Only a quarter of federally funded education innovations benefited students, report says
Learning science might help kids read better
As schools embrace the science of reading, researchers are criticizing an overemphasis on auditory skills
A diverse classroom library includes and respects fat characters, too
A secret shelf of banned books thrives in a Texas school, under the nose of censors
‘Right-to-read’ settlement spurred higher reading scores in California’s lowest performing schools, study finds
'Curlfriends: New In Town' reminds us that there can be positives of middle school
How bibliocounseling can create space for Black girls and girls of color to connect in school
Most students are learning at typical pace again, but those who lost ground during COVID-19 aren't catching up
Sponsored
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Artificial intelligence is the current obsession. Philanthropic funders often say they want to see fewer stories about problems and more stories about solutions. But the truth is that lifting student achievement is really hard, and the vast majority of innovations don’t end up working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">A \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/2024002/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">February 2024 report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> about a research-and-development program inside the Department of Education makes this truth crystal clear. The failure rate was 74%. Under this program, called Investing in Innovation or i3, the federal government gave out $1.4 billion between 2010 and 2016 to education nonprofits and researchers for the purpose of developing and testing new ideas in the classroom. But only 26% of the innovations yielded \u003ci>any\u003c/i> positive benefits for students and no negative harms, according to the program’s final report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Most of the 172 grants tested ideas about improving instruction or turning around low-performing schools. Almost 150 of them reported results with more than 20 still unfinished. Of the completed ones, a quarter of the innovations hadn’t been properly tested. Doing rigorous research isn’t easy; you need to set up a group of comparison students who don’t get the intervention and track everyone’s progress. Of the 112 properly evaluated grants, the most common result was a null finding, meaning that the intervention didn’t make a difference. Only a small handful left students worse off. The results for each program are hidden in pages 55 through 64 of a separate \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/2024002/pdf/2024002_appendices.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">appendices document\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, but I have created a \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Appendix-results.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">pdf of them\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">The low success rate for new ideas is “psychologically disappointing,” said Barbara Goodson, lead author of the report and an expert in educational research at the consulting firm Abt Global. “You would hope that all this [innovation] would pan out for students and that we would know better how to make education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">\u003cb>A 26% success rate\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-63343\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"716\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image3.png 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image3-160x184.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-six percent of i3 evaluations found at least one positive effect and no negative effects on student academic outcomes (39 grants). WWC refers to the What Works Clearinghouse, a library of evidence-based teaching practices. \u003ccite>(IES, February 2024)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">The original ideas all showed promise and outside reviewers rated applications. But when you try new things and put them to a rigorous test in real classrooms, human behavior and students achievement are influenced by so many things that you cannot control, from struggles at home and poverty to health issues and psychological stress. And it can be difficult to generate downstream results for students on a year-end achievement test when an intervention is targeting something else, such parent engagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Some innovations did work well. \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/a-little-known-program-has-lifted-9th-grade-performance-in-virtually-every-type-of-school/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Building Assets, Reducing Risks\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (BARR) is the poster child for what this grant program had hoped to produce. The idea was an early warning system that detects when children are starting to stumble at school. Teachers, administrators or counselors intervene in this early stage and build relationships with students to get them back on track. It received a seed grant to develop the idea and implement it in schools. The results were good enough for BARR to receive a bigger federal grant from this R&D program three years later. Again it worked with different types of students in different parts of the country, and BARR received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/resource/report/building-assets-and-reducing-risks-barr-i3-scale-evaluation\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">third grant\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to scale it up across the nation in 2017. Now BARR is in more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/minnesota-schools-awarded-funding-to-implement-evidence-based-barr-system-301955641.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">300 schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and Maine is adopting it statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Some ideas that were proven to work in the short term didn’t yield long-term benefits or backfired completely. One example is Reading Recovery, a tutoring program for struggling readers in first grade that costs $10,000 per student and was a recipient of one of these grants. A randomized control trial that began in 2011 produced a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0162373718764828\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">giant boost in reading achievement for first graders\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. However, three years later, Reading Recovery students subsequently fell behind and by \u003ca href=\"https://www.apmreports.org/story/2022/04/23/reading-recovery-negative-impact-on-children\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fourth grade were far worse readers\u003c/span>\u003c/a> than similar students who hadn’t had the tutoring, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19345747.2023.2209092\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">follow-up study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. The tutoring seemed to harm them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">It can be hard to understand these contradictions. Henry May, an associate professor at the University of Delaware who conducted both the short-term and long-term Reading Recovery studies, explained that the assessment used in the first grade study was full of simple one-syllable words. The tutoring sessions likely exposed children to these words so many times that the students memorized them. But Reading Recovery hadn’t taught the phonics necessary to read more complex words in later grades, May said. Reading Recovery disputes the long-term study results, pointing out that three-fourths of the study participants had departed so data was collected for only 25% of them. A spokesperson for the nonprofit organization also says it does teach phonics in its tutoring program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">I asked Abt’s Goodson to summarize the lessons learned from the federal program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"ul1\">\n\u003cli class=\"li10\">\u003cstrong>More students.\u003c/strong> It might seem like common sense to try a new idea on only a small group of students at first, but the Department of Education learned over time that it needed to increase the number of students in order to produce statistically significant results. There are two reasons that a study can end with a null result. One is because the intervention didn’t work, but it can also be a methodological quirk. When the achievement benefits are small, you need a large number of students to be sure that the result wasn’t a fluke. There were too many fluke signals in these evaluation studies. Over the years, sample sizes were increased even for ideas that were in the early development stage.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li10\">\u003cstrong>Implementation.\u003c/strong> Goodson still believes in the importance of randomized control trials to create credible evidence for what works, but she says one of the big lessons is that these trials alone are not enough. \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Documenting and studying the implementation\u003c/span> are just as important as evaluating the results, she said. Understanding the barriers in the classroom can help developers tweak programs and make them more effective. They might be too expensive or require too many weeks of teacher training. The disappointing results of the i3 program have helped spawn a new \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/2023005/pdf/2023005.pdf\">“science of implementation”\u003c/a> to learn more about these obstacles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li11\">\u003cstrong>National scale up.\u003c/strong> Too much money was spent on expanding new ideas to more students across the nation, and some of these ideas ended up not panning out in research evaluations. In the successor program to i3, the scale up grants are much smaller. Instead of using the money to directly implement the intervention nationwide, the funds help innovators make practical adjustments so that it can be replicated. For example, instead of using expensive outside coaches, a program might experiment with training existing teachers at a school to run it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Though the original i3 program no longer exists, its successor program, Education Innovation and Research (EIR), continues with the same mission of developing and evaluating new ideas. Currently, it is ramping up funding to deal with the post-pandemic crises of learning loss, mental health and teacher attrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p12\">\u003cb>Education Innovation and Research (EIR) grants 2017-2023\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-63344\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"904\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2.png 904w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2-800x356.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2-160x71.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2-768x342.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">It’s easy to feel discouraged that the federal government has invested around $3 billion in the last dozen years on educational innovation with so little to show for it. But we are slowly building a \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">good evidence database\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of some things that do work – ideas that are not just based on gut instincts and whim, but are scientifically proven with a relatively small investment compared to what the government spends on research in other areas. By contrast, \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47564\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">defense research gets over $90 billion a year. Health research receives nearly $50 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. I wonder how much further we might be in helping students become proficient in reading and math if we invested even a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003ci>This story about\u003c/i> \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-only-a-quarter-of-federally-funded-education-innovations-benefited-students-report-says/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ci>education R&D\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/i>The Hechinger Report\u003ci>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ci>Proof Points newsletter\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"$1.4 billion given out in the Investing in Innovation program yielded disappointing results.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1710520992,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":2,"wordCount":1385},"headData":{"title":"Only a quarter of federally funded education innovations benefited students, report says | KQED","description":"$1.4 billion given out in the Investing in Innovation program yielded disappointing results.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"$1.4 billion given out in the Investing in Innovation program yielded disappointing results."},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/63341/only-a-quarter-of-federally-funded-education-innovations-benefited-students-report-says","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p7\">Education journalism is chock full of stories touting some brand new idea that could fix schools. Artificial intelligence is the current obsession. Philanthropic funders often say they want to see fewer stories about problems and more stories about solutions. But the truth is that lifting student achievement is really hard, and the vast majority of innovations don’t end up working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">A \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/2024002/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">February 2024 report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> about a research-and-development program inside the Department of Education makes this truth crystal clear. The failure rate was 74%. Under this program, called Investing in Innovation or i3, the federal government gave out $1.4 billion between 2010 and 2016 to education nonprofits and researchers for the purpose of developing and testing new ideas in the classroom. But only 26% of the innovations yielded \u003ci>any\u003c/i> positive benefits for students and no negative harms, according to the program’s final report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Most of the 172 grants tested ideas about improving instruction or turning around low-performing schools. Almost 150 of them reported results with more than 20 still unfinished. Of the completed ones, a quarter of the innovations hadn’t been properly tested. Doing rigorous research isn’t easy; you need to set up a group of comparison students who don’t get the intervention and track everyone’s progress. Of the 112 properly evaluated grants, the most common result was a null finding, meaning that the intervention didn’t make a difference. Only a small handful left students worse off. The results for each program are hidden in pages 55 through 64 of a separate \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/2024002/pdf/2024002_appendices.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">appendices document\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, but I have created a \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Appendix-results.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">pdf of them\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">The low success rate for new ideas is “psychologically disappointing,” said Barbara Goodson, lead author of the report and an expert in educational research at the consulting firm Abt Global. “You would hope that all this [innovation] would pan out for students and that we would know better how to make education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">\u003cb>A 26% success rate\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-63343\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"716\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image3.png 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image3-160x184.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-six percent of i3 evaluations found at least one positive effect and no negative effects on student academic outcomes (39 grants). WWC refers to the What Works Clearinghouse, a library of evidence-based teaching practices. \u003ccite>(IES, February 2024)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">The original ideas all showed promise and outside reviewers rated applications. But when you try new things and put them to a rigorous test in real classrooms, human behavior and students achievement are influenced by so many things that you cannot control, from struggles at home and poverty to health issues and psychological stress. And it can be difficult to generate downstream results for students on a year-end achievement test when an intervention is targeting something else, such parent engagement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Some innovations did work well. \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/a-little-known-program-has-lifted-9th-grade-performance-in-virtually-every-type-of-school/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Building Assets, Reducing Risks\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (BARR) is the poster child for what this grant program had hoped to produce. The idea was an early warning system that detects when children are starting to stumble at school. Teachers, administrators or counselors intervene in this early stage and build relationships with students to get them back on track. It received a seed grant to develop the idea and implement it in schools. The results were good enough for BARR to receive a bigger federal grant from this R&D program three years later. Again it worked with different types of students in different parts of the country, and BARR received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.org/resource/report/building-assets-and-reducing-risks-barr-i3-scale-evaluation\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">third grant\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to scale it up across the nation in 2017. Now BARR is in more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/minnesota-schools-awarded-funding-to-implement-evidence-based-barr-system-301955641.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">300 schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and Maine is adopting it statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Some ideas that were proven to work in the short term didn’t yield long-term benefits or backfired completely. One example is Reading Recovery, a tutoring program for struggling readers in first grade that costs $10,000 per student and was a recipient of one of these grants. A randomized control trial that began in 2011 produced a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0162373718764828\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">giant boost in reading achievement for first graders\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. However, three years later, Reading Recovery students subsequently fell behind and by \u003ca href=\"https://www.apmreports.org/story/2022/04/23/reading-recovery-negative-impact-on-children\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fourth grade were far worse readers\u003c/span>\u003c/a> than similar students who hadn’t had the tutoring, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19345747.2023.2209092\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">follow-up study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. The tutoring seemed to harm them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">It can be hard to understand these contradictions. Henry May, an associate professor at the University of Delaware who conducted both the short-term and long-term Reading Recovery studies, explained that the assessment used in the first grade study was full of simple one-syllable words. The tutoring sessions likely exposed children to these words so many times that the students memorized them. But Reading Recovery hadn’t taught the phonics necessary to read more complex words in later grades, May said. Reading Recovery disputes the long-term study results, pointing out that three-fourths of the study participants had departed so data was collected for only 25% of them. A spokesperson for the nonprofit organization also says it does teach phonics in its tutoring program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">I asked Abt’s Goodson to summarize the lessons learned from the federal program:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"ul1\">\n\u003cli class=\"li10\">\u003cstrong>More students.\u003c/strong> It might seem like common sense to try a new idea on only a small group of students at first, but the Department of Education learned over time that it needed to increase the number of students in order to produce statistically significant results. There are two reasons that a study can end with a null result. One is because the intervention didn’t work, but it can also be a methodological quirk. When the achievement benefits are small, you need a large number of students to be sure that the result wasn’t a fluke. There were too many fluke signals in these evaluation studies. Over the years, sample sizes were increased even for ideas that were in the early development stage.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li10\">\u003cstrong>Implementation.\u003c/strong> Goodson still believes in the importance of randomized control trials to create credible evidence for what works, but she says one of the big lessons is that these trials alone are not enough. \u003cspan class=\"s2\">Documenting and studying the implementation\u003c/span> are just as important as evaluating the results, she said. Understanding the barriers in the classroom can help developers tweak programs and make them more effective. They might be too expensive or require too many weeks of teacher training. The disappointing results of the i3 program have helped spawn a new \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/2023005/pdf/2023005.pdf\">“science of implementation”\u003c/a> to learn more about these obstacles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli class=\"li11\">\u003cstrong>National scale up.\u003c/strong> Too much money was spent on expanding new ideas to more students across the nation, and some of these ideas ended up not panning out in research evaluations. In the successor program to i3, the scale up grants are much smaller. Instead of using the money to directly implement the intervention nationwide, the funds help innovators make practical adjustments so that it can be replicated. For example, instead of using expensive outside coaches, a program might experiment with training existing teachers at a school to run it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Though the original i3 program no longer exists, its successor program, Education Innovation and Research (EIR), continues with the same mission of developing and evaluating new ideas. Currently, it is ramping up funding to deal with the post-pandemic crises of learning loss, mental health and teacher attrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p12\">\u003cb>Education Innovation and Research (EIR) grants 2017-2023\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-63344\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"904\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2.png 904w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2-800x356.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2-160x71.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/03/image2-768x342.