How the End of Affirmative Action Is Changing College Admissions
How to Navigate SCOTUS' Rulings on Student Loans, Affirmative Action
How SCOTUS' Affirmative Action Ruling May Impact Your Health Care
UC Offers Its Admissions' Reviews Strategy to Encourage US Campus Diversity
Timeline: A Heated History of Affirmative Action in America
US Supreme Court Strikes Down Affirmative Action, Barring California Private Universities From Considering Race in Admissions
The Supreme Court Is Slated to Hear a Major Affirmative Action Case. University of California Offers a Cautionary Tale
Proposition 16 Failed. But These Students Will Keep Fighting to Diversify Their Universities
Supporters Were Ready to Reinstate Affirmative Action, but Proposition 16 Had Problems From the Start
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Some California private colleges, meanwhile, are increasing their outreach efforts to attract more students and send a signal that the end of race-based admissions doesn’t change their belief in the importance of diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to go to a college where I feel comfortable and supported and confident. So yes, the ruling has definitely affected what schools I’m looking at,” said Maya Murchison, a senior at Eastlake High School in Chula Vista. “I want to know what colleges are doing to guarantee diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s 6–3 ruling in June prohibits all colleges in the country from \u003ca href=\"https://www.scotusblog.com/2023/06/supreme-court-strikes-down-affirmative-action-programs-in-college-admissions/\">using race as a consideration in admissions\u003c/a>. California’s public universities \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/higher-education/2023/06/affirmative-action-aca-7/\">have not used affirmative action\u003c/a> for almost 30 years, but some of the state’s selective private colleges, and many out-of-state public universities, have relied on affirmative action to attract students of color and create a more diverse student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the state’s private nonprofit colleges enroll \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/TrendGenerator/app/answer/2/2?f=6%3D6%3B4%3D2%3B9%3D1%3B1%3D2&rid=57&cid=2\">around 180,000 undergraduates\u003c/a> who are drawn to the smaller class sizes and leafy campus idyll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immediately after the court decision, an association representing more than 80 California nonprofit private colleges wrote that it feared that the end of race-based admissions will mean less diversity on campuses: “Our member colleges and universities across California are deeply concerned that the decision will have a chilling effect on applications and enrollment among historically underserved community groups — Black, Latino, and Native American students, low-income and first-generation students,” \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.ymaws.com/aiccu.edu/resource/resmgr/publications/2023/final_aiccu_statement_sc_dec.pdf\">wrote Kristen F. Soares (PDF)\u003c/a>, president of the Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four months later, that fear is still there, Soares said in a phone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those worries are fueled by the struggles that the University of California experienced when state voters approved a ballot initiative in 1996 that barred public institutions from considering race as a factor in admissions, contracting and hiring. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/higher-education/college-beat/2023/06/california-private-colleges-affirmative-action-supreme-court/\">Diversity at the UC collapsed in the first few years after the ban\u003c/a> and the university \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf#page=23\">has written\u003c/a> that its formidable spending on outreach programs — \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf#page=25\">half a billion dollars since the late 1990s (PDF)\u003c/a> — and race-neutral changes to its admissions processes weren’t as effective as affirmative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private colleges will see next spring and fall how the Supreme Court’s decision affected their admissions and enrollment patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-response-of-some-california-private-colleges\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Response of some California private colleges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Still, the court ruling has prompted some of California’s more selective private schools to appeal to students through campus visits and stronger relationships with high school counselors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Maya Murchison, senior, Eastlake High School in Chula Vista\"]‘I want to go to a college where I feel comfortable and supported and confident. So yes, the ruling has definitely affected what schools I’m looking at.’[/pullquote]Pomona College, a highly selective liberal arts college in Los Angeles County, has increased the number of nearby high schools it hosts for half-day visits to its campus from 17 to 25, upping the number of students from around 650 to 900. Pomona covers the transportation and food costs. The college and its sister campuses of the Claremont Colleges are also inviting counselors from more than 460 high schools in the region, including about half that predominantly serve students with lower-income. It’s the largest such event the consortium has put together — and Pomona is hosting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that we know in our backyard that we probably could have been doing more and we needed to do this work and felt like now was a good time to make that turn,” said Adam Sapp, director of admissions at Pomona, in a phone interview. About a quarter of the college’s 1,700 students are from California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the campus won’t use race as a factor in admissions anymore, its longstanding practice of holistic review allows for applicants to explain how their identities played a role in their academics and social experiences relevant to college admissions. The court ruling said students \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf#page=8\">can still discuss (PDF)\u003c/a> their racial and ethnic backgrounds in admissions applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see the benefits of diversity as critical to the success of Pomona,” Sapp added, later noting that “none of that has changed because of the Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University, which \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/06/29/presidents-message-regarding-supreme-court-ruling-race-conscious-university-admissions/\">previously used\u003c/a> affirmative action in admissions, \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/10/05/provost-provides-admissions-update/\">wants prospective students to know\u003c/a> about its generous financial aid policies that cover the total cost of college, from tuition to housing and books, \u003ca href=\"https://financialaid.stanford.edu/undergrad/how/index.html\">for lower- and moderate-income students\u003c/a> — though students are expected to work part time to \u003ca href=\"https://financialaid.stanford.edu/undergrad/how/parent.html\">cover some of the costs\u003c/a>. Six California private colleges use a third-party tool, MyinTuition, \u003ca href=\"https://myintuition.org/quick-college-cost-estimator/\">that estimates how much financial aid a student would get\u003c/a> by asking a few questions — a faster approach than other so-called \u003ca href=\"https://collegecost.ed.gov/net-price\">net price calculators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount lower-income students have to pay after financial aid across California’s private colleges ranges from almost nothing to $30,000 a year or more, according to federal data on average total costs that CalMatters reviewed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Southern California, among the state’s most selective private colleges, is pursuing a recruitment strategy that’s worked for them so far, said Timothy Brunold, dean of admission. The approach didn’t focus on the racial makeup of high schools. “Our practice has not focused on particular schools because of their racial/ethnic makeup,” he wrote in an email. “Instead, we’ve tended to be mindful of schools based on other factors, such as the socio-economic makeup of their student body, their geographic location, and past history with USC.” The university used affirmative action as one of many factors in admissions prior to the court ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-on-campus-diversity-efforts-matter\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">On-campus diversity efforts matter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The biggest impact of the Supreme Court ruling might not be related to admissions, some experts said, but whether colleges will continue to support diversity on campus. That means bolstering student groups, programs and events focused on race and ethnicity, providing ample financial aid, and creating an overall welcoming atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will be crucial to attract students of color going forward, said Angie Barfield, executive director of Black Students of California United, which promotes civic engagement, academic achievement and leadership among Black students in California. Her organization is doubling down on its college recruitment efforts by raising money to host students on college tours, arranging for Black college alumni to meet with students, encouraging colleges to interview promising students, and providing extra guidance to students with their applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11954612,news_11954761,mindshift_61929\"]“We tell students, you might not think you belong there, but you do,” Barfield said. “There’s a lot of fear of the unknown, a lot of imposter syndrome. So we work hard to expose our students to college life via their culture and show them they can succeed anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Andrews-Swartzlander, a longtime school counselor and college mentor in Los Angeles County, said imposter syndrome is common among students of color but it’s not insurmountable. She advises her students to be proud of their accomplishments and forge ahead regardless of a Supreme Court ruling that “sends a message that your history doesn’t matter, your culture doesn’t matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not deterring any of my students from attending their desired universities,” she said. “In fact, I’m encouraging them to embrace rigorous coursework and intentionally apply to universities that have eradicated affirmative action. Their presence needs to be visible no matter what.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cultural groups, such as historically Black or Latino fraternities and sororities, are amping up their outreach efforts and can play a key role in helping students of color feel comfortable on campus, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The message is, we want you here, you will be safe, you will thrive,” Andrews said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-colleges-have-been-reaching-students-for-years\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Colleges have been reaching students for years\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For some colleges, the ruling will have minimal impact because they’ve already been working for decades to diversify their campuses, said Shirley Collado, president of College Track, a nonprofit that helps students of color get into and graduate from college. Affirmative action, she said, was only one tool among many that colleges used to attract and retain students of color. Other important factors include affordability, school information materials in multiple languages, and an overall welcoming, appreciative — and not patronizing — attitude toward students of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Lisa Andrews-Swartzlander, school counselor and college mentor, Los Angeles County\"]‘I am not deterring any of my students from attending their desired universities. In fact, I’m encouraging them to embrace rigorous coursework and intentionally apply to universities that have eradicated affirmative action. Their presence needs to be visible no matter what.’[/pullquote]That’s true for the University of San Francisco. The selective private college didn’t factor a student’s race or ethnicity in its admissions decisions prior to the Supreme Court ruling, said its head of admissions in an interview, but still \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/campus-ethnic-diversity\">topped a national ranking for campus diversity\u003c/a>. Much of that is aided by California’s rich panoply of cultures: Roughly two-thirds of the school’s incoming students are California residents. Once students are admitted, they’re encouraged to apply for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.usfca.edu/black-achievement-success-engagement/black-scholars-program\">competitive program for Black scholars\u003c/a> and one for \u003ca href=\"https://myusf.usfca.edu/casa/muscat/MSP1G\">first-generation students\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s what helps students decide, ‘Yes, I want to come to USF,’” said Sherie Gilmore-Cleveland, an associate provost who directs admissions at the university. The emphasis isn’t just on recruitment but also on persuading students to attend once they’re admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hosting high school students on campus matters. So does visiting the students. “I think whenever students have an opportunity to hear directly from the college and when colleges are actually coming to students’ high schools, I know it’s an old school way of recruitment, but it helps students feel seen,” Gilmore-Cleveland said. The campus has extensive visiting hours, too, but doesn’t pay for prospective students’ travel, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some colleges partner with specific high schools or nonprofits to put students on a college-bound path beginning in ninth grade, Collado said. College Track recently announced such a partnership with 14 colleges nationwide, including UC Merced and American University. The agreement includes admission, financial aid and ongoing support once students are enrolled. USC \u003ca href=\"https://communities.usc.edu/educational-partnerships/nai/\">runs a similar program\u003c/a> for low-income students from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s private college association is also ramping up relations with community colleges. In September it \u003ca href=\"https://www.caprivatecollegeispossible.org/post/aiccu-counselor-conferences-empower-counselors-to-guide-students-to-a-private-higher-education\">hosted a conference with community college and high school counselors\u003c/a> on financial aid and admissions policies that several private colleges offer. Soares said it was the first such event in at least 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-students-aren-t-deterred\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Students aren’t deterred\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“On a symbolic level, the Supreme Court decision is tragic. It speaks volumes about where we are as a country,” Collado said. “But for most of us, we get up the next day and the work continues. It’s a disruption but it does not shift how important this issue is. It won’t stop us from doing what’s right for kids in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Sockwell, a senior at Orange Vista High in Riverside County, said campus diversity is important to her, but it’s not the only factor she’s considering as she looks at colleges. How safe it is for women and how accessible for disabled people also are priorities, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to be with people who look like me, but not just that. I want to be exposed to different kinds of people and viewpoints,” said Sockwell, who identifies as African American and Salvadoran. “I’m looking for a place where I can grow into an adult and become someone I’ll be proud of, and my family will be proud of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bethzy Mejia, a senior at Robert Kennedy School for the Visual Arts and Humanities in Los Angeles, said she’s unfazed by the Supreme Court ruling. She’s confident that her accomplishments — a 4.0 grade point average, internships, student government, marathon runner — will earn her a spot at the country’s most elite colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for her application essay, she does plan to write about being the child of immigrants from Guatemala — not to alert colleges to her ethnicity, but because she considers it a central part of her identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The essay question is, what makes you unique. Well, my race makes me unique,” Mejia said. “But I’m not going to focus on that 100%. I’m going to write about my achievements and my mentality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murchison, the Eastlake High student who serves as president of the Black Students of California United, also said she’ll be writing about race in her application essay. Her topic is “Black girl magic,” a theme she probably would not have chosen prior to the Supreme Court decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to make my identity clear,” she said. “But it’s frustrating, because it’s an extra step I shouldn’t have to take. What if I wanted to write about something else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crafting an essay that addresses race with the exact right tone, choosing colleges with a commitment to diversity but also strong programs in the subjects that interest her, like business and marketing — it’s often overwhelming, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At times I just want to give up,” Murchison said. “But then I remember my goals and just keep pushing forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After the Supreme Court ended affirmative action in college admissions, some students are rethinking their school selections. Some colleges are also boosting their student outreach as they seek diversity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1699062177,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":2417},"headData":{"title":"How the End of Affirmative Action Is Changing College Admissions | KQED","description":"After the Supreme Court ended affirmative action in college admissions, some students are rethinking their school selections. Some colleges are also boosting their student outreach as they seek diversity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/carolyn-jones/\">Carolyn Jones\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/mikhailzinshteyn/\">Mikhail Zinshteyn\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11966391/how-the-end-of-affirmative-action-is-changing-college-admissions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For students of color, \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">the Supreme Court’s recent ban on affirmative action (PDF)\u003c/a> has left them frustrated but undaunted as they plow through college application season. Some California private colleges, meanwhile, are increasing their outreach efforts to attract more students and send a signal that the end of race-based admissions doesn’t change their belief in the importance of diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to go to a college where I feel comfortable and supported and confident. So yes, the ruling has definitely affected what schools I’m looking at,” said Maya Murchison, a senior at Eastlake High School in Chula Vista. “I want to know what colleges are doing to guarantee diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s 6–3 ruling in June prohibits all colleges in the country from \u003ca href=\"https://www.scotusblog.com/2023/06/supreme-court-strikes-down-affirmative-action-programs-in-college-admissions/\">using race as a consideration in admissions\u003c/a>. California’s public universities \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/higher-education/2023/06/affirmative-action-aca-7/\">have not used affirmative action\u003c/a> for almost 30 years, but some of the state’s selective private colleges, and many out-of-state public universities, have relied on affirmative action to attract students of color and create a more diverse student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the state’s private nonprofit colleges enroll \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/TrendGenerator/app/answer/2/2?f=6%3D6%3B4%3D2%3B9%3D1%3B1%3D2&rid=57&cid=2\">around 180,000 undergraduates\u003c/a> who are drawn to the smaller class sizes and leafy campus idyll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immediately after the court decision, an association representing more than 80 California nonprofit private colleges wrote that it feared that the end of race-based admissions will mean less diversity on campuses: “Our member colleges and universities across California are deeply concerned that the decision will have a chilling effect on applications and enrollment among historically underserved community groups — Black, Latino, and Native American students, low-income and first-generation students,” \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.ymaws.com/aiccu.edu/resource/resmgr/publications/2023/final_aiccu_statement_sc_dec.pdf\">wrote Kristen F. Soares (PDF)\u003c/a>, president of the Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four months later, that fear is still there, Soares said in a phone interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those worries are fueled by the struggles that the University of California experienced when state voters approved a ballot initiative in 1996 that barred public institutions from considering race as a factor in admissions, contracting and hiring. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/higher-education/college-beat/2023/06/california-private-colleges-affirmative-action-supreme-court/\">Diversity at the UC collapsed in the first few years after the ban\u003c/a> and the university \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf#page=23\">has written\u003c/a> that its formidable spending on outreach programs — \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf#page=25\">half a billion dollars since the late 1990s (PDF)\u003c/a> — and race-neutral changes to its admissions processes weren’t as effective as affirmative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private colleges will see next spring and fall how the Supreme Court’s decision affected their admissions and enrollment patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-response-of-some-california-private-colleges\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Response of some California private colleges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Still, the court ruling has prompted some of California’s more selective private schools to appeal to students through campus visits and stronger relationships with high school counselors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I want to go to a college where I feel comfortable and supported and confident. So yes, the ruling has definitely affected what schools I’m looking at.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Maya Murchison, senior, Eastlake High School in Chula Vista","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Pomona College, a highly selective liberal arts college in Los Angeles County, has increased the number of nearby high schools it hosts for half-day visits to its campus from 17 to 25, upping the number of students from around 650 to 900. Pomona covers the transportation and food costs. The college and its sister campuses of the Claremont Colleges are also inviting counselors from more than 460 high schools in the region, including about half that predominantly serve students with lower-income. It’s the largest such event the consortium has put together — and Pomona is hosting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that we know in our backyard that we probably could have been doing more and we needed to do this work and felt like now was a good time to make that turn,” said Adam Sapp, director of admissions at Pomona, in a phone interview. About a quarter of the college’s 1,700 students are from California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the campus won’t use race as a factor in admissions anymore, its longstanding practice of holistic review allows for applicants to explain how their identities played a role in their academics and social experiences relevant to college admissions. The court ruling said students \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf#page=8\">can still discuss (PDF)\u003c/a> their racial and ethnic backgrounds in admissions applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see the benefits of diversity as critical to the success of Pomona,” Sapp added, later noting that “none of that has changed because of the Supreme Court.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University, which \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/06/29/presidents-message-regarding-supreme-court-ruling-race-conscious-university-admissions/\">previously used\u003c/a> affirmative action in admissions, \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/10/05/provost-provides-admissions-update/\">wants prospective students to know\u003c/a> about its generous financial aid policies that cover the total cost of college, from tuition to housing and books, \u003ca href=\"https://financialaid.stanford.edu/undergrad/how/index.html\">for lower- and moderate-income students\u003c/a> — though students are expected to work part time to \u003ca href=\"https://financialaid.stanford.edu/undergrad/how/parent.html\">cover some of the costs\u003c/a>. Six California private colleges use a third-party tool, MyinTuition, \u003ca href=\"https://myintuition.org/quick-college-cost-estimator/\">that estimates how much financial aid a student would get\u003c/a> by asking a few questions — a faster approach than other so-called \u003ca href=\"https://collegecost.ed.gov/net-price\">net price calculators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount lower-income students have to pay after financial aid across California’s private colleges ranges from almost nothing to $30,000 a year or more, according to federal data on average total costs that CalMatters reviewed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Southern California, among the state’s most selective private colleges, is pursuing a recruitment strategy that’s worked for them so far, said Timothy Brunold, dean of admission. The approach didn’t focus on the racial makeup of high schools. “Our practice has not focused on particular schools because of their racial/ethnic makeup,” he wrote in an email. “Instead, we’ve tended to be mindful of schools based on other factors, such as the socio-economic makeup of their student body, their geographic location, and past history with USC.” The university used affirmative action as one of many factors in admissions prior to the court ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-on-campus-diversity-efforts-matter\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">On-campus diversity efforts matter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The biggest impact of the Supreme Court ruling might not be related to admissions, some experts said, but whether colleges will continue to support diversity on campus. That means bolstering student groups, programs and events focused on race and ethnicity, providing ample financial aid, and creating an overall welcoming atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will be crucial to attract students of color going forward, said Angie Barfield, executive director of Black Students of California United, which promotes civic engagement, academic achievement and leadership among Black students in California. Her organization is doubling down on its college recruitment efforts by raising money to host students on college tours, arranging for Black college alumni to meet with students, encouraging colleges to interview promising students, and providing extra guidance to students with their applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"news_11954612,news_11954761,mindshift_61929"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We tell students, you might not think you belong there, but you do,” Barfield said. “There’s a lot of fear of the unknown, a lot of imposter syndrome. So we work hard to expose our students to college life via their culture and show them they can succeed anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Andrews-Swartzlander, a longtime school counselor and college mentor in Los Angeles County, said imposter syndrome is common among students of color but it’s not insurmountable. She advises her students to be proud of their accomplishments and forge ahead regardless of a Supreme Court ruling that “sends a message that your history doesn’t matter, your culture doesn’t matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not deterring any of my students from attending their desired universities,” she said. “In fact, I’m encouraging them to embrace rigorous coursework and intentionally apply to universities that have eradicated affirmative action. Their presence needs to be visible no matter what.