Let's Stop Talking About The '30 Million Word Gap'
What Parents Can Gain From Learning the Science of Talking to Kids
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Chances are, if you're the type of person who reads \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/nyregion/for-poor-schoolchildren-a-poverty-of-words.html\">a newspaper \u003c/a>or listens to NPR, you've \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2013/12/29/257922222/closing-the-word-gap-between-rich-and-poor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heard \u003c/a>that statistic \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2014/03/17/289799002/efforts-to-close-the-achievement-gap-in-kids-start-at-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">before\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/09/14/437515492/the-surgeon-who-became-an-activist-for-baby-talk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1992 this finding has, with unusual power, shaped the way educators, parents and policymakers think about educating poor children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But did you know that the number comes from just one study, begun almost 40 years ago, with just 42 families? That some people argue it contained a built-in racial bias? Or that others, including the authors of a brand-new study that calls itself a \"failed replication,\" say it's just wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR talked to eight researchers on all sides to explore this controversy. All of them say they share the goal of helping poor kids achieve their highest potential in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the issue of how to define either the problem, or the solution, there are, well, very big gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that in mind, here are six things to know about the 30 million word gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1.\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> The original study had just 42 families. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/306866080/war-on-poverty-50-years-later\">War on Poverty\u003c/a> in the 1960s, Betty Hart, a former preschool teacher, entered graduate school in child psychology at the University of Kansas, working with Todd Risley as her advisor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two began their research with preschool students in the low-income Juniper Gardens section of Kansas City, explains Dale Walker, who counts Hart as a colleague and mentor. \"They definitely worked out of their personal concern and experience with young children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing differences already present between poor and middle-class children by the age of 3, Hart and Risley decided they had to look for roots even earlier in children's lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 1982, they followed up on birth announcements in the newspaper to recruit families with infants as research subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually chose 42 families at four levels of income and education, from \"welfare\" to \"professional class.\" All of the \"welfare\" families, and 7 out of 10 of the \"working class\" families were black, while 9 out of 10 of the \"professional\" families were white — this will be important later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting when the babies were 7 to 9 months old, the researchers visited each house for one hour, once a month, for two-and-a-half years. They showed up generally in the late afternoon, with a cassette recorder, a clipboard, and a stopwatch, and tried to fade into the background. They were there to record the number of words spoken around the children, as well as the quality and types of interaction (for example, a question versus a command), and the growth in words produced by the children themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The study's been cited over 8,000 times. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 1,200 hours of recordings were collected, the real work began. Transcribing and checking each moment, with their elaborate system of coding, took 16 hours for every hour of tape, Dale Walker explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart and Risley's study wasn't published until 1992, while\u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-98021-000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> their book,\u003c/a> \u003cem>Meaningful Differences In The Everyday Experience of Young American Children, \u003c/em>came out in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it really caught fire. These findings have been cited more than 8,000 times, according to Google Scholar. The book remains one of its publisher's bestsellers more than 20 years later. There is a national research network of over 150 scholars aligned with Hart and Risley and focusing on young children's home environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the impact of this work spread far beyond the ivory tower. \"It's had enormous policy implications,\" says Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, a developmental psychologist at Temple University and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something about that figure, 30 million words, held people's attention. Not only was it big, it seemed actionable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speech — unlike books or housing or health care — is free. If we could somehow get poor parents to speak to their children more, could it make a huge difference in fixing stubborn inequities in society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"word gap\" drove expanded federal investments in Head Start and Early Head Start. Hart and Risley's work inspired early-intervention programs, including the citywide effort Providence Talks in Rhode Island, the Boston-based Reach Out and Read and the Clinton Foundation's \"Too Small To Fail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both researchers are now deceased. But in Kansas City where it all began, Dale Walker and others work on research and interventions at the Juniper Gardens Children's Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Thirty million words is probably an exaggeration. Maybe the gap is 4 million. Maybe it's even smaller.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That eye-popping figure is one of the reasons the study's been so sticky over time. But newer studies have found very different numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Hart and Risley's study was published, critics have taken issue with how the data was collected and interpreted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their study is commendable in many ways, but they just got it wrong,\" says Paul Nation, an expert in vocabulary acquisition at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nation primarily takes issue with the idea that you can estimate vocabulary growth from small samples of speech, particularly when the samples don't contain the same number of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is one of many to have pointed out that the low-income families in their sample may have been intimidated into silence by the presence of a researcher, especially someone of another race. Educated parents, though, might be more likely to show off by talking more when an observer is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern technology can get around this observer effect. A nonprofit called LENA manufactures a tiny digital recording device that can be worn by children as young as 2 months old. Software then estimates speech and turn-taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invisible, it's a lot less intrusive than having a person sitting in the room. Directly inspired by Hart and Risley, LENA is used in school-based and home-based interventions dedicated to closing the word gap in more than 20 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using LENA, scientists published a \u003ca href=\"https://ajslp.