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">It’s easy to feel discouraged that the federal government has invested around $3 billion in the last dozen years on educational innovation with so little to show for it. But we are slowly building a \u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">good evidence database\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of some things that do work – ideas that are not just based on gut instincts and whim, but are scientifically proven with a relatively small investment compared to what the government spends on research in other areas. By contrast, \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47564\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">defense research gets over $90 billion a year. Health research receives nearly $50 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. I wonder how much further we might be in helping students become proficient in reading and math if we invested even a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">\u003ci>This story about\u003c/i> \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-only-a-quarter-of-federally-funded-education-innovations-benefited-students-report-says/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ci>education R&D\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/i>The Hechinger Report\u003ci>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ci>Proof Points newsletter\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/63341/only-a-quarter-of-federally-funded-education-innovations-benefited-students-report-says","authors":["byline_mindshift_63341"],"categories":["mindshift_21504","mindshift_21579"],"tags":["mindshift_444","mindshift_550"],"featImg":"mindshift_63345","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_63315":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_63315","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"63315","score":null,"sort":[1710151256000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"learning-science-might-help-kids-read-better","title":"Learning science might help kids read better","publishDate":1710151256,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Learning science might help kids read better | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A growing chorus of education researchers, pundits and “science of reading” advocates are calling for young children to be taught more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60793/gholdy-muhammad-wants-teachers-to-see-the-world-as-curriculum\">the world around them\u003c/a>. It’s an indirect way of teaching reading comprehension. The theory is that what we grasp from what we read depends on whether we can hook it to concepts and topics that we already know. Natalie Wexler’s 2019 best-selling book, \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://nataliewexler.com/the-knowledge-gap/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Knowledge Gap\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, championed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/54452/why-deeply-diving-into-content-could-be-the-key-to-reading-comprehension\">knowledge-building curricula\u003c/a> and more schools around the country, from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimorecp.org/resources/core-knowledge-lessons/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Baltimore\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/reading-comprehension-hinges-on-building-knowledge-new-curricula-aim-to-help/2024/01\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michigan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.libertycommon.org/about/news-and-events/colorado-core-knowledge-network\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Colorado\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, are adopting these content-filled lesson plans to teach geography, astronomy and even art history. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Makers of knowledge-building curricula say their lessons are based on research, but the truth is that there is scant classroom evidence that building knowledge first increases future reading comprehension. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2023, University of Virginia researchers promoted \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edworkingpapers.com/index.php/ai23-755\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a study of Colorado charter schools that had adopted E.D. Hirsch’s Core Knowledge curriculum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Children who had won lotteries to attend these charter schools had higher reading scores than students who lost the lotteries. But it was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61475/what-the-latest-reading-study-thats-getting-a-lot-of-buzz-says-and-where-its-evidence-falls-short\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">impossible to tell whether the Core Knowledge curriculum itself made the difference\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or if the boost to reading scores could be attributed to other things that these charter schools were doing, such as hiring great teachers and training them well. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More importantly, the students at these charter schools were largely from middle and upper middle class families. And what we really want to know is whether knowledge building at school helps poorer children, who are less likely to be exposed to the world through travel, live performances and other experiences that money can buy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A new study, published online on Feb. 26, 2024, in the peer-reviewed journal Developmental Psychology, now provides stronger causal evidence that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2024-55174-001.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">building background knowledge can translate into higher reading achievement for low-income children\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The study took place in an unnamed, large urban school district in North Carolina where most of the students are Black and Hispanic and 40% are from low-income families.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2019, a group of researchers, led by James Kim, a professor at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Education, randomly selected 15 of the district’s 30 elementary schools to teach first graders special \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/jameskim/pages/research-summary\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">knowledge-building lessons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for three years, through third grade. Kim, a reading specialist, and other researchers had developed two sets of multi-year lesson plans, one for science and one for social studies. Students were also given related books to read during the summer. (\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This research was funded by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, which is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The remaining 15 elementary schools in the district continued to teach their students as usual, still delivering some social studies and science instruction, but not these special lessons. Regular reading class was untouched in the experiment. All 30 schools were using the same reading curriculum, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edreports.org/reports/overview/el-education-k-5-language-arts-2017\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Expeditionary Learning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which follows science of reading principles and teaches phonics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19 hit in the middle of the experiment. When schools shut down in the spring of 2020, the researchers scrapped the planned social studies units for second graders. In 2021, students were still not attending school in person. The researchers revised their science curriculum and decided to give an abridged online version to all 30 schools instead of just half. In the end, children in the original 15 schools received one year of social studies lessons and three years of science lessons compared to only one year of science in the comparison group. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, approximately 1,000 students who had received the special science and social studies lessons in first and second grades outperformed the 1,000 students who got only the abbreviated online science in third grade. Their reading and math scores on the North Carolina state tests were higher not only in third grade, but also in fourth grade, more than a year after the knowledge-building experiment ended. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It wasn’t a huge boost to reading achievement, but it was significant and long-lasting. It cost about $400 per student in instructional materials and teacher training.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Timothy Shanahan, a literacy expert and a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Chicago who was not involved in this research or the development of these science lessons, praised the study. “The study makes it very clear (as have a few others recently) that it is possible to combine reading with social studies and science curriculum in powerful ways that can improve both literacy and content knowledge,” he said by email. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Connecting background knowledge to reading comprehension is not a new idea. A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-0663.80.1.16\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">famous 1987 experiment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> documented that children who were weaker readers but knowledgeable about baseball understood a reading passage about baseball better than children who were stronger readers but didn’t know much about the sport. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Obviously, it’s not realistic for schools to attempt to familiarize students with every topic they might encounter in a book. And there is disagreement among researchers about how general knowledge of the world translates into higher reading performance.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kim thinks that a knowledge-building curriculum doesn’t need to teach many topics. Random facts, he says, are not important. He argues for depth instead of breadth. He says it’s important to construct a thoughtful sequence of lessons over the years, allowing students to see how the same patterns crop up in different ways. He calls these patterns “schemas.” In this experiment, for example, students learned about animal survival in first grade and dinosaur extinction in second grade. In third grade, that evolved into a more general understanding of how living systems function. By the end of third grade, many students were able to see how the idea of functioning systems can apply to inanimate objects, such as skyscrapers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s the patterns that can be analogized to new circumstances, Kim explained. Once a student is familiar with the template, a new text on an unfamiliar topic can be easier to grasp.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kim and his team also paired the science lessons with clusters of vocabulary words that were likely to come up again in the future – almost like wine pairings with a meal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The full benefits of this kind of knowledge building didn’t materialize until after several years of coordinated instruction. In the first years, students were only able to transfer their ability to comprehend text on one topic to another if the topics were very similar. This study indicates that as their content knowledge deepened, their ability to generalize increased as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s a lot going on here: a spiraling curriculum that revisits and builds upon themes year after year; an explicit teaching of underlying patterns; new vocabulary words, and a progression from the simple to the complex. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are many versions of knowledge-rich curricula and this one isn’t about exposing students to a classical canon. It remains unclear if all knowledge-building curricula work as well. Other programs sometimes replace the main reading class with knowledge-building lessons. This one didn’t tinker with regular reading class. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The biggest challenge with the approach used in the North Carolina experiment is that it requires schools to coordinate lessons across grades. That’s hard. Some teachers may want to keep their favorite units on, say, growing a bean plant, and may bristle at the idea of throwing away their old lesson plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s also worth noting that students’ math scores improved as much as their reading scores did in this North Carolina experiment. It might seem surprising that a literacy intervention would also boost math. But math also requires a lot of reading; the state’s math tests were full of word problems. Any successful effort to boost reading skills is also likely to have positive spillovers into math, researchers explained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">School leaders are under great pressure to boost test scores. To do that, they’ve often doubled time spent on reading and cut science and social studies classes. Studies like this one suggest that those cuts may have been costly, further undermining reading achievement instead of improving it. As researchers discover more about the science of reading, it may well turn out to be that more time on science itself is what kids need to become good readers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-learning-science-might-help-kids-read-better/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">background knowledge\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A recent study provides stronger causal evidence that building background knowledge can translate into higher reading achievement for low-income children.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1710165675,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1454},"headData":{"title":"Learning science might help kids read better | KQED","description":"A recent study provides stronger causal evidence that building background knowledge can translate into higher reading achievement for low-income children.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"A recent study provides stronger causal evidence that building background knowledge can translate into higher reading achievement for low-income children."},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/63315/learning-science-might-help-kids-read-better","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A growing chorus of education researchers, pundits and “science of reading” advocates are calling for young children to be taught more about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60793/gholdy-muhammad-wants-teachers-to-see-the-world-as-curriculum\">the world around them\u003c/a>. It’s an indirect way of teaching reading comprehension. The theory is that what we grasp from what we read depends on whether we can hook it to concepts and topics that we already know. Natalie Wexler’s 2019 best-selling book, \u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://nataliewexler.com/the-knowledge-gap/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Knowledge Gap\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, championed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/54452/why-deeply-diving-into-content-could-be-the-key-to-reading-comprehension\">knowledge-building curricula\u003c/a> and more schools around the country, from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimorecp.org/resources/core-knowledge-lessons/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Baltimore\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/reading-comprehension-hinges-on-building-knowledge-new-curricula-aim-to-help/2024/01\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michigan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.libertycommon.org/about/news-and-events/colorado-core-knowledge-network\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Colorado\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, are adopting these content-filled lesson plans to teach geography, astronomy and even art history. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Makers of knowledge-building curricula say their lessons are based on research, but the truth is that there is scant classroom evidence that building knowledge first increases future reading comprehension. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2023, University of Virginia researchers promoted \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edworkingpapers.com/index.php/ai23-755\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a study of Colorado charter schools that had adopted E.D. Hirsch’s Core Knowledge curriculum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Children who had won lotteries to attend these charter schools had higher reading scores than students who lost the lotteries. But it was \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61475/what-the-latest-reading-study-thats-getting-a-lot-of-buzz-says-and-where-its-evidence-falls-short\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">impossible to tell whether the Core Knowledge curriculum itself made the difference\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or if the boost to reading scores could be attributed to other things that these charter schools were doing, such as hiring great teachers and training them well. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More importantly, the students at these charter schools were largely from middle and upper middle class families. And what we really want to know is whether knowledge building at school helps poorer children, who are less likely to be exposed to the world through travel, live performances and other experiences that money can buy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A new study, published online on Feb. 26, 2024, in the peer-reviewed journal Developmental Psychology, now provides stronger causal evidence that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2024-55174-001.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">building background knowledge can translate into higher reading achievement for low-income children\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The study took place in an unnamed, large urban school district in North Carolina where most of the students are Black and Hispanic and 40% are from low-income families.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2019, a group of researchers, led by James Kim, a professor at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Education, randomly selected 15 of the district’s 30 elementary schools to teach first graders special \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/jameskim/pages/research-summary\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">knowledge-building lessons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for three years, through third grade. Kim, a reading specialist, and other researchers had developed two sets of multi-year lesson plans, one for science and one for social studies. Students were also given related books to read during the summer. (\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This research was funded by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, which is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The remaining 15 elementary schools in the district continued to teach their students as usual, still delivering some social studies and science instruction, but not these special lessons. Regular reading class was untouched in the experiment. All 30 schools were using the same reading curriculum, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edreports.org/reports/overview/el-education-k-5-language-arts-2017\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Expeditionary Learning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which follows science of reading principles and teaches phonics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19 hit in the middle of the experiment. When schools shut down in the spring of 2020, the researchers scrapped the planned social studies units for second graders. In 2021, students were still not attending school in person. The researchers revised their science curriculum and decided to give an abridged online version to all 30 schools instead of just half. In the end, children in the original 15 schools received one year of social studies lessons and three years of science lessons compared to only one year of science in the comparison group. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, approximately 1,000 students who had received the special science and social studies lessons in first and second grades outperformed the 1,000 students who got only the abbreviated online science in third grade. Their reading and math scores on the North Carolina state tests were higher not only in third grade, but also in fourth grade, more than a year after the knowledge-building experiment ended. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It wasn’t a huge boost to reading achievement, but it was significant and long-lasting. It cost about $400 per student in instructional materials and teacher training.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Timothy Shanahan, a literacy expert and a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Chicago who was not involved in this research or the development of these science lessons, praised the study. “The study makes it very clear (as have a few others recently) that it is possible to combine reading with social studies and science curriculum in powerful ways that can improve both literacy and content knowledge,” he said by email. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Connecting background knowledge to reading comprehension is not a new idea. A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-0663.80.1.16\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">famous 1987 experiment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> documented that children who were weaker readers but knowledgeable about baseball understood a reading passage about baseball better than children who were stronger readers but didn’t know much about the sport. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Obviously, it’s not realistic for schools to attempt to familiarize students with every topic they might encounter in a book. And there is disagreement among researchers about how general knowledge of the world translates into higher reading performance.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kim thinks that a knowledge-building curriculum doesn’t need to teach many topics. Random facts, he says, are not important. He argues for depth instead of breadth. He says it’s important to construct a thoughtful sequence of lessons over the years, allowing students to see how the same patterns crop up in different ways. He calls these patterns “schemas.” In this experiment, for example, students learned about animal survival in first grade and dinosaur extinction in second grade. In third grade, that evolved into a more general understanding of how living systems function. By the end of third grade, many students were able to see how the idea of functioning systems can apply to inanimate objects, such as skyscrapers. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s the patterns that can be analogized to new circumstances, Kim explained. Once a student is familiar with the template, a new text on an unfamiliar topic can be easier to grasp.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kim and his team also paired the science lessons with clusters of vocabulary words that were likely to come up again in the future – almost like wine pairings with a meal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The full benefits of this kind of knowledge building didn’t materialize until after several years of coordinated instruction. In the first years, students were only able to transfer their ability to comprehend text on one topic to another if the topics were very similar. This study indicates that as their content knowledge deepened, their ability to generalize increased as well.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s a lot going on here: a spiraling curriculum that revisits and builds upon themes year after year; an explicit teaching of underlying patterns; new vocabulary words, and a progression from the simple to the complex. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are many versions of knowledge-rich curricula and this one isn’t about exposing students to a classical canon. It remains unclear if all knowledge-building curricula work as well. Other programs sometimes replace the main reading class with knowledge-building lessons. This one didn’t tinker with regular reading class. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The biggest challenge with the approach used in the North Carolina experiment is that it requires schools to coordinate lessons across grades. That’s hard. Some teachers may want to keep their favorite units on, say, growing a bean plant, and may bristle at the idea of throwing away their old lesson plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s also worth noting that students’ math scores improved as much as their reading scores did in this North Carolina experiment. It might seem surprising that a literacy intervention would also boost math. But math also requires a lot of reading; the state’s math tests were full of word problems. Any successful effort to boost reading skills is also likely to have positive spillovers into math, researchers explained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">School leaders are under great pressure to boost test scores. To do that, they’ve often doubled time spent on reading and cut science and social studies classes. Studies like this one suggest that those cuts may have been costly, further undermining reading achievement instead of improving it. As researchers discover more about the science of reading, it may well turn out to be that more time on science itself is what kids need to become good readers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-learning-science-might-help-kids-read-better/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">background knowledge\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/63315/learning-science-might-help-kids-read-better","authors":["byline_mindshift_63315"],"categories":["mindshift_21504","mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_21292","mindshift_444","mindshift_550","mindshift_20713","mindshift_21616","mindshift_20615","mindshift_47"],"featImg":"mindshift_63317","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_63241":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_63241","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"63241","score":null,"sort":[1708945251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-schools-embrace-the-science-of-reading-researchers-are-criticizing-an-overemphasis-on-auditory-skills","title":"As schools embrace the science of reading, researchers are criticizing an overemphasis on auditory skills","publishDate":1708945251,"format":"audio","headTitle":"As schools embrace the science of reading, researchers are criticizing an overemphasis on auditory skills | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Educators around the country have embraced the “science of reading” in their classrooms, but that doesn’t mean there’s a truce in the reading wars. In fact, controversies are emerging about an important but less understood aspect of learning to read: phonemic awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s the technical name for showing children how to break down words into their component letter sounds and then fuse the sounds together. In a phonemic awareness lesson, a teacher might ask how many sounds are in the word cat. The answer is three: “k,” “a,” and “t.” Then the class blends the sounds back into the familiar sounding word: from “kuh-aah-tuh” to “kat.” The 26 letters of the English alphabet produce \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.readingrockets.org/sites/default/files/migrated/the-44-phonemes-of-english.