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cultural groups, such as historically Black or Latino fraternities and sororities, are amping up their outreach efforts and can play a key role in helping students of color feel comfortable on campus, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The message is, we want you here, you will be safe, you will thrive,” Andrews said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-colleges-have-been-reaching-students-for-years\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Colleges have been reaching students for years\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For some colleges, the ruling will have minimal impact because they’ve already been working for decades to diversify their campuses, said Shirley Collado, president of College Track, a nonprofit that helps students of color get into and graduate from college. Affirmative action, she said, was only one tool among many that colleges used to attract and retain students of color. Other important factors include affordability, school information materials in multiple languages, and an overall welcoming, appreciative — and not patronizing — attitude toward students of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I am not deterring any of my students from attending their desired universities. In fact, I’m encouraging them to embrace rigorous coursework and intentionally apply to universities that have eradicated affirmative action. Their presence needs to be visible no matter what.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Lisa Andrews-Swartzlander, school counselor and college mentor, Los Angeles County","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>That’s true for the University of San Francisco. The selective private college didn’t factor a student’s race or ethnicity in its admissions decisions prior to the Supreme Court ruling, said its head of admissions in an interview, but still \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/campus-ethnic-diversity\">topped a national ranking for campus diversity\u003c/a>. Much of that is aided by California’s rich panoply of cultures: Roughly two-thirds of the school’s incoming students are California residents. Once students are admitted, they’re encouraged to apply for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.usfca.edu/black-achievement-success-engagement/black-scholars-program\">competitive program for Black scholars\u003c/a> and one for \u003ca href=\"https://myusf.usfca.edu/casa/muscat/MSP1G\">first-generation students\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s what helps students decide, ‘Yes, I want to come to USF,’” said Sherie Gilmore-Cleveland, an associate provost who directs admissions at the university. The emphasis isn’t just on recruitment but also on persuading students to attend once they’re admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hosting high school students on campus matters. So does visiting the students. “I think whenever students have an opportunity to hear directly from the college and when colleges are actually coming to students’ high schools, I know it’s an old school way of recruitment, but it helps students feel seen,” Gilmore-Cleveland said. The campus has extensive visiting hours, too, but doesn’t pay for prospective students’ travel, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some colleges partner with specific high schools or nonprofits to put students on a college-bound path beginning in ninth grade, Collado said. College Track recently announced such a partnership with 14 colleges nationwide, including UC Merced and American University. The agreement includes admission, financial aid and ongoing support once students are enrolled. USC \u003ca href=\"https://communities.usc.edu/educational-partnerships/nai/\">runs a similar program\u003c/a> for low-income students from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s private college association is also ramping up relations with community colleges. In September it \u003ca href=\"https://www.caprivatecollegeispossible.org/post/aiccu-counselor-conferences-empower-counselors-to-guide-students-to-a-private-higher-education\">hosted a conference with community college and high school counselors\u003c/a> on financial aid and admissions policies that several private colleges offer. Soares said it was the first such event in at least 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"h-students-aren-t-deterred\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Students aren’t deterred\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“On a symbolic level, the Supreme Court decision is tragic. It speaks volumes about where we are as a country,” Collado said. “But for most of us, we get up the next day and the work continues. It’s a disruption but it does not shift how important this issue is. It won’t stop us from doing what’s right for kids in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Sockwell, a senior at Orange Vista High in Riverside County, said campus diversity is important to her, but it’s not the only factor she’s considering as she looks at colleges. How safe it is for women and how accessible for disabled people also are priorities, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to be with people who look like me, but not just that. I want to be exposed to different kinds of people and viewpoints,” said Sockwell, who identifies as African American and Salvadoran. “I’m looking for a place where I can grow into an adult and become someone I’ll be proud of, and my family will be proud of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bethzy Mejia, a senior at Robert Kennedy School for the Visual Arts and Humanities in Los Angeles, said she’s unfazed by the Supreme Court ruling. She’s confident that her accomplishments — a 4.0 grade point average, internships, student government, marathon runner — will earn her a spot at the country’s most elite colleges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for her application essay, she does plan to write about being the child of immigrants from Guatemala — not to alert colleges to her ethnicity, but because she considers it a central part of her identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The essay question is, what makes you unique. Well, my race makes me unique,” Mejia said. “But I’m not going to focus on that 100%. I’m going to write about my achievements and my mentality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murchison, the Eastlake High student who serves as president of the Black Students of California United, also said she’ll be writing about race in her application essay. Her topic is “Black girl magic,” a theme she probably would not have chosen prior to the Supreme Court decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to make my identity clear,” she said. “But it’s frustrating, because it’s an extra step I shouldn’t have to take. What if I wanted to write about something else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crafting an essay that addresses race with the exact right tone, choosing colleges with a commitment to diversity but also strong programs in the subjects that interest her, like business and marketing — it’s often overwhelming, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At times I just want to give up,” Murchison said. “But then I remember my goals and just keep pushing forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11966391/how-the-end-of-affirmative-action-is-changing-college-admissions","authors":["byline_news_11966391"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_1895","news_26850","news_4843"],"affiliates":["news_18481"],"featImg":"news_11966397","label":"news_18481"},"news_11955675":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11955675","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11955675","score":null,"sort":[1689615214000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-navigate-student-loans-affirmative-action-scotus","title":"How to Navigate SCOTUS' Rulings on Student Loans, Affirmative Action","publishDate":1689615214,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How to Navigate SCOTUS’ Rulings on Student Loans, Affirmative Action | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Part One of this story about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11955680/explaining-303-creative-decision\">the Supreme Court’s recent ruling on LGBTQ+ discrimination\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last days of June, the Supreme Court struck down affirmative action, opened the door to LGBTQ+ discrimination and outlawed the Biden administration’s plan to forgive student loans. These are monumental rulings that directly affect people of color, queer folks, prospective students and the 43 million Americans who would have had some relief from their student debt — leaving many devastated and fearful for the future.[aside label='More Supreme Court Explainers' tag='explaining-the-supreme-court']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/explaining-the-supreme-court\">our series on the ramifications of these Supreme Court decisions\u003c/a>, we’re unpacking how they’ll affect you — and what can be done about it. In this explainer, we hear from experts about the Supreme Court’s two decisions that affect students: namely, the court’s rulings against affirmative action, and student loan forgiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you need to know if you’re a current or prospective student? How will these decisions impact social mobility and diversity — not only in higher education but in the workforce and society more broadly? And how can you empower yourself in the face of these rulings that have proven devastating news for many?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking in front of an assembled crowd at Manny’s, a San Francisco community space, was the panel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Courtney Liss\u003c/strong>, associate at San Francisco law firm Keker, Van Nest and Peters\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cody Harri\u003c/strong>s, partner at Keker, Van Nest and Peters\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matthew Coles\u003c/strong>, professor of practice at UC Law SF (formerly UC Hastings)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>June 29: The Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action in college admissions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College\u003c/a>, the Supreme Court declared that race cannot be a factor in admissions. Colleges and admissions can no longer consider an applicant’s race as one of many factors in deciding who to admit.[aside label='More Stories on Affirmative Action' tag='affirmative-action']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s conservative majority effectively overturned cases reaching back 45 years in invalidating admissions plans at Harvard and the University of North Carolina, the nation’s oldest private and public colleges, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the decision for the court majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said that the nation’s colleges and universities must use colorblind criteria in admissions. Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, the first-ever Black female justice on the Supreme Court, wrote in her dissent that “with let-them-eat-cake obliviousness,” the court’s majority “pulls the ripcord and announces ‘colorblindness for all’ by legal fiat. But deeming race irrelevant in law does not make it so in life.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision\">Read more on the affirmative action ruling from NPR.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What prospective students need to know about these changes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can technically still, in your main essay, write about diversity,” said San Francisco lawyer Courtney Liss, “as long as you are discussing how it individually strengthens \u003cem>your \u003c/em>application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the example of her own background, Liss said that she herself could write in her application essay about how “growing up with a mom who’s a refugee, who didn’t know how to navigate social systems, made me want to go to law school.” But then, Liss added, college admissions officers now have to consider, “Did my race impact me personally in being braver?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t say, ‘Yeah, it’s automatically hard to have parents who don’t speak English.’ Even though it is often very hard,” Liss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s behind this case?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The affirmative action cases were brought by conservative activist Edward Blum, the founder of Students for Fair Admissions — the group that filed the lawsuits against both schools in 2014. The group’s argument was that the Constitution forbids the use of race in college admissions and called for overturning earlier Supreme Court decisions that said otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Courtney Liss, lawyer, Keker, Van Nest and Peters\"]‘You can technically still, in your main essay, write about diversity,” said San Francisco lawyer Courtney Liss, “as long as you are discussing how it individually strengthens your application.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students for Fair Admissions’ suit claimed that the schools particularly discriminated against Asian American students. Liss noted that as an Asian American who was the first in her family to go to college, she found this case “really tragic” in how she saw the Asian American community being “pitted against or used against, like as a wedge, in the broader community of color in which we are — and should be considered — part.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also noted the plurality of experiences among Asian Americans, saying, “So many of which are so far removed from this lawsuit” — and how the perception that “Asians are harmed by affirmative action practices” is based on this notion of the community as a monolith.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How this ruling could impact students and society now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, NPR reported on places where affirmative action has already been eliminated and found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision\">there was a severe drop in admissions of people of color\u003c/a> — particularly among Black students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11955729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11955729\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"Dozens of people protest holding signs and yelling in each other's faces.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pro-affirmative action supporters and counterprotesters shout at each outside the Supreme Court in Washington, DC, on June 29, 2023. \u003ccite>(Kent Nishimura / Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These places include the University of California, which \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/university-of-california-looks-to-share-expertise-after-decades-without-affirmative-action/693374\">in 1996, was prohibited from considering race as a factor in admissions\u003c/a> after the state’s voters passed a ballot measure against affirmative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Supreme Court’s decision on June 29, UC President Michael Drake wrote that without being able to consider race in the admissions process, institutions would now have to “work much harder to identify and address the root causes of societal inequities that hinder diverse students in pursuing and achieving a higher education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Courtney Liss, lawyer, Keker, Van Nest and Peters\"]‘We live in a country where there are so few CEOs of color, and this only strengthens that — and it only strengthens the pipeline for white students, against the interests of students of color.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Striking down affirmative action, Liss said, will not only hold back individuals, but society more broadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have fewer students of color in college, you have fewer students of color in med school and fewer students of color who become doctors … already, we live in a country with some of the highest maternal mortality rates, especially for Black mothers,” Liss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in a country where there are so few CEOs of color, and this only strengthens that — and it only strengthens the pipeline for white students, against the interests of students of color,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>June 30: The Supreme Court strikes down Biden’s student loan forgiveness program\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>By ruling against the Biden administration in the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/22-506_nmip.pdf\">Biden v. Nebraska\u003c/a>, the Supreme Court effectively \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954741/supreme-court-student-loan-decision-how-affects-you\">killed the White House’s $400 billion plan\u003c/a> to cancel or reduce federal student loan debts for millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6-3 decision, with conservative justices in the majority, said the Biden administration overstepped its authority with the plan, and it left borrowers on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954741/supreme-court-student-loan-decision-how-affects-you\">repayments that are expected to resume in the fall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s loan forgiveness plan would have canceled up to $20,000 in federal student loans for 43 million people. Of those, 20 million would have had their remaining student debt erased completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the student loans case will impact prospective students\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addressing the practical impact of this decision on student loans, Liss said: “A lot of students like me, and like a lot of other people, won’t go [to college] … or they won’t be able to afford to go.” It was a decision, she said, that would undoubtedly “disproportionately affect people of color and people from other underrepresented backgrounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those students who would still take on massive student loans to be able to go to college, Liss expressed deep concern about how the decision could change “the shape of their lives” on account of the sheer amount of debt they’d undertake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When thinking about the professions that many graduates now wouldn’t feel able to embark upon — “students who might be future doctors or lawyers or legislators” — because they couldn’t afford to, Liss said it was “really f—— sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My education has been not just like a door for me, but a door for my whole family,” Liss said. “And it’s like, just slamming that door shut in people’s faces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the future of student loan forgiveness after this ruling?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Supreme Court’s decision, Biden vowed to push ahead with a new plan to provide student loan relief for millions of borrowers, while blaming Republican “hypocrisy” for triggering the decision that wiped out his original plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have student loans,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954741/supreme-court-student-loan-decision-how-affects-you\"> payment requirements for student loans will resume in October\u003c/a>. But Biden said that in the coming weeks, he’ll work under the authority of the Higher Education Act to begin a new program designed to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/student-loan-new-proposal-biden-b74e9dd2b535c97a7ce0f43b600fa28b\">ease borrowers’ threat of default\u003c/a> if they fall behind over the next year. \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/student-loan-new-proposal-biden-b74e9dd2b535c97a7ce0f43b600fa28b\">Read more about the White House’s plans for student debt forgiveness after the Supreme Court ruling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s SAVE Plan, framed as “a student loan safety net,” would also allow millions of Americans with student loans to enroll in a new repayment plan that offers some of the most lenient terms ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interest won’t pile up as long as borrowers make regular payments. Millions of people will have monthly payments reduced to $0. And in as little as 10 years, any remaining debt will be canceled. The Education Department says the SAVE Plan will be available to all borrowers in the Direct Loan Program who are in good standing on their loans, and that borrowers will be notified when the new application process launches this summer. \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/student-loans-debt-college-cancellation-forgiveness-34152bb5000128a413efd2287887a37a\">Read more about the SAVE Plan.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, more than 800,000 federal student loan borrowers will still have their student loan debts automatically erased, independent of the Supreme Court’s recent decision — as part of a one-time “account adjustment” for those borrowers specifically impacted by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/19/1093310151/student-loans-income-based-repayment\">the White House’s controversial income-driven repayment (IDR) plans\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This targeted student loan forgiveness is the result of the Biden administration’s 2022 pledge to help these borrowers after multiple complaints, lawsuits and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1089750113/student-loan-debt-investigation\">an NPR investigation into IDR plans\u003c/a> into mismanagement by the department and loan servicers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187660793/student-loan-forgiveness-income-driven-repayment\">Read more about student loan forgiveness for these borrowers around IDR plans.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Answering more questions about the Supreme Court\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s important to engage with Supreme Court rulings — even when the content is painful\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris issued a general urge for audiences to read and educate themselves about Supreme Court cases by finding and downloading them online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#tellus\">Tell us: What else do you need information about right now?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“They’re daunting at first,” he acknowledged. “But you get used to them as you read them” — adding that people shouldn’t worry if they want to “skip the boring parts and kind of get to the guts.” Eventually, Harris said, their Supreme Court-reading “muscle” will develop and they’ll “get the feel for what these things are like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why \u003cem>should \u003c/em>you read Supreme Court cases for yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we just leave these issues to people like us — lawyers, professors — that’s you sort of giving away your birthright,” Harris warned. “This is part of the country. This is part of our charter of government. These people — these nine people, these lawyers in robes — are making a lot of decisions that affect all of us very personally — and our country and how it operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incumbent upon all of us as Americans,” Harris urged, “to engage with it — as difficult as it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could the Supreme Court be changed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these recent rulings on affirmative action, student loan forgiveness, discrimination against LGBTQ+ people and the constitutional right to an abortion, the Supreme Court’s conservative supermajority has led many to question what’s even possible in terms of reforming the Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could there, hypothetically, be another court \u003cem>above \u003c/em>the Supreme Court?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is no,” Harris confirmed. “The Constitution only provides for one court, which is the Supreme Court. It doesn’t say how many justices have to be in it, but it’s just one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Cody Harris, lawyer, Keker, Van Nest and Peters\"]‘This hasn’t been a steady march towards equality. It’s like a sine wave. It’s gone up and down — and up and down.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harris was nonetheless keen to provide context and perspective for how the Supreme Court’s rulings have, historically, “changed over time” depending on the composition of its justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This hasn’t been a steady march towards equality,” he said. “It’s like a sine wave. It’s gone up and down — and up and down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key focus of reform advocates has been the term limits of Supreme Court justices. On June 30, California Representative Ro Khanna (D-Fremont) reintroduced the \u003ca href=\"https://khanna.house.gov/media/press-releases/khanna-and-beyer-reintroduce-scotus-term-limits-bill-following-court-blocking\">Supreme Court Term Limits and Regular Appointments Act\u003c/a>, specifically prompted by the Supreme Court’s decision that blocked the Biden administration’s plan to forgive student loan debt. Khanna’s bill aims to enact 18-year term limits for the justices and to “stop extreme partisanship” in a court he described as “regressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11955326/supreme-court-reform-would-ro-khannas-term-limit-proposal-work\">Read more about how Khanna’s bill would work, and its potential chances of success.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11955722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11955722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED.jpg\" alt='People hold signs reading \"Cancel Student Debt Now!\" in front of the columned facade of the supreme court.' width=\"2000\" height=\"1302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-1536x1000.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-1920x1250.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Student debt relief activists participate in a rally at the US Supreme Court on June 30, 2023, in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the Supreme Court care about public opinion?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Dobbs in 2022 to affirmative action last month, the Court’s recent rulings have drawn sharp criticism and spurred many public protests. Does this dissent have an impact on the justices?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps, Harris said — who noted that throughout its history, the Supreme Court has been “very mindful of its legitimacy — and its jealously guards it because it’s all it has.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/\">the executive branch\u003c/a> of the United States government, which includes the military, the Supreme Court “doesn’t have an army to enforce its rules and its rulings,” Harris stressed. So amid the absence of that ability to enforce its rules, “what they have is legitimacy — that when they speak, everyone up to and including the President of the United States and the military [says] ‘OK, the court has spoken.