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=2621817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">near-replication \u003c/a>of the Hart and Risley study in 2017, only this study had 329 families, nearly 8 times more, and 49,765 hours of recording, from children 2 months to age 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their conclusion? The \"word gap\" between high-income and low-income groups was about 4 million by the time the children turned 4, not 30 million by age 3. Only if you compared the most talkative 2 percent with quietest 2 percent of families did you get a gap nearly as wide as Hart and Risley's, says LENA's senior director of research, Dr. Jill Gilkerson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.13072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just-published study\u003c/a> calls itself a \"failed replication\" of Hart and Risley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed field recordings from five different poor and working-class communities. They found that the amount of speech children heard varied from one place to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lowest-income children recorded in South Baltimore heard 1.7 times as many words per hour as did Hart and Risley's \"welfare\" group. And in the \"Black Belt,\" an area in rural Alabama, poor children heard three times as many words as Hart and Risley's \"welfare\" group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wide variation \"unsettles the notion that income alone determines how many words children hear,\" lead author Douglas Sperry tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Some people take issue with the whole idea of a \"gap.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperry and his coauthors fall into a camp that criticizes the \"word gap\" concept as racially and culturally loaded in a way that ultimately hurts the children they're ostensibly trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To look at income alone obscures real questions about the cultural mismatch between children of color and mainstream European children and their teachers as they enter schools,\" says Sperry. In other words, it's not necessarily that poor children aren't ready for school; it's that schools and teachers are not ready for these children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marjorie Faulstich Orellana, a professor of education at UCLA, has called attention to the \"word wealth\" experienced by children who grow up learning a different language or even a different dialect than the dominant standard English spoken in school. This would describe not only recent immigrants, but anyone whose background isn't white, educated and middle- or upper-class. When they get to school, they must learn to \"code switch\" between two ways of speaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She doesn't disagree that \"there's variation in how much adults speak to children,\" but, she tells NPR, there shouldn't necessarily be a value judgment placed on that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should adults direct lots of questions to children in ways that prepare them to answer questions in school?\" she asks, calling that a \"middle-class, mostly white practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are other values, like using language to entertain or connect, rather than just have children perform their knowledge. How do we honor different families rather than have families change their values to align with school?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, Sofia Bahena, an education professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio, says talking about \"word gaps,\" like \"achievement gaps,\" is an example of what she calls deficit thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can talk about differences without resorting to deficit language by being mindful and respectful of those we are speaking or researching about,\" she explains. \"We can shift the question from, 'how can we fix these students?' to, 'how can we best serve them?' It doesn't mean we don't speak hard truths. But it does mean we try to ask more critical questions to have a deeper understanding of the issues.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Keys Adair at the University of Texas at Austin \u003ca href=\"http://hepgjournals.org/doi/10.17763/1943-5045-87.3.309?code=hepg-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a study\u003c/a> last year of how the \"word gap\" rubber is meeting the road of schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her co-authors spoke with nearly 200 superintendents, administrators, teachers, parents and young children in mostly Spanish-speaking immigrant communities. The educators expressed the belief that the children in grades pre-K through third in this community could not handle learner-centered, project-based, hands-on learning because their vocabulary was too limited. And, the children in the study themselves echoed the belief that they needed to sit quietly and listen in order to learn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adair says the \"word gap\" has become a kind of code word. \"We can say 'vocabulary.' We're not going to say \"poor\" and we're not going to use 'race' but it's still a marker.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The underlying desire to help kids is still pretty compelling, though.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says that Hart and Risley were happy to engage with their critics. \"They valued that input and the give and take.\" But, she says, they were sometimes \"dismayed\" at misinterpretations of their research, such as if people took ideas about the importance of an early start as justification for not trying to improve student outcomes later on in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some boosters agree with critics that the \"word gap\" may need a reframing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, with her longtime collaborator Roberta Michnick Golinkoff and other researchers, wrote a scholarly critique of the Sperry, Sperry and Miller study for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2018/05/21/defending-the-30-million-word-gap-disadvantaged-children-dont-hear-enough-child-directed-words/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Brookings Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am worried,\" Hirsh-Pasek tells NPR, that downplaying the word gap will have \"dangerous\" consequences. \"Whenever you send out a message that, 'hey, this doesn't matter,' the policymakers are listening and say, 'hey, that's great, we can divert the money.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperry's measures included \"bystander talk\" by multiple people in the room, including older siblings and other relatives. So did the LENA study. Hirsh-Pasek says the psychological research is clear that it's the \"dance\" of interaction between caregiver and child that is crucial to learning speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this point is fairly settled among developmental psychologists, anthropologists may dissent, says Douglas Sperry. In some cultures around the world, he notes, such as the Mayans in Central America, addressing young children directly is uncommon, yet people still learn to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirsh-Pasek does agree with the critics that framing the issue as a deficit is wrong. \"I'm so sorry that the 30 million word gap was framed as a gap,\" she says. \"I like to talk about it as building a foundation rather than reducing a gap.