous” threat to American security. The U.S. government called them “enemy aliens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging through national archives and researching historical accounts, Din compiled a database of these internees. About \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/wwiidetainees\">700 West Coast Japanese residents\u003c/a>, mostly from Hawaii, were briefly interned on Angel Island beginning in February 1942. The island was one of several temporary locations — another Bay Area location includes \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Sharp%20Park%20(detention%20facility)/\">Sharp Park in Pacifica\u003c/a> — where internees stayed for a week or so until being relocated to more permanent camps throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-632x474.jpeg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/download-536x402.jpeg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Japanese internees arrived at Angel Island, they were housed in the same facilities where Chinese immigrants had been detained over previous decades. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government was suspicious of this group of people because of their perceived ties to Japan or Japanese culture. The FBI tracked their movements, collected intel from informants and kept secret dossiers. Some of these individuals were community leaders, Buddhist and Shinto ministers or members of kendo and other martial arts clubs. Others had contributed to organizations deemed “pro-Japan” by the U.S. government or worked in Japanese consulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or sometimes, Din discovered, it was simply their hobbies: “I found that just the fact that one photographer had photographs of the Golden Gate Bridge, and a dam near Fresno under construction, was enough for them to label him a potential spy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his research findings, Din adds: “I didn’t find any concrete examples of any sabotage by any Japanese immigrants or Japanese Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diary Entries Lead to Internment on Angel Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One of these “enemy aliens” was a 46-year-old Japanese immigrant named Kakuro Shigenaga. A father of four young children and a salesman at a general store in Maui, Shigenaga was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 7, 1942.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1020x1274.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/LorraineWInstonRuthSallyGreatgrandpaKakuroYoshie-1955-1920x2398.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (front, center) with his family in 1955. When he was arrested by the FBI, Kakuro was separated from his wife (front, right), father in law Toyokichi Kuwano (front, left) and four children (back row: Lorraine, Winston, Winston’s wife Ruth and Sally. Not pictured: Kakuro’s son Akira) for the duration of the war. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kakuro’s grandson, San Rafael resident Mark Shigenaga, discovered that both his grandfather and great uncle had passed through Angel Island while digging into his family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI seized Kakuro’s diary during a sweep when Kakuro happened to be visiting his brother, Shigeo Shigenaga, in Honolulu. The FBI claimed the diary’s entries contained anti-American and pro-Japanese writings. They became the centerpiece of Kakuro’s hearing, in which he was interrogated about his potential allegiance to Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"#transcript\">transcript of his hearing\u003c/a>, Kakuro expressed regret for writing sentiments that were perceived as anti-American. Through a Japanese translator, and without legal counsel, he insisted the writings were just a part of his daily, mindless exercise and that he was “earnestly desirous of peace” between Japan and the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM.png 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Screen-Shot-2020-05-27-at-4.40.29-PM-160x202.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment card follows his journey to camps around the United States. \u003ccite>( Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one critical round of questioning, Kakuro said he was not “for Japan,” but he also answered “no” when he was asked if he was against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That answer may have gotten him interned. If he had said yes, it would have changed the fate of our whole family,” Mark said. He says his grandfather’s testimony reflects a radically honest assessment of what it meant to be a Japanese immigrant in the U.S. at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So here he was, this person that was born in Japan, who immigrated to Hawaii. And then having the country of where he was born start a war with his new home,” Mark said. “And I think a lot of Japanese at the time were conflicted that way. It’s like, how could the country we were born from, where our ancestors are from, attack us?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro was found to be “a subject of the Japanese empire” and “disloyal to the U.S.” He was among the first group of 172 Japanese Hawaiian immigrants who boarded the USS Ulysses Grant in late February 1942 headed for Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro Shigenaga endured an uncomfortable 10-day sea voyage crammed into compartments below sea level. Author Patsy Saiki described the trip Kakuro and the other internees took as “days of humiliation and suffering” in a historical account of the journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In all, about eight ships…formed a convoy which zigzagged its way to San Francisco. There were no portholes for they were below sea-level…What made the internees miserable was that they were locked, eight or ten in a room, for three hours at a time. At the end of three hours the door was unlocked and a guard escorted the men to a makeshift oil barrel latrine…It was continued days of humiliation and suffering…Transferred into small tugboats, they sailed … to Angel Island, which housed the Quarantine Station. Some of the men had never seen San Francisco, and this glimpse of the city and its environs reminded them of the misty hills of Japan.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Upon arrival to Angel Island, Kakuro and the other men were photographed, fingerprinted and examined in the nude for “infectious diseases.” Then they were each given two blankets and were told to go upstairs to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was extremely crowded and the odors were pretty strong and just the fact that, you know, 150 to 200 people were in this room designed really to hold about 60 was pretty overwhelming,” Din said. The room is 36 feet by 70 feet, and was lined with three tiered bunk beds. Men also slept on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most stays on the island were short, as men were quickly moved to inland internment camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro stayed on Angel Island from March 1-9 in 1942, and for the next three years, he moved to five different camps across the country, including in New Mexico, Louisiana, Wisconsin and Tennessee before being released when the war ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other civilian internees, Kakuro and other “enemy alien” internees were separated from their families for the entire duration of their internment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-Shigenaga-at-Santa-Fe-DOJ-Camp-1944-45.jpg 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga at the Department of Justice internment camp in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he was held from 1944-1945. After leaving Angel Island, Kakuro Shigenaga was transferred to five different camps throughout the United States. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Shigenaga family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Legacy of Not Belonging\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Learning that his grandfather had been interned on Angel Island, just miles from where he lives now, was revelatory for Mark. “I take hikes on Angel Island! I had no idea that he was here, decades before I landed here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kakuro didn’t talk about his internment experience or the circumstances that led to his arrest when Mark was growing up. But discovering the way his grandfather navigated his cultural identity in the face of such high stakes added a new dimension to the man he remembers as a serious, yet gentle grandfather who he’d spend summers with as a child in Maui.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 711px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11821198 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958.jpg 711w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/Kakuro-and-Mark-Kihei-Maui-1958-160x200.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Shigenaga with his grandfather Kakuro in Kihei, Maui, in 1958. As a first-born grandson, Mark spent summers in Hawaii with Kakuro, hanging out in the general store where he worked. Mark says he was “one of the hardest working people I’ve ever seen.” \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The realization that my grandfather was on Angel Island sort of opens up this curiosity about what his experience was, not only Angel Island, but every other part of his experience and moving from camp to camp,” Mark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Kakuro urged his own kids to move off the island of Maui to the mainland to find new opportunities, despite the country’s imperfections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11821225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11821225\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-800x802.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-1920x1925.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-550x550.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/05/MarkArleneLaurie-with-Grandpa-Kakuro-1962-470x470.jpg 470w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kakuro Shigenaga (right) with his grandson Mark (left) and other grandchildren Arlene and Laurie Naito in 1962. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Mark Shigenaga)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think about how the war experience shaped the way we were brought up,” Mark said. “Basically to be as American as possible, as American and apple pie as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/STOP_AAPI_HATE_MONTHLY_REPORT_4_23_20.pdf\">anti-Asian verbal and physical attacks\u003c/a> are taking place across the country as some people blame Asian Americans for the coronavirus pandemic. I think about how that longing to be perceived as simply American — not as foreigners, “enemy aliens” or pandemic starters — is a core part of the modern-day Asian American experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the legacy of Angel Island isn’t only the important history it teaches us; it represents the persistent anxiety that many Asian Americans feel about belonging in America, and the high stakes of perpetually being perceived as “other.” It’s a feeling that’s lasted through generations, and it continues to inform how Asian Americans negotiate their identities today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on Kakuro Shigenaga’s internment history, as well as profiles of other Japanese internees who stayed on Angel Island, check out Grant Din’s research \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/?sfid=9152&_sf_s=JACS\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To search through Department of Justice case files of “enemy aliens” during World War II, visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/internment-files\">National Archives website\u003c/a> where you can find documents including transcripts, FBI reports and other records. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Think you may have had a family member who was interned on Angel Island during World War II? Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.aiisf.org/s/WWII-Detainees-on-Angel-Island-for-web.xlsx\">database of Angel Island Japanese internees\u003c/a> and contact Grant Din: \u003ca href=\"mailto:grant@tonaidin.net\">grant@tonaidin.net\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong id=\"transcript\">Transcript of Kakuro Shigenaga Internment Hearing\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"documentcloud","attributes":{"named":{"url":"“https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6929486-KakuroShigenagaTestimonyTranscript.html”","responsive":"true","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11821133/the-little-known-history-of-japanese-internment-on-angel-island","authors":["8617"],"programs":["news_33523"],"series":["news_17986"],"categories":["news_8","news_33520"],"tags":["news_28025","news_24788","news_6431","news_17856","news_2267","news_236"],"featImg":"news_11821307","label":"source_news_11821133"},"news_11802066":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11802066","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11802066","score":null,"sort":[1582327833000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars","title":"The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars","publishDate":1582327833,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report Magazine | KQED News","labelTerm":{"term":26731,"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The California Assembly's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11802590/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans\">official apology\u003c/a> for the state's role in the incarceration of Japanese Americans comes after many of those formerly incarcerated have passed away. But some of the survivors who were children during World War II continue to make annual pilgrimages to their former incarceration site each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Ester Abe, a former incarceree at Heart Mountain\"]'I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter.'[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Japanese Americans from Los Angeles, Santa Clara and San Francisco were sent to \u003ca href=\"https://heartmountain.org/\">Heart Mountain\u003c/a>, Wyoming. Anna Sale of WNYC’s \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" recently traveled to Heart Mountain to talk to incarcerees and their family members for an episode of her podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Report Magazine's host Sasha Khokha spoke with Sale, in a conversation that's been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Why 'Death, Sex & Money' Visited Heart Mountain\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We say our show is about the things we think about a lot and need to talk about more. I'd heard about the pilgrimages to these former incarceration sites, and just the scraps that I picked up, I thought, 'This is a story that's about just that.' It's often the children and grandchildren are piecing together the stories, and they drip, drip, drip out. So I wanted to hear what it was like when people who live at this site in Heart Mountain, what do they talk about? What kinds of questions do their children and grandchildren have for them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802068\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802068\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1092\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-800x455.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-1020x580.