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that accord was to ever go away, Harris said, “That’s how you get what’s called a constitutional crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re beginning to get sensitive to the notion that there’s wide, ever-growing public belief that some of what they’re doing is not legitimate,” said Matthew Coles of the conservative justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really important if you think what they’re doing is not legitimate, to keep voicing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story contains reporting from The Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"tellus\">\u003c/a>Tell us: What else do you need information about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At KQED News, we know that it can sometimes be hard to track down the answers to navigate life in the Bay Area in 2023. We’ve published \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/coronavirus-resources-and-explainers\">clear, practical explainers and guides about COVID\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11936674/how-to-prepare-for-this-weeks-atmospheric-river-storm-sandbags-emergency-kits-and-more\">how to cope with intense winter weather\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11821950/how-to-safely-attend-a-protest-in-the-bay-area\">how to exercise your right to protest safely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So tell us: What do you need to know more about? Tell us, and you could see your question answered online or on social media. What you submit will make our reporting stronger, and help us decide what to cover here on our site, and on KQED Public Radio, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[hearken id=\"10483\" src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/10483.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"SCOTUS' monumental rulings directly affect people of color, queer folks, prospective students and 43 million Americans who stood to gain student debt relief.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1689628053,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":true,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":68,"wordCount":2823},"headData":{"title":"How to Navigate SCOTUS' Rulings on Student Loans, Affirmative Action | KQED","description":"SCOTUS' monumental rulings directly affect people of color, queer folks, prospective students and 43 million Americans who stood to gain student debt relief.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11955675/how-to-navigate-student-loans-affirmative-action-scotus","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Part One of this story about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11955680/explaining-303-creative-decision\">the Supreme Court’s recent ruling on LGBTQ+ discrimination\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last days of June, the Supreme Court struck down affirmative action, opened the door to LGBTQ+ discrimination and outlawed the Biden administration’s plan to forgive student loans. These are monumental rulings that directly affect people of color, queer folks, prospective students and the 43 million Americans who would have had some relief from their student debt — leaving many devastated and fearful for the future.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More Supreme Court Explainers ","tag":"explaining-the-supreme-court"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/explaining-the-supreme-court\">our series on the ramifications of these Supreme Court decisions\u003c/a>, we’re unpacking how they’ll affect you — and what can be done about it. In this explainer, we hear from experts about the Supreme Court’s two decisions that affect students: namely, the court’s rulings against affirmative action, and student loan forgiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you need to know if you’re a current or prospective student? How will these decisions impact social mobility and diversity — not only in higher education but in the workforce and society more broadly? And how can you empower yourself in the face of these rulings that have proven devastating news for many?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking in front of an assembled crowd at Manny’s, a San Francisco community space, was the panel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Courtney Liss\u003c/strong>, associate at San Francisco law firm Keker, Van Nest and Peters\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cody Harri\u003c/strong>s, partner at Keker, Van Nest and Peters\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matthew Coles\u003c/strong>, professor of practice at UC Law SF (formerly UC Hastings)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>June 29: The Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action in college admissions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College\u003c/a>, the Supreme Court declared that race cannot be a factor in admissions. Colleges and admissions can no longer consider an applicant’s race as one of many factors in deciding who to admit.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More Stories on Affirmative Action ","tag":"affirmative-action"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s conservative majority effectively overturned cases reaching back 45 years in invalidating admissions plans at Harvard and the University of North Carolina, the nation’s oldest private and public colleges, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the decision for the court majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said that the nation’s colleges and universities must use colorblind criteria in admissions. Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, the first-ever Black female justice on the Supreme Court, wrote in her dissent that “with let-them-eat-cake obliviousness,” the court’s majority “pulls the ripcord and announces ‘colorblindness for all’ by legal fiat. But deeming race irrelevant in law does not make it so in life.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision\">Read more on the affirmative action ruling from NPR.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What prospective students need to know about these changes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can technically still, in your main essay, write about diversity,” said San Francisco lawyer Courtney Liss, “as long as you are discussing how it individually strengthens \u003cem>your \u003c/em>application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the example of her own background, Liss said that she herself could write in her application essay about how “growing up with a mom who’s a refugee, who didn’t know how to navigate social systems, made me want to go to law school.” But then, Liss added, college admissions officers now have to consider, “Did my race impact me personally in being braver?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t say, ‘Yeah, it’s automatically hard to have parents who don’t speak English.’ Even though it is often very hard,” Liss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s behind this case?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The affirmative action cases were brought by conservative activist Edward Blum, the founder of Students for Fair Admissions — the group that filed the lawsuits against both schools in 2014. The group’s argument was that the Constitution forbids the use of race in college admissions and called for overturning earlier Supreme Court decisions that said otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘You can technically still, in your main essay, write about diversity,” said San Francisco lawyer Courtney Liss, “as long as you are discussing how it individually strengthens your application.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Courtney Liss, lawyer, Keker, Van Nest and Peters","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students for Fair Admissions’ suit claimed that the schools particularly discriminated against Asian American students. Liss noted that as an Asian American who was the first in her family to go to college, she found this case “really tragic” in how she saw the Asian American community being “pitted against or used against, like as a wedge, in the broader community of color in which we are — and should be considered — part.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also noted the plurality of experiences among Asian Americans, saying, “So many of which are so far removed from this lawsuit” — and how the perception that “Asians are harmed by affirmative action practices” is based on this notion of the community as a monolith.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How this ruling could impact students and society now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, NPR reported on places where affirmative action has already been eliminated and found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision\">there was a severe drop in admissions of people of color\u003c/a> — particularly among Black students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11955729\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11955729\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"Dozens of people protest holding signs and yelling in each other's faces.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-IMAGES-KN-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pro-affirmative action supporters and counterprotesters shout at each outside the Supreme Court in Washington, DC, on June 29, 2023. \u003ccite>(Kent Nishimura / Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These places include the University of California, which \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/university-of-california-looks-to-share-expertise-after-decades-without-affirmative-action/693374\">in 1996, was prohibited from considering race as a factor in admissions\u003c/a> after the state’s voters passed a ballot measure against affirmative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Supreme Court’s decision on June 29, UC President Michael Drake wrote that without being able to consider race in the admissions process, institutions would now have to “work much harder to identify and address the root causes of societal inequities that hinder diverse students in pursuing and achieving a higher education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We live in a country where there are so few CEOs of color, and this only strengthens that — and it only strengthens the pipeline for white students, against the interests of students of color.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Courtney Liss, lawyer, Keker, Van Nest and Peters","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Striking down affirmative action, Liss said, will not only hold back individuals, but society more broadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have fewer students of color in college, you have fewer students of color in med school and fewer students of color who become doctors … already, we live in a country with some of the highest maternal mortality rates, especially for Black mothers,” Liss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in a country where there are so few CEOs of color, and this only strengthens that — and it only strengthens the pipeline for white students, against the interests of students of color,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>June 30: The Supreme Court strikes down Biden’s student loan forgiveness program\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>By ruling against the Biden administration in the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/22-506_nmip.pdf\">Biden v. Nebraska\u003c/a>, the Supreme Court effectively \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954741/supreme-court-student-loan-decision-how-affects-you\">killed the White House’s $400 billion plan\u003c/a> to cancel or reduce federal student loan debts for millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6-3 decision, with conservative justices in the majority, said the Biden administration overstepped its authority with the plan, and it left borrowers on the hook for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954741/supreme-court-student-loan-decision-how-affects-you\">repayments that are expected to resume in the fall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s loan forgiveness plan would have canceled up to $20,000 in federal student loans for 43 million people. Of those, 20 million would have had their remaining student debt erased completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the student loans case will impact prospective students\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addressing the practical impact of this decision on student loans, Liss said: “A lot of students like me, and like a lot of other people, won’t go [to college] … or they won’t be able to afford to go.” It was a decision, she said, that would undoubtedly “disproportionately affect people of color and people from other underrepresented backgrounds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those students who would still take on massive student loans to be able to go to college, Liss expressed deep concern about how the decision could change “the shape of their lives” on account of the sheer amount of debt they’d undertake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When thinking about the professions that many graduates now wouldn’t feel able to embark upon — “students who might be future doctors or lawyers or legislators” — because they couldn’t afford to, Liss said it was “really f—— sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My education has been not just like a door for me, but a door for my whole family,” Liss said. “And it’s like, just slamming that door shut in people’s faces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the future of student loan forgiveness after this ruling?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Supreme Court’s decision, Biden vowed to push ahead with a new plan to provide student loan relief for millions of borrowers, while blaming Republican “hypocrisy” for triggering the decision that wiped out his original plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have student loans,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954741/supreme-court-student-loan-decision-how-affects-you\"> payment requirements for student loans will resume in October\u003c/a>. But Biden said that in the coming weeks, he’ll work under the authority of the Higher Education Act to begin a new program designed to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/student-loan-new-proposal-biden-b74e9dd2b535c97a7ce0f43b600fa28b\">ease borrowers’ threat of default\u003c/a> if they fall behind over the next year. \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/student-loan-new-proposal-biden-b74e9dd2b535c97a7ce0f43b600fa28b\">Read more about the White House’s plans for student debt forgiveness after the Supreme Court ruling\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s SAVE Plan, framed as “a student loan safety net,” would also allow millions of Americans with student loans to enroll in a new repayment plan that offers some of the most lenient terms ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interest won’t pile up as long as borrowers make regular payments. Millions of people will have monthly payments reduced to $0. And in as little as 10 years, any remaining debt will be canceled. The Education Department says the SAVE Plan will be available to all borrowers in the Direct Loan Program who are in good standing on their loans, and that borrowers will be notified when the new application process launches this summer. \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/student-loans-debt-college-cancellation-forgiveness-34152bb5000128a413efd2287887a37a\">Read more about the SAVE Plan.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, more than 800,000 federal student loan borrowers will still have their student loan debts automatically erased, independent of the Supreme Court’s recent decision — as part of a one-time “account adjustment” for those borrowers specifically impacted by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/19/1093310151/student-loans-income-based-repayment\">the White House’s controversial income-driven repayment (IDR) plans\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This targeted student loan forgiveness is the result of the Biden administration’s 2022 pledge to help these borrowers after multiple complaints, lawsuits and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1089750113/student-loan-debt-investigation\">an NPR investigation into IDR plans\u003c/a> into mismanagement by the department and loan servicers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/14/1187660793/student-loan-forgiveness-income-driven-repayment\">Read more about student loan forgiveness for these borrowers around IDR plans.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Answering more questions about the Supreme Court\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s important to engage with Supreme Court rulings — even when the content is painful\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris issued a general urge for audiences to read and educate themselves about Supreme Court cases by finding and downloading them online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#tellus\">Tell us: What else do you need information about right now?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“They’re daunting at first,” he acknowledged. “But you get used to them as you read them” — adding that people shouldn’t worry if they want to “skip the boring parts and kind of get to the guts.” Eventually, Harris said, their Supreme Court-reading “muscle” will develop and they’ll “get the feel for what these things are like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why \u003cem>should \u003c/em>you read Supreme Court cases for yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we just leave these issues to people like us — lawyers, professors — that’s you sort of giving away your birthright,” Harris warned. “This is part of the country. This is part of our charter of government. These people — these nine people, these lawyers in robes — are making a lot of decisions that affect all of us very personally — and our country and how it operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incumbent upon all of us as Americans,” Harris urged, “to engage with it — as difficult as it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could the Supreme Court be changed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these recent rulings on affirmative action, student loan forgiveness, discrimination against LGBTQ+ people and the constitutional right to an abortion, the Supreme Court’s conservative supermajority has led many to question what’s even possible in terms of reforming the Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could there, hypothetically, be another court \u003cem>above \u003c/em>the Supreme Court?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The answer is no,” Harris confirmed. “The Constitution only provides for one court, which is the Supreme Court. It doesn’t say how many justices have to be in it, but it’s just one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘This hasn’t been a steady march towards equality. It’s like a sine wave. It’s gone up and down — and up and down.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Cody Harris, lawyer, Keker, Van Nest and Peters","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harris was nonetheless keen to provide context and perspective for how the Supreme Court’s rulings have, historically, “changed over time” depending on the composition of its justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This hasn’t been a steady march towards equality,” he said. “It’s like a sine wave. It’s gone up and down — and up and down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key focus of reform advocates has been the term limits of Supreme Court justices. On June 30, California Representative Ro Khanna (D-Fremont) reintroduced the \u003ca href=\"https://khanna.house.gov/media/press-releases/khanna-and-beyer-reintroduce-scotus-term-limits-bill-following-court-blocking\">Supreme Court Term Limits and Regular Appointments Act\u003c/a>, specifically prompted by the Supreme Court’s decision that blocked the Biden administration’s plan to forgive student loan debt. Khanna’s bill aims to enact 18-year term limits for the justices and to “stop extreme partisanship” in a court he described as “regressive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11955326/supreme-court-reform-would-ro-khannas-term-limit-proposal-work\">Read more about how Khanna’s bill would work, and its potential chances of success.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11955722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11955722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED.jpg\" alt='People hold signs reading \"Cancel Student Debt Now!\" in front of the columned facade of the supreme court.' width=\"2000\" height=\"1302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-1536x1000.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/230714-SUPREME-COURT-STUDENT-DEBT-Getty-KD-KQED-1920x1250.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Student debt relief activists participate in a rally at the US Supreme Court on June 30, 2023, in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the Supreme Court care about public opinion?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Dobbs in 2022 to affirmative action last month, the Court’s recent rulings have drawn sharp criticism and spurred many public protests. Does this dissent have an impact on the justices?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps, Harris said — who noted that throughout its history, the Supreme Court has been “very mindful of its legitimacy — and its jealously guards it because it’s all it has.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/\">the executive branch\u003c/a> of the United States government, which includes the military, the Supreme Court “doesn’t have an army to enforce its rules and its rulings,” Harris stressed. So amid the absence of that ability to enforce its rules, “what they have is legitimacy — that when they speak, everyone up to and including the President of the United States and the military [says] ‘OK, the court has spoken.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that accord was to ever go away, Harris said, “That’s how you get what’s called a constitutional crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re beginning to get sensitive to the notion that there’s wide, ever-growing public belief that some of what they’re doing is not legitimate,” said Matthew Coles of the conservative justices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really important if you think what they’re doing is not legitimate, to keep voicing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story contains reporting from The Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"tellus\">\u003c/a>Tell us: What else do you need information about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At KQED News, we know that it can sometimes be hard to track down the answers to navigate life in the Bay Area in 2023. We’ve published \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/coronavirus-resources-and-explainers\">clear, practical explainers and guides about COVID\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11936674/how-to-prepare-for-this-weeks-atmospheric-river-storm-sandbags-emergency-kits-and-more\">how to cope with intense winter weather\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11821950/how-to-safely-attend-a-protest-in-the-bay-area\">how to exercise your right to protest safely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So tell us: What do you need to know more about? Tell us, and you could see your question answered online or on social media. What you submit will make our reporting stronger, and help us decide what to cover here on our site, and on KQED Public Radio, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"hearken","attributes":{"named":{"id":"10483","src":"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/10483.js","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11955675/how-to-navigate-student-loans-affirmative-action-scotus","authors":["3243"],"categories":["news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_1895","news_32707","news_18538","news_22809","news_20228","news_20013","news_32909","news_27626","news_20004","news_25373","news_38","news_201","news_30899","news_32072","news_18037","news_32743"],"featImg":"news_11955727","label":"news"},"news_11955151":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11955151","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11955151","score":null,"sort":[1688768887000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-scotus-affirmative-action-ruling-may-impact-your-health-care","title":"How SCOTUS' Affirmative Action Ruling May Impact Your Health Care","publishDate":1688768887,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How SCOTUS’ Affirmative Action Ruling May Impact Your Health Care | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Doctors are concerned that a Supreme Court ruling issued June 29 will have far-reaching effects not only on the diversity of doctors and other care providers in training, but ultimately, on patient care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision found it unconstitutional for colleges and universities to use race as a factor in student admissions, which will affect enrollment decisions at public and private educational institutions, including medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other academic institutions, medical schools have long factored race into admission decisions. The schools operated under the principle — and there is considerable evidence they are correct — that a more diverse workforce of doctors does a better job of treating diverse patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “decision demonstrates a lack of understanding of the critical benefits of racial and ethnic diversity in educational settings and a failure to recognize the urgent need to address health inequities,” read a statement from David Skorton, president and CEO of the Association of American Medical Colleges, and Frank Trinity, its chief legal officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">the majority opinion (PDF)\u003c/a>. It held that the admissions programs of defendants Harvard College and the University of North Carolina violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, which prohibits racial discrimination. The decision overturned decades of legal precedent that had allowed colleges and universities to evaluate prospective students by their race, in addition to factors such as academic records and test scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a dissent, Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote on behalf of the court’s three liberal justices that the ruling “cements a superficial rule of colorblindness as a constitutional principle in an endemically segregated society where race has always mattered and continues to matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What does the ruling mean for med schools?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The decision may have serious repercussions, medical educators say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Norma Poll-Hunter, senior director of workforce diversity, Association of American Medical Colleges\"]‘Diversity in health care providers contributes to increased student, trainee and physician confidence in working with patient populations who are different from their own identities.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAMC, which represents more than 500 medical schools and teaching hospitals, filed an amicus brief with the court \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/media/61976/download?attachment\">arguing that diversity\u003c/a> in medical education “literally saves lives” by ensuring that doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals can competently care for an increasingly diverse population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diversity in health care providers contributes to increased student, trainee and physician confidence in working with patient populations who are different from their own identities,” said Norma Poll-Hunter, senior director of workforce diversity at the AAMC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s impossible to predict the full impact of the court’s ruling, looking at some of the nine states that already have bans on race-conscious college admissions \u003ca href=\"https://www.chronicle.com/article/race-conscious-admission-bans?cid=gen_sign_in\">may provide clues\u003c/a>. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4454423/\">analysis of bans\u003c/a> in six states found that medical school enrollment of students of color who were members of underrepresented groups fell roughly 17% after the bans were instituted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What about patients?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At this point, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the United States having one of the world’s most advanced systems of medical research and clinical care, Black people and some other minorities often fare worse than white people \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people\">across a range of health measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their life expectancies are shorter: 65.2 years for American Indian and Alaska Native people and 70.8 for Blacks in 2021, versus 76.4 for whites, according to KFF. Black and AIAN infants were roughly twice as likely to die as white infants, and women in those minority groups had the highest rates of mortality related to pregnancy in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows people of all races tend to prefer to see physicians who are similar to them in race or ethnicity, according to Poll-Hunter. When patients are of the same race as their providers, they report higher levels of satisfaction and trust and better communication.