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she adds, the sheer volume of conversation directed at children, not just spoken in their presence, is fundamental to language learning and later success in school. All the cultural variation in the world \"doesn't negate the fact that when you look at the averages, there is a problem here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what's most important, says Hirsh-Pasek, is that interventions inspired by Hart and Risley are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-child-language/article/parentdirected-language-intervention-for-children-of-low-socioeconomic-status-a-randomized-controlled-pilot-study/C6707146A62899FA2834C85D77997418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nudging parents in the right direction\u003c/a>. \"We have made changes and movement in kids. In whole communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Let%27s+Stop+Talking+About+The+%2730+Million+Word+Gap%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's one of the most famous studies ever done on kids. It's often cited as a reason children from poor families struggle in school. But it may be neither 30 million words, nor exactly a gap.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1527868389,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":60,"wordCount":2133},"headData":{"title":"Let's Stop Talking About The '30 Million Word Gap' | KQED","description":"It's one of the most famous studies ever done on kids. It's often cited as a reason children from poor families struggle in school. But it may be neither 30 million words, nor exactly a gap.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Let's Stop Talking About The '30 Million Word Gap'","datePublished":"2018-06-01T15:53:09.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-01T15:53:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51314 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=51314","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2018/06/01/lets-stop-talking-about-the-30-million-word-gap/","disqusTitle":"Let's Stop Talking About The '30 Million Word Gap'","nprImageCredit":"Chelsea Beck","nprByline":"Anya Kamenetz","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"615188051","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=615188051&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2018/06/01/615188051/lets-stop-talking-about-the-30-million-word-gap?ft=nprml&f=615188051","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 01 Jun 2018 09:47:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 01 Jun 2018 06:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 01 Jun 2018 09:47:33 -0400","path":"/mindshift/51314/lets-stop-talking-about-the-30-million-word-gap","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Did you know that kids growing up in poverty hear 30 million fewer words by age 3? Chances are, if you're the type of person who reads \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/nyregion/for-poor-schoolchildren-a-poverty-of-words.html\">a newspaper \u003c/a>or listens to NPR, you've \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2013/12/29/257922222/closing-the-word-gap-between-rich-and-poor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heard \u003c/a>that statistic \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2014/03/17/289799002/efforts-to-close-the-achievement-gap-in-kids-start-at-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">before\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/09/14/437515492/the-surgeon-who-became-an-activist-for-baby-talk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1992 this finding has, with unusual power, shaped the way educators, parents and policymakers think about educating poor children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But did you know that the number comes from just one study, begun almost 40 years ago, with just 42 families? That some people argue it contained a built-in racial bias? Or that others, including the authors of a brand-new study that calls itself a \"failed replication,\" say it's just wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR talked to eight researchers on all sides to explore this controversy. All of them say they share the goal of helping poor kids achieve their highest potential in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the issue of how to define either the problem, or the solution, there are, well, very big gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that in mind, here are six things to know about the 30 million word gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1.\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> The original study had just 42 families. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/306866080/war-on-poverty-50-years-later\">War on Poverty\u003c/a> in the 1960s, Betty Hart, a former preschool teacher, entered graduate school in child psychology at the University of Kansas, working with Todd Risley as her advisor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two began their research with preschool students in the low-income Juniper Gardens section of Kansas City, explains Dale Walker, who counts Hart as a colleague and mentor. \"They definitely worked out of their personal concern and experience with young children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing differences already present between poor and middle-class children by the age of 3, Hart and Risley decided they had to look for roots even earlier in children's lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 1982, they followed up on birth announcements in the newspaper to recruit families with infants as research subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually chose 42 families at four levels of income and education, from \"welfare\" to \"professional class.\" All of the \"welfare\" families, and 7 out of 10 of the \"working class\" families were black, while 9 out of 10 of the \"professional\" families were white — this will be important later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting when the babies were 7 to 9 months old, the researchers visited each house for one hour, once a month, for two-and-a-half years. They showed up generally in the late afternoon, with a cassette recorder, a clipboard, and a stopwatch, and tried to fade into the background. They were there to record the number of words spoken around the children, as well as the quality and types of interaction (for example, a question versus a command), and the growth in words produced by the children themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The study's been cited over 8,000 times. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 1,200 hours of recordings were collected, the real work began. Transcribing and checking each moment, with their elaborate system of coding, took 16 hours for every hour of tape, Dale Walker explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hart and Risley's study wasn't published until 1992, while\u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-98021-000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> their book,\u003c/a> \u003cem>Meaningful Differences In The Everyday Experience of Young American Children, \u003c/em>came out in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, it really caught fire. These findings have been cited more than 8,000 times, according to Google Scholar. The book remains one of its publisher's bestsellers more than 20 years later. There is a national research network of over 150 scholars aligned with Hart and Risley and focusing on young children's home environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the impact of this work spread far beyond the ivory tower. \"It's had enormous policy implications,\" says Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, a developmental psychologist at Temple University and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something about that figure, 30 million words, held people's attention. Not only was it big, it seemed actionable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speech — unlike books or housing or health care — is free. If we could somehow get poor parents to speak to their children more, could it make a huge difference in fixing stubborn inequities in society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"word gap\" drove expanded federal investments in Head Start and Early Head Start. Hart and Risley's work inspired early-intervention programs, including the citywide effort Providence Talks in Rhode Island, the Boston-based Reach Out and Read and the Clinton Foundation's \"Too Small To Fail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both researchers are now deceased. But in Kansas City where it all began, Dale Walker and others work on research and interventions at the Juniper Gardens Children's Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Thirty million words is probably an exaggeration. Maybe the gap is 4 million. Maybe it's even smaller.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That eye-popping figure is one of the reasons the study's been so sticky over time. But newer studies have found very different numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Hart and Risley's study was published, critics have taken issue with how the data was collected and interpreted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their study is commendable in many ways, but they just got it wrong,\" says Paul Nation, an expert in vocabulary acquisition at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nation primarily takes issue with the idea that you can estimate vocabulary growth from small samples of speech, particularly when the samples don't contain the same number of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is one of many to have pointed out that the low-income families in their sample may have been intimidated into silence by the presence of a researcher, especially someone of another race. Educated parents, though, might be more likely to show off by talking more when an observer is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern technology can get around this observer effect. A nonprofit called LENA manufactures a tiny digital recording device that can be worn by children as young as 2 months old. Software then estimates speech and turn-taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invisible, it's a lot less intrusive than having a person sitting in the room. Directly inspired by Hart and Risley, LENA is used in school-based and home-based interventions dedicated to closing the word gap in more than 20 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using LENA, scientists published a \u003ca href=\"https://ajslp.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=2621817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">near-replication \u003c/a>of the Hart and Risley study in 2017, only this study had 329 families, nearly 8 times more, and 49,765 hours of recording, from children 2 months to age 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their conclusion? The \"word gap\" between high-income and low-income groups was about 4 million by the time the children turned 4, not 30 million by age 3. Only if you compared the most talkative 2 percent with quietest 2 percent of families did you get a gap nearly as wide as Hart and Risley's, says LENA's senior director of research, Dr. Jill Gilkerson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.13072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just-published study\u003c/a> calls itself a \"failed replication\" of Hart and Risley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed field recordings from five different poor and working-class communities. They found that the amount of speech children heard varied from one place to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lowest-income children recorded in South Baltimore heard 1.7 times as many words per hour as did Hart and Risley's \"welfare\" group. And in the \"Black Belt,\" an area in rural Alabama, poor children heard three times as many words as Hart and Risley's \"welfare\" group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wide variation \"unsettles the notion that income alone determines how many words children hear,\" lead author Douglas Sperry tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Some people take issue with the whole idea of a \"gap.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperry and his coauthors fall into a camp that criticizes the \"word gap\" concept as racially and culturally loaded in a way that ultimately hurts the children they're ostensibly trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To look at income alone obscures real questions about the cultural mismatch between children of color and mainstream European children and their teachers as they enter schools,\" says Sperry. In other words, it's not necessarily that poor children aren't ready for school; it's that schools and teachers are not ready for these children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marjorie Faulstich Orellana, a professor of education at UCLA, has called attention to the \"word wealth\" experienced by children who grow up learning a different language or even a different dialect than the dominant standard English spoken in school. This would describe not only recent immigrants, but anyone whose background isn't white, educated and middle- or upper-class. When they get to school, they must learn to \"code switch\" between two ways of speaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She doesn't disagree that \"there's variation in how much adults speak to children,\" but, she tells NPR, there shouldn't necessarily be a value judgment placed on that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should adults direct lots of questions to children in ways that prepare them to answer questions in school?\" she asks, calling that a \"middle-class, mostly white practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are other values, like using language to entertain or connect, rather than just have children perform their knowledge. How do we honor different families rather than have families change their values to align with school?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, Sofia Bahena, an education professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio, says talking about \"word gaps,\" like \"achievement gaps,\" is an example of what she calls deficit thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can talk about differences without resorting to deficit language by being mindful and respectful of those we are speaking or researching about,\" she explains. \"We can shift the question from, 'how can we fix these students?' to, 'how can we best serve them?' It doesn't mean we don't speak hard truths. But it does mean we try to ask more critical questions to have a deeper understanding of the issues.