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shigeru Yabu gives a tour of a new replica barrack onsite at Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Darrell Kunitomi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Talking to Survivors Returning for the First Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Ester Abe was the first person I met when we got off the school bus [from the hotel in Cody]. This was her first time back since she was a young girl and she’d brought her two adult children with her. I was struck by talking to her. She looked up on the horizon. It's called Heart Mountain because there are these two rounded peaks and I wanted to know why she had returned with her two adult children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Speaking with Sale in the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" episode, Ester Abe said, \"I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter. She saw our name in the registrar of books and it kind of woke her up. She thought, oh, this is true. For us to be here and talk about it freely, everybody’s memories are coming out, it's big.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Experiencing Incarceration as a Child \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was really striking to me that the people who were able to narrate first-person accounts of Heart Mountain were youth. I met a lot of people who said, 'My memories of this place were kid memories.' They didn’t experience what adults felt, having to step away from businesses from their role in the community. They were kids. You heard a lot of stories about how fun it was to play in the river or exploring the animals and the wildlife that lived near Heart Mountain. It was interesting to hear these childlike memories on top of the meaning of what it was to be an American citizen and sent away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"This sounds kind of idiotic, but as a kid, there was no fear,\" Shigeru Yabu told Sale. \"As a youngster, we're looking for adventure. We didn't think about the guard towers, we didn't think about the barbed wires. We just wanted excitement,\" said Yabu, who was forced from his home in San Francisco at age 10.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1484px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents\" width=\"1484\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg 1484w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-800x577.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-1020x736.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1484px) 100vw, 1484px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents at Heart Mountain where they met. Setsuko, her mother, is fourth from the right on the front row, and Bill, her father, is sitting to her left. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On What It'\u003c/b>\u003cb>s Like for the Children and Grandchildren of Incarcerees to Visit Heart Mountain \u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was a different tone when you got them off to the side and asked them what it was like to be there. It was less swapping of memories and light. It was more trying to piece together the more why and how. Some people were there with their elderly parents, but some people were there who’ve lost their parents and were there to learn more about what had happened from what they pieced together from family stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Shirley Ann Higuchi. She now at once recognizes that [incarceration] is how her parents came together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"But [if it wasn't] for that incarceration, I wouldn’t be here talking to you. When they bumped into each other years later at UC Berkeley, their faces looked identical to when they were kids. That recognition turned into a love affair and marriage,\" Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she was able to feel more anger about the incarceration than her mother was ever able to express during her lifetime. She talked a lot about how her mother was controlling, even when Shirley was an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802878\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-1020x678.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shirley Ann Higuchi addresses attendees at the annual pilgrimage to Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The psychologist turned to me, and says, 'Shirley, of course your mother's controlling. She was ripped from her home and put in a prison camp pre-adolesence, and she walked everything, and you're wondering why she's controlling? It would be strange if your mother wasn't controlling,'\" \u003c/em>\u003cem>Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I actually said to Shirley, 'I love that you come to these pilgrimages and one of the things you talk to other children of incarcerees is 'How do your parents drive you crazy?' It wasn't something that I intuitively anticipated hearing. But of course, the ways people who were incarcerated at Heart Mountain raised their children affected not just Shirley's family, but lots of families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[After hearing her mother gloss over her experiences at Heart Mountain for so many years,] Shirley learned something surprising after her mother's death. [She] had been sending money to create a memorial and museum at the site of the former incarceration center [which was built in 2011]. Shirley discovered that her mother had stayed in touch and had been quite active in the effort to remember what had happened there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation that was happening at the pilgrimage was not just about the past. It was about what this means today. I heard from former incarcerees and their children and grandchildren talking about the ways the current political environment makes them think about this history and the obligation and responsibility they have to talk about what happened, and to make sure this doesn't happen again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Death, Sex & Money's Anna Sale talks with Japanese-Americans from California who were incarcerated as children at Heart Mountain, Wyoming. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1582330158,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1159},"headData":{"title":"The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars | KQED","description":"Death, Sex & Money's Anna Sale talks with Japanese-Americans from California who were incarcerated as children at Heart Mountain, Wyoming. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11802066 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11802066","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/21/the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars/","disqusTitle":"The US Imprisoned California Kids in World War II. Heart Mountain Bears the Scars","audioTrackLength":903,"path":"/news/11802066/the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/f8900592-6ec1-421d-ba88-ab680188fd10/audio.mp3","audioDuration":903000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Assembly's \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11802590/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans\">official apology\u003c/a> for the state's role in the incarceration of Japanese Americans comes after many of those formerly incarcerated have passed away. But some of the survivors who were children during World War II continue to make annual pilgrimages to their former incarceration site each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Ester Abe, a former incarceree at Heart Mountain","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Japanese Americans from Los Angeles, Santa Clara and San Francisco were sent to \u003ca href=\"https://heartmountain.org/\">Heart Mountain\u003c/a>, Wyoming. Anna Sale of WNYC’s \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" recently traveled to Heart Mountain to talk to incarcerees and their family members for an episode of her podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The California Report Magazine's host Sasha Khokha spoke with Sale, in a conversation that's been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Why 'Death, Sex & Money' Visited Heart Mountain\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We say our show is about the things we think about a lot and need to talk about more. I'd heard about the pilgrimages to these former incarceration sites, and just the scraps that I picked up, I thought, 'This is a story that's about just that.' It's often the children and grandchildren are piecing together the stories, and they drip, drip, drip out. So I wanted to hear what it was like when people who live at this site in Heart Mountain, what do they talk about? What kinds of questions do their children and grandchildren have for them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802068\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802068\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1092\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-800x455.