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">44 phonemes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which include unique sounds made from combinations of letters, such as “ch” and “oo.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many schools have purchased scripted oral phonemic awareness lessons that do not include the visual display of letters. The oral lessons are popular because they are easy to teach and fun for students. And that’s the source of the current debate. Should kids in kindergarten or first grade be spending so much time on sounds without understanding how those sounds correspond to letters? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/AN2XIWFWJ3YZDJ3SIFPZ/full?target=10.1080/10888438.2024.2309386\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new meta-analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> confirms that the answer is no. In January 2024, five researchers from Texas A&M University published their findings online in the journal Scientific Studies of Reading. They found that struggling readers, ages 4 to 6, no longer benefited after 10.2 hours of auditory instruction in small group or tutoring sessions, but continued to make progress if visual displays of the letters were combined with the sounds. That means that instead of just asking students to repeat sounds, a teacher might hold up cards with the letters C, A and T printed on them as students isolate and blend the sounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meta-analyses sweep up all the best research on a topic and use statistics to tell us where the preponderance of the evidence lies. This newest 2024 synthesis follows three previous meta-analyses on phonemic awareness in the past 25 years. While there are sometimes shortcomings in the underlying studies, the conclusions from all the phonemic meta-analyses appear to be pointing in the same direction. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=KQINC3050981118&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If you teach phonemic awareness, students will learn phonemic awareness,” which isn’t the goal, said \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://understandingreading.home.blog/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tiffany Peltier\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a learning scientist who consults on literacy training for teachers at NWEA, an assessment company. “If you teach blending and segmenting using letters, students are learning to read and spell.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phonemic awareness has a complicated history. In the 1970s, researchers discovered that good readers also had a good \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23769540\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sense of the sounds that constitute words\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This sound awareness helps students map the written alphabet to the sounds, an important step in learning to read and write. Researchers proved that these auditory skills could be taught and early studies showed that they could be taught as a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/748042\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">purely oral exercise without letters\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But science evolved. In 2000, the National Reading Panel outlined the five pillars of evidence-based reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. This has come to be known as the science of reading. By then, more studies on phonemic awareness had been conducted and oral lessons alone were not as successful. The reading panel’s meta-analysis of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/nrp/Documents/report.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">52 studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> showed that phonemic awareness instruction was almost twice as effective when letters were presented along with the sounds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many schools ignored the reading panel’s recommendations and chose different approaches that didn’t systematically teach phonics or phonemic awareness. But as the science of reading grew in popularity in the past decade, phonemic awareness lessons also exploded. Teacher training programs in the science of reading emphasized the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">importance of phonemic awareness\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://heggerty.org/curriculum/?utm_term=heggerty&utm_campaign=(D)+Branded+-+Search+(CORE)&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=8080130874&hsa_cam=10845962543&hsa_grp=105585801103&hsa_ad=473028550698&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=kwd-315916039120&hsa_kw=heggerty&hsa_mt=e&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA_tuuBhAUEiwAvxkgTrb7QXk6Q-sfzjdjbXZ0Slz4rS0CvAY10pE_vHsD2ggQe_OxB4Z-gxoCtAUQAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Companies sold phonemic programs to schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and told teachers to teach it every day. Many of these lessons were auditory, including chants and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDSGFUhCxjI\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">songs without letters\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers worried that educators were overemphasizing auditory training. A 2021 article, “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ajxbv\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They Say You Can Do Phonemic Awareness Instruction ‘In the Dark’, But Should You?\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” by nine prominent reading researchers criticized how phonemic awareness was being taught in schools. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Twenty years after the reading panel’s report, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-21-00160\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">second meta-analysis came out in 2022\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with even fresher studies but arrived at the same conclusion. Researchers from Baylor University analyzed over 130 studies and found twice the benefits for phonemic awareness when it was taught with letters. A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.triplesr.org/sites/default/files/uploads/draft_program_6-18-2022.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">third meta-analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was presented at a poster session of the 2022 annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading. It also found that instruction was more effective when sounds and letters were combined.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the surface, adding letters to sounds might seem identical to teaching phonics. But some reading experts say phonemic awareness with letters still emphasizes the auditory skills of segmenting words into sounds and blending the sounds together. The visual display of the letter is almost like a subliminal teaching of phonics without explicitly saying, “This alphabetic symbol ‘a’ makes the sound ‘ah’.” Others explain that there isn’t a bright line between phonemic awareness and phonics and they can be taught in tandem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The authors of the latest 2024 meta-analysis had hoped to give teachers more guidance on how much classroom time to invest on phonemic awareness. But unfortunately, the classroom studies they found didn’t keep track of the minutes. The researchers were left with only 16 high-quality studies, all of which were interventions with struggling students. These were small group or individual tutoring sessions on top of whatever phonemic awareness lessons children may also have been receiving in their regular classrooms, which was not documented. So it’s impossible to say from this meta-analysis exactly how much sound training students need. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lead author of the 2024 meta-analysis, Florina Erbeli, an education psychologist at Texas A&M, said that the 10.2 hours number in her paper isn’t a “magic number.” It’s just an average of the results of the 16 studies that met her criteria for being included in the meta-analysis. The right amount of phonemic awareness might be more or less, depending on the child. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Erbeli said the bigger point for teachers to understand is that there are diminishing returns to auditory-only instruction and that students learn much more when auditory skills are combined with visible letters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I corresponded with Heggerty, the market leader in phonemic awareness lessons, which says its programs are in 70% of U.S. school districts. The company acknowledged that the science of reading has evolved, and that’s why it revised its phonemic awareness program in 2022 to incorporate letters and introduced a new program in 2023 to pair it with phonics. The company says it is working with outside researchers to keep improving the instructional materials it sells to schools. Because many schools cannot afford to buy a new instructional program, Heggerty says it also explains how teachers can modify older auditory lessons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The company still recommends that teachers spend eight to 12 minutes a day on phonemic awareness through the end of first grade. This recommendation contrasts with the advice of many reading researchers who say the average kid doesn’t need this much. Many researchers say that phonemic awareness continues to develop automatically as the child’s reading skills improve without advanced auditory training. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NWEA literacy consultant Peltier, whom I quoted earlier, suggests that phonemic awareness can be tapered off by the fall of first grade. More phonemic awareness isn’t necessarily harmful, but there’s only so much instructional time in the day. She thinks that precious minutes currently devoted to oral phonemic awareness could be better spent on phonics, building vocabulary and content knowledge through reading books aloud, classroom discussions and writing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another developer of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.equippedforreadingsuccess.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">phonemic awareness program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> aimed at older, struggling readers is David Kilpatrick, professor emeritus at the State University of New York at Cortland. He told me that five minutes a day might be enough for the average student in a classroom, but some struggling students need a lot more. Kilpatrick disagrees with the conclusions of the meta-analyses because they lump different types of students together. He says severely dyslexic students need more auditory training. He explained that extra time is needed for advanced auditory work that helps these students build long-term memories, he said, and the meta-analyses didn’t measure that outcome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another reading expert, Susan Brady, professor emerita at the University of Rhode Island, concurs that some of the more advanced manipulations can help some students. Moving a sound in and out of a word can heighten awareness of a consonant cluster, such as taking the “l” out of the word “plant” to get “pant,” and then inserting it back in again.* But she says this kind of sound substitution should only be done with visible letters. Doing all the sound manipulations in your head is too taxing for young children, she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brady’s concern is the misunderstanding that teachers need to teach all the phonemes before moving on to phonics. It’s not a precursor or a prerequisite to reading and writing, she says. Instead, sound training should be taught at the same time as new groups of letters are introduced. “The letters reinforce the phoneme awareness and the phoneme awareness reinforces the letters,” said Brady, speaking at a 2022 teacher training session. She said that researchers and teacher trainers need to help educators shift to integrating letters into their early reading instruction. “It’s going to take a while to penetrate the belief system that’s out there,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I once thought that the reading wars were about whether to teach phonics. But there are fierce debates even among those who support a phonics-heavy science of reading. I’ve come to understand that the research hasn’t yet answered all our questions about the best way to teach all the steps. Schools might be over-teaching phonemic awareness. And children with dyslexia might need more than other children. More importantly, the science of reading is the same as any other scientific inquiry. Every new answer may also raise new questions as we get closer to the truth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=KQINC3050981118&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about\u003c/span>\u003c/i> \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-controversies-within-the-science-of-reading/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">phonemic awareness\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Clarification: An earlier version of this story suggested a different example of removing the “r” sound from “first,” but “r” is not an independent phoneme in this word. So a teacher would be unlikely to ask a student to do this particular sound manipulation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Welcome to MindShift where we explore the future of learning and how we raise our kids. I’m Ki Sung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we’re going to talk about a really important skill that’s at the root of learning how to read, phonemic awareness. How it’s taught in schools is hotly debated and reading is something too many students and adults still struggle with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our guest is education journalist Jill Barshay of the Hechinger Report. She has a weekly column about education research called “Proof Points.” She’s here to discuss her latest piece about phonemic awareness. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Jill Barshay I’m so glad you’re here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> It’s a pleasure to be here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Your article about phonemic awareness is the most viewed on MindShift right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So clearly, there’s a lot of interest in this topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Really?! [laughs]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nKi Sung:\u003c/strong> I mean, literally tens of thousands of people are reading about phonemic awareness right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d like to start by asking you to establish a glossary of terms related to learning how to read. Three terms I’d like for you to explain very simply are phonics, phonemes and phonemic awareness. And on phonemes, can you also spell the word out for us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Sure, phone name, phoneme phoneme.\u003cbr>\nSo it’s sort of like the word phone with em at the end.\u003cbr>\nAnd what that is, I had a hard time grasping it for many years. It’s sort of sound awareness that you understand the sounds that words are made up of. So, for example, in the word cat, there are three phonemes and they are Cuh, aa, tuh. Phonics is about the letters that we see and what sounds they make. So when you see the circle shape that you know, that’s an O and that it makes the o sound like, as in pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, phonemic awareness is this awareness that words are made up of sounds. So just like I did cat before, that would be a segmenting or isolating skill cuh, aa , tuh. And then another phonemic awareness skill would be blending them back together, going from cuh aa, tuh to cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> There are also some other fancy schmancy phonemic awareness skills, but maybe we’ll talk about those later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> I appreciate how you said it took you some time to understand these because it took me some time to understand this too because it is so complex.And maybe that speaks to the fact that there are more phonemes than there are letters in the alphabet. And that makes learning how to teach kids how to read all the more challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Right, I just learned in reporting this story that while there are 26 letters to the English alphabet, there are 44 phonemes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every letter has a sound like, R is err, but IR is its own phoneme and CH makes the chuh sound that’s a phone name, OO, oooh, that’s a phoneme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so yes, there’s more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> So, what did you learn about how phonemic awareness is being taught in schools, especially for kids, age 4 to 6?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I had become aware from a bunch of reading researchers and also reading advocates that schools were embracing phonemic awareness lessons with the whole rise of the science of reading. And they’re spending many, many minutes in kindergarten and first grade, especially, with all kinds of oral exercises. There are songs that they can do to segment and blend the sounds. And there was a concern that maybe schools are going a little bit overboard with phonemic awareness. Maybe students don’t need so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Can you explain what educators’ understanding of phonemic awareness was? Was it just auditory or was it also how it connects to the visual experience of reading?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> My understanding is that many teachers were trained that there are two separate things to teach kids. One is phonemic awareness and another thing is phonics and in many teacher training sessions, they were saying this is auditory, an oral only skill and you don’t need letters to teach it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one of the leading vendors of phonemic awareness lessons was encouraging teachers to teach it as an auditory only lesson. And the instructional materials were largely auditory until very recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And what problem does that introduce when it’s just auditory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> In my research, I learned that when phonemic awareness was first being talked about by education or reading experts, they first thought that it could be taught as an oral only exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so there were experiments in the 1970’s showing that students who were explicitly taught phonemic awareness became better readers just through these kind of songs and chants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then more and more researchers started to do studies in it. And by 2000, one of the first meta analysis, this is a kind of study where you sweep up lots of studies together and you use statistics to say where the evidence lies, Already over 20 years ago, they said it was much more effective if you combine these phonemic awareness exercises like Cuh aah tuh Cat, with visible displays of the letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So like a teacher could hold up a card or write it on the chalkboard and then the students would see the letters as they say the sounds and become aware of the sounds in their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what was funny was how even as this research was building and building, many schools weren’t teaching much phonemic awareness at all or phonics, phonics again, is putting the sounds to the visible letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And many, many schools around the country were ignoring this and using different methods to teach reading, things that you may have heard of like balanced literacy or the reader’s workshop, reading recovery. And those were methods that didn’t emphasize phonemic awareness or phonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then more recently, like in the last five years, the science of reading has really gained traction around the country and schools have been really embracing phonemic awareness and that’s where the concern came, that maybe they’re doing too much of it without the letters while all this research is showing, dating back to the year 2000, that if you do phonemic awareness with the letters, it’s much more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And what was the connection you found or maybe the advice around how much time to spend on phonemic awareness?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Well, that was the study that really caught my attention. Just earlier this year, a group of researchers from Texas A&M University, they were really trying to like nail down the dosage.\u003cbr>\nLike how many minutes of this stuff do the kids really need? Is it two? Is it five, is it 10?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they collected all the studies that they could find that measured the minutes and they were so frustrated because none of the classroom studies documented the minutes well. And instead they were just left with 16 studies that looked at the amount of time that struggling kids were spending on phonemic awareness in extra sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these might be like a special small group session for a child who’s at risk of dyslexia or a 1 to 1 tutoring session and there they measured the minutes and what they noticed was after 10 hours, phonemic awareness, the auditory only phonemic awareness topped out. Kids weren’t benefiting at all anymore after 10 hours of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the tutors or the small group teachers, if they combined it with letters, the kids kept getting better and better and better. And so it showed the researchers that if you combine phonemic awareness with the display of the letters, it’s so much more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> So it sounds like just the auditory lessons for this sample, 10 hours was fine, though like even just settling on that number is questionable because of the data the researchers have to work with.