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Keys Adair at the University of Texas at Austin \u003ca href=\"http://hepgjournals.org/doi/10.17763/1943-5045-87.3.309?code=hepg-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a study\u003c/a> last year of how the \"word gap\" rubber is meeting the road of schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her co-authors spoke with nearly 200 superintendents, administrators, teachers, parents and young children in mostly Spanish-speaking immigrant communities. The educators expressed the belief that the children in grades pre-K through third in this community could not handle learner-centered, project-based, hands-on learning because their vocabulary was too limited. And, the children in the study themselves echoed the belief that they needed to sit quietly and listen in order to learn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adair says the \"word gap\" has become a kind of code word. \"We can say 'vocabulary.' We're not going to say \"poor\" and we're not going to use 'race' but it's still a marker.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The underlying desire to help kids is still pretty compelling, though.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says that Hart and Risley were happy to engage with their critics. \"They valued that input and the give and take.\" But, she says, they were sometimes \"dismayed\" at misinterpretations of their research, such as if people took ideas about the importance of an early start as justification for not trying to improve student outcomes later on in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some boosters agree with critics that the \"word gap\" may need a reframing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, with her longtime collaborator Roberta Michnick Golinkoff and other researchers, wrote a scholarly critique of the Sperry, Sperry and Miller study for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2018/05/21/defending-the-30-million-word-gap-disadvantaged-children-dont-hear-enough-child-directed-words/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Brookings Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am worried,\" Hirsh-Pasek tells NPR, that downplaying the word gap will have \"dangerous\" consequences. \"Whenever you send out a message that, 'hey, this doesn't matter,' the policymakers are listening and say, 'hey, that's great, we can divert the money.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperry's measures included \"bystander talk\" by multiple people in the room, including older siblings and other relatives. So did the LENA study. Hirsh-Pasek says the psychological research is clear that it's the \"dance\" of interaction between caregiver and child that is crucial to learning speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this point is fairly settled among developmental psychologists, anthropologists may dissent, says Douglas Sperry. In some cultures around the world, he notes, such as the Mayans in Central America, addressing young children directly is uncommon, yet people still learn to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirsh-Pasek does agree with the critics that framing the issue as a deficit is wrong. \"I'm so sorry that the 30 million word gap was framed as a gap,\" she says. \"I like to talk about it as building a foundation rather than reducing a gap.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she adds, the sheer volume of conversation directed at children, not just spoken in their presence, is fundamental to language learning and later success in school. All the cultural variation in the world \"doesn't negate the fact that when you look at the averages, there is a problem here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what's most important, says Hirsh-Pasek, is that interventions inspired by Hart and Risley are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-child-language/article/parentdirected-language-intervention-for-children-of-low-socioeconomic-status-a-randomized-controlled-pilot-study/C6707146A62899FA2834C85D77997418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nudging parents in the right direction\u003c/a>. \"We have made changes and movement in kids. In whole communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Let%27s+Stop+Talking+About+The+%2730+Million+Word+Gap%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/51314/lets-stop-talking-about-the-30-million-word-gap","authors":["byline_mindshift_51314"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_815","mindshift_20927"],"featImg":"mindshift_51315","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_42177":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_42177","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"42177","score":null,"sort":[1444910989000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-parents-can-gain-from-learning-the-science-of-talking-to-kids","title":"What Parents Can Gain From Learning the Science of Talking to Kids","publishDate":1444910989,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.frbsf.org/community-development/files/CI_Summer2012_Reardon.pdf\">widening education gap\u003c/a> between the rich and the poor is not news to those who work in education, many of whom have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/03/20/feeling-alone-as-the-opportunity-gap-widens-in-education/\">struggling to close the gap\u003c/a> beginning the day poor children enter kindergarten or preschool. But one unlikely soldier has joined the fight: a pediatric surgeon who wants to get started way before kindergarten. She wants to start closing the gap the day babies are born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When Dr. Dana Suskind began doing cochlear implants on infants at the University of Chicago—a cutting-edge surgical technique that allows once-deaf babies to hear—in her follow-ups with families she noticed a stark difference in how the now-hearing children acquired language. Once they could hear, some children’s language skills thrived and grew, while others languished. Why this was so began to nag at her. What was causing some children to leap ahead in their language skills?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The difference turned out to be the words children heard from their parents and caregivers, millions of them. Baby talk, explaining and describing, asking questions even when they weren’t going to get an answer -- adults “using their words” is the thing that some parents and caregivers do thousands of time a day that builds a baby’s brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Suskind found that, once parents understood the science of language-building, many were eager to try it out.