[aside label='More Stories on Health' tag='health']When patients are of the same race or gender as their provider, they may also have better health outcomes, research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in a study of 1.8 million infants born in Florida hospitals between 1992 and 2015, Black newborns were \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1913405117\">half as likely to die\u003c/a> when cared for by Black physicians as when their doctors were white. Research has historically focused on white newborns with white doctors, said the study’s lead author, Brad Greenwood, a professor of information systems and operations management at George Mason University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the extent that physicians of a social outgroup are more likely to be aware of the challenges and issues that arise when treating their group, it stands to reason that these physicians may be more equipped to treat patients with complex needs,” according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution, however, is not to try to ensure all Black patients are seen by Black physicians, Greenwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jim Crow-ing medicine is not going to solve this,” he said, referring to laws enacted in the 19th and 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ensuring a diverse physician base can improve care for all patients, including those from marginalized groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you increase diversity, the diversity of opinion increases the scope of how people think about things and express best practices,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11955176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11955176\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis.jpg\" alt=\"The UC Davis logo with a soccer game and bike riders in the background.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"909\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-800x379.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-1020x483.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-160x76.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-1536x727.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After California banned race-conscious admissions in 1996, the medical school at UC Davis upended its process to put less emphasis on MCAT scores and grades — and more on socioeconomic measures. \u003ccite>(Joseph DeSantis/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Do No Harm, a group of medical and policy professionals who oppose race-conscious medical school admissions and other policies that incorporate identity-based considerations into health care decision-making says race-conscious admission is about discrimination, not diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our view is that whoever gets into health care should be the most qualified,” said \u003ca href=\"https://donoharmmedicine.org/content-author/dr-stanley-goldfarb/\">Stanley Goldfarb\u003c/a>, who chairs the board of Do No Harm. “It doesn’t matter the gender or the race. The only thing that matters is that they’re good, ethical people and good at what they do.”[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Norma Poll-Hunter, senior director of workforce diversity, Association of American Medical Colleges\"]‘The reality is that in the United States, we have a history of exclusion, displacement and colonization such that we can’t ignore the reality of race.’[/pullquote]Goldfarb cited studies that showed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10410236.2023.2223402?journalCode=hhth20\">no relationship\u003c/a>” between race or ethnicity concordance and the quality of communication, and “\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23743735221103033\">inconclusive\u003c/a>” evidence for patient outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first med school class that will be affected will be the class of 2028. Some experts have suggested that colleges and medical schools may adopt policies that take \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/06/affirmative-action-race-socioeconomic-supreme-court/674251/\">income or family wealth\u003c/a> into account when determining whom to admit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After California banned race-conscious admissions in 1996, the medical school at the University of California-Davis upended its process to put less emphasis on MCAT scores and grades and more on socioeconomic measures, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2023/03/07/how-one-medical-school-became-remarkably-diverse-without-considering-race/\">according to Stat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poll-Hunter, with the AAMC, isn’t convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no substitute or proxy for race,” she said. “The reality is that in the United States, we have a history of exclusion, displacement and colonization such that we can’t ignore the reality of race.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Medical educators say Supreme Court ruling on affirmative action could have 'serious repercussions' on diversity in medical education that 'literally saves lives.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1688768887,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1244},"headData":{"title":"How SCOTUS' Affirmative Action Ruling May Impact Your Health Care | KQED","description":"Medical educators say Supreme Court ruling on affirmative action could have 'serious repercussions' on diversity in medical education that 'literally saves lives.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"KFF Health News","sourceUrl":"https://kffhealthnews.org/","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://kffhealthnews.org/news/author/michelle-andrews//\">Michelle Andrews\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11955151/how-scotus-affirmative-action-ruling-may-impact-your-health-care","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Doctors are concerned that a Supreme Court ruling issued June 29 will have far-reaching effects not only on the diversity of doctors and other care providers in training, but ultimately, on patient care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision found it unconstitutional for colleges and universities to use race as a factor in student admissions, which will affect enrollment decisions at public and private educational institutions, including medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other academic institutions, medical schools have long factored race into admission decisions. The schools operated under the principle — and there is considerable evidence they are correct — that a more diverse workforce of doctors does a better job of treating diverse patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “decision demonstrates a lack of understanding of the critical benefits of racial and ethnic diversity in educational settings and a failure to recognize the urgent need to address health inequities,” read a statement from David Skorton, president and CEO of the Association of American Medical Colleges, and Frank Trinity, its chief legal officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chief Justice John Roberts wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">the majority opinion (PDF)\u003c/a>. It held that the admissions programs of defendants Harvard College and the University of North Carolina violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, which prohibits racial discrimination. The decision overturned decades of legal precedent that had allowed colleges and universities to evaluate prospective students by their race, in addition to factors such as academic records and test scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a dissent, Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote on behalf of the court’s three liberal justices that the ruling “cements a superficial rule of colorblindness as a constitutional principle in an endemically segregated society where race has always mattered and continues to matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What does the ruling mean for med schools?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The decision may have serious repercussions, medical educators say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘Diversity in health care providers contributes to increased student, trainee and physician confidence in working with patient populations who are different from their own identities.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Norma Poll-Hunter, senior director of workforce diversity, Association of American Medical Colleges","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAMC, which represents more than 500 medical schools and teaching hospitals, filed an amicus brief with the court \u003ca href=\"https://www.aamc.org/media/61976/download?attachment\">arguing that diversity\u003c/a> in medical education “literally saves lives” by ensuring that doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals can competently care for an increasingly diverse population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diversity in health care providers contributes to increased student, trainee and physician confidence in working with patient populations who are different from their own identities,” said Norma Poll-Hunter, senior director of workforce diversity at the AAMC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s impossible to predict the full impact of the court’s ruling, looking at some of the nine states that already have bans on race-conscious college admissions \u003ca href=\"https://www.chronicle.com/article/race-conscious-admission-bans?cid=gen_sign_in\">may provide clues\u003c/a>. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4454423/\">analysis of bans\u003c/a> in six states found that medical school enrollment of students of color who were members of underrepresented groups fell roughly 17% after the bans were instituted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What about patients?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At this point, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the United States having one of the world’s most advanced systems of medical research and clinical care, Black people and some other minorities often fare worse than white people \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity/#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%202021%20show,77.7%20years%20for%20Hispanic%20people\">across a range of health measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their life expectancies are shorter: 65.2 years for American Indian and Alaska Native people and 70.8 for Blacks in 2021, versus 76.4 for whites, according to KFF. Black and AIAN infants were roughly twice as likely to die as white infants, and women in those minority groups had the highest rates of mortality related to pregnancy in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows people of all races tend to prefer to see physicians who are similar to them in race or ethnicity, according to Poll-Hunter. When patients are of the same race as their providers, they report higher levels of satisfaction and trust and better communication.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More Stories on Health ","tag":"health"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>When patients are of the same race or gender as their provider, they may also have better health outcomes, research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in a study of 1.8 million infants born in Florida hospitals between 1992 and 2015, Black newborns were \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1913405117\">half as likely to die\u003c/a> when cared for by Black physicians as when their doctors were white. Research has historically focused on white newborns with white doctors, said the study’s lead author, Brad Greenwood, a professor of information systems and operations management at George Mason University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the extent that physicians of a social outgroup are more likely to be aware of the challenges and issues that arise when treating their group, it stands to reason that these physicians may be more equipped to treat patients with complex needs,” according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solution, however, is not to try to ensure all Black patients are seen by Black physicians, Greenwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jim Crow-ing medicine is not going to solve this,” he said, referring to laws enacted in the 19th and 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ensuring a diverse physician base can improve care for all patients, including those from marginalized groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you increase diversity, the diversity of opinion increases the scope of how people think about things and express best practices,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11955176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11955176\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis.jpg\" alt=\"The UC Davis logo with a soccer game and bike riders in the background.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"909\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-800x379.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-1020x483.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-160x76.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/07/UCDavis-1536x727.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After California banned race-conscious admissions in 1996, the medical school at UC Davis upended its process to put less emphasis on MCAT scores and grades — and more on socioeconomic measures. \u003ccite>(Joseph DeSantis/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Do No Harm, a group of medical and policy professionals who oppose race-conscious medical school admissions and other policies that incorporate identity-based considerations into health care decision-making says race-conscious admission is about discrimination, not diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our view is that whoever gets into health care should be the most qualified,” said \u003ca href=\"https://donoharmmedicine.org/content-author/dr-stanley-goldfarb/\">Stanley Goldfarb\u003c/a>, who chairs the board of Do No Harm. “It doesn’t matter the gender or the race. The only thing that matters is that they’re good, ethical people and good at what they do.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘The reality is that in the United States, we have a history of exclusion, displacement and colonization such that we can’t ignore the reality of race.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Norma Poll-Hunter, senior director of workforce diversity, Association of American Medical Colleges","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Goldfarb cited studies that showed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10410236.2023.2223402?journalCode=hhth20\">no relationship\u003c/a>” between race or ethnicity concordance and the quality of communication, and “\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23743735221103033\">inconclusive\u003c/a>” evidence for patient outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first med school class that will be affected will be the class of 2028. Some experts have suggested that colleges and medical schools may adopt policies that take \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/06/affirmative-action-race-socioeconomic-supreme-court/674251/\">income or family wealth\u003c/a> into account when determining whom to admit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After California banned race-conscious admissions in 1996, the medical school at the University of California-Davis upended its process to put less emphasis on MCAT scores and grades and more on socioeconomic measures, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2023/03/07/how-one-medical-school-became-remarkably-diverse-without-considering-race/\">according to Stat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poll-Hunter, with the AAMC, isn’t convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no substitute or proxy for race,” she said. “The reality is that in the United States, we have a history of exclusion, displacement and colonization such that we can’t ignore the reality of race.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11955151/how-scotus-affirmative-action-ruling-may-impact-your-health-care","authors":["byline_news_11955151"],"categories":["news_457","news_8"],"tags":["news_1895","news_17687","news_683","news_32138","news_28180","news_18037"],"featImg":"news_11955166","label":"source_news_11955151"},"news_11954761":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11954761","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11954761","score":null,"sort":[1688164606000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"uc-offers-its-admissions-reviews-strategy-to-encourage-us-campus-diversity","title":"UC Offers Its Admissions' Reviews Strategy to Encourage US Campus Diversity","publishDate":1688164606,"format":"standard","headTitle":"UC Offers Its Admissions’ Reviews Strategy to Encourage US Campus Diversity | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>With the U.S. Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">ruling Thursday (PDF)\u003c/a> that\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/supreme-court-rules-against-affirmative-action-in-college-admissions/693314\"> race-conscious admissions are unlawful\u003c/a>, colleges and universities across the country hoping to enroll diverse student bodies will need to turn to different strategies to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For ideas, those institutions could look to California, where public colleges haven’t considered race in admissions since voters in 1996 approved a ballot measure banning it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of California has since turned to holistic review practices to make admissions decisions in an effort to maintain a diverse student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than only looking at a student’s grades or test scores, UC campuses have considered a range of factors, including the location of an applicant’s school, an applicant’s socioeconomic status and an applicant’s achievements relative to the opportunities available at their high school. UC over the years has also ramped up its outreach to lower-income students and students enrolled at underserved high schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts have been far from perfect, however.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michael Drake, UC's systemwide president\"]‘We stand ready to share our expertise and lessons learned as we collaborate with our partners to achieve a higher education landscape that reflects the rich diversity of our nation.’[/pullquote]In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf\">UC officials acknowledged in a brief submitted to the Supreme Court last fall (PDF)\u003c/a> that it has failed to enroll a sufficiently diverse student body or one that is representative of the state’s demographics. But in the absence of being able to consider race, experts and college officials say UC’s strategies may be at least somewhat helpful in promoting racial diversity on campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without being able to consider race in admissions, universities will be forced to “work much harder to identify and address the root causes of societal inequities that hinder diverse students in pursuing and achieving a higher education,” said Michael Drake, UC’s systemwide president, in a statement Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For colleges that will now for the first time enter a world without race-conscious admissions, Drake added that UC is prepared to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We stand ready to share our expertise and lessons learned as we collaborate with our partners to achieve a higher education landscape that reflects the rich diversity of our nation,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the institutions that may have something to learn from UC are the dozens of private colleges and universities in California, which, unlike California’s public colleges, have previously been free to consider race in admissions but will now be outlawed from doing so. Many of them are likely to seek UC’s guidance when it comes to developing new student outreach programs, refining their own holistic review processes and potentially investing more in admission staff, said Kristen Soares, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://aiccu.edu/\">Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll have a lot to learn from them,” Soares said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954788\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954788\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A gigantic, prestigious brick and tan building is pictured on USC's campus. It's the Engemann Student Health Center. Trees surround the front of the building as it hovers over students seen down below entering its glass doors. It's a sunny day with blue skies and puffy clouds.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The entrance to the Engemann Student Health Center on the campus of the University of Southern California is seen in Los Angeles on May 17, 2018. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 27 years after Proposition 209 banned the consideration of race in admissions, the racial makeup of UC’s student body doesn’t come close to matching the diversity of the state. For example, in fall 2022, UC’s incoming first-year students were 26.7% Latino. The state’s high school seniors in 2022 \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/\">were 55.7% Latino.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the university maintains that holistic review, introduced in 2001, has allowed the system to make some gains. In the two decades from fall 2002 to fall 2022, the percentage of undergraduate Latino students enrolled across UC has increased from 13% to 25%, though some of that is likely also due to demographic changes in the state, as Latinos now make up a larger share of high school seniors.[aside postID=news_11954612 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/AP23180684729490-1020x680.jpg']The share of Black students has also increased from 3% to 4.4%, while the percentage of white students has decreased from 36.5% to 20.7%. White students made up 21.2% of high school seniors last year and Black students accounted for 4.9%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Holistic review can be a powerful tool to ensure that students are really getting a fair shot at being reviewed in a much more equitable fashion,” said Michele Siqueiros, president of the Campaign for College Opportunity, an organization based in Los Angeles that advocates for more equitable access to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Supreme Court’s majority opinion issued Thursday, Chief Justice John Roberts said universities can consider factors consistent with holistic review, such as a student’s socioeconomic status, status as a first-generation college student or an essay describing how their race or ethnicity has impacted their life experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One concern, however, is whether students of color will even apply to competitive universities now that affirmative action has been banned in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about how this might change the behavior of students and that students will be discouraged from applying to selective institutions,” said Maricela Martinez, the vice president of enrollment management at Occidental College, a selective liberal arts college in northeast Los Angeles.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michele Siqueiros, president, Campaign for College Opportunity\"]‘I think there’s a lot that UC has learned, and can teach others across the country about admissions and how to do it in a much more thoughtful fashion.’[/pullquote]In UC’s case, the system has tried to deal with that by increasing its outreach programs aimed at students from lower-income families, such as its \u003ca href=\"https://eaop.universityofcalifornia.edu/about.html\">Early Academic Outreach program\u003c/a> aimed at students from underserved high schools. UC has a total of 13 of those types of programs, and they collectively reach more than 200,000 students, the university told the Supreme Court in the brief it filed last year. UC said those programs haven’t been particularly effective in reaching Black or Native American students, but that Latino students have benefited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC in 2020 also eliminated standardized test scores from admissions. That was followed by a big increase in applications to the university, including among Black and Latino students. Experts attributed that partly to the elimination of those tests, saying students likely felt more optimistic about their chances of being admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a lot that UC has learned, and can teach others across the country about admissions and how to do it in a much more thoughtful fashion,” Siqueiros said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/university-of-california-looks-to-share-expertise-after-decades-without-affirmative-action/693374\">\u003cem>This story originally appeared in EdSource.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the Supreme Court ends affirmative action, US colleges could turn to California's methods to maintain student diversity after voters ousted admissions based on race in 1996.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1688248286,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1138},"headData":{"title":"UC Offers Its Admissions' Reviews Strategy to Encourage US Campus Diversity | KQED","description":"As the Supreme Court ends affirmative action, US colleges could turn to California's methods to maintain student diversity after voters ousted admissions based on race in 1996.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"EDSOURCE","sourceUrl":"https://edsource.org/","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/author/mburke\">Michael Burke\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11954761/uc-offers-its-admissions-reviews-strategy-to-encourage-us-campus-diversity","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With the U.S. Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">ruling Thursday (PDF)\u003c/a> that\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/supreme-court-rules-against-affirmative-action-in-college-admissions/693314\"> race-conscious admissions are unlawful\u003c/a>, colleges and universities across the country hoping to enroll diverse student bodies will need to turn to different strategies to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For ideas, those institutions could look to California, where public colleges haven’t considered race in admissions since voters in 1996 approved a ballot measure banning it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of California has since turned to holistic review practices to make admissions decisions in an effort to maintain a diverse student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than only looking at a student’s grades or test scores, UC campuses have considered a range of factors, including the location of an applicant’s school, an applicant’s socioeconomic status and an applicant’s achievements relative to the opportunities available at their high school. UC over the years has also ramped up its outreach to lower-income students and students enrolled at underserved high schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those efforts have been far from perfect, however.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We stand ready to share our expertise and lessons learned as we collaborate with our partners to achieve a higher education landscape that reflects the rich diversity of our nation.