\u003cbr>\nOverall, the takeaway is connect the sound with the visual letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Right. What they found is phonemic awareness, oral only can be effective in say a small dose or a medium dose of it, 10 hours, right? But if you want to keep children learning and if you want them to keep improving, that it needs to be connected with the letters after a certain amount of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> You’ve explained a lot about phonemic awareness and we’ve talked about 4 to 6 year olds. But what, I guess there are also advanced phonemic awareness techniques that we should also be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> This is where I thought I had went really deep down the rabbit hole. I couldn’t believe advanced phonemic awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in addition to the segmenting cuh aa tuh and blending cat that I discussed before, there are all these other manipulations like you could subtract a sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So instead of plant, you get pant and then you can add a sound. Let’s say you can add L back into pant and make it plant. Then there are substitutions. So you can take mat and, and substitute the M with a P and make it pat. And can you imagine doing all these in your head? They’re really hard. And so it, it actually takes many…That’s one of the reasons that so much class time is being spent on these advanced phonemic awareness skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what the research literature shows is that the two very simple ones of segmenting and blending, they give you the biggest benefits and some experts say just focus on those and just do them as a quick warm up exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> But there are other people, particularly experts in helping children with dyslexia that say no, these really, these advanced phonemic awareness skills can be really helpful in building long term memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And others have said to me, you know, it can really heighten awareness of a consonant cluster like the difference between Puh and Pula. But they say really these are very complicated exercises, they should only be done with letters, not as oral, only exercises and probably best for struggling students in you know, maybe a pull out session or a tutoring session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> I hear a lot about the term phonological awareness. I know we’re adding a lot of we’re adding another term to our glossary list. But can you explain what phonological awareness is and its role in learning how to read?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I was really confused about this. And I personally used to use phonological awareness and phonemic awareness interchangeably. And in researching this story, I learned that they’re separate and that phonemic awareness is really the important ingredient in learning to read. And that this phonological awareness is not as important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phonological awareness is a much broader category that includes not just the sounds that letters and clusters of letters make, but also syllables like pantry that you would clap [claps] pan-try 1, 2 or rhymes like flight, night, sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are probably zillions, more of these various sound exercises that are really disconnected from the letters and the sounds that they make. And the researchers are very concerned that teachers who have embraced the science of reading have been told to do too much of these broader phonological awareness exercises that are, you know, great for a poetry unit but not essential building blocks to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> I want to ask you about curriculum because at the root of a lot of these issues, you know, you can maybe even call them mistakes, is curriculum. And ultimately teachers have to go along with the curriculum, the district purchases and sometimes it’s not up to date or not correct or not caught up with the latest research. So what can teachers do when they come across curriculum that goes against what they know works with students?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I am not an expert in teaching and I don’t feel like my role is to give advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what I can say is that the leading purveyor of phonemic awareness lessons and curriculum, if you, you can call it, it’s called Haggerty and they themselves responded to the science and in 2022 they added letters to their phonemic awareness lessons. And then in 2023 they added a a phonics approach to show how to combine phonemic awareness and phonics together in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, there’s a misunderstanding, that a lot of teachers have, that you need to teach phonemic awareness first and students need to master it first before you move on to phonics. And the reading researchers, I talked to say, no, you kind of do them in tandem, like you can have a group of letters and simultaneously be teaching the phonemic awareness with them and the phonics with them and then move on to another group of letters. And you just, you keep teaching both together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> And so I was impressed that this leading seller of phonemic awareness programs has, has moved on and is now combining it with letters and also with phonics and it says for, it knows that many teachers in many schools cannot afford to buy brand new lesson plans and curriculum. And it says that it offers ideas on how teachers can modify their old books and their old printed lessons, and to do things better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know if that’s a good answer.I mean, it’s probably hard to do these modifications on the fly. And as a journalist from the outside it seems like if, like, when a company says our products not working well and they recall it and they, they put out a new product, they should probably, like, just give you the new product, I’m thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And what have you heard from people, you know, especially on social media or maybe they’re reaching out to you by email, like what have people been telling you about your reporting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I’ve seen two reactions to it. One is people are grateful that the science of reading isn’t a cult and that just because someone says you need a lot of phonemic awareness in order to do the science of reading, right, that isn’t necessarily correct. You have to look at what the studies actually say and also the science evolved. So we, we have more meta analysis now, more syntheses of the research confirming that auditory alone is not as effective today. Whereas in the seventies, it seemed like it was the best way to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And we, I think people who are you know, hold up signs, science of reading, science of reading need to understand that the science of reading, like any science evolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reaction I’ve seen are for people who have been critics of the science of reading and say, “see the, the researchers are arguing. Who knows what’s right? This shows we should go back to something called balanced literacy.”\u003cbr>\nAnd so I’ve also, I’ve also seen people taking this as ammunition that,, the whole science of reading is perhaps misguided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And where’s the truth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Well, I think I tried to just express that, that science evolves. I mean, it, it, I think about it like, oh, masking and COVID, remember how first when COVID broke out, the federal authorities were saying, “well, you don’t need to wear masks. It’s not so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then later, more studies came out and said, you know what, “we should really wear masks,” and I think we need to be comfortable with science evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so so maybe there was a time almost 50 years ago that oral only phonemic awareness was the way to go. And now we have a ton of confirmation that we need to combine it with letters and there are still questions out there. We still don’t know the exact right dosage in the classroom for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Jill, thank you for taking the time to talk through this complex issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, thanks for talking this through. It’s a complicated area and I appreciate another chance to talk about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Jill Barshay is a journalist with the Hechinger report. She has a weekly column about education research called Proof Points. Her latest piece is about phonemic awareness research. We’ll bring you ideas and innovations from experts in education and beyond. Hit follow on your favorite podcast app so you don’t miss a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> The MindShift team includes me, Ki Sung, Nimah Gobir, Kara Newhouse, Marlena Jackson-Retondo and Jennifer Ng.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our editor is Chris Hambrick, Chris Hoff is our sound designer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional support from Jen Chien and Katie Sprenger, Cesar Saldaña and Holly Kernan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MindShift is supported in part by the generosity of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and members of KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks for listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Four meta-analyses conclude that it’s more effective to teach phonemic awareness with letters, not as an oral-only exercise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1712323513,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":98,"wordCount":4875},"headData":{"title":"As schools embrace the science of reading, researchers are criticizing an overemphasis on auditory skills | KQED","description":"Four meta-analyses conclude that it’s more effective to teach phonemic awareness with letters, not as an oral-only exercise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Four meta-analyses conclude that it’s more effective to teach phonemic awareness with letters, not as an oral-only exercise."},"audioUrl":"https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/chrt.fm/track/G6C7C3/traffic.megaphone.fm/KQINC3050981118.mp3?updated=1710227310","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/63241/as-schools-embrace-the-science-of-reading-researchers-are-criticizing-an-overemphasis-on-auditory-skills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Educators around the country have embraced the “science of reading” in their classrooms, but that doesn’t mean there’s a truce in the reading wars. In fact, controversies are emerging about an important but less understood aspect of learning to read: phonemic awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s the technical name for showing children how to break down words into their component letter sounds and then fuse the sounds together. In a phonemic awareness lesson, a teacher might ask how many sounds are in the word cat. The answer is three: “k,” “a,” and “t.” Then the class blends the sounds back into the familiar sounding word: from “kuh-aah-tuh” to “kat.” The 26 letters of the English alphabet produce \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.readingrockets.org/sites/default/files/migrated/the-44-phonemes-of-english.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">44 phonemes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which include unique sounds made from combinations of letters, such as “ch” and “oo.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many schools have purchased scripted oral phonemic awareness lessons that do not include the visual display of letters. The oral lessons are popular because they are easy to teach and fun for students. And that’s the source of the current debate. Should kids in kindergarten or first grade be spending so much time on sounds without understanding how those sounds correspond to letters? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/AN2XIWFWJ3YZDJ3SIFPZ/full?target=10.1080/10888438.2024.2309386\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new meta-analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> confirms that the answer is no. In January 2024, five researchers from Texas A&M University published their findings online in the journal Scientific Studies of Reading. They found that struggling readers, ages 4 to 6, no longer benefited after 10.2 hours of auditory instruction in small group or tutoring sessions, but continued to make progress if visual displays of the letters were combined with the sounds. That means that instead of just asking students to repeat sounds, a teacher might hold up cards with the letters C, A and T printed on them as students isolate and blend the sounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meta-analyses sweep up all the best research on a topic and use statistics to tell us where the preponderance of the evidence lies. This newest 2024 synthesis follows three previous meta-analyses on phonemic awareness in the past 25 years. While there are sometimes shortcomings in the underlying studies, the conclusions from all the phonemic meta-analyses appear to be pointing in the same direction. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=KQINC3050981118&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If you teach phonemic awareness, students will learn phonemic awareness,” which isn’t the goal, said \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://understandingreading.home.blog/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tiffany Peltier\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a learning scientist who consults on literacy training for teachers at NWEA, an assessment company. “If you teach blending and segmenting using letters, students are learning to read and spell.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phonemic awareness has a complicated history. In the 1970s, researchers discovered that good readers also had a good \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23769540\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sense of the sounds that constitute words\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This sound awareness helps students map the written alphabet to the sounds, an important step in learning to read and write. Researchers proved that these auditory skills could be taught and early studies showed that they could be taught as a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/748042\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">purely oral exercise without letters\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But science evolved. In 2000, the National Reading Panel outlined the five pillars of evidence-based reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. This has come to be known as the science of reading. By then, more studies on phonemic awareness had been conducted and oral lessons alone were not as successful. The reading panel’s meta-analysis of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/nrp/Documents/report.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">52 studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> showed that phonemic awareness instruction was almost twice as effective when letters were presented along with the sounds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many schools ignored the reading panel’s recommendations and chose different approaches that didn’t systematically teach phonics or phonemic awareness. But as the science of reading grew in popularity in the past decade, phonemic awareness lessons also exploded. Teacher training programs in the science of reading emphasized the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">importance of phonemic awareness\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://heggerty.org/curriculum/?utm_term=heggerty&utm_campaign=(D)+Branded+-+Search+(CORE)&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=8080130874&hsa_cam=10845962543&hsa_grp=105585801103&hsa_ad=473028550698&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=kwd-315916039120&hsa_kw=heggerty&hsa_mt=e&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA_tuuBhAUEiwAvxkgTrb7QXk6Q-sfzjdjbXZ0Slz4rS0CvAY10pE_vHsD2ggQe_OxB4Z-gxoCtAUQAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Companies sold phonemic programs to schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and told teachers to teach it every day. Many of these lessons were auditory, including chants and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDSGFUhCxjI\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">songs without letters\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Researchers worried that educators were overemphasizing auditory training. A 2021 article, “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ajxbv\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They Say You Can Do Phonemic Awareness Instruction ‘In the Dark’, But Should You?\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">” by nine prominent reading researchers criticized how phonemic awareness was being taught in schools. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Twenty years after the reading panel’s report, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-21-00160\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">second meta-analysis came out in 2022\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with even fresher studies but arrived at the same conclusion. Researchers from Baylor University analyzed over 130 studies and found twice the benefits for phonemic awareness when it was taught with letters. A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.triplesr.org/sites/default/files/uploads/draft_program_6-18-2022.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">third meta-analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was presented at a poster session of the 2022 annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading. It also found that instruction was more effective when sounds and letters were combined.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the surface, adding letters to sounds might seem identical to teaching phonics. But some reading experts say phonemic awareness with letters still emphasizes the auditory skills of segmenting words into sounds and blending the sounds together. The visual display of the letter is almost like a subliminal teaching of phonics without explicitly saying, “This alphabetic symbol ‘a’ makes the sound ‘ah’.” Others explain that there isn’t a bright line between phonemic awareness and phonics and they can be taught in tandem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The authors of the latest 2024 meta-analysis had hoped to give teachers more guidance on how much classroom time to invest on phonemic awareness. But unfortunately, the classroom studies they found didn’t keep track of the minutes. The researchers were left with only 16 high-quality studies, all of which were interventions with struggling students. These were small group or individual tutoring sessions on top of whatever phonemic awareness lessons children may also have been receiving in their regular classrooms, which was not documented. So it’s impossible to say from this meta-analysis exactly how much sound training students need. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lead author of the 2024 meta-analysis, Florina Erbeli, an education psychologist at Texas A&M, said that the 10.2 hours number in her paper isn’t a “magic number.” It’s just an average of the results of the 16 studies that met her criteria for being included in the meta-analysis. The right amount of phonemic awareness might be more or less, depending on the child. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Erbeli said the bigger point for teachers to understand is that there are diminishing returns to auditory-only instruction and that students learn much more when auditory skills are combined with visible letters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I corresponded with Heggerty, the market leader in phonemic awareness lessons, which says its programs are in 70% of U.S. school districts. The company acknowledged that the science of reading has evolved, and that’s why it revised its phonemic awareness program in 2022 to incorporate letters and introduced a new program in 2023 to pair it with phonics. The company says it is working with outside researchers to keep improving the instructional materials it sells to schools. Because many schools cannot afford to buy a new instructional program, Heggerty says it also explains how teachers can modify older auditory lessons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The company still recommends that teachers spend eight to 12 minutes a day on phonemic awareness through the end of first grade. This recommendation contrasts with the advice of many reading researchers who say the average kid doesn’t need this much. Many researchers say that phonemic awareness continues to develop automatically as the child’s reading skills improve without advanced auditory training. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NWEA literacy consultant Peltier, whom I quoted earlier, suggests that phonemic awareness can be tapered off by the fall of first grade. More phonemic awareness isn’t necessarily harmful, but there’s only so much instructional time in the day. She thinks that precious minutes currently devoted to oral phonemic awareness could be better spent on phonics, building vocabulary and content knowledge through reading books aloud, classroom discussions and writing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another developer of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.equippedforreadingsuccess.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">phonemic awareness program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> aimed at older, struggling readers is David Kilpatrick, professor emeritus at the State University of New York at Cortland. He told me that five minutes a day might be enough for the average student in a classroom, but some struggling students need a lot more. Kilpatrick disagrees with the conclusions of the meta-analyses because they lump different types of students together. He says severely dyslexic students need more auditory training. He explained that extra time is needed for advanced auditory work that helps these students build long-term memories, he said, and the meta-analyses didn’t measure that outcome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another reading expert, Susan Brady, professor emerita at the University of Rhode Island, concurs that some of the more advanced manipulations can help some students. Moving a sound in and out of a word can heighten awareness of a consonant cluster, such as taking the “l” out of the word “plant” to get “pant,” and then inserting it back in again.* But she says this kind of sound substitution should only be done with visible letters. Doing all the sound manipulations in your head is too taxing for young children, she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brady’s concern is the misunderstanding that teachers need to teach all the phonemes before moving on to phonics. It’s not a precursor or a prerequisite to reading and writing, she says. Instead, sound training should be taught at the same time as new groups of letters are introduced. “The letters reinforce the phoneme awareness and the phoneme awareness reinforces the letters,” said Brady, speaking at a 2022 teacher training session. She said that researchers and teacher trainers need to help educators shift to integrating letters into their early reading instruction. “It’s going to take a while to penetrate the belief system that’s out there,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I once thought that the reading wars were about whether to teach phonics. But there are fierce debates even among those who support a phonics-heavy science of reading. I’ve come to understand that the research hasn’t yet answered all our questions about the best way to teach all the steps. Schools might be over-teaching phonemic awareness. And children with dyslexia might need more than other children. More importantly, the science of reading is the same as any other scientific inquiry. Every new answer may also raise new questions as we get closer to the truth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=KQINC3050981118&light=true\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about\u003c/span>\u003c/i> \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-controversies-within-the-science-of-reading/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">phonemic awareness\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Clarification: An earlier version of this story suggested a different example of removing the “r” sound from “first,” but “r” is not an independent phoneme in this word. So a teacher would be unlikely to ask a student to do this particular sound manipulation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Welcome to MindShift where we explore the future of learning and how we raise our kids. I’m Ki Sung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we’re going to talk about a really important skill that’s at the root of learning how to read, phonemic awareness. How it’s taught in schools is hotly debated and reading is something too many students and adults still struggle with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our guest is education journalist Jill Barshay of the Hechinger Report. She has a weekly column about education research called “Proof Points.” She’s here to discuss her latest piece about phonemic awareness. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Jill Barshay I’m so glad you’re here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> It’s a pleasure to be here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Your article about phonemic awareness is the most viewed on MindShift right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So clearly, there’s a lot of interest in this topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Really?! [laughs]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nKi Sung:\u003c/strong> I mean, literally tens of thousands of people are reading about phonemic awareness right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d like to start by asking you to establish a glossary of terms related to learning how to read. Three terms I’d like for you to explain very simply are phonics, phonemes and phonemic awareness. And on phonemes, can you also spell the word out for us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Sure, phone name, phoneme phoneme.