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41368_Shig-talking-in-the-barrack-qut-1020x580.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shigeru Yabu gives a tour of a new replica barrack onsite at Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Darrell Kunitomi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Talking to Survivors Returning for the First Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Ester Abe was the first person I met when we got off the school bus [from the hotel in Cody]. This was her first time back since she was a young girl and she’d brought her two adult children with her. I was struck by talking to her. She looked up on the horizon. It's called Heart Mountain because there are these two rounded peaks and I wanted to know why she had returned with her two adult children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Speaking with Sale in the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/deathsexmoney\">Death, Sex & Money\u003c/a>\" episode, Ester Abe said, \"I saw that Heart Mountain on the horizon and I kind of choked up. It came to life for my daughter. She saw our name in the registrar of books and it kind of woke her up. She thought, oh, this is true. For us to be here and talk about it freely, everybody’s memories are coming out, it's big.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>On Experiencing Incarceration as a Child \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was really striking to me that the people who were able to narrate first-person accounts of Heart Mountain were youth. I met a lot of people who said, 'My memories of this place were kid memories.' They didn’t experience what adults felt, having to step away from businesses from their role in the community. They were kids. You heard a lot of stories about how fun it was to play in the river or exploring the animals and the wildlife that lived near Heart Mountain. It was interesting to hear these childlike memories on top of the meaning of what it was to be an American citizen and sent away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"This sounds kind of idiotic, but as a kid, there was no fear,\" Shigeru Yabu told Sale. \"As a youngster, we're looking for adventure. We didn't think about the guard towers, we didn't think about the barbed wires. We just wanted excitement,\" said Yabu, who was forced from his home in San Francisco at age 10.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1484px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802867\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents\" width=\"1484\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut.jpg 1484w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-800x577.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41469_1.-Setsuko-and-Bill-in-class-picture-qut-1020x736.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1484px) 100vw, 1484px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of Shirley Ann Higuchi's parents at Heart Mountain where they met. Setsuko, her mother, is fourth from the right on the front row, and Bill, her father, is sitting to her left. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cb>On What It'\u003c/b>\u003cb>s Like for the Children and Grandchildren of Incarcerees to Visit Heart Mountain \u003c/b>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It was a different tone when you got them off to the side and asked them what it was like to be there. It was less swapping of memories and light. It was more trying to piece together the more why and how. Some people were there with their elderly parents, but some people were there who’ve lost their parents and were there to learn more about what had happened from what they pieced together from family stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Shirley Ann Higuchi. She now at once recognizes that [incarceration] is how her parents came together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"But [if it wasn't] for that incarceration, I wouldn’t be here talking to you. When they bumped into each other years later at UC Berkeley, their faces looked identical to when they were kids. That recognition turned into a love affair and marriage,\" Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she was able to feel more anger about the incarceration than her mother was ever able to express during her lifetime. She talked a lot about how her mother was controlling, even when Shirley was an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11802878\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11802878\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/02/RS41471_ShirleySpeaking_Photo-by-Julie-Abo-qut-1020x678.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shirley Ann Higuchi addresses attendees at the annual pilgrimage to Heart Mountain. \u003ccite>(Courtesty of Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The psychologist turned to me, and says, 'Shirley, of course your mother's controlling. She was ripped from her home and put in a prison camp pre-adolesence, and she walked everything, and you're wondering why she's controlling? It would be strange if your mother wasn't controlling,'\" \u003c/em>\u003cem>Higuchi told Sale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I actually said to Shirley, 'I love that you come to these pilgrimages and one of the things you talk to other children of incarcerees is 'How do your parents drive you crazy?' It wasn't something that I intuitively anticipated hearing. But of course, the ways people who were incarcerated at Heart Mountain raised their children affected not just Shirley's family, but lots of families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[After hearing her mother gloss over her experiences at Heart Mountain for so many years,] Shirley learned something surprising after her mother's death. [She] had been sending money to create a memorial and museum at the site of the former incarceration center [which was built in 2011]. Shirley discovered that her mother had stayed in touch and had been quite active in the effort to remember what had happened there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation that was happening at the pilgrimage was not just about the past. It was about what this means today. I heard from former incarcerees and their children and grandchildren talking about the ways the current political environment makes them think about this history and the obligation and responsibility they have to talk about what happened, and to make sure this doesn't happen again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11802066/the-us-imprisoned-california-kids-in-world-war-ii-heart-mountain-bears-the-scars","authors":["254"],"programs":["news_72","news_26731"],"categories":["news_6188","news_8"],"tags":["news_18538","news_2842","news_6431","news_17856","news_2267"],"featImg":"news_11802711","label":"news_26731"},"news_11802590":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11802590","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11802590","score":null,"sort":[1582227758000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans","title":"California Lawmakers Apologize for U.S. Internment of Japanese Americans","publishDate":1582227758,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It has been just over 78 years since President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order authorizing the internment of Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California lawmakers are apologizing for the role the state played in rounding up \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/19/516115506/75-years-later-americans-still-bear-scars-of-internment-order\">about 120,000 people\u003c/a> — mainly U.S. citizens – and moving them into 10 camps, including two in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200HR77\" rel=\"noopener\">resolution\u003c/a>, which passed unanimously in the California Assembly Thursday, noted that a number of federal and state laws passed beginning in 1913 that discriminated against people of Japanese descent. The resolution also stated that, \"the Assembly apologizes to all Americans of Japanese ancestry for its past actions in support of the unjust exclusion, removal, and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, and for its failure to support and defend the civil rights and civil liberties of Japanese Americans during this period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Jeffrey Moy, National President of the Japanese American Citizens League\"]'You're talking about folks who were American citizens, who were forced to leave their homes, forced to leave most of their possessions behind, to leave their pets behind.