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Michael Drake, UC's systemwide president","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf\">UC officials acknowledged in a brief submitted to the Supreme Court last fall (PDF)\u003c/a> that it has failed to enroll a sufficiently diverse student body or one that is representative of the state’s demographics. But in the absence of being able to consider race, experts and college officials say UC’s strategies may be at least somewhat helpful in promoting racial diversity on campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without being able to consider race in admissions, universities will be forced to “work much harder to identify and address the root causes of societal inequities that hinder diverse students in pursuing and achieving a higher education,” said Michael Drake, UC’s systemwide president, in a statement Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For colleges that will now for the first time enter a world without race-conscious admissions, Drake added that UC is prepared to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We stand ready to share our expertise and lessons learned as we collaborate with our partners to achieve a higher education landscape that reflects the rich diversity of our nation,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the institutions that may have something to learn from UC are the dozens of private colleges and universities in California, which, unlike California’s public colleges, have previously been free to consider race in admissions but will now be outlawed from doing so. Many of them are likely to seek UC’s guidance when it comes to developing new student outreach programs, refining their own holistic review processes and potentially investing more in admission staff, said Kristen Soares, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://aiccu.edu/\">Association of Independent California Colleges and Universities. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll have a lot to learn from them,” Soares said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954788\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954788\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A gigantic, prestigious brick and tan building is pictured on USC's campus. It's the Engemann Student Health Center. Trees surround the front of the building as it hovers over students seen down below entering its glass doors. It's a sunny day with blue skies and puffy clouds.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/RS31207_GettyImages-959667464-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The entrance to the Engemann Student Health Center on the campus of the University of Southern California is seen in Los Angeles on May 17, 2018. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 27 years after Proposition 209 banned the consideration of race in admissions, the racial makeup of UC’s student body doesn’t come close to matching the diversity of the state. For example, in fall 2022, UC’s incoming first-year students were 26.7% Latino. The state’s high school seniors in 2022 \u003ca href=\"https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/\">were 55.7% Latino.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the university maintains that holistic review, introduced in 2001, has allowed the system to make some gains. In the two decades from fall 2002 to fall 2022, the percentage of undergraduate Latino students enrolled across UC has increased from 13% to 25%, though some of that is likely also due to demographic changes in the state, as Latinos now make up a larger share of high school seniors.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11954612","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/AP23180684729490-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The share of Black students has also increased from 3% to 4.4%, while the percentage of white students has decreased from 36.5% to 20.7%. White students made up 21.2% of high school seniors last year and Black students accounted for 4.9%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Holistic review can be a powerful tool to ensure that students are really getting a fair shot at being reviewed in a much more equitable fashion,” said Michele Siqueiros, president of the Campaign for College Opportunity, an organization based in Los Angeles that advocates for more equitable access to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Supreme Court’s majority opinion issued Thursday, Chief Justice John Roberts said universities can consider factors consistent with holistic review, such as a student’s socioeconomic status, status as a first-generation college student or an essay describing how their race or ethnicity has impacted their life experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One concern, however, is whether students of color will even apply to competitive universities now that affirmative action has been banned in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about how this might change the behavior of students and that students will be discouraged from applying to selective institutions,” said Maricela Martinez, the vice president of enrollment management at Occidental College, a selective liberal arts college in northeast Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘I think there’s a lot that UC has learned, and can teach others across the country about admissions and how to do it in a much more thoughtful fashion.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Michele Siqueiros, president, Campaign for College Opportunity","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In UC’s case, the system has tried to deal with that by increasing its outreach programs aimed at students from lower-income families, such as its \u003ca href=\"https://eaop.universityofcalifornia.edu/about.html\">Early Academic Outreach program\u003c/a> aimed at students from underserved high schools. UC has a total of 13 of those types of programs, and they collectively reach more than 200,000 students, the university told the Supreme Court in the brief it filed last year. UC said those programs haven’t been particularly effective in reaching Black or Native American students, but that Latino students have benefited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC in 2020 also eliminated standardized test scores from admissions. That was followed by a big increase in applications to the university, including among Black and Latino students. Experts attributed that partly to the elimination of those tests, saying students likely felt more optimistic about their chances of being admitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s a lot that UC has learned, and can teach others across the country about admissions and how to do it in a much more thoughtful fashion,” Siqueiros said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2023/university-of-california-looks-to-share-expertise-after-decades-without-affirmative-action/693374\">\u003cem>This story originally appeared in EdSource.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11954761/uc-offers-its-admissions-reviews-strategy-to-encourage-us-campus-diversity","authors":["byline_news_11954761"],"categories":["news_18540","news_8"],"tags":["news_1895","news_22809","news_17687","news_20013","news_27626","news_32253","news_932","news_30280","news_206"],"featImg":"news_11954796","label":"source_news_11954761"},"news_11954709":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11954709","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11954709","score":null,"sort":[1688159087000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"timeline-a-heated-history-of-affirmative-action-in-america","title":"Timeline: A Heated History of Affirmative Action in America","publishDate":1688159087,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Timeline: A Heated History of Affirmative Action in America | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court’s conservative majority on Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision\">rejected race-conscious admission policies\u003c/a> at Harvard and the University of North Carolina, ruling them a violation of the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection. The historic 6-3 decision is the latest word in a fierce protracted fight over affirmative action in university admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through the following interactive timeline — or read the full text below it — to learn about some of the key moments in a longstanding debacle over race, education and opportunity in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1YOV0OL6r92HAnAG-TnHIuxP95AATV-WYQJYP2URD2d4&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2\" width=\"1200\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch2>1954: Brown v. Board of Education\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court discredits the concept of “separate but equal,” ruling that segregation in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause under the 14th Amendment. The decision is vehemently opposed by segregationists, and it takes years before many segregated schools in the South are forced to integrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1961: JFK references ‘affirmative action’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>President John F. Kennedy issues an executive order mandating that projects financed with federal funds “take affirmative action” to ensure there is no racial bias in hiring and employment practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1964: Civil Rights Act\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the most sweeping piece of civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The new law prohibits discrimination in various settings, including hotels, schools and government services. It prevents employers, labor unions and employment agencies from excluding applicants and customers on the basis of race, sex, color, religion or national origin. A commission is established to enforce the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1965: Johnson defines affirmative action\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a graduation speech at Howard University — a historically Black college — President Johnson insists it is not enough to just have laws that prohibit discrimination, arguing that more proactive measures are necessary. “You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, ‘You are free to compete with all the others,’ and still justly believe you have been completely fair,” he said. Later that year, Johnson issues a new executive order requiring government contractors to “take affirmative action” to ensure racial equality in hiring and employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1978: Racial quotas at University of California struck down\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down a UC policy that reserved admission slots for minority applicants, ruling it a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The court says UC can continue to consider race and ethnicity as a factor in the admissions decision as long as it doesn’t have specific quotas in place. The case originated when Allan Bakke, a 33-year-old white student who was twice rejected from UC Davis Medical School, filed suit, claiming it was unfair that minority applicants with lower academic standing were accepted over him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1982: Racial hiring quotas mandated for Alabama state police\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 1970, a federal court ordered the Alabama Department of Public Safety — which hadn’t hired a single Black patrol officer in its 37-year history — to end “pervasive, systematic and obstinate discriminatory exclusion of blacks.” By 1982, after the department had failed to promote any Black employees above entry-level positions, the court orders a racial quota system be put in place until at least a quarter of the department’s upper ranks are minorities. The U.S. Supreme Court, in 1987, upholds the quota system, ruling it necessary in light of the department’s overt history of discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>March 1996: University of Texas Law School’s affirmative action policy struck down\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Hopwood v. Texas, a federal court rules that the school’s policy of lower admission thresholds for minority applicants is unconstitutional. The court rejects the defense’s argument that a diverse student body is a “compelling” interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>November 1996: California voters approve affirmative action ban\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Voters approve Prop 209, which amends the state’s constitution and prohibits state institutions, including public universities, from considering race, sex or ethnicity in admissions and hiring decisions. A federal district judge initially blocks enforcement of the proposition, but an appeals court overturns that ruling and allows the measure to proceed. It has since survived numerous legal challenges. Meanwhile, Black and Hispanic enrollment in the UC system dropped significantly after the ban took effect in 1998. Since then, eight other states have passed similar affirmative action bans, including Arizona, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2003: Split rulings on University of Michigan’s admissions policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court rejects the university’s undergraduate admissions policy of awarding points to minority applicants, arguing that it’s too similar to a quota system. But in a separate ruling, the court upholds the law school’s policy of considering an applicant’s race in admissions decisions, which it deems a “compelling interest.” However, three years later, Michigan voters approve a statewide affirmative action ban that effectively invalidates the law school’s policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2014: Court upholds Michigan’s voter-approved affirmative action ban\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a major blow to affirmative action policies nationwide, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds a 2006 Michigan voter-approved ban on race-conscious admissions policies in public universities. The court argues that state voters should have the authority to determine this issue on their own, without the court intervening. While the decision doesn’t outlaw affirmative action policies in schools outside of Michigan, it gives other states the green light do so. In her impassioned dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor argues that the decision unconstitutionally infringes on the rights of minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2016: High court narrowly upholds UT Austin’s race-conscious admissions policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After her rejection from the University of Texas at Austin in 2008, Abigail Fisher, a white honor student, claimed she was unfairly denied admission because of her race. A federal court upheld the school’s race-conscious admissions policy. But in 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court sent the case back to the lower court for further review. In 2016, the high court again takes up the challenge to the university’s affirmative action policy, this time narrowly upholding it in a 4-3 decision, with now-retired Justice Anthony Kennedy casting the deciding vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>June 29, 2023: US Supreme Court rejects affirmative action in college admissions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a historic 6-3 decision, the court’s conservative majority struck down affirmative action admissions policies at Harvard and the University of North Carolina, effectively barring all public and private colleges from considering race in admissions decisions. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said considering an applicant’s race “cannot be reconciled with the guarantees of the Equal Protection Clause,” although he noted that the decision doesn’t prevent universities from “considering an applicant’s discussion of how race affected his or her life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a scathing dissent read from the bench, Justice Sonia Sotomayor accused the majority of “further entrenching racial inequality in education, the very foundation of our democratic government and pluralistic society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An interactive timeline detailing some of the key moments in a longstanding fight over race, education and opportunity in America.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1688159087,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1217},"headData":{"title":"Timeline: A Heated History of Affirmative Action in America | KQED","description":"An interactive timeline detailing some of the key moments in a longstanding fight over race, education and opportunity in America.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11954709/timeline-a-heated-history-of-affirmative-action-in-america","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court’s conservative majority on Thursday \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision\">rejected race-conscious admission policies\u003c/a> at Harvard and the University of North Carolina, ruling them a violation of the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection. The historic 6-3 decision is the latest word in a fierce protracted fight over affirmative action in university admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through the following interactive timeline — or read the full text below it — to learn about some of the key moments in a longstanding debacle over race, education and opportunity in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\" align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1YOV0OL6r92HAnAG-TnHIuxP95AATV-WYQJYP2URD2d4&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2\" width=\"1200\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch2>1954: Brown v. Board of Education\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court discredits the concept of “separate but equal,” ruling that segregation in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause under the 14th Amendment. The decision is vehemently opposed by segregationists, and it takes years before many segregated schools in the South are forced to integrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1961: JFK references ‘affirmative action’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>President John F. Kennedy issues an executive order mandating that projects financed with federal funds “take affirmative action” to ensure there is no racial bias in hiring and employment practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1964: Civil Rights Act\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the most sweeping piece of civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. The new law prohibits discrimination in various settings, including hotels, schools and government services. It prevents employers, labor unions and employment agencies from excluding applicants and customers on the basis of race, sex, color, religion or national origin. A commission is established to enforce the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1965: Johnson defines affirmative action\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a graduation speech at Howard University — a historically Black college — President Johnson insists it is not enough to just have laws that prohibit discrimination, arguing that more proactive measures are necessary. “You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, ‘You are free to compete with all the others,’ and still justly believe you have been completely fair,” he said. Later that year, Johnson issues a new executive order requiring government contractors to “take affirmative action” to ensure racial equality in hiring and employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1978: Racial quotas at University of California struck down\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down a UC policy that reserved admission slots for minority applicants, ruling it a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The court says UC can continue to consider race and ethnicity as a factor in the admissions decision as long as it doesn’t have specific quotas in place. The case originated when Allan Bakke, a 33-year-old white student who was twice rejected from UC Davis Medical School, filed suit, claiming it was unfair that minority applicants with lower academic standing were accepted over him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1982: Racial hiring quotas mandated for Alabama state police\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 1970, a federal court ordered the Alabama Department of Public Safety — which hadn’t hired a single Black patrol officer in its 37-year history — to end “pervasive, systematic and obstinate discriminatory exclusion of blacks.” By 1982, after the department had failed to promote any Black employees above entry-level positions, the court orders a racial quota system be put in place until at least a quarter of the department’s upper ranks are minorities. The U.S. Supreme Court, in 1987, upholds the quota system, ruling it necessary in light of the department’s overt history of discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>March 1996: University of Texas Law School’s affirmative action policy struck down\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Hopwood v. Texas, a federal court rules that the school’s policy of lower admission thresholds for minority applicants is unconstitutional. The court rejects the defense’s argument that a diverse student body is a “compelling” interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>November 1996: California voters approve affirmative action ban\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Voters approve Prop 209, which amends the state’s constitution and prohibits state institutions, including public universities, from considering race, sex or ethnicity in admissions and hiring decisions. A federal district judge initially blocks enforcement of the proposition, but an appeals court overturns that ruling and allows the measure to proceed. It has since survived numerous legal challenges. Meanwhile, Black and Hispanic enrollment in the UC system dropped significantly after the ban took effect in 1998. Since then, eight other states have passed similar affirmative action bans, including Arizona, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2003: Split rulings on University of Michigan’s admissions policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court rejects the university’s undergraduate admissions policy of awarding points to minority applicants, arguing that it’s too similar to a quota system. But in a separate ruling, the court upholds the law school’s policy of considering an applicant’s race in admissions decisions, which it deems a “compelling interest.” However, three years later, Michigan voters approve a statewide affirmative action ban that effectively invalidates the law school’s policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2014: Court upholds Michigan’s voter-approved affirmative action ban\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a major blow to affirmative action policies nationwide, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds a 2006 Michigan voter-approved ban on race-conscious admissions policies in public universities. The court argues that state voters should have the authority to determine this issue on their own, without the court intervening. While the decision doesn’t outlaw affirmative action policies in schools outside of Michigan, it gives other states the green light do so. In her impassioned dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor argues that the decision unconstitutionally infringes on the rights of minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2016: High court narrowly upholds UT Austin’s race-conscious admissions policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After her rejection from the University of Texas at Austin in 2008, Abigail Fisher, a white honor student, claimed she was unfairly denied admission because of her race. A federal court upheld the school’s race-conscious admissions policy. But in 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court sent the case back to the lower court for further review. In 2016, the high court again takes up the challenge to the university’s affirmative action policy, this time narrowly upholding it in a 4-3 decision, with now-retired Justice Anthony Kennedy casting the deciding vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>June 29, 2023: US Supreme Court rejects affirmative action in college admissions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In a historic 6-3 decision, the court’s conservative majority struck down affirmative action admissions policies at Harvard and the University of North Carolina, effectively barring all public and private colleges from considering race in admissions decisions. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said considering an applicant’s race “cannot be reconciled with the guarantees of the Equal Protection Clause,” although he noted that the decision doesn’t prevent universities from “considering an applicant’s discussion of how race affected his or her life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a scathing dissent read from the bench, Justice Sonia Sotomayor accused the majority of “further entrenching racial inequality in education, the very foundation of our democratic government and pluralistic society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11954709/timeline-a-heated-history-of-affirmative-action-in-america","authors":["1263"],"categories":["news_8"],"tags":["news_1895","news_4750","news_22809","news_20219","news_1172"],"featImg":"news_11954608","label":"news"},"news_11954612":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11954612","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11954612","score":null,"sort":[1688079287000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-supreme-court-strikes-down-affirmative-action-barring-california-private-universities-from-considering-race-in-admissions","title":"US Supreme Court Strikes Down Affirmative Action, Barring California Private Universities From Considering Race in Admissions","publishDate":1688079287,"format":"standard","headTitle":"US Supreme Court Strikes Down Affirmative Action, Barring California Private Universities From Considering Race in Admissions | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">U.S. Supreme Court ruling (PDF)\u003c/a> barring colleges from considering race in admissions effectively outlaws affirmative action at California’s private universities, broadly expanding a ban that had previously only applied to the state’s public campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Thursday’s 6-3 decision, the court’s conservative majority invalidated race-conscious admissions policies at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina, the nation’s oldest private and public colleges, respectively, finding them in violation of the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection. The historic ruling overturns a spate of cases reaching back nearly half a century and will force the nation’s private and public universities to dramatically alter how they select their students.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Rev. Paul Fitzgerald, president, University of San Francisco\"]‘We’ve spent decades building out an academic program to welcome a student population that looks like the future of our nation. To be told now that we cannot use race as a particular factor is going to cause us to think very hard to figure out a way to continue our mission.’[/pullquote]Writing for the court’s majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said that for too long universities have “concluded, wrongly, that the touchstone of an individual’s identity is not challenges bested, skills built, or lessons learned but the color of their skin. Our constitutional history does not tolerate that choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The entire point of the Equal Protection Clause is that treating someone differently because of their skin color is not like treating them differently because they are from a city or from a suburb, or because they play the violin poorly or well,” Roberts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision, bringing a long-sought conservative goal to fruition, comes nearly 30 years after California voters \u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/ballot/1996/prop209_11_1996.html\">passed Proposition 209\u003c/a>, which prohibited the state’s public universities — including those in the University of California and California State University systems — from considering race and gender in admissions and hiring decisions. But that law did not apply to the state’s private colleges, including University of San Francisco, Stanford and Santa Clara universities, who until now have continued to consider race as a factor in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders of numerous private colleges across California were quick to denounce the court’s decision, calling it a major setback to efforts aimed at diversifying campuses and to expand opportunities for underrepresented student populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ruling is quite disturbing and really quite challenging to us,” said Rev. Paul Fitzgerald, president of the University of San Francisco. “We’ve spent decades building out an academic program to welcome a student population that looks like the future of our nation. To be told now that we cannot use race as a particular factor is going to cause us to think very hard to figure out a way to continue our mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitzgerald noted his school has worked to draw communities that are historically underrepresented on college campuses, including outreach at high schools that serve primarily Black, Latino or Indigenous students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s ruling was the culmination of a lawsuit first brought against Harvard in 2014 when a group called Students for Fair Admissions argued the university’s consideration of race in admission decisions unfairly discriminated against Asian students. The group made a similar argument in its subsequent suit against the University of North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954607\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954607\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"People with the Asian American Coalition for Education rally outside of the Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, DC on June 29, 2023.