\u003cbr>\nSo it’s sort of like the word phone with em at the end.\u003cbr>\nAnd what that is, I had a hard time grasping it for many years. It’s sort of sound awareness that you understand the sounds that words are made up of. So, for example, in the word cat, there are three phonemes and they are Cuh, aa, tuh. Phonics is about the letters that we see and what sounds they make. So when you see the circle shape that you know, that’s an O and that it makes the o sound like, as in pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, phonemic awareness is this awareness that words are made up of sounds. So just like I did cat before, that would be a segmenting or isolating skill cuh, aa , tuh. And then another phonemic awareness skill would be blending them back together, going from cuh aa, tuh to cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> There are also some other fancy schmancy phonemic awareness skills, but maybe we’ll talk about those later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> I appreciate how you said it took you some time to understand these because it took me some time to understand this too because it is so complex.And maybe that speaks to the fact that there are more phonemes than there are letters in the alphabet. And that makes learning how to teach kids how to read all the more challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Right, I just learned in reporting this story that while there are 26 letters to the English alphabet, there are 44 phonemes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every letter has a sound like, R is err, but IR is its own phoneme and CH makes the chuh sound that’s a phone name, OO, oooh, that’s a phoneme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so yes, there’s more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> So, what did you learn about how phonemic awareness is being taught in schools, especially for kids, age 4 to 6?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I had become aware from a bunch of reading researchers and also reading advocates that schools were embracing phonemic awareness lessons with the whole rise of the science of reading. And they’re spending many, many minutes in kindergarten and first grade, especially, with all kinds of oral exercises. There are songs that they can do to segment and blend the sounds. And there was a concern that maybe schools are going a little bit overboard with phonemic awareness. Maybe students don’t need so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Can you explain what educators’ understanding of phonemic awareness was? Was it just auditory or was it also how it connects to the visual experience of reading?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> My understanding is that many teachers were trained that there are two separate things to teach kids. One is phonemic awareness and another thing is phonics and in many teacher training sessions, they were saying this is auditory, an oral only skill and you don’t need letters to teach it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one of the leading vendors of phonemic awareness lessons was encouraging teachers to teach it as an auditory only lesson. And the instructional materials were largely auditory until very recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And what problem does that introduce when it’s just auditory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> In my research, I learned that when phonemic awareness was first being talked about by education or reading experts, they first thought that it could be taught as an oral only exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so there were experiments in the 1970’s showing that students who were explicitly taught phonemic awareness became better readers just through these kind of songs and chants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then more and more researchers started to do studies in it. And by 2000, one of the first meta analysis, this is a kind of study where you sweep up lots of studies together and you use statistics to say where the evidence lies, Already over 20 years ago, they said it was much more effective if you combine these phonemic awareness exercises like Cuh aah tuh Cat, with visible displays of the letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So like a teacher could hold up a card or write it on the chalkboard and then the students would see the letters as they say the sounds and become aware of the sounds in their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what was funny was how even as this research was building and building, many schools weren’t teaching much phonemic awareness at all or phonics, phonics again, is putting the sounds to the visible letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And many, many schools around the country were ignoring this and using different methods to teach reading, things that you may have heard of like balanced literacy or the reader’s workshop, reading recovery. And those were methods that didn’t emphasize phonemic awareness or phonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then more recently, like in the last five years, the science of reading has really gained traction around the country and schools have been really embracing phonemic awareness and that’s where the concern came, that maybe they’re doing too much of it without the letters while all this research is showing, dating back to the year 2000, that if you do phonemic awareness with the letters, it’s much more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And what was the connection you found or maybe the advice around how much time to spend on phonemic awareness?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Well, that was the study that really caught my attention. Just earlier this year, a group of researchers from Texas A&M University, they were really trying to like nail down the dosage.\u003cbr>\nLike how many minutes of this stuff do the kids really need? Is it two? Is it five, is it 10?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they collected all the studies that they could find that measured the minutes and they were so frustrated because none of the classroom studies documented the minutes well. And instead they were just left with 16 studies that looked at the amount of time that struggling kids were spending on phonemic awareness in extra sessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So these might be like a special small group session for a child who’s at risk of dyslexia or a 1 to 1 tutoring session and there they measured the minutes and what they noticed was after 10 hours, phonemic awareness, the auditory only phonemic awareness topped out. Kids weren’t benefiting at all anymore after 10 hours of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the tutors or the small group teachers, if they combined it with letters, the kids kept getting better and better and better. And so it showed the researchers that if you combine phonemic awareness with the display of the letters, it’s so much more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> So it sounds like just the auditory lessons for this sample, 10 hours was fine, though like even just settling on that number is questionable because of the data the researchers have to work with.\u003cbr>\nOverall, the takeaway is connect the sound with the visual letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Right. What they found is phonemic awareness, oral only can be effective in say a small dose or a medium dose of it, 10 hours, right? But if you want to keep children learning and if you want them to keep improving, that it needs to be connected with the letters after a certain amount of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> You’ve explained a lot about phonemic awareness and we’ve talked about 4 to 6 year olds. But what, I guess there are also advanced phonemic awareness techniques that we should also be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> This is where I thought I had went really deep down the rabbit hole. I couldn’t believe advanced phonemic awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in addition to the segmenting cuh aa tuh and blending cat that I discussed before, there are all these other manipulations like you could subtract a sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So instead of plant, you get pant and then you can add a sound. Let’s say you can add L back into pant and make it plant. Then there are substitutions. So you can take mat and, and substitute the M with a P and make it pat. And can you imagine doing all these in your head? They’re really hard. And so it, it actually takes many…That’s one of the reasons that so much class time is being spent on these advanced phonemic awareness skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what the research literature shows is that the two very simple ones of segmenting and blending, they give you the biggest benefits and some experts say just focus on those and just do them as a quick warm up exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> But there are other people, particularly experts in helping children with dyslexia that say no, these really, these advanced phonemic awareness skills can be really helpful in building long term memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And others have said to me, you know, it can really heighten awareness of a consonant cluster like the difference between Puh and Pula. But they say really these are very complicated exercises, they should only be done with letters, not as oral, only exercises and probably best for struggling students in you know, maybe a pull out session or a tutoring session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> I hear a lot about the term phonological awareness. I know we’re adding a lot of we’re adding another term to our glossary list. But can you explain what phonological awareness is and its role in learning how to read?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I was really confused about this. And I personally used to use phonological awareness and phonemic awareness interchangeably. And in researching this story, I learned that they’re separate and that phonemic awareness is really the important ingredient in learning to read. And that this phonological awareness is not as important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phonological awareness is a much broader category that includes not just the sounds that letters and clusters of letters make, but also syllables like pantry that you would clap [claps] pan-try 1, 2 or rhymes like flight, night, sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are probably zillions, more of these various sound exercises that are really disconnected from the letters and the sounds that they make. And the researchers are very concerned that teachers who have embraced the science of reading have been told to do too much of these broader phonological awareness exercises that are, you know, great for a poetry unit but not essential building blocks to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> I want to ask you about curriculum because at the root of a lot of these issues, you know, you can maybe even call them mistakes, is curriculum. And ultimately teachers have to go along with the curriculum, the district purchases and sometimes it’s not up to date or not correct or not caught up with the latest research. So what can teachers do when they come across curriculum that goes against what they know works with students?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I am not an expert in teaching and I don’t feel like my role is to give advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what I can say is that the leading purveyor of phonemic awareness lessons and curriculum, if you, you can call it, it’s called Haggerty and they themselves responded to the science and in 2022 they added letters to their phonemic awareness lessons. And then in 2023 they added a a phonics approach to show how to combine phonemic awareness and phonics together in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, there’s a misunderstanding, that a lot of teachers have, that you need to teach phonemic awareness first and students need to master it first before you move on to phonics. And the reading researchers, I talked to say, no, you kind of do them in tandem, like you can have a group of letters and simultaneously be teaching the phonemic awareness with them and the phonics with them and then move on to another group of letters. And you just, you keep teaching both together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> And so I was impressed that this leading seller of phonemic awareness programs has, has moved on and is now combining it with letters and also with phonics and it says for, it knows that many teachers in many schools cannot afford to buy brand new lesson plans and curriculum. And it says that it offers ideas on how teachers can modify their old books and their old printed lessons, and to do things better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know if that’s a good answer.I mean, it’s probably hard to do these modifications on the fly. And as a journalist from the outside it seems like if, like, when a company says our products not working well and they recall it and they, they put out a new product, they should probably, like, just give you the new product, I’m thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And what have you heard from people, you know, especially on social media or maybe they’re reaching out to you by email, like what have people been telling you about your reporting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> I’ve seen two reactions to it. One is people are grateful that the science of reading isn’t a cult and that just because someone says you need a lot of phonemic awareness in order to do the science of reading, right, that isn’t necessarily correct. You have to look at what the studies actually say and also the science evolved. So we, we have more meta analysis now, more syntheses of the research confirming that auditory alone is not as effective today. Whereas in the seventies, it seemed like it was the best way to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And we, I think people who are you know, hold up signs, science of reading, science of reading need to understand that the science of reading, like any science evolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reaction I’ve seen are for people who have been critics of the science of reading and say, “see the, the researchers are arguing. Who knows what’s right? This shows we should go back to something called balanced literacy.”\u003cbr>\nAnd so I’ve also, I’ve also seen people taking this as ammunition that,, the whole science of reading is perhaps misguided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> And where’s the truth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jill Barshay:\u003c/strong> Well, I think I tried to just express that, that science evolves. I mean, it, it, I think about it like, oh, masking and COVID, remember how first when COVID broke out, the federal authorities were saying, “well, you don’t need to wear masks. It’s not so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then later, more studies came out and said, you know what, “we should really wear masks,” and I think we need to be comfortable with science evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so so maybe there was a time almost 50 years ago that oral only phonemic awareness was the way to go. And now we have a ton of confirmation that we need to combine it with letters and there are still questions out there. We still don’t know the exact right dosage in the classroom for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Jill, thank you for taking the time to talk through this complex issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, thanks for talking this through. It’s a complicated area and I appreciate another chance to talk about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> Jill Barshay is a journalist with the Hechinger report. She has a weekly column about education research called Proof Points. Her latest piece is about phonemic awareness research. We’ll bring you ideas and innovations from experts in education and beyond. Hit follow on your favorite podcast app so you don’t miss a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ki Sung:\u003c/strong> The MindShift team includes me, Ki Sung, Nimah Gobir, Kara Newhouse, Marlena Jackson-Retondo and Jennifer Ng.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our editor is Chris Hambrick, Chris Hoff is our sound designer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional support from Jen Chien and Katie Sprenger, Cesar Saldaña and Holly Kernan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MindShift is supported in part by the generosity of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and members of KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks for listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/63241/as-schools-embrace-the-science-of-reading-researchers-are-criticizing-an-overemphasis-on-auditory-skills","authors":["byline_mindshift_63241"],"categories":["mindshift_21504","mindshift_21130","mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_397","mindshift_444","mindshift_21132","mindshift_21335","mindshift_550","mindshift_21616"],"featImg":"mindshift_63242","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_63014":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_63014","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"63014","score":null,"sort":[1706612418000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-diverse-classroom-library-includes-and-respects-fat-characters-too","title":"A diverse classroom library includes and respects fat characters, too","publishDate":1706612418,"format":"standard","headTitle":"A diverse classroom library includes and respects fat characters, too | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many teachers excel at stocking their shelves with books featuring characters of diverse \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62049/choosing-childrens-books-that-include-and-affirm-disability-experiences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">abilities\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57026/diversifying-your-classroom-book-collections-avoid-these-7-pitfalls\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">races\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and socioeconomic statuses. However, representation of size diversity, particularly with regard to fat main characters, is often overlooked. The absence of differently sized characters has far-reaching implications for students because \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scholastic.com/parents/books-and-reading/raise-a-reader-blog/why-its-important-kids-to-see-themselves-books.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">students’ engagement and motivation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in reading are influenced by the presence of relatable protagonists. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23813377211028256#body-ref-bibr18-23813377211028256\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rudine Sims Bishop’s\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “windows, mirrors and sliding glass doors” framework underscores the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61018/want-kids-to-love-reading-authors-grace-lin-and-kate-messner-share-how-to-find-wonder-in-books\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">roles books play\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for learning about others, reflecting aspects of oneself, and facilitating exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Fat is viewed as profane,” said \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drdywannasmith.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dywanna Smith\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a former English teacher who focused her dissertation on establishing safe spaces for Black girls to discuss body size. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She emphasized that when fat students lack representation or only encounter characters who reinforce fat bias, it sends the message that they do not belong. This bias, known as fatphobia, involves discrimination against people based on their overweight or obese body size. Experiencing weight stigma has lasting effects: A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2006.208\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2012 study in the journal Obesity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58357/why-focusing-on-healthy-habits-not-weight-gain-can-better-help-kids\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">weight stigma did not motivate weight loss\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> but can result in isolation and avoidance, among other coping strategies. Overweight or obese kids also are often \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/54257/praise-dont-tease-and-other-tips-to-help-kids-with-their-weight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">victims of bullying\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv/bullying-suicide-translation-final-a.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">correlated with increased suicide-related behavior\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Every student deserves access to books with relatable stories that foster a sense of inclusivity and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62154/proven-classroom-strategies-for-winning-over-reluctant-readers\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cultivate a love for reading\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Teachers can explore ways to critically examine the presence of fat characters in literature and seek books that portray fat protagonists in all of their complexity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Not all representation is good representation\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The literary landscape includes few fat characters who follow well-worn storylines. “Their size is one of the main conflicts of the story and typically it (has) to be resolved with that person losing weight,” said Smith. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JustTeachingELA\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caitlin O’ Connor\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a language arts teacher from New York who presented on fat positivity at the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://convention.ncte.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Council of Teachers of English\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> conference last year, added that plot lines where fat characters lose weight can be harmful because it communicates fat characters are only likable if they are committed to getting smaller. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fat characters are often subject to harmful stereotypes. “It’s not just the presence of fat characters that we need. It’s the good representation of fat characters that we need. We need them to be represented as whole people with stories and lives that are full, that matter, that aren’t just a list of tropes,” said O’Connor. She cited Piggy, a character described as fat from Lord of the Flies, as an example. “He’s constantly called fat and framed as lesser than,” she said, adding that the way that Piggy is treated throughout the book suggests fat people are deserving of name calling and bullying. Other common tropes include framing fat characters as unable to decide what is best for themselves, having fraught relationships with food, or being uninterested in athletic activities. O’Connor emphasized that fat characters should not be confined to proving thin people’s physical superiority or serving as comic relief. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If a teacher has to explore a book with a fat main character that falls into reductive stereotypes, it can be a learning opportunity. O’Connor encouraged teachers to engage students in discussions about character portrayal and patterns across other books. “Having these discussions builds the critical thinking skills and perspectives we want our students to develop,” she said. “We can teach students to recognize and challenge stereotypes through literature.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Literature can debunk stereotypes and tropes\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Teachers can curate diverse book collections that feature fat characters in multifaceted roles and that combat anti-fat bias. O’Connor emphasized the power of language, urging teachers to discuss words as a tool that can uplift or oppress. She suggested repositioning the word “fat” as a descriptor, not a derisive term.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When choosing a book with a fat character, Smith recommended that teachers ask whether the character’s portrayal contributes to existing harmful attitudes, prejudices or stereotypes. Additionally, it’s crucial to assess whether the character is allowed to grow and change throughout the narrative.