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also stated: \"Given recent national events, it is all the more important to learn from the mistakes of the past and to ensure that such an assault on freedom will never again happen to any community in the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Thursday's vote, the Assembly welcomed several people who were imprisoned in the camps and their families. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are specifically apologizing for wrongs that were committed on this floor,\" Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon said in the chamber. \"We are apologizing for what we have done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several lawmakers also gave somber statements and gathered at the entrance of the chamber after the vote to hug and shake hands with victims like 96-year-old Kiyo Sato.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to remind [young people] that this can't happen again,\" Sato said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=74\">Roosevelt's order\u003c/a>, signed a little more than two months after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, authorized the removal from the West Coast of all persons considered a threat to national security and their relocation to centers inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're talking about folks who were American citizens, who were forced to leave their homes, forced to leave most of their possessions behind, to leave their pets behind,\" \u003ca href=\"https://jacl.org/\">Jeffrey Moy\u003c/a>, national president of the Japanese American Citizens League, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/807665162\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine, he added, \"how much of a shock it was for people's rights to just be stripped from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to make sure that we acknowledged our mistakes and hopefully learned from them,\" said Al Muratsuchi, the Assembly member who introduced the resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Democrat, who represents \u003ca href=\"https://a66.asmdc.org/district-map\">a district\u003c/a> southwest of Los Angeles that includes Torrance and Manhattan Beach, said that such a reminder is important not just for the preservation of history. It's also important to note the \"striking parallels between what happened to Japanese Americans before and during World War II and what we see happening today,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not just the fearmongering rhetoric talking about the caravan [of migrants from Central America], or the images of children and families being held in cages, but we see what's happening to Muslim Americans. You know, after Pearl Harbor, the fear of the 'other' focused on Japanese Americans as potential spies; today, ever since 9/11, that same fear of the other has been focused on Muslim Americans as potential terrorists,\" Muratsuchi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It bears mentioning that such an apology is not novel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of Ronald Reagan's presidency, he signed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/100th-congress/house-bill/442\">Civil Liberties Act\u003c/a> of 1988, which acknowledged that the internment of Japanese Americans was \"motivated by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria and a failure of political leadership.\" It provided $20,000 to each eligible survivor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation=\"Al Muratsuchi, California Assemblymember\"]'I wanted to make sure that we acknowledged our mistakes and hopefully learned from them.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also included a direct apology \"on behalf of the Nation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is most important in this bill has less to do with property than with honor,\" Reagan said at the time, \"for here, we admit a wrong. Here we reaffirm our commitment as a nation to equal justice under the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muratsuchi said survivors needed a separate apology from California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, during the years leading up to World War II, California was at the forefront and led the nation in so many ways in fanning the flames of racism and immigrant scapegoating against Japanese Americans,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/19/807488154/california-legislature-considers-formal-apology-for-world-war-ii-japanese-intern\">he said\u003c/a>, pointing to efforts by state lawmakers decades before the war to \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Alien_land_laws/\">limit or strip the legal rights\u003c/a> of Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt that it was important to document this uniquely Californian history of racism and immigrant scapegoating against Japanese Americans,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly measure is just the latest in a series of apologies the state has issued recently for its historical injustices against minority groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an executive order last year, Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/6.18.19-Executive-Order.pdf\">formally apologized\u003c/a> on behalf of California for the state's \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/06/18/governor-newsom-issues-apology-to-native-americans-for-states-historical-wrongdoings-establishes-truth-and-healing-council/\">\"dark history\"\u003c/a> of violence and discrimination against Native Americans. Earlier this month, he also \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/02/05/taking-on-historic-homophobia-in-justice-system-california-governor-newsom-launches-process-for-pardoning-people-prosecuted-for-being-gay/\">announced an initiative\u003c/a> to pardon LGBTQ people — including posthumously — who were prosecuted under a state law banning same-sex relationships, which were only \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/other/getting-rid-sodomy-laws-history-and-strategy-led-lawrence-decision\">decriminalized in 1975\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Gavin Newsom, California Governor\"]'A decision motivated by discrimination and xenophobia, the internment of Japanese Americans was a betrayal of our most sacred values as a nation that we must never repeat.