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Asian American Coalition for Education, who oppose affirmative action in college admissions decisions, rally outside of the US Supreme Court in Washington, DC on June 29, 2023. \u003ccite>(Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford threw its support behind the school’s affirmative action policies, and last August submitted an amicus brief to the Supreme Court outlining how race is just one element the university considers when reviewing applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These factors, among numerous others and viewed in the context of the entire application, may sometimes shed light on the critical questions of a candidate’s ability to deal with adversity and make the most of the opportunities that the University offers,” Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/08/20-1199-21-707-MIT-et-al.-Amici-Brief.pdf\">brief (PDF)\u003c/a> reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email to students and faculty on Thursday, Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne said he was “deeply disappointed” by the court’s decision, arguing it would hinder his school’s efforts to build a more diverse student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ability to consider race as one part of a holistic review of each applicant has helped to foster a campus environment at Stanford that is diverse in many ways, where people of varied backgrounds and experiences are able to learn from one another and contribute to the creation of knowledge,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of affirmative action bans, which have already been enacted to some degree in nine states — including California — say the practice is racially discriminatory and does little to increase economic mobility for the lowest-income students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But until now, the high court has consistently preserved race-conscious admission practices, upholding affirmative action in two separate challenges over the last 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That departure was underscored in Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson’s biting dissent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With let-them-eat-cake obliviousness, today, the majority pulls the ripcord and announces ‘colorblindness for all’ by legal fiat,” she wrote. “But deeming race irrelevant in law does not make it so in life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since banning affirmative action in 1996, the University of California has spent more than $500 million on programs aimed at recruiting and graduating lower-income students and students who are first in their family to attend college.[aside label=\"more on affirmative action\" tag=\"affirmative-action\"]The UC system also \u003ca href=\"https://admission.universityofcalifornia.edu/admission-requirements/freshman-requirements/california-residents/statewide-guarantee/\">started a program\u003c/a> that guarantees admission to the top 9% of students in each high school across the state, an attempt to attract strong students from diverse backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those efforts have not had the success many had hoped for. By 1998, just two years after the state ban went into effect, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/01/us/black-and-hispanic-admissions-off-sharply-at-u-of-california.html\">Black and Hispanic enrollment fell dramatically at UC Berkeley and UCLA\u003c/a>, the system’s two most selective campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particularly at UC’s most selective campuses, feelings of racial isolation persist and hinder UC’s efforts to provide the educational benefits of diversity,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf\">University of California wrote (PDF)\u003c/a> in a brief submitted to the Supreme Court, urging it to uphold affirmative action policies. “Second, UC’s student population at many of its campuses is now starkly different, demographically speaking, from the population of California high school graduates. That raises concerns that UC is not enrolling sufficient students with diverse perspectives, and that it will not be perceived as open to, and welcoming of, all students across the State — which in turn threatens its legitimacy in the eyes of citizens of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the court’s decision on Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook-pm/2023/06/29/biden-slams-scotus-this-is-not-a-normal-court-00104223?tab=most-read\">President Joe Biden\u003c/a> and Gov. Gavin Newsom expressed similar concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right-wing activists — including those donning robes — are trying to take us back to the era of book bans and segregated campuses,” Newsom said in a press statement. “While the path to equal opportunity has now been narrowed for millions of students, no court case will ever shatter the California Dream. Our campus doors remain open for all who want to work hard — and our commitment to diversity, equity, and equal opportunity has never been stronger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a host of progressive organizations in California that focus on racial and economic justice for Asian Americans lambasted the decision as an attack on racial diversity and opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Asian American students and all others, racially diverse student bodies both enhance their learning and foster understanding of each student’s lived experience,” Connie Chung Joe, CEO of Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California, said in a press statement. “In our ever-changing global economy and platform, we must continue to give all students the opportunity to fulfill their potential and shape a future built strong on our biggest asset — our diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And San Francisco City Attorney David Chiu said that affirmative action policies have helped people like him have opportunities that may not have otherwise been possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an Asian American Harvard graduate, who would not be in a public policy career but for an affirmative action program,” Chiu said in a press statement following the decision Tuesday. We know that students at more diverse campuses benefit academically and socially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s decision, he added, “is simply another attempt to roll back civil rights and the progress made in recent years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The decision, which comes nearly 30 years after California voters banned the state's public universities from considering race in admissions, effectively extends that ban to private colleges, including the University of San Francisco, Stanford and Santa Clara universities. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1688100571,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1480},"headData":{"title":"US Supreme Court Strikes Down Affirmative Action, Barring California Private Universities From Considering Race in Admissions | KQED","description":"The decision, which comes nearly 30 years after California voters banned the state's public universities from considering race in admissions, effectively extends that ban to private colleges, including the University of San Francisco, Stanford and Santa Clara universities. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/news/11954612/u-s-supreme-court-strikes-down-affirmative-action-barring-california-private-universities-from-considering-race-in-admissions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf\">U.S. Supreme Court ruling (PDF)\u003c/a> barring colleges from considering race in admissions effectively outlaws affirmative action at California’s private universities, broadly expanding a ban that had previously only applied to the state’s public campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Thursday’s 6-3 decision, the court’s conservative majority invalidated race-conscious admissions policies at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina, the nation’s oldest private and public colleges, respectively, finding them in violation of the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection. The historic ruling overturns a spate of cases reaching back nearly half a century and will force the nation’s private and public universities to dramatically alter how they select their students.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We’ve spent decades building out an academic program to welcome a student population that looks like the future of our nation. To be told now that we cannot use race as a particular factor is going to cause us to think very hard to figure out a way to continue our mission.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Rev. Paul Fitzgerald, president, University of San Francisco","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Writing for the court’s majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said that for too long universities have “concluded, wrongly, that the touchstone of an individual’s identity is not challenges bested, skills built, or lessons learned but the color of their skin. Our constitutional history does not tolerate that choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The entire point of the Equal Protection Clause is that treating someone differently because of their skin color is not like treating them differently because they are from a city or from a suburb, or because they play the violin poorly or well,” Roberts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision, bringing a long-sought conservative goal to fruition, comes nearly 30 years after California voters \u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/ballot/1996/prop209_11_1996.html\">passed Proposition 209\u003c/a>, which prohibited the state’s public universities — including those in the University of California and California State University systems — from considering race and gender in admissions and hiring decisions. But that law did not apply to the state’s private colleges, including University of San Francisco, Stanford and Santa Clara universities, who until now have continued to consider race as a factor in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders of numerous private colleges across California were quick to denounce the court’s decision, calling it a major setback to efforts aimed at diversifying campuses and to expand opportunities for underrepresented student populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ruling is quite disturbing and really quite challenging to us,” said Rev. Paul Fitzgerald, president of the University of San Francisco. “We’ve spent decades building out an academic program to welcome a student population that looks like the future of our nation. To be told now that we cannot use race as a particular factor is going to cause us to think very hard to figure out a way to continue our mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitzgerald noted his school has worked to draw communities that are historically underrepresented on college campuses, including outreach at high schools that serve primarily Black, Latino or Indigenous students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s ruling was the culmination of a lawsuit first brought against Harvard in 2014 when a group called Students for Fair Admissions argued the university’s consideration of race in admission decisions unfairly discriminated against Asian students. The group made a similar argument in its subsequent suit against the University of North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11954607\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11954607\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"People with the Asian American Coalition for Education rally outside of the Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, DC on June 29, 2023.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/230629-SCOTUS-AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION-GETTY-KN-02-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Asian American Coalition for Education, who oppose affirmative action in college admissions decisions, rally outside of the US Supreme Court in Washington, DC on June 29, 2023. \u003ccite>(Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stanford threw its support behind the school’s affirmative action policies, and last August submitted an amicus brief to the Supreme Court outlining how race is just one element the university considers when reviewing applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These factors, among numerous others and viewed in the context of the entire application, may sometimes shed light on the critical questions of a candidate’s ability to deal with adversity and make the most of the opportunities that the University offers,” Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/08/20-1199-21-707-MIT-et-al.-Amici-Brief.pdf\">brief (PDF)\u003c/a> reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email to students and faculty on Thursday, Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne said he was “deeply disappointed” by the court’s decision, arguing it would hinder his school’s efforts to build a more diverse student body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ability to consider race as one part of a holistic review of each applicant has helped to foster a campus environment at Stanford that is diverse in many ways, where people of varied backgrounds and experiences are able to learn from one another and contribute to the creation of knowledge,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of affirmative action bans, which have already been enacted to some degree in nine states — including California — say the practice is racially discriminatory and does little to increase economic mobility for the lowest-income students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But until now, the high court has consistently preserved race-conscious admission practices, upholding affirmative action in two separate challenges over the last 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That departure was underscored in Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson’s biting dissent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With let-them-eat-cake obliviousness, today, the majority pulls the ripcord and announces ‘colorblindness for all’ by legal fiat,” she wrote. “But deeming race irrelevant in law does not make it so in life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since banning affirmative action in 1996, the University of California has spent more than $500 million on programs aimed at recruiting and graduating lower-income students and students who are first in their family to attend college.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"more on affirmative action ","tag":"affirmative-action"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The UC system also \u003ca href=\"https://admission.universityofcalifornia.edu/admission-requirements/freshman-requirements/california-residents/statewide-guarantee/\">started a program\u003c/a> that guarantees admission to the top 9% of students in each high school across the state, an attempt to attract strong students from diverse backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those efforts have not had the success many had hoped for. By 1998, just two years after the state ban went into effect, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/01/us/black-and-hispanic-admissions-off-sharply-at-u-of-california.html\">Black and Hispanic enrollment fell dramatically at UC Berkeley and UCLA\u003c/a>, the system’s two most selective campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Particularly at UC’s most selective campuses, feelings of racial isolation persist and hinder UC’s efforts to provide the educational benefits of diversity,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf\">University of California wrote (PDF)\u003c/a> in a brief submitted to the Supreme Court, urging it to uphold affirmative action policies. “Second, UC’s student population at many of its campuses is now starkly different, demographically speaking, from the population of California high school graduates. That raises concerns that UC is not enrolling sufficient students with diverse perspectives, and that it will not be perceived as open to, and welcoming of, all students across the State — which in turn threatens its legitimacy in the eyes of citizens of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the court’s decision on Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook-pm/2023/06/29/biden-slams-scotus-this-is-not-a-normal-court-00104223?tab=most-read\">President Joe Biden\u003c/a> and Gov. Gavin Newsom expressed similar concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right-wing activists — including those donning robes — are trying to take us back to the era of book bans and segregated campuses,” Newsom said in a press statement. “While the path to equal opportunity has now been narrowed for millions of students, no court case will ever shatter the California Dream. Our campus doors remain open for all who want to work hard — and our commitment to diversity, equity, and equal opportunity has never been stronger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a host of progressive organizations in California that focus on racial and economic justice for Asian Americans lambasted the decision as an attack on racial diversity and opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Asian American students and all others, racially diverse student bodies both enhance their learning and foster understanding of each student’s lived experience,” Connie Chung Joe, CEO of Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California, said in a press statement. “In our ever-changing global economy and platform, we must continue to give all students the opportunity to fulfill their potential and shape a future built strong on our biggest asset — our diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And San Francisco City Attorney David Chiu said that affirmative action policies have helped people like him have opportunities that may not have otherwise been possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an Asian American Harvard graduate, who would not be in a public policy career but for an affirmative action program,” Chiu said in a press statement following the decision Tuesday. We know that students at more diverse campuses benefit academically and socially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s decision, he added, “is simply another attempt to roll back civil rights and the progress made in recent years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11954612/u-s-supreme-court-strikes-down-affirmative-action-barring-california-private-universities-from-considering-race-in-admissions","authors":["11840"],"categories":["news_18540","news_8"],"tags":["news_1895","news_28520","news_221","news_27626","news_1928","news_1172","news_206"],"featImg":"news_11954671","label":"news"},"news_11928967":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11928967","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11928967","score":null,"sort":[1665787621000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-supreme-court-is-slated-to-hear-a-major-affirmative-action-case-university-of-california-offers-a-cautionary-tale","title":"The Supreme Court Is Slated to Hear a Major Affirmative Action Case. University of California Offers a Cautionary Tale","publishDate":1665787621,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court is set to soon decide whether race-based programs in admissions are lawful. California, where voters banned affirmative action in 1996, has already been down that road, and University of California officials have asked the court to allow race-conscious admissions policies elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11844364,news_11844254,science_1970355\"]The proof of their need, officials and college access advocates say, is in UC’s series of failed efforts to increase diversity without affirmative action. The system’s latest attempt to make admissions more equitable was its high-profile decision to eliminate standardized test scores, but that too has so far had little impact in improving racial diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservative-leaning Supreme Court is scheduled to hear arguments on October 31 in two cases, against Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and could overturn a long-standing precedent allowing the consideration of race in college admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters in 1996 approved Proposition 209, which banned affirmative action in college admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC has since implemented a number of policies designed to increase diversity, from outreach efforts targeted at students from lower-income families to admission guarantees to more students. But while those policies improved geographic diversity and increased enrollment among students from lower-income families, they have failed to bring racial diversity that’s representative of the state to UC’s student body, \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf\">UC acknowledged in an amicus brief\u003c/a> it filed with the Supreme Court this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC told the Supreme Court that “despite its extensive efforts, UC struggles to enroll a student body that is sufficiently racially diverse to attain the educational benefits of diversity. The shortfall is especially apparent at UC’s most selective campuses, where African American, Native American, and Latinx students are underrepresented and widely report struggling with feelings of racial isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s high school seniors in 2021 were 54% Latino and 5.4% Black. But that fall, UC’s incoming freshmen were 26% Latino and 4.4% Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC concluded to the court that its decades-long experience with race-neutral admissions “demonstrates that highly competitive universities may not be able to achieve the benefits of student body diversity through race-neutral measures alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11928982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11928982\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"college students in a study hall\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California at Berkeley students on campus in the Martin Luther King Jr. Student Union. \u003ccite>(Alison Yin/EdSource)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The university’s newest policy change — eliminating standardized tests — could be the latest evidence that even admissions policies that remove barriers can’t achieve racial diversity to the degree that affirmative action would. Critics of the SAT and ACT have said the tests are biased in favor of affluent, mostly white and Asian students with better access to test preparation, tutoring and the ability to take the exams multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, the system of nine undergraduate campuses eliminated standardized tests in admissions, a decision that college access advocates hoped would result in higher enrollments of Black and Latino students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fall 2021, the first term when incoming students weren’t required to take the SAT or ACT, UC enrolled roughly the same percentage of new Black and Latino students as it did in previous fall terms. Enrollment data for fall 2022 likely won’t be released until January, but UC admitted about the same proportion of Black and Latino students as it did last year. Since eliminating the tests, UC has seen a large spike in the number of Black and Latino students applying to the system, but more white and Asian students also have been applying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some UC officials say it shouldn’t be surprising that eliminating the tests hasn’t made a major difference in the racial makeup of UC students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s mostly because test scores were already a small part of admissions decisions, which considered 14 factors, said Michelle Whittingham, associate vice chancellor of enrollment management at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think individuals all throughout the country and throughout the world that were watching the University of California kind of made an assumption that things drastically changed. And that’s not the case,” Whittingham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11928989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11928989\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-800x527.jpg\" alt=\"students bicycle on a college campus\" width=\"800\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-800x527.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students cycle past Kearney Hall on the campus of UC Davis. \u003ccite>(Nick Otto/The Washington Post)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the same time, officials note that test scores are just one barrier for underrepresented students. Access to supports like college counseling, Advanced Placement classes and small class sizes remain unequal across California and the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others are cautioning, though, that it’s too early to draw conclusions because the system has been through only two admissions cycles without standardized tests and because there have been many other factors at play since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the amicus brief UC filed with the Supreme Court, the university wrote that it’s not yet clear what the impact of eliminating the tests will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hesitate to draw conclusions from any singular data point over the last two years. Combining the effects of the global pandemic, with all the various things that went on, and then with the SAT requirement changes on top of that, I think it’s going to take a while before any of that makes sense in context,” said Dale Leaman, executive director of undergraduate admissions at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'A real dampening effect'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After Proposition 209 banned UC from considering race in admissions, “freshmen enrollees from underrepresented minority groups dropped precipitously at UC,” the system wrote in the brief it filed with the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was true for each of UC’s campuses, but especially at its most selective campuses: UCLA and UC Berkeley. At UCLA, for example, Black students made up 7.13% of the freshman class in 1995 but just 3.43% in 1998. The proportion of Latino students dropped from 21.58% to 10.45% over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that when Prop. 209 passed, there was a real dampening effect on racial equity efforts,” said Audrey Dow, senior vice president at Campaign for College Opportunity, a group that advocates for better access to California universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Proposition 209 was approved by voters, UC has tried to increase diversity through several initiatives. The system has spent more than half a billion dollars implementing outreach programs, such as its \u003ca href=\"https://eaop.universityofcalifornia.edu/\">Early Academic Outreach Program\u003c/a> in which UC works directly with students from underserved high schools and helps them complete all admissions requirements and apply for financial aid. While those kinds of programs have helped UC enroll more students from lower-income families, they haven’t been as effective in enrolling higher percentages of Black and Latino students, according to the Supreme Court brief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11928992\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11928992\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Black students march on a college campus during a protest\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Black Student Union at UC Riverside march during a 2016 solidarity protest following the assault of an African American student at UC Davis by three white men. A recent amicus brief from the University of California system to the US Supreme Court stated that 'African American, Native American, and Latinx students are underrepresented and widely report struggling with feelings of racial isolation.' \u003ccite>(Marcus Yam/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2001, UC also implemented a local program that now guarantees admission somewhere in the system to California residents who are in the top 9% of their high school class. The program is a way to ensure that students at schools across the state have access to UC, and it has helped the system improve its geographic diversity. However, like the outreach programs, the local guarantees “have not substantially increased the racial diversity of students admitted to UC, and they have had little impact at the most selective campuses,” UC wrote in the brief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2001, UC introduced holistic review in admissions. The system went from primarily using grades and test scores to determine whether a student was admitted to, instead, using the 14 factors — now 13 with the elimination of test scores. Among the factors that UC now considers is the location of a student’s high school as well as a student’s accomplishments in light of special circumstances, such as whether the student comes from a lower-income family or is the first in their family to attend college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But UC acknowledged in its Supreme Court brief that holistic review “has not been sufficient to counteract the declines in diversity after Proposition 209.