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among Smith and O’Connor’s recommended books for students are Lisa Fipps’ \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/608212/starfish-by-lisa-fipps/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Starfish\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Crystal Maldonado’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/648097/fat-chance-charlie-vega-by-by-crystal-maldonado/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fat Chance Charlie Vega\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Susan Vaught’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://susanvaught.com/book/big-fat-manifesto-2/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Big Fat Manifesto\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and a collection titled \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.harvard.com/book/the_other_f_word/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The (Other) F Word: A Celebration of the Fat & Fierce\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, edited by Angie Manfredi. These narratives explore themes of self-acceptance, challenging societal norms and celebrating diverse bodies. Other recommendations include the anthology \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/every-body-shines-9781547606078/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Every Body Shines\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, edited by Cassandra Newbould, Claire Kann’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250192677/ifitmakesyouhappy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If It Makes You Happy\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Paul Coccia’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.orcabook.com/Cub\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cub\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and Gabby Rivera’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/621079/juliet-takes-a-breath-by-gabby-rivera/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juliet Takes a Breath\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, each contributing to a tapestry of stories that defy stereotypes and promote body positivity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Where teachers can start\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Addressing the needs of students, especially those experiencing fatphobia, begins with critical introspection, according to Smith. She suggested making a table with the days of the week and noting what you do to support students and colleagues who are fat. “Oftentimes very little is written down,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some teachers may not know where to start and don’t want to say the wrong thing when broaching discussions about body size. Smith urged educators to familiarize themselves with fatphobia and read fat literature for adults, such as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565139/the-body-is-not-an-apology-second-edition-by-sonya-renee-taylor/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Body Is Not an Apology\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Sonya Renee Taylor, which advocates for radical self-love to counteract harm caused by bias or fatphobia, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/645819/what-we-dont-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-fat-by-aubrey-gordon/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What We Don’t Talk About When We Talk About Fat\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Aubrey Gordon, which covers how to challenge cultural attitudes and advocate for social justice.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Highlighting the historical intersections of race and body size, Smith considers \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nyupress.org/9781479886753/fearing-the-black-body/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fearing the Black Body: The Racial Origins of Fat Phobia\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Sabrina Strings a keystone text. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Thickening-Fat-Fat-Bodies-Intersectionality-and-Social-Justice/Friedman-Rice-Rinaldi/p/book/9781138580039\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thickening Fat: Fat Bodies, Intersectionality, and Social Justice\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, edited by May Friedman, Carla Rice and Jen Rinaldi, explores fat oppression and activism through various perspectives.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The worst thing teachers can do is to stay silent about fat characters or the lack thereof, Smith said. “Do we really want to be responsible for saying, ‘Because you are fat, you are unworthy of grace, dignity, love and to have your story heard?’” she asked. “In the absence of this discussion, isn’t that what we’re saying already?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cultivate inclusivity, confront stereotypes, and instill critical thinking skill in students by paying attention to how fat characters are represented in your classroom library.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1706548524,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1098},"headData":{"title":"A diverse classroom library includes and respects fat characters, too | KQED","description":"Diverse characters in literature play a crucial role in affirming students, disrupting stereotypes and fostering empathy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Diverse characters in literature play a crucial role in affirming students, disrupting stereotypes and fostering empathy."},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/63014/a-diverse-classroom-library-includes-and-respects-fat-characters-too","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many teachers excel at stocking their shelves with books featuring characters of diverse \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62049/choosing-childrens-books-that-include-and-affirm-disability-experiences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">abilities\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57026/diversifying-your-classroom-book-collections-avoid-these-7-pitfalls\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">races\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and socioeconomic statuses. However, representation of size diversity, particularly with regard to fat main characters, is often overlooked. The absence of differently sized characters has far-reaching implications for students because \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scholastic.com/parents/books-and-reading/raise-a-reader-blog/why-its-important-kids-to-see-themselves-books.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">students’ engagement and motivation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in reading are influenced by the presence of relatable protagonists. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23813377211028256#body-ref-bibr18-23813377211028256\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rudine Sims Bishop’s\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “windows, mirrors and sliding glass doors” framework underscores the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61018/want-kids-to-love-reading-authors-grace-lin-and-kate-messner-share-how-to-find-wonder-in-books\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">roles books play\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for learning about others, reflecting aspects of oneself, and facilitating exploration.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Fat is viewed as profane,” said \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.drdywannasmith.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dywanna Smith\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a former English teacher who focused her dissertation on establishing safe spaces for Black girls to discuss body size. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She emphasized that when fat students lack representation or only encounter characters who reinforce fat bias, it sends the message that they do not belong. This bias, known as fatphobia, involves discrimination against people based on their overweight or obese body size. Experiencing weight stigma has lasting effects: A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2006.208\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2012 study in the journal Obesity\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58357/why-focusing-on-healthy-habits-not-weight-gain-can-better-help-kids\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">weight stigma did not motivate weight loss\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> but can result in isolation and avoidance, among other coping strategies. Overweight or obese kids also are often \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/54257/praise-dont-tease-and-other-tips-to-help-kids-with-their-weight\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">victims of bullying\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv/bullying-suicide-translation-final-a.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">correlated with increased suicide-related behavior\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Every student deserves access to books with relatable stories that foster a sense of inclusivity and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62154/proven-classroom-strategies-for-winning-over-reluctant-readers\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cultivate a love for reading\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Teachers can explore ways to critically examine the presence of fat characters in literature and seek books that portray fat protagonists in all of their complexity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Not all representation is good representation\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The literary landscape includes few fat characters who follow well-worn storylines. “Their size is one of the main conflicts of the story and typically it (has) to be resolved with that person losing weight,” said Smith. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JustTeachingELA\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caitlin O’ Connor\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a language arts teacher from New York who presented on fat positivity at the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://convention.ncte.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Council of Teachers of English\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> conference last year, added that plot lines where fat characters lose weight can be harmful because it communicates fat characters are only likable if they are committed to getting smaller. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fat characters are often subject to harmful stereotypes. “It’s not just the presence of fat characters that we need. It’s the good representation of fat characters that we need. We need them to be represented as whole people with stories and lives that are full, that matter, that aren’t just a list of tropes,” said O’Connor. She cited Piggy, a character described as fat from Lord of the Flies, as an example. “He’s constantly called fat and framed as lesser than,” she said, adding that the way that Piggy is treated throughout the book suggests fat people are deserving of name calling and bullying. Other common tropes include framing fat characters as unable to decide what is best for themselves, having fraught relationships with food, or being uninterested in athletic activities. O’Connor emphasized that fat characters should not be confined to proving thin people’s physical superiority or serving as comic relief. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If a teacher has to explore a book with a fat main character that falls into reductive stereotypes, it can be a learning opportunity. O’Connor encouraged teachers to engage students in discussions about character portrayal and patterns across other books. “Having these discussions builds the critical thinking skills and perspectives we want our students to develop,” she said. “We can teach students to recognize and challenge stereotypes through literature.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Literature can debunk stereotypes and tropes\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Teachers can curate diverse book collections that feature fat characters in multifaceted roles and that combat anti-fat bias. O’Connor emphasized the power of language, urging teachers to discuss words as a tool that can uplift or oppress. She suggested repositioning the word “fat” as a descriptor, not a derisive term.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When choosing a book with a fat character, Smith recommended that teachers ask whether the character’s portrayal contributes to existing harmful attitudes, prejudices or stereotypes. Additionally, it’s crucial to assess whether the character is allowed to grow and change throughout the narrative.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among Smith and O’Connor’s recommended books for students are Lisa Fipps’ \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/608212/starfish-by-lisa-fipps/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Starfish\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Crystal Maldonado’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/648097/fat-chance-charlie-vega-by-by-crystal-maldonado/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fat Chance Charlie Vega\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Susan Vaught’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://susanvaught.com/book/big-fat-manifesto-2/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Big Fat Manifesto\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and a collection titled \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.harvard.com/book/the_other_f_word/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The (Other) F Word: A Celebration of the Fat & Fierce\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, edited by Angie Manfredi. These narratives explore themes of self-acceptance, challenging societal norms and celebrating diverse bodies. Other recommendations include the anthology \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/every-body-shines-9781547606078/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Every Body Shines\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, edited by Cassandra Newbould, Claire Kann’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250192677/ifitmakesyouhappy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If It Makes You Happy\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Paul Coccia’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.orcabook.com/Cub\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cub\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and Gabby Rivera’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/621079/juliet-takes-a-breath-by-gabby-rivera/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Juliet Takes a Breath\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, each contributing to a tapestry of stories that defy stereotypes and promote body positivity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Where teachers can start\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Addressing the needs of students, especially those experiencing fatphobia, begins with critical introspection, according to Smith. She suggested making a table with the days of the week and noting what you do to support students and colleagues who are fat. “Oftentimes very little is written down,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some teachers may not know where to start and don’t want to say the wrong thing when broaching discussions about body size. Smith urged educators to familiarize themselves with fatphobia and read fat literature for adults, such as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565139/the-body-is-not-an-apology-second-edition-by-sonya-renee-taylor/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Body Is Not an Apology\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Sonya Renee Taylor, which advocates for radical self-love to counteract harm caused by bias or fatphobia, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/645819/what-we-dont-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-fat-by-aubrey-gordon/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What We Don’t Talk About When We Talk About Fat\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Aubrey Gordon, which covers how to challenge cultural attitudes and advocate for social justice.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Highlighting the historical intersections of race and body size, Smith considers \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nyupress.org/9781479886753/fearing-the-black-body/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fearing the Black Body: The Racial Origins of Fat Phobia\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Sabrina Strings a keystone text. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.routledge.com/Thickening-Fat-Fat-Bodies-Intersectionality-and-Social-Justice/Friedman-Rice-Rinaldi/p/book/9781138580039\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thickening Fat: Fat Bodies, Intersectionality, and Social Justice\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, edited by May Friedman, Carla Rice and Jen Rinaldi, explores fat oppression and activism through various perspectives.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The worst thing teachers can do is to stay silent about fat characters or the lack thereof, Smith said. “Do we really want to be responsible for saying, ‘Because you are fat, you are unworthy of grace, dignity, love and to have your story heard?’” she asked. “In the absence of this discussion, isn’t that what we’re saying already?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/63014/a-diverse-classroom-library-includes-and-respects-fat-characters-too","authors":["11721"],"categories":["mindshift_21512","mindshift_21280","mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_21250","mindshift_20818","mindshift_21561","mindshift_20997","mindshift_843","mindshift_268","mindshift_20564","mindshift_21277","mindshift_20770","mindshift_96","mindshift_550","mindshift_825"],"featImg":"mindshift_63016","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_63035":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_63035","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"63035","score":null,"sort":[1706552175000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-secret-shelf-of-banned-books-thrives-in-a-texas-school-under-the-nose-of-censors","title":"A secret shelf of banned books thrives in a Texas school, under the nose of censors","publishDate":1706552175,"format":"standard","headTitle":"A secret shelf of banned books thrives in a Texas school, under the nose of censors | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>In the far, far suburbs of Houston, Texas, three teenagers are talking at a coffee shop about a clandestine bookshelf in their public school classroom. It’s filled with books that have been challenged or banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the books that I’ve read are books like \u003cem>Hood Feminism\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Poet X\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Gabi, A Girl in Pieces\u003c/em>,” says one of the girls. She’s a 17-year-old senior with round glasses and long braids. The books, she says, sparked her feminist consciousness. “I just see, especially in my community, a lot of women being talked down upon and those books [were] really nice to read.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These students live in a state that has banned more books than nearly any other, \u003ca href=\"https://pen.org/press-release/pen-america-joins-seven-other-groups-to-support-lawsuit-to-overturn-texas-book-ban-law-as-unconstitutional/\">according to PEN America\u003c/a>. The Texas State Board of Education \u003ca href=\"https://www.keranews.org/texas-news/2023-04-19/texas-house-advances-bill-that-would-remove-sexually-explicit-books-from-school-libraries\">passed a policy in late 2023\u003c/a> prohibiting what it calls “sexually explicit, pervasively vulgar or educationally unsuitable books in public schools.” Over the past two years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2023-09-21/a-teacher-in-texas-was-fired-for-reading-from-an-anne-frank-graphic-novel\">Texas teachers have lost jobs \u003c/a>or been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/transgender-student-texas-grapevine-podcast-rcna118116\">pressured to resign\u003c/a> after making challenged books available to students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teacher who created this bookshelf could become a target for far right-wing groups. That’s why NPR is not naming her, nor her students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to jeopardize our teacher in any way, or the bookshelf,” another teenager explains. Until recently, he says, he was not naturally inclined toward reading. But the secret bookshelf opened a world of characters and situations he immediately related to. “Just to see Latinos, like LGBTQ,” he says. “That’s not something you really see in our community, or it’s not very well represented at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret bookshelf began in late 2021, when \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/28/1050013664/texas-lawmaker-matt-krause-launches-inquiry-into-850-books\">then-state Rep. Matt Krause sent public schools a list of 850 books\u003c/a> he wanted banned from schools. They might, he said, “make students feel discomfort, guilt, anguish, or any other form of psychological distress because of their race or sex.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made this teacher furious. “The books that make you uncomfortable are the books that make you think,” she told NPR. “Isn’t that what school is supposed to do? It’s supposed to make you think?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She swung into action, calling friends to support a bookshelf that would include all of the books Krause wanted banned. Then she enlisted a student to put it together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went through the list and found the ones that I thought were cool,” he recalled to NPR over a London Fog latte. “And then she gave me her [credit] card and I bought them. It was a lot of gay books, I remember that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same student came out as trans to his family while in high school. “I wouldn’t call them supportive, so I had to do a lot of sneaking around,” he said quietly. Now 19, he’s graduated and works as a host in a restaurant while deciding on his next move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having these books, having these stories out there meant a lot to me, because I felt seen,” he said. Especially meaningful, he added, during a fraught time when Texas lawmakers banned transition-related care for teenagers. “Because of the way the laws are going for trans people especially,” he said, “it could be assumed that [my teacher is] grooming kids. And that would be terrible because that’s not what she’s doing at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR repeatedly reached out to former Texas lawmaker Matt Krause for comment and got no response. He is currently running for county commissioner in the Fort Worth area. The chief of communications for the public school district thanked NPR for “highlighting this very important topic,” but said, “we’re going to pass on this opportunity,” when asked to comment on how administrators are implementing policies around books that have been challenged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a climate of fear — and a variety of self-censorship — going on by school leaders or librarians who do not understand the implications of the law or are fearful for their jobs,” said Carolyn Foote. She’s a retired English teacher and librarian who co-created the activist group \u003ca href=\"https://www.txfreadomfighters.us/\">Texas FReadom Fighters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kasey Meehan of the free speech advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://pen.org/\">PEN America\u003c/a> says she’s watched things in Texas escalate. She points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/sep/20/texas-teacher-fired-anne-frank-book-ban\">a teacher fired last year\u003c/a> for sharing a graphic novel with her students that showed Anne Frank having a romantic daydream about another girl. Another teacher \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/transgender-student-texas-grapevine-podcast-rcna118116\">featured on an NBC podcast\u003c/a> left her job under pressure after making literature available to students featuring a positive transgender character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents are taking books from schools and bringing them to police or sheriff offices and accusing librarians and educators of providing sexually explicit material to students,” Meehan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make me nervous,” admitted the Houston teacher with the secret bookshelf. “I mean, this is absolutely silly that I am not free to talk about books without giving my name and worrying about repercussions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point, she hopes, it will no longer have to be a secret. Earlier this month, the U.S. Court of Appeals blocked part of a recently passed state bill, known as HB 900, that would have required booksellers and publishers to rate any books sold to schools for sexual content. This was seen as a victory for freedom-to-read activists, but some of them noted to NPR that HB 900 still contains dangerously vague language about material prohibited in school and no clear guidelines about enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do believe that book banning is going to go away,” the teacher says, firmly. But for now she adds, “I intend for this library to just keep growing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+secret+shelf+of+banned+books+thrives+in+a+Texas+school%2C+under+the+nose+of+censors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A teacher at a public school near Houston has a secret classroom bookshelf largely made up of challenged titles. Many of the books deal with race, sex and gender.