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">While auditing a graduate-level course on child language development at the University of Chicago, Suskind heard about the groundbreaking \u003ca href=\"http://www.aft.org//sites/default/files/periodicals/TheEarlyCatastrophe.pdf\">Hart and Risley study\u003c/a> on the differences in how parents from different income levels interacted with their children. After painstakingly following around families and recording how often they talked to their children, Hart and Risley found that the children of professional parents heard approximately 11 million words in a year, while children from poor welfare families heard only 3 million. Extrapolated over time, Hart and Risley surmised that, by the time poor children turned 4, they had heard 30 million fewer words than their richer counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">There was a direct correlation between the children who’d heard a lot of parent talk and how prepared they were to learn once they arrived at school. Hart and Risley wrote, “With few exceptions, the more parents talked to their children, the faster the children’s vocabularies [grew] and the higher the children’s IQ test scores at age 3 and later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For Suskind, a lightbulb went on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The truth is, much of what you see in children born into poverty is analogous to children born deaf,” Suskind said. “It’s a really important point. The most fundamental science shows that it’s really language, and all that comes with it, the brain-building aspect of things, that makes a difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Bringing Parents On Board\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In Suskind’s new book, \"Thirty Million Words,\" she explains the research behind the word gap in detail, along with her \u003ca href=\"http://thirtymillionwords.org/\">research-based initiative\u003c/a> of the same name, aimed at boosting children’s brains in the first three years of their lives. Working together with researchers at the University of Chicago, Suskind and her team have created an action-based curriculum already used in home visits with 200 families of infants and young children, all of whom will be followed all the way to kindergarten. Their upcoming maternity ward curriculum will launch soon with 350 families, and they hope to expand the program to pediatric well-child visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind’s vision was not just to give parents a directive -- you need to talk more to your child. She wanted them to understand \u003ci>why\u003c/i>. Understanding that you are the architect of your child’s early brain development, said Suskind, is “extremely powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Many parents believe that because they didn’t do well in school themselves, they have no business “teaching” their babies anything. But showing them how simply talking, even baby talking (which Suskind calls “child-directed speech,” and said gets an undeserved bad rap), to their children can make a difference, changes their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“This is the most empowering, affirming science that you can share with parents,” Suskind said. “It’s one thing to say, 'You’re the baby’s most important teacher,' because they don’t really believe it. You have to show them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Of course, some words are more powerful than others. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/coaching-parents-toddler-talk-address-low-income-word-gap/\">2014 report\u003c/a> on the \"PBS NewsHour\" regarding the word gap, a similar effort to increase parent awareness in Providence, Rhode Island, used a Language Environment Analysis (LENA) word pedometer to count the number of words that low-income children heard in a day. Then a social worker would tally the word counts to show parents how much they were, or weren’t, interacting with their child. The report found that the LENA counted the words, but couldn’t assess the message. In other words, as correspondent John Tulenko pointed out, “Damn, why do you always make such a mess?” counted the same number of words as “Honey, you are cute, let’s clean you up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPbSlNLg_gk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Hart and Risley’s research found the message counted as much as the number of words, and the number of encouraging words also differed across socioeconomic lines. They found children in low-income families “heard more than double the negative remarks per hour” compared with the children of professionals, who were much more likely to hear “Good job!” or “You’re right!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Even without science, we know intuitively that saying ‘shut up’ 30 million times is not going to help a child develop into an intelligent, productive, stable adult,” Suskind writes. She said that teaching parents the right kind of positive talk is built into the curriculum, and will be monitored for their ongoing longitudinal study of Thirty Million Words outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"The [Thirty Million Words] home visiting curriculum has an entire module devoted to encouragements -- specifically person-based and process-based praise -- which has been very well received by parents,\" she said. \"We explain the difference between praising the child versus praising the child for what he or she is doing, and how the latter actually builds resilience and determination in young children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind found that, once parents understood the science of language-building, many were eager to try it out. To show parents how baby brain-building is easier than they might think, the Thirty Million Words team broke down language-building into three steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">* \u003cb>Tune In\u003c/b>. “Tuning in” asks parents to follow the child’s lead, to stop what they are doing and join their child, engaging and connecting with them. Often this step means parents need to get down on the floor and help build the Lego castle, or color a page in the coloring book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">* \u003cb>Talk More. \u003c/b>Just like it sounds: Use more words and a rich vocabulary. Narrate the changing of a diaper or doing laundry, use descriptive words. Talk about the past or the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">* \u003cb>Take Turns. \u003c/b>Suskind said many parents say, “But my baby doesn’t have any words! How can we have a conversation?” Viewing young children as a conversational partner means parents can respond to anything -- a gesture, gurgle or burp -- to begin showing young children how to have a conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Here, Suskind slyly slips in a “fourth T”: Turn off the technology to engage with your child. “We’re all at risk now, the technology is so seductive,” said Suskind, admitting that families of all income levels should find time to peel themselves away from technology to tune in and talk. While it’s not realistic to imagine never again getting immersed in a smartphone, understanding why technology doesn’t grow babies’ brains is valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Human brains are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/opinion/sunday/stop-googling-lets-talk.