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters recently had a chance to reverse course and allow UC to consider affirmative action. Proposition 16, on the ballot in 2020, would have repealed Proposition 209, \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2020/voters-appear-to-be-rejecting-proposition-16-to-restore-affirmative-action/642910\">but it was defeated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Admissions without test scores\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Before UC got rid of standardized tests from admissions decisions, admissions officials were already considering test scores “in context,” said Whittingham, from UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if one applicant scored a 1,200 on the SAT and had the highest score at their school, that might be more impressive to application readers than an applicant who scored a 1,300 but went to a school where that score was only average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the critical piece,” Whittingham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may explain why UC’s freshman cohort that entered in fall 2021 didn’t look significantly different from previous fall cohorts. About 4.4% of the class were Black students, compared to 4.1% in fall 2020. The share of Latino students was 26%, compared to about 25% the previous year, and that slight uptick may be attributed at least partly to demographic changes in California’s high school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whittingham added that she thinks there’s “potential” for the elimination of test scores to eventually lead to more enrollment of Black and Latino students, but she doesn’t expect it to be a dramatic change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow of the Campaign for College Opportunity said that eliminating the SAT and ACT from admissions was a “huge signal to students that you have a spot, you are welcome at the University of California.” That’s why, Dow said, UC saw a huge increase in applications for fall 2021 admissions, when freshman applications were up by about 18%, which included large spikes in the number of Black and Latino students applying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow added, however, that UC won’t see those application trends translate into enrollments unless it can significantly expand capacity. “There simply isn’t the capacity to fit everybody that is eligible and deserving of a seat,” Dow said. “I think as we figure out the capacity challenge, we will continue on the track of eliminating barriers to students of color to the UC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11923270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-800x550.jpg\" alt=\"students walk through a plaza at UC Berkeley\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-800x550.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-160x110.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-1536x1057.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-2048x1409.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-1920x1321.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People walk through Sproul Plaza on the UC Berkeley campus. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>UC has made it a priority to expand capacity and \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2022/uc-plans-to-expand-enrollment-with-more-online-summer-programs-and-more-transfer-students/675641\">plans to add another 23,000 students by 2030\u003c/a>. However, that could be challenging at some campuses, especially the most competitive ones like Berkeley, which already is overcrowded to the point that it turns away thousands of students from on-campus housing every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some UC officials are optimistic that eliminating the SAT and ACT will eventually translate to more enrollments of Black and Latino students. Leaman from UC Irvine as well as admissions officials with UC San Diego and UCLA told EdSource that they think it’s possible their campuses will see a higher percentage of those students enrolling in the coming years. That could be especially true if the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lessen since Black and Latino students have been \u003ca href=\"https://latino.ucla.edu/research/fact-sheet-education-covid/\">more likely to have their educational plans disrupted\u003c/a> by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, it would be a divergence from UC’s past measures that have failed to increase racial diversity across the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its brief to the Supreme Court, UC wrote that its own experience demonstrates that universities need to “engage in limited consideration of race” in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Such consideration remains justified by universities’ compelling interest in achieving the educational benefits of diversity — in bringing together young adults from all walks of life, who have had varying experiences informed by their localities, socioeconomic background, upbringing, and race, and instilling in them a capacity to appreciate each other’s viewpoints,” UC wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2022/as-supreme-court-considers-affirmative-action-case-university-of-california-offers-cautionary-tale/679692\">This story was originally published by EdSource.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As the court prepares to consider race-based admissions at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the UC system says its efforts at increasing diversity without affirmative action have by and large failed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1665787621,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":2087},"headData":{"title":"The Supreme Court Is Slated to Hear a Major Affirmative Action Case. University of California Offers a Cautionary Tale | KQED","description":"As the court prepares to consider race-based admissions at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the UC system says its efforts at increasing diversity without affirmative action have by and large failed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11928967 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11928967","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2022/10/14/the-supreme-court-is-slated-to-hear-a-major-affirmative-action-case-university-of-california-offers-a-cautionary-tale/","disqusTitle":"The Supreme Court Is Slated to Hear a Major Affirmative Action Case. University of California Offers a Cautionary Tale","source":"EdSource","nprByline":"Michael Burke","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","path":"/news/11928967/the-supreme-court-is-slated-to-hear-a-major-affirmative-action-case-university-of-california-offers-a-cautionary-tale","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court is set to soon decide whether race-based programs in admissions are lawful. California, where voters banned affirmative action in 1996, has already been down that road, and University of California officials have asked the court to allow race-conscious admissions policies elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"news_11844364,news_11844254,science_1970355"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The proof of their need, officials and college access advocates say, is in UC’s series of failed efforts to increase diversity without affirmative action. The system’s latest attempt to make admissions more equitable was its high-profile decision to eliminate standardized test scores, but that too has so far had little impact in improving racial diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservative-leaning Supreme Court is scheduled to hear arguments on October 31 in two cases, against Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and could overturn a long-standing precedent allowing the consideration of race in college admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters in 1996 approved Proposition 209, which banned affirmative action in college admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC has since implemented a number of policies designed to increase diversity, from outreach efforts targeted at students from lower-income families to admission guarantees to more students. But while those policies improved geographic diversity and increased enrollment among students from lower-income families, they have failed to bring racial diversity that’s representative of the state to UC’s student body, \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-1199/232355/20220801134931730_20-1199%20bsac%20University%20of%20California.pdf\">UC acknowledged in an amicus brief\u003c/a> it filed with the Supreme Court this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC told the Supreme Court that “despite its extensive efforts, UC struggles to enroll a student body that is sufficiently racially diverse to attain the educational benefits of diversity. The shortfall is especially apparent at UC’s most selective campuses, where African American, Native American, and Latinx students are underrepresented and widely report struggling with feelings of racial isolation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s high school seniors in 2021 were 54% Latino and 5.4% Black. But that fall, UC’s incoming freshmen were 26% Latino and 4.4% Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC concluded to the court that its decades-long experience with race-neutral admissions “demonstrates that highly competitive universities may not be able to achieve the benefits of student body diversity through race-neutral measures alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11928982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11928982\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"college students in a study hall\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/UCB_039-1200x750-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California at Berkeley students on campus in the Martin Luther King Jr. Student Union. \u003ccite>(Alison Yin/EdSource)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The university’s newest policy change — eliminating standardized tests — could be the latest evidence that even admissions policies that remove barriers can’t achieve racial diversity to the degree that affirmative action would. Critics of the SAT and ACT have said the tests are biased in favor of affluent, mostly white and Asian students with better access to test preparation, tutoring and the ability to take the exams multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, the system of nine undergraduate campuses eliminated standardized tests in admissions, a decision that college access advocates hoped would result in higher enrollments of Black and Latino students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fall 2021, the first term when incoming students weren’t required to take the SAT or ACT, UC enrolled roughly the same percentage of new Black and Latino students as it did in previous fall terms. Enrollment data for fall 2022 likely won’t be released until January, but UC admitted about the same proportion of Black and Latino students as it did last year. Since eliminating the tests, UC has seen a large spike in the number of Black and Latino students applying to the system, but more white and Asian students also have been applying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some UC officials say it shouldn’t be surprising that eliminating the tests hasn’t made a major difference in the racial makeup of UC students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s mostly because test scores were already a small part of admissions decisions, which considered 14 factors, said Michelle Whittingham, associate vice chancellor of enrollment management at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think individuals all throughout the country and throughout the world that were watching the University of California kind of made an assumption that things drastically changed. And that’s not the case,” Whittingham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11928989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11928989\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-800x527.jpg\" alt=\"students bicycle on a college campus\" width=\"800\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-800x527.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-1204097836.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students cycle past Kearney Hall on the campus of UC Davis. \u003ccite>(Nick Otto/The Washington Post)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the same time, officials note that test scores are just one barrier for underrepresented students. Access to supports like college counseling, Advanced Placement classes and small class sizes remain unequal across California and the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others are cautioning, though, that it’s too early to draw conclusions because the system has been through only two admissions cycles without standardized tests and because there have been many other factors at play since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the amicus brief UC filed with the Supreme Court, the university wrote that it’s not yet clear what the impact of eliminating the tests will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hesitate to draw conclusions from any singular data point over the last two years. Combining the effects of the global pandemic, with all the various things that went on, and then with the SAT requirement changes on top of that, I think it’s going to take a while before any of that makes sense in context,” said Dale Leaman, executive director of undergraduate admissions at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'A real dampening effect'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After Proposition 209 banned UC from considering race in admissions, “freshmen enrollees from underrepresented minority groups dropped precipitously at UC,” the system wrote in the brief it filed with the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was true for each of UC’s campuses, but especially at its most selective campuses: UCLA and UC Berkeley. At UCLA, for example, Black students made up 7.13% of the freshman class in 1995 but just 3.43% in 1998. The proportion of Latino students dropped from 21.58% to 10.45% over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no question that when Prop. 209 passed, there was a real dampening effect on racial equity efforts,” said Audrey Dow, senior vice president at Campaign for College Opportunity, a group that advocates for better access to California universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Proposition 209 was approved by voters, UC has tried to increase diversity through several initiatives. The system has spent more than half a billion dollars implementing outreach programs, such as its \u003ca href=\"https://eaop.universityofcalifornia.edu/\">Early Academic Outreach Program\u003c/a> in which UC works directly with students from underserved high schools and helps them complete all admissions requirements and apply for financial aid. While those kinds of programs have helped UC enroll more students from lower-income families, they haven’t been as effective in enrolling higher percentages of Black and Latino students, according to the Supreme Court brief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11928992\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11928992\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Black students march on a college campus during a protest\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/10/GettyImages-513161022.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Black Student Union at UC Riverside march during a 2016 solidarity protest following the assault of an African American student at UC Davis by three white men. A recent amicus brief from the University of California system to the US Supreme Court stated that 'African American, Native American, and Latinx students are underrepresented and widely report struggling with feelings of racial isolation.' \u003ccite>(Marcus Yam/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2001, UC also implemented a local program that now guarantees admission somewhere in the system to California residents who are in the top 9% of their high school class. The program is a way to ensure that students at schools across the state have access to UC, and it has helped the system improve its geographic diversity. However, like the outreach programs, the local guarantees “have not substantially increased the racial diversity of students admitted to UC, and they have had little impact at the most selective campuses,” UC wrote in the brief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2001, UC introduced holistic review in admissions. The system went from primarily using grades and test scores to determine whether a student was admitted to, instead, using the 14 factors — now 13 with the elimination of test scores. Among the factors that UC now considers is the location of a student’s high school as well as a student’s accomplishments in light of special circumstances, such as whether the student comes from a lower-income family or is the first in their family to attend college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But UC acknowledged in its Supreme Court brief that holistic review “has not been sufficient to counteract the declines in diversity after Proposition 209.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters recently had a chance to reverse course and allow UC to consider affirmative action. Proposition 16, on the ballot in 2020, would have repealed Proposition 209, \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2020/voters-appear-to-be-rejecting-proposition-16-to-restore-affirmative-action/642910\">but it was defeated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Admissions without test scores\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Before UC got rid of standardized tests from admissions decisions, admissions officials were already considering test scores “in context,” said Whittingham, from UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if one applicant scored a 1,200 on the SAT and had the highest score at their school, that might be more impressive to application readers than an applicant who scored a 1,300 but went to a school where that score was only average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the critical piece,” Whittingham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may explain why UC’s freshman cohort that entered in fall 2021 didn’t look significantly different from previous fall cohorts. About 4.4% of the class were Black students, compared to 4.1% in fall 2020. The share of Latino students was 26%, compared to about 25% the previous year, and that slight uptick may be attributed at least partly to demographic changes in California’s high school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whittingham added that she thinks there’s “potential” for the elimination of test scores to eventually lead to more enrollment of Black and Latino students, but she doesn’t expect it to be a dramatic change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow of the Campaign for College Opportunity said that eliminating the SAT and ACT from admissions was a “huge signal to students that you have a spot, you are welcome at the University of California.” That’s why, Dow said, UC saw a huge increase in applications for fall 2021 admissions, when freshman applications were up by about 18%, which included large spikes in the number of Black and Latino students applying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow added, however, that UC won’t see those application trends translate into enrollments unless it can significantly expand capacity. “There simply isn’t the capacity to fit everybody that is eligible and deserving of a seat,” Dow said. “I think as we figure out the capacity challenge, we will continue on the track of eliminating barriers to students of color to the UC.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11923270\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-800x550.jpg\" alt=\"students walk through a plaza at UC Berkeley\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-800x550.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-160x110.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-1536x1057.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-2048x1409.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1385201995-1920x1321.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People walk through Sproul Plaza on the UC Berkeley campus. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>UC has made it a priority to expand capacity and \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2022/uc-plans-to-expand-enrollment-with-more-online-summer-programs-and-more-transfer-students/675641\">plans to add another 23,000 students by 2030\u003c/a>. However, that could be challenging at some campuses, especially the most competitive ones like Berkeley, which already is overcrowded to the point that it turns away thousands of students from on-campus housing every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some UC officials are optimistic that eliminating the SAT and ACT will eventually translate to more enrollments of Black and Latino students. Leaman from UC Irvine as well as admissions officials with UC San Diego and UCLA told EdSource that they think it’s possible their campuses will see a higher percentage of those students enrolling in the coming years. That could be especially true if the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lessen since Black and Latino students have been \u003ca href=\"https://latino.ucla.edu/research/fact-sheet-education-covid/\">more likely to have their educational plans disrupted\u003c/a> by the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, it would be a divergence from UC’s past measures that have failed to increase racial diversity across the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its brief to the Supreme Court, UC wrote that its own experience demonstrates that universities need to “engage in limited consideration of race” in admissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Such consideration remains justified by universities’ compelling interest in achieving the educational benefits of diversity — in bringing together young adults from all walks of life, who have had varying experiences informed by their localities, socioeconomic background, upbringing, and race, and instilling in them a capacity to appreciate each other’s viewpoints,” UC wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2022/as-supreme-court-considers-affirmative-action-case-university-of-california-offers-cautionary-tale/679692\">This story was originally published by EdSource.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11928967/the-supreme-court-is-slated-to-hear-a-major-affirmative-action-case-university-of-california-offers-a-cautionary-tale","authors":["byline_news_11928967"],"categories":["news_18540","news_8"],"tags":["news_1895","news_29609","news_1172","news_206"],"featImg":"news_11928975","label":"source_news_11928967"},"news_11845943":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11845943","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11845943","score":null,"sort":[1604613408000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"prop-16-failed-but-these-students-will-keep-fighting-to-diversify-their-universities","title":"Proposition 16 Failed. But These Students Will Keep Fighting to Diversify Their Universities","publishDate":1604613408,"format":"audio","headTitle":"The California Report | KQED News","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/calmatters-en-espanol/2020/11/la-medida-de-la-balota-de-accion-afirmativa-falla-pero-estos-estudiantes-aun-luchan-por-diversificar-sus-universidades/\">Lea este artículo en español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ayo Banjo arrived at UC Santa Cruz for his freshman year, he was surprised to find that only a small fraction, about 4%, of the campus population was Black. It was “stressful,” he recalls, to not see other people who looked like him on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where’s the outreach?” Banjo, now a senior, remembers asking himself. “We’re supposed to be this diverse campus ... but as a Black student, I didn’t feel that representation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Banjo got to work creating the community he was searching for. He started an NAACP chapter on campus and ran for student body president, becoming the first Black man to be elected to the position. He partnered with the Black Student Union on a mentoring program for Black students considering UC Santa Cruz to help encourage them to come to the university. And last year, he and other student leaders from across the UC founded the Pan African Student Association, a coalition of Black and African student unions that advocates for the welfare of Black students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In rejecting Proposition 16 by a 56.1% to 43.9% margin this week, Californians \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844364/californians-voting-to-keep-states-affirmative-action-ban\">effectively voted to continue the state’s ban\u003c/a> on considering race, ethnicity and gender in public college admissions, hiring and contracting. But universities are pushing forward with other efforts to recruit and retain a diverse student body. Often, they’re led by students from underrepresented backgrounds like Banjo, who take time out from their studies to make their campuses more welcoming for other students like them. They say that even though Proposition 16 did not pass, their work will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11844364 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/06/RS30257_GettyImages-941502788-qut-1020x694.jpg']Black and Latino students are underrepresented at the University of California compared to those groups’ share of the state’s population. Statewide, many students of color enter college but don’t graduate. Among Californians who identify as Black, Latino, Native American and Pacific Islander, about half of those who attended college left without a degree, according to a 2019 report by the Campaign for College Opportunity. That’s compared with only 20% of Asian students and 32% of white students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of California runs outreach programs that provide academic advising and college application assistance to high school students who are low-income, from an underrepresented group or the first in their families to attend college. High schoolers who participate in the programs are more likely than their peers to be admitted to and enroll at UC, according to the university. But since 2000, the annual budget for those programs has fallen from about $85 million in 2000 to just over $24 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after California banned affirmative action at public universities with Proposition 209 in 1996 – the measure Proposition 16 would have overturned – enrollment of Black and Native American students in UC’s outreach programs fell, too. Afraid of running afoul of the law, campuses pulled back on targeted outreach to students of color, said Fabrizio Mejia, assistant vice chancellor for student equity and success at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when Prop. 209 happened, I think everybody swung to the conservative. ‘We don’t want to get sued, let’s stay away from all of that,’ ” said Mejia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in recent years, Mejia said, campus leaders have begun to look for creative ways to support recruitment and retention through fundraising from foundations and individual donors, and working with students on fee referenda. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of staff at Berkeley’s on-campus retention and support centers has grown from about nine to more than 25 over the last eight years, Mejia said. While the centers target specific populations like transfer and formerly incarcerated students as well as those from underrepresented ethnic groups, their services are open to any interested students, Mejia said — a key element in complying with Proposition 209.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not every campus has the resources of a Berkeley or UCLA, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot easier (at Berkeley) because we have a bigger donor base and a bigger fundraising infrastructure,” said Mejia. “Once the fundraising infrastructure understands the opportunity to raise money for equity purposes, it’s on. It’s a go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Ayo Banjo, Pan African Student Association, UC Santa Cruz\"]'We're trying to help shape the UC as a model for successful Black students in higher education ... while Black students are compensated for that labor as organizers and scholars.'[/pullquote]Berkeley junior Nona Claypool works at the Indigenous Native Coalition at UC Berkeley, one of seven on-campus recruitment and retention centers for underrepresented groups, doing outreach to Native American community college students. A member of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, Claypool grew up in Wyoming near the Wind River Reservation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was 9 years old, I knew that I had to get out of Wyoming,” she said. “I knew that I lacked opportunity there to grow. So I knew I had to be, like, in the city. I knew I had to get a university education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claypool moved to California and enrolled at Laney Community College in Oakland, when she first encountered the Indigenous Native Coalition. Students from the program helped her apply to Berkeley and introduced her to the Native community there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by her experience, Claypool is currently surveying Native American students about the challenges they face in getting to college — asking them about things like housing and financial aid. Communicating directly with students, she believes, is the best way to identify and address those hurdles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Native Americans represent about the smallest population in higher education,” Claypool said. “But we would benefit greatly from education. We need more tribal leaders who can speak up for tribes and assert, you know, on policy and legislation and things that affect our communities directly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the summer, the Pan African Student Association sat down with representatives of the University of California’s Office of the President to discuss ways the UC could support its Black students. They proposed a Black research grant that would fund Black student leaders to study how the university could improve recruitment and retention in their community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the topics Banjo said students hope to tackle: how to improve Black graduation rates, and why Black alumni from some campuses earn significantly less than white alumni after graduation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to help shape the UC as a model for successful Black students in higher education,” he said, “while Black students are compensated for that labor as organizers and scholars.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11844299 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/BreanneYee_AW_sized-1020x693.jpg']UC spokesperson Claire Doan said that the university was “interested in the idea of a Black research grant program systemwide” and had asked students for a detailed, written proposal. But, she added, “We cannot take any action until we have a clearer idea of our budget and whether we have the funding necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 16 would have given the UC more legal flexibility to support projects like Claypool’s and Banjo’s. But perhaps a bigger challenge is finding the money to boost recruitment and retention of underrepresented students systemwide. The university lost $300 million in funding this year after the coronavirus pandemic put the squeeze on state budgets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our capacity does not in any way meet the demand, and as California’s population has continued to grow and diversify and as students (from underrepresented backgrounds) have moved out of urban centers into more suburban areas, our ability to reach those students has been impacted,” Yvette Gullatt, UC’s chief diversity officer, told the university’s regents at a recent meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, as the vote totals for Proposition 16 rolled in, the No on 16 campaign jubilantly declared victory over a measure that California’s Democratic-dominated Legislature had placed on the ballot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have successfully defeated a far-left measure in America’s bluest state!” Wenyuan Yu, executive director of Californians for Equal Rights wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC President Michael Drake called the measure’s defeat a “setback” for the university, but added, “We will continue our unwavering efforts to expand underrepresented groups’ access to a UC education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banjo said that for students working on recruitment and retention, Proposition 16’s defeat is “disheartening” but also creates an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully, It’s also empowering for our student organizers and communities,” he said. “Because it gives them a reason to continue to translate what could have been the benefits of Prop. 16 into an intentional plan that’s created by their campus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kayleen Carter is a fellow with the \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/projects/college-journalism-network/\">CalMatters College Journalism Network\u003c/a>, a collaboration between CalMatters and student journalists from across California. This story and other higher education coverage are supported by the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Voters didn't overturn California's affirmative action ban. But students of color have been trying to increase representation at their campuses for years — and they won't stop.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1604623750,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1559},"headData":{"title":"Proposition 16 Failed. But These Students Will Keep Fighting to Diversify Their Universities | KQED","description":"Voters didn't overturn California's affirmative action ban. But students of color have been trying to increase representation at their campuses for years — and they won't stop.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11845943 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11845943","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/11/05/prop-16-failed-but-these-students-will-keep-fighting-to-diversify-their-universities/","disqusTitle":"Proposition 16 Failed. But These Students Will Keep Fighting to Diversify Their Universities","source":"CalMatters","sourceUrl":"https://calmatters.org/","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2020/11/CarterRetentionnolede.mp3","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/kayleen-carter/\">Kayleen Carter\u003c/a>","path":"/news/11845943/prop-16-failed-but-these-students-will-keep-fighting-to-diversify-their-universities","audioDuration":226000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/calmatters-en-espanol/2020/11/la-medida-de-la-balota-de-accion-afirmativa-falla-pero-estos-estudiantes-aun-luchan-por-diversificar-sus-universidades/\">Lea este artículo en español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ayo Banjo arrived at UC Santa Cruz for his freshman year, he was surprised to find that only a small fraction, about 4%, of the campus population was Black. It was “stressful,” he recalls, to not see other people who looked like him on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where’s the outreach?” Banjo, now a senior, remembers asking himself. “We’re supposed to be this diverse campus ... but as a Black student, I didn’t feel that representation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Banjo got to work creating the community he was searching for. He started an NAACP chapter on campus and ran for student body president, becoming the first Black man to be elected to the position. He partnered with the Black Student Union on a mentoring program for Black students considering UC Santa Cruz to help encourage them to come to the university. And last year, he and other student leaders from across the UC founded the Pan African Student Association, a coalition of Black and African student unions that advocates for the welfare of Black students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In rejecting Proposition 16 by a 56.1% to 43.9% margin this week, Californians \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11844364/californians-voting-to-keep-states-affirmative-action-ban\">effectively voted to continue the state’s ban\u003c/a> on considering race, ethnicity and gender in public college admissions, hiring and contracting. But universities are pushing forward with other efforts to recruit and retain a diverse student body. Often, they’re led by students from underrepresented backgrounds like Banjo, who take time out from their studies to make their campuses more welcoming for other students like them. They say that even though Proposition 16 did not pass, their work will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11844364","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/06/RS30257_GettyImages-941502788-qut-1020x694.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Black and Latino students are underrepresented at the University of California compared to those groups’ share of the state’s population. Statewide, many students of color enter college but don’t graduate. Among Californians who identify as Black, Latino, Native American and Pacific Islander, about half of those who attended college left without a degree, according to a 2019 report by the Campaign for College Opportunity. That’s compared with only 20% of Asian students and 32% of white students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of California runs outreach programs that provide academic advising and college application assistance to high school students who are low-income, from an underrepresented group or the first in their families to attend college. High schoolers who participate in the programs are more likely than their peers to be admitted to and enroll at UC, according to the university. But since 2000, the annual budget for those programs has fallen from about $85 million in 2000 to just over $24 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after California banned affirmative action at public universities with Proposition 209 in 1996 – the measure Proposition 16 would have overturned – enrollment of Black and Native American students in UC’s outreach programs fell, too. Afraid of running afoul of the law, campuses pulled back on targeted outreach to students of color, said Fabrizio Mejia, assistant vice chancellor for student equity and success at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when Prop. 209 happened, I think everybody swung to the conservative. ‘We don’t want to get sued, let’s stay away from all of that,’ ” said Mejia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in recent years, Mejia said, campus leaders have begun to look for creative ways to support recruitment and retention through fundraising from foundations and individual donors, and working with students on fee referenda. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of staff at Berkeley’s on-campus retention and support centers has grown from about nine to more than 25 over the last eight years, Mejia said. While the centers target specific populations like transfer and formerly incarcerated students as well as those from underrepresented ethnic groups, their services are open to any interested students, Mejia said — a key element in complying with Proposition 209.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not every campus has the resources of a Berkeley or UCLA, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot easier (at Berkeley) because we have a bigger donor base and a bigger fundraising infrastructure,” said Mejia. “Once the fundraising infrastructure understands the opportunity to raise money for equity purposes, it’s on. It’s a go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"'We're trying to help shape the UC as a model for successful Black students in higher education ... while Black students are compensated for that labor as organizers and scholars.'","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Ayo Banjo, Pan African Student Association, UC Santa Cruz","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Berkeley junior Nona Claypool works at the Indigenous Native Coalition at UC Berkeley, one of seven on-campus recruitment and retention centers for underrepresented groups, doing outreach to Native American community college students. A member of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, Claypool grew up in Wyoming near the Wind River Reservation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was 9 years old, I knew that I had to get out of Wyoming,” she said. “I knew that I lacked opportunity there to grow. So I knew I had to be, like, in the city. I knew I had to get a university education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claypool moved to California and enrolled at Laney Community College in Oakland, when she first encountered the Indigenous Native Coalition. Students from the program helped her apply to Berkeley and introduced her to the Native community there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by her experience, Claypool is currently surveying Native American students about the challenges they face in getting to college — asking them about things like housing and financial aid. Communicating directly with students, she believes, is the best way to identify and address those hurdles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Native Americans represent about the smallest population in higher education,” Claypool said. “But we would benefit greatly from education. We need more tribal leaders who can speak up for tribes and assert, you know, on policy and legislation and things that affect our communities directly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the summer, the Pan African Student Association sat down with representatives of the University of California’s Office of the President to discuss ways the UC could support its Black students. They proposed a Black research grant that would fund Black student leaders to study how the university could improve recruitment and retention in their community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the topics Banjo said students hope to tackle: how to improve Black graduation rates, and why Black alumni from some campuses earn significantly less than white alumni after graduation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to help shape the UC as a model for successful Black students in higher education,” he said, “while Black students are compensated for that labor as organizers and scholars.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11844299","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2020/10/BreanneYee_AW_sized-1020x693.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>UC spokesperson Claire Doan said that the university was “interested in the idea of a Black research grant program systemwide” and had asked students for a detailed, written proposal. But, she added, “We cannot take any action until we have a clearer idea of our budget and whether we have the funding necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 16 would have given the UC more legal flexibility to support projects like Claypool’s and Banjo’s. But perhaps a bigger challenge is finding the money to boost recruitment and retention of underrepresented students systemwide. The university lost $300 million in funding this year after the coronavirus pandemic put the squeeze on state budgets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our capacity does not in any way meet the demand, and as California’s population has continued to grow and diversify and as students (from underrepresented backgrounds) have moved out of urban centers into more suburban areas, our ability to reach those students has been impacted,” Yvette Gullatt, UC’s chief diversity officer, told the university’s regents at a recent meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, as the vote totals for Proposition 16 rolled in, the No on 16 campaign jubilantly declared victory over a measure that California’s Democratic-dominated Legislature had placed on the ballot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have successfully defeated a far-left measure in America’s bluest state!” Wenyuan Yu, executive director of Californians for Equal Rights wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC President Michael Drake called the measure’s defeat a “setback” for the university, but added, “We will continue our unwavering efforts to expand underrepresented groups’ access to a UC education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banjo said that for students working on recruitment and retention, Proposition 16’s defeat is “disheartening” but also creates an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopefully, It’s also empowering for our student organizers and communities,” he said. “Because it gives them a reason to continue to translate what could have been the benefits of Prop. 16 into an intentional plan that’s created by their campus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kayleen Carter is a fellow with the \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/projects/college-journalism-network/\">CalMatters College Journalism Network\u003c/a>, a collaboration between CalMatters and student journalists from across California. This story and other higher education coverage are supported by the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11845943/prop-16-failed-but-these-students-will-keep-fighting-to-diversify-their-universities","authors":["byline_news_11845943"],"programs":["news_72"],"categories":["news_18540","news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_1895","news_18538","news_27370","news_17968","news_28626"],"affiliates":["news_18481"],"featImg":"news_11845952","label":"source_news_11845943"},"news_11845720":{"type":"posts","id":"news_11845720","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"news","id":"11845720","score":null,"sort":[1604545414000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"supporters-were-ready-to-reinstate-affirmative-action-but-prop-16-had-problems-from-the-start","title":"Supporters Were Ready to Reinstate Affirmative Action, but Proposition 16 Had Problems From the Start","publishDate":1604545414,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"news"},"content":"\u003cp>California will not reinstate affirmative action in public university admissions, public hiring and the awarding state contracts after Proposition 16 \u003ca href=\"https://electionresults.sos.ca.gov/returns/ballot-measures\">was rejected\u003c/a> by 56% of voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 16 thought this was the moment Californians would finally overturn the state's nearly 25-year ban on affirmative action. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11838267/poll-shows-affirmative-action-property-tax-ballot-measures-struggling\">polls showed\u003c/a> it struggling from the beginning, with just about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11840639/many-californians-hesitant-to-end-states-affirmative-action-ban-poll-shows\">a third of voters\u003c/a> supporting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affirmative action programs are designed to promote opportunities for under-represented groups that may have faced discrimination in the past. Rejecting Proposition 16 upholds the current system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican strategist Cassandra Pye said she was disappointed the measure failed, but not surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think most of us saw polling going in,\" Pye said. \"It was not doing that well. I think some of us also probably thought that with heavy turnout, that might have some impact and maybe make it a little bit tighter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pye notes the California Legislature placed the measure on the ballot in June, following the murder of George Floyd. That, she said, is relatively late in the election cycle, and it hurt the campaign's ability to craft a successful message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What would have been an effective message is, 'You've got a collection or a coalition of voices that don't always agree, that are agreeing on Prop. 16,' \" she said. \"And that just couldn't be a part of the messaging because they just didn't have time to pull that coalition together effectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic strategist Steve Maviglio agrees the campaign lacked a strong message to voters. Money was also an issue. Supporters raised more than $30 million. But Maviglio pointed out that supporters of affirmative action were competing for air time and voters' attention against campaigns funded by companies like Uber and Lyft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thirty-million dollars is nothing to sneeze at,\" Maviglio said, \"but in California, where it costs $4 million to $5 million a week for television ads, it really isn't enough, especially when you're getting overpowered by corporations that spent upwards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11843123/prop-22-explained-why-gig-companies-are-spending-huge-money-on-an-unprecedented-measure\">$250 million\u003c/a> on ads\" for Proposition 22. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 22 spent at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/voterguide/proposition-22-ab-5-gig-workers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$200 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Maviglio said Proposition 16 was simply overlooked by voters on a crowded ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of confusion about the 12 different measures. That's a lot for anybody to handle,\" Maviglio said. \"Never mind the domination by a few of those on the airwaves and mail and everything else. And I think, in large part, Prop. 16 got lost in the sauce.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The ballot measure faced logistical, financial and messaging challenges.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1604602428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":425},"headData":{"title":"Supporters Were Ready to Reinstate Affirmative Action, but Proposition 16 Had Problems From the Start | KQED","description":"The ballot measure faced logistical, financial and messaging challenges.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11845720 https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?p=11845720","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2020/11/04/supporters-were-ready-to-reinstate-affirmative-action-but-prop-16-had-problems-from-the-start/","disqusTitle":"Supporters Were Ready to Reinstate Affirmative Action, but Proposition 16 Had Problems From the Start","path":"/news/11845720/supporters-were-ready-to-reinstate-affirmative-action-but-prop-16-had-problems-from-the-start","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California will not reinstate affirmative action in public university admissions, public hiring and the awarding state contracts after Proposition 16 \u003ca href=\"https://electionresults.sos.ca.gov/returns/ballot-measures\">was rejected\u003c/a> by 56% of voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 16 thought this was the moment Californians would finally overturn the state's nearly 25-year ban on affirmative action. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11838267/poll-shows-affirmative-action-property-tax-ballot-measures-struggling\">polls showed\u003c/a> it struggling from the beginning, with just about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11840639/many-californians-hesitant-to-end-states-affirmative-action-ban-poll-shows\">a third of voters\u003c/a> supporting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affirmative action programs are designed to promote opportunities for under-represented groups that may have faced discrimination in the past. Rejecting Proposition 16 upholds the current system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican strategist Cassandra Pye said she was disappointed the measure failed, but not surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think most of us saw polling going in,\" Pye said. \"It was not doing that well. I think some of us also probably thought that with heavy turnout, that might have some impact and maybe make it a little bit tighter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pye notes the California Legislature placed the measure on the ballot in June, following the murder of George Floyd. That, she said, is relatively late in the election cycle, and it hurt the campaign's ability to craft a successful message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What would have been an effective message is, 'You've got a collection or a coalition of voices that don't always agree, that are agreeing on Prop. 16,' \" she said. \"And that just couldn't be a part of the messaging because they just didn't have time to pull that coalition together effectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic strategist Steve Maviglio agrees the campaign lacked a strong message to voters. Money was also an issue. Supporters raised more than $30 million. But Maviglio pointed out that supporters of affirmative action were competing for air time and voters' attention against campaigns funded by companies like Uber and Lyft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thirty-million dollars is nothing to sneeze at,\" Maviglio said, \"but in California, where it costs $4 million to $5 million a week for television ads, it really isn't enough, especially when you're getting overpowered by corporations that spent upwards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11843123/prop-22-explained-why-gig-companies-are-spending-huge-money-on-an-unprecedented-measure\">$250 million\u003c/a> on ads\" for Proposition 22. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 22 spent at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/voterguide/proposition-22-ab-5-gig-workers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$200 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Maviglio said Proposition 16 was simply overlooked by voters on a crowded ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a lot of confusion about the 12 different measures. That's a lot for anybody to handle,\" Maviglio said. \"Never mind the domination by a few of those on the airwaves and mail and everything else. And I think, in large part, Prop. 16 got lost in the sauce.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/news/11845720/supporters-were-ready-to-reinstate-affirmative-action-but-prop-16-had-problems-from-the-start","authors":["11200"],"categories":["news_8","news_13"],"tags":["news_27540","news_1895","news_27166","news_17968","news_28626","news_20147"],"featImg":"news_11840895","label":"news"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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