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1706552175,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1012},"headData":{"title":"A secret shelf of banned books thrives in a Texas school, under the nose of censors | KQED","description":"A teacher at a public school near Houston has a secret classroom bookshelf largely made up of challenged titles. 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Many of the books deal with race, sex and gender."},"sticky":false,"nprImageCredit":"Becky Harlan","nprByline":"Neda Ulaby","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"1222539335","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1222539335&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2024/01/29/1222539335/banned-books-high-school?ft=nprml&f=1222539335","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 29 Jan 2024 12:51:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 29 Jan 2024 07:01:12 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 29 Jan 2024 12:51:04 -0500","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/63035/a-secret-shelf-of-banned-books-thrives-in-a-texas-school-under-the-nose-of-censors","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the far, far suburbs of Houston, Texas, three teenagers are talking at a coffee shop about a clandestine bookshelf in their public school classroom. It’s filled with books that have been challenged or banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the books that I’ve read are books like \u003cem>Hood Feminism\u003c/em>, \u003cem>The Poet X\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Gabi, A Girl in Pieces\u003c/em>,” says one of the girls. She’s a 17-year-old senior with round glasses and long braids. The books, she says, sparked her feminist consciousness. “I just see, especially in my community, a lot of women being talked down upon and those books [were] really nice to read.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These students live in a state that has banned more books than nearly any other, \u003ca href=\"https://pen.org/press-release/pen-america-joins-seven-other-groups-to-support-lawsuit-to-overturn-texas-book-ban-law-as-unconstitutional/\">according to PEN America\u003c/a>. The Texas State Board of Education \u003ca href=\"https://www.keranews.org/texas-news/2023-04-19/texas-house-advances-bill-that-would-remove-sexually-explicit-books-from-school-libraries\">passed a policy in late 2023\u003c/a> prohibiting what it calls “sexually explicit, pervasively vulgar or educationally unsuitable books in public schools.” Over the past two years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.hppr.org/hppr-news/2023-09-21/a-teacher-in-texas-was-fired-for-reading-from-an-anne-frank-graphic-novel\">Texas teachers have lost jobs \u003c/a>or been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/transgender-student-texas-grapevine-podcast-rcna118116\">pressured to resign\u003c/a> after making challenged books available to students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teacher who created this bookshelf could become a target for far right-wing groups. That’s why NPR is not naming her, nor her students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to jeopardize our teacher in any way, or the bookshelf,” another teenager explains. Until recently, he says, he was not naturally inclined toward reading. But the secret bookshelf opened a world of characters and situations he immediately related to. “Just to see Latinos, like LGBTQ,” he says. “That’s not something you really see in our community, or it’s not very well represented at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret bookshelf began in late 2021, when \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/28/1050013664/texas-lawmaker-matt-krause-launches-inquiry-into-850-books\">then-state Rep. Matt Krause sent public schools a list of 850 books\u003c/a> he wanted banned from schools. They might, he said, “make students feel discomfort, guilt, anguish, or any other form of psychological distress because of their race or sex.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made this teacher furious. “The books that make you uncomfortable are the books that make you think,” she told NPR. “Isn’t that what school is supposed to do? It’s supposed to make you think?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She swung into action, calling friends to support a bookshelf that would include all of the books Krause wanted banned. Then she enlisted a student to put it together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went through the list and found the ones that I thought were cool,” he recalled to NPR over a London Fog latte. “And then she gave me her [credit] card and I bought them. It was a lot of gay books, I remember that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same student came out as trans to his family while in high school. “I wouldn’t call them supportive, so I had to do a lot of sneaking around,” he said quietly. Now 19, he’s graduated and works as a host in a restaurant while deciding on his next move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having these books, having these stories out there meant a lot to me, because I felt seen,” he said. Especially meaningful, he added, during a fraught time when Texas lawmakers banned transition-related care for teenagers. “Because of the way the laws are going for trans people especially,” he said, “it could be assumed that [my teacher is] grooming kids. And that would be terrible because that’s not what she’s doing at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR repeatedly reached out to former Texas lawmaker Matt Krause for comment and got no response. He is currently running for county commissioner in the Fort Worth area. The chief of communications for the public school district thanked NPR for “highlighting this very important topic,” but said, “we’re going to pass on this opportunity,” when asked to comment on how administrators are implementing policies around books that have been challenged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been seeing a climate of fear — and a variety of self-censorship — going on by school leaders or librarians who do not understand the implications of the law or are fearful for their jobs,” said Carolyn Foote. She’s a retired English teacher and librarian who co-created the activist group \u003ca href=\"https://www.txfreadomfighters.us/\">Texas FReadom Fighters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kasey Meehan of the free speech advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://pen.org/\">PEN America\u003c/a> says she’s watched things in Texas escalate. She points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/sep/20/texas-teacher-fired-anne-frank-book-ban\">a teacher fired last year\u003c/a> for sharing a graphic novel with her students that showed Anne Frank having a romantic daydream about another girl. Another teacher \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/transgender-student-texas-grapevine-podcast-rcna118116\">featured on an NBC podcast\u003c/a> left her job under pressure after making literature available to students featuring a positive transgender character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents are taking books from schools and bringing them to police or sheriff offices and accusing librarians and educators of providing sexually explicit material to students,” Meehan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make me nervous,” admitted the Houston teacher with the secret bookshelf. “I mean, this is absolutely silly that I am not free to talk about books without giving my name and worrying about repercussions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point, she hopes, it will no longer have to be a secret. Earlier this month, the U.S. Court of Appeals blocked part of a recently passed state bill, known as HB 900, that would have required booksellers and publishers to rate any books sold to schools for sexual content. This was seen as a victory for freedom-to-read activists, but some of them noted to NPR that HB 900 still contains dangerously vague language about material prohibited in school and no clear guidelines about enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do believe that book banning is going to go away,” the teacher says, firmly. But for now she adds, “I intend for this library to just keep growing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+secret+shelf+of+banned+books+thrives+in+a+Texas+school%2C+under+the+nose+of+censors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/63035/a-secret-shelf-of-banned-books-thrives-in-a-texas-school-under-the-nose-of-censors","authors":["byline_mindshift_63035"],"categories":["mindshift_194"],"tags":["mindshift_21516","mindshift_21657","mindshift_20646","mindshift_21255","mindshift_21339","mindshift_20564","mindshift_21284","mindshift_550","mindshift_21605","mindshift_21591","mindshift_21451"],"featImg":"mindshift_63036","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_62794":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_62794","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"62794","score":null,"sort":[1701687613000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"right-to-read-settlement-spurred-higher-reading-scores-in-californias-lowest-performing-schools-study-finds","title":"‘Right-to-read’ settlement spurred higher reading scores in California’s lowest performing schools, study finds","publishDate":1701687613,"format":"standard","headTitle":"‘Right-to-read’ settlement spurred higher reading scores in California’s lowest performing schools, study finds | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p9\">In 2017, public interest lawyers sued California because they claimed that too many low-income Black and Hispanic children weren’t learning to read at school. Filed on behalf of families and teachers at three schools with pitiful reading test scores, the suit was an effort to establish a constitutional right to read. However, before the courts resolved that legal question, the litigants settled the case in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">The settlement itself was noteworthy. The state agreed to give an extra $50 million to 75 elementary schools with the worst reading scores in the state to improve how they were teaching reading. Targeted at children who were just learning to read in kindergarten through third grade, the settlement amounted to a little more than $1,000 extra per student. Teachers were trained in evidence-based ways of teaching reading, including an emphasis on phonics and vocabulary. (A few of the 75 original schools didn’t participate or closed down.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pair of Stanford University education researchers studied whether the settlement made a difference, and their conclusion was that yes, it did. Third graders’ reading scores in 2022 and 2023 rose relative to their peers at comparable schools that weren’t eligible for the settlement payments. Researchers equated the gains to an extra 25% of a year of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This right-to-read settlement took place during the pandemic when school closures led to learning losses; reading scores had declined sharply statewide and nationwide. However, test scores were strikingly stable at the schools that benefited from the settlement. More than 30% of the third graders at these lowest performing schools continued to reach Level 2 or higher on the California state reading tests, about the same as in 2019. Third grade reading scores slid at comparison schools between 2019 and 2022 and only began to recover in 2023. (Level 2 equates to slightly below grade-level proficiency with “standard nearly met” but is above the lowest Level 1 “standard not met.”) State testing of all students doesn’t begin until third grade and so there was no standard measure for younger kindergarten, first and second graders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62795\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 780px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-62795 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"755\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1.png 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1-160x155.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1-768x743.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue dots represent the 75 schools that were eligible for the right-to-read settlement program of training and funds. \u003ccite>(Source: Sarah Novicoff and Thomas Dee, Figure A1 of “The Achievement Effects of Scaling Early Literacy Reforms” working paper)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">The settlement’s benefits can seem small. The majority of children in these schools still cannot read well. Even with the reading improvements, more than 65% of the students still scored at the lowest of the four levels on the state’s reading test. But their reading gains are meaningful in the context of a real-life classroom experience for more than 7,000 third graders over two years, not merely a laboratory experiment or a small pilot program. The researchers characterized the reading improvements as larger than those seen in 90% of large-scale classroom interventions, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0013189X231155154\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">2023 study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. They also conducted a cost-benefit analysis and determined that the $50 million literacy program created by the settlement was 13 times more effective than a typical dollar spent at schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">“I wouldn’t call the results super large. I would call them cost effective,” said Jennifer Jennings, a sociologist at Princeton University who was not involved in the study, but attended a presentation of the research in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">A working paper, “\u003ca href=\"https://edworkingpapers.com/ai23-887\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">The Achievement Effects of Scaling Early Literacy Reforms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,” was posted to the website of the Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University on Dec. 4, 2023. It has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, and may still be revised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">Thomas Dee, an economist at Stanford University’s Graduate School of Education who conducted the analysis with doctoral student Sarah Novicoff, says that the reading improvements at the weakest schools in California bolster the evidence for the so-called “science of reading” approach, which has become associated with phonics instruction, but also includes pre-phonics sound awareness, reading fluency, vocabulary building and comprehension skills. Thus far, the best real-world evidence for the science of reading comes from Mississippi, where reading scores dramatically improved after schools changed how they taught reading. But there’s also been a \u003ca href=\"https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/commentary/mississippi-rising-partial-explanation-its-naep-improvement-it-holds-students\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">debate over whether the state’s policy to hold weak readers back\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in third grade has been a bigger driver of the test score gains than the instructional changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">The structure of the right-to-read settlement offers a possible blueprint for how to bring evidence-based teaching practices into more classrooms, says Stanford’s Dee. School administrators and teachers both received training in the science of reading approach, but then schools were given the freedom to create their own plans and spend their share of the settlement funds as they saw fit within certain guidelines. The Sacramento County Office of Education served as an outside administrator, approving plans and overseeing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">“How to drive research to inform practice within schools and within classrooms is the central problem we face in education policy,” said Dee. “When I look at this program, it’s an interesting push and pull of how to do that. Schools were encouraged to do their own planning and tailor what they were doing to their own circumstances. But they also had oversight from a state-designated agency that made sure the money was getting where it was supposed to, that they were doing things in a well-conceived way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">Some schools hired reading coaches to work with teachers on a regular basis. Others hired more aides to tutor children in small groups. Schools generally elected to spend most of the settlement money on salaries for new staff and extra compensation for current teachers to undergo retraining and less on new instructional materials, such as books or curriculums. By contrast, New York City’s current effort to reform reading instruction began with new curriculum requirements and \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/newyork/2023/11/27/teachers-want-more-training-for-reading-curriculum-overhaul/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">teachers are complaining \u003c/span>\u003c/a>that they haven’t received the training to make the new curriculum work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">It’s unclear if this combination of retraining and money would be as effective in typical schools. The lowest performing schools that received the money tended to be staffed by many younger, rookie teachers who were still learning their craft. These new teachers may have been more open to adopting a new science of reading approach than veteran teachers who have years of experience teaching another way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">That teacher retraining victory may foretell a short-lived success story for the students in these schools. The reason that there were so many new teachers is because teachers quickly burn out and leave high-poverty schools. The newly trained teachers in the science of reading may soon quit too. There’s a risk that all the investment in better teaching could soon evaporate. I’ll be curious to see their reading scores a few years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">\u003ci>This story about\u003c/i> \u003ci>the\u003c/i> \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-right-to-read-settlement-spurred-higher-reading-scores-in-californias-lowest-performing-schools-study-finds/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>right to read\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> settlement\u003c/i> \u003ci>was written by Jill Barshay and produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>Hechinger newsletter.\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Roughly 70 schools received $50 million to adopt a science of reading teaching approach. A new study says it helped.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1701718128,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":1222},"headData":{"title":"‘Right-to-read’ settlement spurred higher reading scores in California’s lowest performing schools, study finds | KQED","description":"About 70 schools received $50 million to adopt a science of reading teaching approach. A new study says it helped.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"About 70 schools received $50 million to adopt a science of reading teaching approach. A new study says it helped."},"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/62794/right-to-read-settlement-spurred-higher-reading-scores-in-californias-lowest-performing-schools-study-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p9\">In 2017, public interest lawyers sued California because they claimed that too many low-income Black and Hispanic children weren’t learning to read at school. Filed on behalf of families and teachers at three schools with pitiful reading test scores, the suit was an effort to establish a constitutional right to read. However, before the courts resolved that legal question, the litigants settled the case in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">The settlement itself was noteworthy. The state agreed to give an extra $50 million to 75 elementary schools with the worst reading scores in the state to improve how they were teaching reading. Targeted at children who were just learning to read in kindergarten through third grade, the settlement amounted to a little more than $1,000 extra per student. Teachers were trained in evidence-based ways of teaching reading, including an emphasis on phonics and vocabulary. (A few of the 75 original schools didn’t participate or closed down.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pair of Stanford University education researchers studied whether the settlement made a difference, and their conclusion was that yes, it did. Third graders’ reading scores in 2022 and 2023 rose relative to their peers at comparable schools that weren’t eligible for the settlement payments. Researchers equated the gains to an extra 25% of a year of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This right-to-read settlement took place during the pandemic when school closures led to learning losses; reading scores had declined sharply statewide and nationwide. However, test scores were strikingly stable at the schools that benefited from the settlement. More than 30% of the third graders at these lowest performing schools continued to reach Level 2 or higher on the California state reading tests, about the same as in 2019. Third grade reading scores slid at comparison schools between 2019 and 2022 and only began to recover in 2023. (Level 2 equates to slightly below grade-level proficiency with “standard nearly met” but is above the lowest Level 1 “standard not met.”) State testing of all students doesn’t begin until third grade and so there was no standard measure for younger kindergarten, first and second graders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62795\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 780px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-62795 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"755\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1.png 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1-160x155.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/12/image1-768x743.