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5079627\">apologized in 2006\u003c/a> for a program of illegal deportation that targeted Mexican Americans in the 1930s and issued \u003ca href=\"http://political-apologies.wlu.ca/details.php?table=doc_primary&id=400\">another apology\u003c/a> several years later to Chinese Americans for racist laws dating back to the 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A decision motivated by discrimination and xenophobia, the internment of Japanese Americans was a betrayal of our most sacred values as a nation that we must never repeat,\" Newsom said Wednesday \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/02/19/governor-newsom-issues-proclamation-declaring-a-day-of-remembrance-japanese-american-evacuation-2-19-20/\">in a proclamation\u003c/a> declaring Feb. 19 — the anniversary of Roosevelt's executive order — to be a day of remembrance in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This stain on our history should remind us to always stand up for our fellow Americans, regardless of their national origin or immigration status, and protect the civil rights and liberties that we hold dear,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Ina Jaffe and The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Lawmakers+Expected+To+Apologize+For+U.S.+Internment+Of+Japanese+Americans&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The California Assembly passed a resolution Thursday formally apologizing for the state's role in helping the U.S. government send Japanese Americans to internment camps during World War II.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1584742688,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1080},"headData":{"title":"California Lawmakers Apologize for U.S. Internment of Japanese Americans | KQED","description":"The California Assembly passed a resolution Thursday formally apologizing for the state's role in helping the U.S. government send Japanese Americans to internment camps during World War II.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11802590 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11802590","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/20/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans/","disqusTitle":"California Lawmakers Apologize for U.S. Internment of Japanese Americans","source":"NPR","sourceUrl":"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/20/807428171/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americ","nprImageCredit":"Rich Pedroncelli","nprByline":"Laurel Wamsley and Colin Dwyer \u003cbr /> NPR","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"807428171","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=807428171&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/20/807428171/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americ?ft=nprml&f=807428171","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 20 Feb 2020 12:07:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 20 Feb 2020 10:35:50 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 20 Feb 2020 12:07:09 -0500","path":"/news/11802590/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It has been just over 78 years since President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order authorizing the internment of Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California lawmakers are apologizing for the role the state played in rounding up \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/19/516115506/75-years-later-americans-still-bear-scars-of-internment-order\">about 120,000 people\u003c/a> — mainly U.S. citizens – and moving them into 10 camps, including two in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200HR77\" rel=\"noopener\">resolution\u003c/a>, which passed unanimously in the California Assembly Thursday, noted that a number of federal and state laws passed beginning in 1913 that discriminated against people of Japanese descent. The resolution also stated that, \"the Assembly apologizes to all Americans of Japanese ancestry for its past actions in support of the unjust exclusion, removal, and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, and for its failure to support and defend the civil rights and civil liberties of Japanese Americans during this period.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'You're talking about folks who were American citizens, who were forced to leave their homes, forced to leave most of their possessions behind, to leave their pets behind.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Jeffrey Moy, National President of the Japanese American Citizens League","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also stated: \"Given recent national events, it is all the more important to learn from the mistakes of the past and to ensure that such an assault on freedom will never again happen to any community in the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Thursday's vote, the Assembly welcomed several people who were imprisoned in the camps and their families. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are specifically apologizing for wrongs that were committed on this floor,\" Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon said in the chamber. \"We are apologizing for what we have done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several lawmakers also gave somber statements and gathered at the entrance of the chamber after the vote to hug and shake hands with victims like 96-year-old Kiyo Sato.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to remind [young people] that this can't happen again,\" Sato said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=74\">Roosevelt's order\u003c/a>, signed a little more than two months after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, authorized the removal from the West Coast of all persons considered a threat to national security and their relocation to centers inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're talking about folks who were American citizens, who were forced to leave their homes, forced to leave most of their possessions behind, to leave their pets behind,\" \u003ca href=\"https://jacl.org/\">Jeffrey Moy\u003c/a>, national president of the Japanese American Citizens League, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/807665162\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine, he added, \"how much of a shock it was for people's rights to just be stripped from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to make sure that we acknowledged our mistakes and hopefully learned from them,\" said Al Muratsuchi, the Assembly member who introduced the resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Democrat, who represents \u003ca href=\"https://a66.asmdc.org/district-map\">a district\u003c/a> southwest of Los Angeles that includes Torrance and Manhattan Beach, said that such a reminder is important not just for the preservation of history. It's also important to note the \"striking parallels between what happened to Japanese Americans before and during World War II and what we see happening today,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not just the fearmongering rhetoric talking about the caravan [of migrants from Central America], or the images of children and families being held in cages, but we see what's happening to Muslim Americans. You know, after Pearl Harbor, the fear of the 'other' focused on Japanese Americans as potential spies; today, ever since 9/11, that same fear of the other has been focused on Muslim Americans as potential terrorists,\" Muratsuchi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It bears mentioning that such an apology is not novel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the end of Ronald Reagan's presidency, he signed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/100th-congress/house-bill/442\">Civil Liberties Act\u003c/a> of 1988, which acknowledged that the internment of Japanese Americans was \"motivated by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria and a failure of political leadership.\" It provided $20,000 to each eligible survivor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'I wanted to make sure that we acknowledged our mistakes and hopefully learned from them.