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=MostPopularFB&version=Full®ion=Marginalia&src=me&pgtype=article\">hardwired for social interaction\u003c/a>, and the brain-building benefits of Tuning In, Talking More, and Taking Turns happen when it’s coming from a real human being, not a TV or tablet. Yet there are certain technologies that can actually increase social interaction: “A recent study shows that if you had a Skype with your grandmother,” Suskind said, “somebody on the other side of the screen responding [to your child], that counts! A human being on the other side of the technology works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Thirty-Million-Words-Building-Childs/dp/0525954872\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-42461\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/10/30-million-cover--e1444910815959.jpg\" alt=\"30-million-cover\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind’s passion for talk is infectious, and she hopes to turn not only parents who have benefited from the Three Million Words program into evangelists, but teachers and day-care providers, too. She encourages educators to tell parents about the science of talking to children, and to explain that any opportunity, even the most mundane, is an opportunity to practice the Three Ts. Especially reading a book together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It’s really about having a conversation over the book,” she said. “You don’t have to read every word if the child doesn’t want to. It’s really about having a conversation, tuning in to what your baby is interested in, talking about the pictures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Near the end of \"Thirty Million Words,\" Suskind writes about James, a young dad who used the Three Ts with his son, Marcus, and then began telling everyone in his life about how he learned to talk to children. He even enlisted the help of his son’s day-care teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“She knew a bit about it, but not about Tuning In or the fact that watching TV doesn’t teach words in a way that stick,” James told Suskind. “When I learned new things, I always brought them to her and she would start using them at the day care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind said this kind of spreading the word is crucial to getting the information out. “Sure, I want teachers to read it [the book],” Suskind said. “But I want them to feel empowered, I want them to become evangelists. Because, unless the whole population understands how important parents and teachers are, we’re never going to get the investment.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Understanding that you are the architect of your child’s early brain development is “extremely powerful,” according to Dr. Dana Suskind of the Thirty Million Words Initiative. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444911345,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":1736},"headData":{"title":"What Parents Can Gain From Learning the Science of Talking to Kids | KQED","description":"Understanding that you are the architect of your child’s early brain development is “extremely powerful,” according to Dr. Dana Suskind of the Thirty Million Words Initiative. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Parents Can Gain From Learning the Science of Talking to Kids","datePublished":"2015-10-15T12:09:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-15T12:15:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42177 http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=42177","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/10/15/what-parents-can-gain-from-learning-the-science-of-talking-to-kids/","disqusTitle":"What Parents Can Gain From Learning the Science of Talking to Kids","path":"/mindshift/42177/what-parents-can-gain-from-learning-the-science-of-talking-to-kids","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.frbsf.org/community-development/files/CI_Summer2012_Reardon.pdf\">widening education gap\u003c/a> between the rich and the poor is not news to those who work in education, many of whom have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/03/20/feeling-alone-as-the-opportunity-gap-widens-in-education/\">struggling to close the gap\u003c/a> beginning the day poor children enter kindergarten or preschool. But one unlikely soldier has joined the fight: a pediatric surgeon who wants to get started way before kindergarten. She wants to start closing the gap the day babies are born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When Dr. Dana Suskind began doing cochlear implants on infants at the University of Chicago—a cutting-edge surgical technique that allows once-deaf babies to hear—in her follow-ups with families she noticed a stark difference in how the now-hearing children acquired language. Once they could hear, some children’s language skills thrived and grew, while others languished. Why this was so began to nag at her. What was causing some children to leap ahead in their language skills?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The difference turned out to be the words children heard from their parents and caregivers, millions of them. Baby talk, explaining and describing, asking questions even when they weren’t going to get an answer -- adults “using their words” is the thing that some parents and caregivers do thousands of time a day that builds a baby’s brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Suskind found that, once parents understood the science of language-building, many were eager to try it out.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">While auditing a graduate-level course on child language development at the University of Chicago, Suskind heard about the groundbreaking \u003ca href=\"http://www.aft.org//sites/default/files/periodicals/TheEarlyCatastrophe.pdf\">Hart and Risley study\u003c/a> on the differences in how parents from different income levels interacted with their children. After painstakingly following around families and recording how often they talked to their children, Hart and Risley found that the children of professional parents heard approximately 11 million words in a year, while children from poor welfare families heard only 3 million. Extrapolated over time, Hart and Risley surmised that, by the time poor children turned 4, they had heard 30 million fewer words than their richer counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">There was a direct correlation between the children who’d heard a lot of parent talk and how prepared they were to learn once they arrived at school. Hart and Risley wrote, “With few exceptions, the more parents talked to their children, the faster the children’s vocabularies [grew] and the higher the children’s IQ test scores at age 3 and later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For Suskind, a lightbulb went on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The truth is, much of what you see in children born into poverty is analogous to children born deaf,” Suskind said. “It’s a really important point. The most fundamental science shows that it’s really language, and all that comes with it, the brain-building aspect of things, that makes a difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Bringing Parents On Board\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In Suskind’s new book, \"Thirty Million Words,\" she explains the research behind the word gap in detail, along with her \u003ca href=\"http://thirtymillionwords.org/\">research-based initiative\u003c/a> of the same name, aimed at boosting children’s brains in the first three years of their lives. Working together with researchers at the University of Chicago, Suskind and her team have created an action-based curriculum already used in home visits with 200 families of infants and young children, all of whom will be followed all the way to kindergarten. Their upcoming maternity ward curriculum will launch soon with 350 families, and they hope to expand the program to pediatric well-child visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind’s vision was not just to give parents a directive -- you need to talk more to your child. She wanted them to understand \u003ci>why\u003c/i>. Understanding that you are the architect of your child’s early brain development, said Suskind, is “extremely powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Many parents believe that because they didn’t do well in school themselves, they have no business “teaching” their babies anything. But showing them how simply talking, even baby talking (which Suskind calls “child-directed speech,” and said gets an undeserved bad rap), to their children can make a difference, changes their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“This is the most empowering, affirming science that you can share with parents,” Suskind said. “It’s one thing to say, 'You’re the baby’s most important teacher,' because they don’t really believe it. You have to show them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Of course, some words are more powerful than others. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/coaching-parents-toddler-talk-address-low-income-word-gap/\">2014 report\u003c/a> on the \"PBS NewsHour\" regarding the word gap, a similar effort to increase parent awareness in Providence, Rhode Island, used a Language Environment Analysis (LENA) word pedometer to count the number of words that low-income children heard in a day. Then a social worker would tally the word counts to show parents how much they were, or weren’t, interacting with their child. The report found that the LENA counted the words, but couldn’t assess the message. In other words, as correspondent John Tulenko pointed out, “Damn, why do you always make such a mess?” counted the same number of words as “Honey, you are cute, let’s clean you up.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XPbSlNLg_gk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XPbSlNLg_gk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Hart and Risley’s research found the message counted as much as the number of words, and the number of encouraging words also differed across socioeconomic lines. They found children in low-income families “heard more than double the negative remarks per hour” compared with the children of professionals, who were much more likely to hear “Good job!” or “You’re right!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Even without science, we know intuitively that saying ‘shut up’ 30 million times is not going to help a child develop into an intelligent, productive, stable adult,” Suskind writes. She said that teaching parents the right kind of positive talk is built into the curriculum, and will be monitored for their ongoing longitudinal study of Thirty Million Words outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"The [Thirty Million Words] home visiting curriculum has an entire module devoted to encouragements -- specifically person-based and process-based praise -- which has been very well received by parents,\" she said. \"We explain the difference between praising the child versus praising the child for what he or she is doing, and how the latter actually builds resilience and determination in young children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind found that, once parents understood the science of language-building, many were eager to try it out. To show parents how baby brain-building is easier than they might think, the Thirty Million Words team broke down language-building into three steps:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">* \u003cb>Tune In\u003c/b>. “Tuning in” asks parents to follow the child’s lead, to stop what they are doing and join their child, engaging and connecting with them. Often this step means parents need to get down on the floor and help build the Lego castle, or color a page in the coloring book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">* \u003cb>Talk More. \u003c/b>Just like it sounds: Use more words and a rich vocabulary. Narrate the changing of a diaper or doing laundry, use descriptive words. Talk about the past or the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">* \u003cb>Take Turns. \u003c/b>Suskind said many parents say, “But my baby doesn’t have any words! How can we have a conversation?” Viewing young children as a conversational partner means parents can respond to anything -- a gesture, gurgle or burp -- to begin showing young children how to have a conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Here, Suskind slyly slips in a “fourth T”: Turn off the technology to engage with your child. “We’re all at risk now, the technology is so seductive,” said Suskind, admitting that families of all income levels should find time to peel themselves away from technology to tune in and talk. While it’s not realistic to imagine never again getting immersed in a smartphone, understanding why technology doesn’t grow babies’ brains is valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Human brains are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/opinion/sunday/stop-googling-lets-talk.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=MostPopularFB&version=Full®ion=Marginalia&src=me&pgtype=article\">hardwired for social interaction\u003c/a>, and the brain-building benefits of Tuning In, Talking More, and Taking Turns happen when it’s coming from a real human being, not a TV or tablet. Yet there are certain technologies that can actually increase social interaction: “A recent study shows that if you had a Skype with your grandmother,” Suskind said, “somebody on the other side of the screen responding [to your child], that counts! A human being on the other side of the technology works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Thirty-Million-Words-Building-Childs/dp/0525954872\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-42461\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/10/30-million-cover--e1444910815959.jpg\" alt=\"30-million-cover\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind’s passion for talk is infectious, and she hopes to turn not only parents who have benefited from the Three Million Words program into evangelists, but teachers and day-care providers, too. She encourages educators to tell parents about the science of talking to children, and to explain that any opportunity, even the most mundane, is an opportunity to practice the Three Ts. Especially reading a book together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“It’s really about having a conversation over the book,” she said. “You don’t have to read every word if the child doesn’t want to. It’s really about having a conversation, tuning in to what your baby is interested in, talking about the pictures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Near the end of \"Thirty Million Words,\" Suskind writes about James, a young dad who used the Three Ts with his son, Marcus, and then began telling everyone in his life about how he learned to talk to children. He even enlisted the help of his son’s day-care teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“She knew a bit about it, but not about Tuning In or the fact that watching TV doesn’t teach words in a way that stick,” James told Suskind. “When I learned new things, I always brought them to her and she would start using them at the day care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Suskind said this kind of spreading the word is crucial to getting the information out. “Sure, I want teachers to read it [the book],” Suskind said. “But I want them to feel empowered, I want them to become evangelists. Because, unless the whole population understands how important parents and teachers are, we’re never going to get the investment.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/42177/what-parents-can-gain-from-learning-the-science-of-talking-to-kids","authors":["4445"],"categories":["mindshift_192","mindshift_194"],"tags":["mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_444","mindshift_419","mindshift_20927"],"featImg":"mindshift_42459","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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