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Al Muratsuchi, California Assemblymember","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also included a direct apology \"on behalf of the Nation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is most important in this bill has less to do with property than with honor,\" Reagan said at the time, \"for here, we admit a wrong. Here we reaffirm our commitment as a nation to equal justice under the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muratsuchi said survivors needed a separate apology from California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, during the years leading up to World War II, California was at the forefront and led the nation in so many ways in fanning the flames of racism and immigrant scapegoating against Japanese Americans,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/02/19/807488154/california-legislature-considers-formal-apology-for-world-war-ii-japanese-intern\">he said\u003c/a>, pointing to efforts by state lawmakers decades before the war to \u003ca href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Alien_land_laws/\">limit or strip the legal rights\u003c/a> of Japanese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt that it was important to document this uniquely Californian history of racism and immigrant scapegoating against Japanese Americans,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly measure is just the latest in a series of apologies the state has issued recently for its historical injustices against minority groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an executive order last year, Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/6.18.19-Executive-Order.pdf\">formally apologized\u003c/a> on behalf of California for the state's \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/06/18/governor-newsom-issues-apology-to-native-americans-for-states-historical-wrongdoings-establishes-truth-and-healing-council/\">\"dark history\"\u003c/a> of violence and discrimination against Native Americans. Earlier this month, he also \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/02/05/taking-on-historic-homophobia-in-justice-system-california-governor-newsom-launches-process-for-pardoning-people-prosecuted-for-being-gay/\">announced an initiative\u003c/a> to pardon LGBTQ people — including posthumously — who were prosecuted under a state law banning same-sex relationships, which were only \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/other/getting-rid-sodomy-laws-history-and-strategy-led-lawrence-decision\">decriminalized in 1975\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'A decision motivated by discrimination and xenophobia, the internment of Japanese Americans was a betrayal of our most sacred values as a nation that we must never repeat.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Gavin Newsom, California Governor","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5079627\">apologized in 2006\u003c/a> for a program of illegal deportation that targeted Mexican Americans in the 1930s and issued \u003ca href=\"http://political-apologies.wlu.ca/details.php?table=doc_primary&id=400\">another apology\u003c/a> several years later to Chinese Americans for racist laws dating back to the 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A decision motivated by discrimination and xenophobia, the internment of Japanese Americans was a betrayal of our most sacred values as a nation that we must never repeat,\" Newsom said Wednesday \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/02/19/governor-newsom-issues-proclamation-declaring-a-day-of-remembrance-japanese-american-evacuation-2-19-20/\">in a proclamation\u003c/a> declaring Feb. 19 — the anniversary of Roosevelt's executive order — to be a day of remembrance in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This stain on our history should remind us to always stand up for our fellow Americans, regardless of their national origin or immigration status, and protect the civil rights and liberties that we hold dear,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's Ina Jaffe and The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Lawmakers+Expected+To+Apologize+For+U.S.+Internment+Of+Japanese+Americans&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11802590/california-lawmakers-expected-to-apologize-for-u-s-internment-of-japanese-americans","authors":["byline_news_11802590"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_6188","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_2704","news_17856","news_2267","news_17968","news_17041"],"featImg":"news_11802591","label":"source_news_11802590"},"news_11802043":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11802043","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11802043","score":null,"sort":[1581972709000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans","title":"California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans","publishDate":1581972709,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Les Ouchida was born an American just outside of Sacramento, but his citizenship mattered little after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. Based solely on their Japanese ancestry, the 5 year old and his family were taken from their home in 1942 and imprisoned far away in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were among 120,000 Japanese Americans held at 10 internment camps during World War II, their only fault being “we had the wrong last names and wrong faces,” said Ouchida, now 82 and living a short drive from where he grew up and was taken as a boy due to fear that Japanese Americans would side with Japan in the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to Ouchida and other internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s executive order No. 9066 establishing the camps was signed on Feb. 19, 1942, and 2/19 now is marked by Japanese Americans as a Day of Remembrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Al Muratsuchi, California assemblyman\"]'We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example. Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi was born in Japan and is one the roughly 430,000 people of Japanese descent living in California, the largest population of any state. The Democrat who represents Manhattan Beach and other beach communities near Los Angeles introduced the resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example,” he said. “Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A congressional commission in 1983 concluded that the detentions were a result of “racial prejudice, war hysteria and failure of political leadership.” Five years later, the U.S. government formally apologized and paid $20,000 in reparations to each victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money didn’t come close to replacing what was lost. Ouchida says his father owned a profitable delivery business with 20 trucks. He never fully recovered from losing his business and died early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California resolution doesn’t come with any compensation. It targets the actions of the California Legislature at the time for supporting the internments. Two camps were located in the state — Manzanar on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in central California and Tule Lake near the Oregon state line, the largest of all the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want the California Legislature to officially acknowledge and apologize while these camp survivors are still alive,” Muratsuchi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said anti-Japanese sentiment began in California as early as 1913, when the state passed the California Alien Land Law, targeting Japanese farmers who some in California’s massive agricultural industry perceived as a threat. Seven years later the state barred anyone with Japanese ancestry from buying farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internment of Ouchida, his older brother and parents began in Fresno, California. Three months later they were sent to Jerome, Arkansas, where they stayed for most of the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given their young ages at the time, many living victims such as Ouchida don’t remember much of life in the camps. But he does recall straw-filled mattresses and little privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communal bathrooms had rows of toilets with no barriers between users. “They put a bag over their heads when they went to the bathroom” for privacy, said Ouchida, who teaches about the internments at the California Museum in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation=\"Les Ouchida, whose family was held in an internment camp during World War II\"]'Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the last camp was closed in 1946, Ouchida’s family was shipped to a facility in Arizona. When the family was freed, they took a Greyhound bus back to California. When it reached a stop sign near their community outside Sacramento, “I still remember the ladies on the bus started crying,” Ouchida said. “Because they were home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resolution, co-introduced by California Assembly Republican Leader Marie Waldron of Escondido, makes a passing reference to “recent national events” and says they serve as a reminder “to learn from the mistakes of the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muratsuchi said the inspiration for that passage were migrant children held in U.S. government custody over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ouchida said Japanese families like his always considered themselves loyal citizens before and after the internments. He holds no animosity toward the U.S. or California governments, choosing to focus on positive outgrowths like the permanent exhibit at the California Museum that provides an unvarnished view of the internments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1582052707,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans | KQED","description":"On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11802043 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11802043","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/02/17/california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans/","disqusTitle":"California to Apologize for Internment of Japanese Americans","source":"Associated Press","sourceUrl":"https://apnews.com/34d4c0a707d4ba115e3745d74505600d","nprByline":"Cuneyt Dil","path":"/news/11802043/california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Les Ouchida was born an American just outside of Sacramento, but his citizenship mattered little after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States declared war. Based solely on their Japanese ancestry, the 5 year old and his family were taken from their home in 1942 and imprisoned far away in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were among 120,000 Japanese Americans held at 10 internment camps during World War II, their only fault being “we had the wrong last names and wrong faces,” said Ouchida, now 82 and living a short drive from where he grew up and was taken as a boy due to fear that Japanese Americans would side with Japan in the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, California’s Legislature is expected to approve a resolution offering an apology to Ouchida and other internment victims for the state’s role in aiding the U.S. government’s policy and condemning actions that helped fan anti-Japanese discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s executive order No. 9066 establishing the camps was signed on Feb. 19, 1942, and 2/19 now is marked by Japanese Americans as a Day of Remembrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example. Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Al Muratsuchi, California assemblyman","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Al Muratsuchi was born in Japan and is one the roughly 430,000 people of Japanese descent living in California, the largest population of any state. The Democrat who represents Manhattan Beach and other beach communities near Los Angeles introduced the resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We like to talk a lot about how we lead the nation by example,” he said. “Unfortunately, in this case, California led the racist anti-Japanese American movement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A congressional commission in 1983 concluded that the detentions were a result of “racial prejudice, war hysteria and failure of political leadership.” Five years later, the U.S. government formally apologized and paid $20,000 in reparations to each victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money didn’t come close to replacing what was lost. Ouchida says his father owned a profitable delivery business with 20 trucks. He never fully recovered from losing his business and died early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California resolution doesn’t come with any compensation. It targets the actions of the California Legislature at the time for supporting the internments. Two camps were located in the state — Manzanar on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in central California and Tule Lake near the Oregon state line, the largest of all the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want the California Legislature to officially acknowledge and apologize while these camp survivors are still alive,” Muratsuchi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said anti-Japanese sentiment began in California as early as 1913, when the state passed the California Alien Land Law, targeting Japanese farmers who some in California’s massive agricultural industry perceived as a threat. Seven years later the state barred anyone with Japanese ancestry from buying farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internment of Ouchida, his older brother and parents began in Fresno, California. Three months later they were sent to Jerome, Arkansas, where they stayed for most of the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given their young ages at the time, many living victims such as Ouchida don’t remember much of life in the camps. But he does recall straw-filled mattresses and little privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communal bathrooms had rows of toilets with no barriers between users. “They put a bag over their heads when they went to the bathroom” for privacy, said Ouchida, who teaches about the internments at the California Museum in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"left","citation":"Les Ouchida, whose family was held in an internment camp during World War II","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the last camp was closed in 1946, Ouchida’s family was shipped to a facility in Arizona. When the family was freed, they took a Greyhound bus back to California. When it reached a stop sign near their community outside Sacramento, “I still remember the ladies on the bus started crying,” Ouchida said. “Because they were home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resolution, co-introduced by California Assembly Republican Leader Marie Waldron of Escondido, makes a passing reference to “recent national events” and says they serve as a reminder “to learn from the mistakes of the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muratsuchi said the inspiration for that passage were migrant children held in U.S. government custody over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ouchida said Japanese families like his always considered themselves loyal citizens before and after the internments. He holds no animosity toward the U.S. or California governments, choosing to focus on positive outgrowths like the permanent exhibit at the California Museum that provides an unvarnished view of the internments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it took time, we have the goodness to still apologize,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11802043/california-to-apologize-for-internment-of-japanese-americans","authors":["byline_news_11802043"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_2704","news_6431","news_17856"],"featImg":"news_10868642","label":"source_news_11802043"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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