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue dots represent the 75 schools that were eligible for the right-to-read settlement program of training and funds. \u003ccite>(Source: Sarah Novicoff and Thomas Dee, Figure A1 of “The Achievement Effects of Scaling Early Literacy Reforms” working paper)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">The settlement’s benefits can seem small. The majority of children in these schools still cannot read well. Even with the reading improvements, more than 65% of the students still scored at the lowest of the four levels on the state’s reading test. But their reading gains are meaningful in the context of a real-life classroom experience for more than 7,000 third graders over two years, not merely a laboratory experiment or a small pilot program. The researchers characterized the reading improvements as larger than those seen in 90% of large-scale classroom interventions, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0013189X231155154\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">2023 study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. They also conducted a cost-benefit analysis and determined that the $50 million literacy program created by the settlement was 13 times more effective than a typical dollar spent at schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">“I wouldn’t call the results super large. I would call them cost effective,” said Jennifer Jennings, a sociologist at Princeton University who was not involved in the study, but attended a presentation of the research in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">A working paper, “\u003ca href=\"https://edworkingpapers.com/ai23-887\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">The Achievement Effects of Scaling Early Literacy Reforms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,” was posted to the website of the Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University on Dec. 4, 2023. It has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, and may still be revised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">Thomas Dee, an economist at Stanford University’s Graduate School of Education who conducted the analysis with doctoral student Sarah Novicoff, says that the reading improvements at the weakest schools in California bolster the evidence for the so-called “science of reading” approach, which has become associated with phonics instruction, but also includes pre-phonics sound awareness, reading fluency, vocabulary building and comprehension skills. Thus far, the best real-world evidence for the science of reading comes from Mississippi, where reading scores dramatically improved after schools changed how they taught reading. But there’s also been a \u003ca href=\"https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/commentary/mississippi-rising-partial-explanation-its-naep-improvement-it-holds-students\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">debate over whether the state’s policy to hold weak readers back\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in third grade has been a bigger driver of the test score gains than the instructional changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">The structure of the right-to-read settlement offers a possible blueprint for how to bring evidence-based teaching practices into more classrooms, says Stanford’s Dee. School administrators and teachers both received training in the science of reading approach, but then schools were given the freedom to create their own plans and spend their share of the settlement funds as they saw fit within certain guidelines. The Sacramento County Office of Education served as an outside administrator, approving plans and overseeing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">“How to drive research to inform practice within schools and within classrooms is the central problem we face in education policy,” said Dee. “When I look at this program, it’s an interesting push and pull of how to do that. Schools were encouraged to do their own planning and tailor what they were doing to their own circumstances. But they also had oversight from a state-designated agency that made sure the money was getting where it was supposed to, that they were doing things in a well-conceived way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">Some schools hired reading coaches to work with teachers on a regular basis. Others hired more aides to tutor children in small groups. Schools generally elected to spend most of the settlement money on salaries for new staff and extra compensation for current teachers to undergo retraining and less on new instructional materials, such as books or curriculums. By contrast, New York City’s current effort to reform reading instruction began with new curriculum requirements and \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/newyork/2023/11/27/teachers-want-more-training-for-reading-curriculum-overhaul/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">teachers are complaining \u003c/span>\u003c/a>that they haven’t received the training to make the new curriculum work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">It’s unclear if this combination of retraining and money would be as effective in typical schools. The lowest performing schools that received the money tended to be staffed by many younger, rookie teachers who were still learning their craft. These new teachers may have been more open to adopting a new science of reading approach than veteran teachers who have years of experience teaching another way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">That teacher retraining victory may foretell a short-lived success story for the students in these schools. The reason that there were so many new teachers is because teachers quickly burn out and leave high-poverty schools. The newly trained teachers in the science of reading may soon quit too. There’s a risk that all the investment in better teaching could soon evaporate. I’ll be curious to see their reading scores a few years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p9\">\u003ci>This story about\u003c/i> \u003ci>the\u003c/i> \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-right-to-read-settlement-spurred-higher-reading-scores-in-californias-lowest-performing-schools-study-finds/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>right to read\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> settlement\u003c/i> \u003ci>was written by Jill Barshay and produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>Hechinger newsletter.\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/62794/right-to-read-settlement-spurred-higher-reading-scores-in-californias-lowest-performing-schools-study-finds","authors":["byline_mindshift_62794"],"categories":["mindshift_21504"],"tags":["mindshift_207","mindshift_21539","mindshift_444","mindshift_21241","mindshift_550","mindshift_21856","mindshift_21616","mindshift_21857"],"featImg":"mindshift_62799","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_62597":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_62597","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"62597","score":null,"sort":[1697311842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"curlfriends-new-in-town-reminds-us-that-there-can-be-positives-of-middle-school","title":"'Curlfriends: New In Town' reminds us that there can be positives of middle school","publishDate":1697311842,"format":"standard","headTitle":"‘Curlfriends: New In Town’ reminds us that there can be positives of middle school | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>Middle school. For teens, tweens and their parents, the two words can evoke heavy doses of anxiety, fear, even horror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids are, all of sudden, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61868/student-podcasters-share-the-dark-realities-of-middle-school-in-america\">\u003cem>really\u003c/em> growing up\u003c/a>. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60743/puberty-education-varies-widely-heres-a-science-based-period-talk-to-inform-both-kids-and-adults\">bodies are changing\u003c/a> in unexpected ways; they’re shedding some of their childhood interests and styles, and trying on new ones, for better and — sometimes — for worse. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57010/how-understanding-middle-school-friendships-can-help-students\">Friendships form, are torn apart, recalibrate\u003c/a>. Crushes abound. In the classroom, academic expectations amplify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright wp-image-62603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of Curlfriends: New in Town\" width=\"200\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends.jpg 362w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends-160x230.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">But some books — like the new graphic novel, \u003cem>Curlfriends: New In Town\u003c/em>, the first volume in a debut young adult series written and drawn by author and artist \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/coilyandcute/\">Sharee Miller\u003c/a> — remind us of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59687/middle-schoolers-are-social-what-opportunity-does-that-create-for-learning\">many possibilities and excitements interwoven within those challenging years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The book follows 12-year-old Charlie Harper, beginning around her first day of middle school, which she transfers into three weeks after the year has started. Charlie has spent most of her young life abroad, moving from school to school as her family followed her father’s job in the U.S. Air Force. Now he has retired from that job, and the three are settling down in the neighborhood where her parents grew up. Her mother is returning to work full-time as a pediatrician for the first time since Charlie was born. Her father is starting a new business with his childhood friend, and he will now be the parent who is around more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62600\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62600\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-1_custom-ba45d7ad583048a231b24b70fb2da512388267f7.jpg\" alt=\"page from Curlfriends graphic novel by Sharee Miller\" width=\"200\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-1_custom-ba45d7ad583048a231b24b70fb2da512388267f7.jpg 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-1_custom-ba45d7ad583048a231b24b70fb2da512388267f7-160x217.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Curlfriends: New In Town, 12-year-old Charlie Harper starts middle school in a new town. \u003ccite>(Little, Brown Ink)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are no small changes, and in order to cope Charlie has vowed, in the summer leading up to this move, to “completely reinvent myself, starting with my look.” She is tired of letting other people label her, and ready to take control of her own story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter first day of school disaster: As she is walking into her new school building for the first time, hair done up, new contact lenses in, outfit perfected, a window washer outside the building accidentally knocks his bucket of water all over Charlie, and the entire set up is ruined. In just a few minutes she is back to looking like her old self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is a series of fortuitous meetings, first with Nola, the daughter of a hair stylist who helps Charlie redo her hair before showing her around the new building. Nola, who is both sensitive and outgoing, introduces Charlie to her lunchtime crew, which includes Cara, the easy-going track star with three boisterous brothers who prefers to wear her hair natural, and Ella, the confident, opinionated and always stylish future changemaker, who changes her upcycled outfits as often as her hair styles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62601\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-2_custom-083c3dfd63a79207d6343e439f9abc7cde9f3757.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie aims to create a certain look with her first-day-of-school outfit.\" width=\"200\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-2_custom-083c3dfd63a79207d6343e439f9abc7cde9f3757.jpg 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-2_custom-083c3dfd63a79207d6343e439f9abc7cde9f3757-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie aims to create a certain look with her first-day-of-school outfit. \u003ccite>(Little, Brown Ink)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Charlie is, in turns, thrilled and confused to be taken in by this group that quickly opens up to include her in their new text chain, which Ella nicknames \u003cem>curlfriends — \u003c/em>“since we’re friends and we all have curly hair. Isn’t it cute?” The girls come together around some of the shared particulars of their lives — namely, homework, girlhood and fashion and Black hair — even as their differences in tastes and dispositions propagate cracks of uncertainty, particularly in Charlie, who still lacks self-assurance. Ultimately, kindness and friendship prevail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Curlfriends \u003c/em>is a delightful book, packed with sunny, buoyant illustrations, even as it also cuts into the heart of the challenging tensions that pervade this intermediate stage of life. Young teens want to be known and seen by their friends, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62189/school-shapes-teens-identities-and-relationships-what-role-do-teachers-play\">the adults in their lives\u003c/a>, but they are also still coming to terms with who they are — with who, and what, they actually want to be seen and known for. It can be tricky, for example, to distinguish between the passions and pastimes that your parents picked for you, or those you chose because your friends are into them and you want to spend time together, and those you actively care to pursue. It can be difficult, in other words, to figure out what you like, and what you are like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other popular middle school graphic novels, including \u003cem>The Baby-Sitters Club \u003c/em>adaptations, Kayla Miller’s \u003cem>Click\u003c/em> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60713/banned-books-newbery-medalist-jerry-craft-on-creating-possibilities-for-kids-in-stories\">Jerry Craft’s \u003cem>New Kid\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Curlfriends \u003c/em>is a book about finding one’s passions while navigating \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60624/young-adults-are-struggling-with-their-mental-health-is-more-childhood-independence-the-answer\">newfound responsibilities and independence\u003c/a> amid changing backdrops and social settings. Miller’s charming drawings, as well as her use of an ever-lively color palette, will be familiar to readers of her lively children’s picture books, including \u003cem>Don’t Touch My Hair \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Michelle’s Garden. \u003c/em>Like those other works, \u003cem>Curlfriends \u003c/em>is as much about expressions of self-pride and self-respect as it is about showing compassion, empathy and care for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one constant in Charlie’s life is her love of drawing and art, and it’s through art that she finally figures out how to mark her place in this new world that is middle school. It’s not all exactly under her control but, as with good art, sometimes mistakes along the way end up making for the most exquisite details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tahneer Oksman is a writer, teacher and scholar specializing in memoir as well as graphic novels and comics. She lives in Brooklyn, NY.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Curlfriends%3A+New+In+Town%27+reminds+us+that+there+can+be+positives+of+middle+school&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sharee Miller's debut YA graphic novel, Curlfriends, reminds us of the many possibilities and excitements interwoven within the challenging years of early adolescence.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1697486017,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":921},"headData":{"title":"'Curlfriends: New In Town' reminds us that there can be positives of middle school | KQED","description":"Sharee Miller's debut YA graphic novel, Curlfriends, reminds us of the many possibilities interwoven within the challenging years of early adolescence.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Sharee Miller's debut YA graphic novel, Curlfriends, reminds us of the many possibilities interwoven within the challenging years of early adolescence."},"nprByline":"Tahneer Oksman","nprImageAgency":"Little, Brown Ink ","nprStoryId":"1205699948","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=1205699948&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/13/1205699948/book-review-curlfriends-new-in-town-by-sharee-miller?ft=nprml&f=1205699948","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 13 Oct 2023 11:49:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 13 Oct 2023 11:41:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 13 Oct 2023 11:49:39 -0400","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/62597/curlfriends-new-in-town-reminds-us-that-there-can-be-positives-of-middle-school","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Middle school. For teens, tweens and their parents, the two words can evoke heavy doses of anxiety, fear, even horror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids are, all of sudden, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61868/student-podcasters-share-the-dark-realities-of-middle-school-in-america\">\u003cem>really\u003c/em> growing up\u003c/a>. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60743/puberty-education-varies-widely-heres-a-science-based-period-talk-to-inform-both-kids-and-adults\">bodies are changing\u003c/a> in unexpected ways; they’re shedding some of their childhood interests and styles, and trying on new ones, for better and — sometimes — for worse. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/57010/how-understanding-middle-school-friendships-can-help-students\">Friendships form, are torn apart, recalibrate\u003c/a>. Crushes abound. In the classroom, academic expectations amplify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright wp-image-62603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends.jpg\" alt=\"Cover of Curlfriends: New in Town\" width=\"200\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends.jpg 362w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends-160x230.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">But some books — like the new graphic novel, \u003cem>Curlfriends: New In Town\u003c/em>, the first volume in a debut young adult series written and drawn by author and artist \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/coilyandcute/\">Sharee Miller\u003c/a> — remind us of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59687/middle-schoolers-are-social-what-opportunity-does-that-create-for-learning\">many possibilities and excitements interwoven within those challenging years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The book follows 12-year-old Charlie Harper, beginning around her first day of middle school, which she transfers into three weeks after the year has started. Charlie has spent most of her young life abroad, moving from school to school as her family followed her father’s job in the U.S. Air Force. Now he has retired from that job, and the three are settling down in the neighborhood where her parents grew up. Her mother is returning to work full-time as a pediatrician for the first time since Charlie was born. Her father is starting a new business with his childhood friend, and he will now be the parent who is around more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62600\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62600\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-1_custom-ba45d7ad583048a231b24b70fb2da512388267f7.jpg\" alt=\"page from Curlfriends graphic novel by Sharee Miller\" width=\"200\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-1_custom-ba45d7ad583048a231b24b70fb2da512388267f7.jpg 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-1_custom-ba45d7ad583048a231b24b70fb2da512388267f7-160x217.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Curlfriends: New In Town, 12-year-old Charlie Harper starts middle school in a new town. \u003ccite>(Little, Brown Ink)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are no small changes, and in order to cope Charlie has vowed, in the summer leading up to this move, to “completely reinvent myself, starting with my look.” She is tired of letting other people label her, and ready to take control of her own story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter first day of school disaster: As she is walking into her new school building for the first time, hair done up, new contact lenses in, outfit perfected, a window washer outside the building accidentally knocks his bucket of water all over Charlie, and the entire set up is ruined. In just a few minutes she is back to looking like her old self.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What follows is a series of fortuitous meetings, first with Nola, the daughter of a hair stylist who helps Charlie redo her hair before showing her around the new building. Nola, who is both sensitive and outgoing, introduces Charlie to her lunchtime crew, which includes Cara, the easy-going track star with three boisterous brothers who prefers to wear her hair natural, and Ella, the confident, opinionated and always stylish future changemaker, who changes her upcycled outfits as often as her hair styles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62601\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-2_custom-083c3dfd63a79207d6343e439f9abc7cde9f3757.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie aims to create a certain look with her first-day-of-school outfit.\" width=\"200\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-2_custom-083c3dfd63a79207d6343e439f9abc7cde9f3757.jpg 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/10/curlfriends_spread-2_custom-083c3dfd63a79207d6343e439f9abc7cde9f3757-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie aims to create a certain look with her first-day-of-school outfit. \u003ccite>(Little, Brown Ink)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Charlie is, in turns, thrilled and confused to be taken in by this group that quickly opens up to include her in their new text chain, which Ella nicknames \u003cem>curlfriends — \u003c/em>“since we’re friends and we all have curly hair. Isn’t it cute?” The girls come together around some of the shared particulars of their lives — namely, homework, girlhood and fashion and Black hair — even as their differences in tastes and dispositions propagate cracks of uncertainty, particularly in Charlie, who still lacks self-assurance. Ultimately, kindness and friendship prevail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Curlfriends \u003c/em>is a delightful book, packed with sunny, buoyant illustrations, even as it also cuts into the heart of the challenging tensions that pervade this intermediate stage of life. Young teens want to be known and seen by their friends, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62189/school-shapes-teens-identities-and-relationships-what-role-do-teachers-play\">the adults in their lives\u003c/a>, but they are also still coming to terms with who they are — with who, and what, they actually want to be seen and known for. It can be tricky, for example, to distinguish between the passions and pastimes that your parents picked for you, or those you chose because your friends are into them and you want to spend time together, and those you actively care to pursue. It can be difficult, in other words, to figure out what you like, and what you are like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other popular middle school graphic novels, including \u003cem>The Baby-Sitters Club \u003c/em>adaptations, Kayla Miller’s \u003cem>Click\u003c/em> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60713/banned-books-newbery-medalist-jerry-craft-on-creating-possibilities-for-kids-in-stories\">Jerry Craft’s \u003cem>New Kid\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Curlfriends \u003c/em>is a book about finding one’s passions while navigating \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60624/young-adults-are-struggling-with-their-mental-health-is-more-childhood-independence-the-answer\">newfound responsibilities and independence\u003c/a> amid changing backdrops and social settings. Miller’s charming drawings, as well as her use of an ever-lively color palette, will be familiar to readers of her lively children’s picture books, including \u003cem>Don’t Touch My Hair \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Michelle’s Garden. \u003c/em>Like those other works, \u003cem>Curlfriends \u003c/em>is as much about expressions of self-pride and self-respect as it is about showing compassion, empathy and care for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one constant in Charlie’s life is her love of drawing and art, and it’s through art that she finally figures out how to mark her place in this new world that is middle school. It’s not all exactly under her control but, as with good art, sometimes mistakes along the way end up making for the most exquisite details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tahneer Oksman is a writer, teacher and scholar specializing in memoir as well as graphic novels and comics. She lives in Brooklyn, NY.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Curlfriends%3A+New+In+Town%27+reminds+us+that+there+can+be+positives+of+middle+school&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/62597/curlfriends-new-in-town-reminds-us-that-there-can-be-positives-of-middle-school","authors":["byline_mindshift_62597"],"categories":["mindshift_21445","mindshift_21385","mindshift_20874"],"tags":["mindshift_20997","mindshift_21473","mindshift_21392","mindshift_145","mindshift_550"],"featImg":"mindshift_62599","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_62409":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_62409","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"62409","score":null,"sort":[1695204002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-bibliocounseling-can-create-space-for-black-girls-and-girls-of-color-to-connect-in-school","title":"How bibliocounseling can create space for Black girls and girls of color to connect in school","publishDate":1695204002,"format":"standard","headTitle":"How bibliocounseling can create space for Black girls and girls of color to connect in school | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like many school counselors, Christina Tillery had trouble reaching kids during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the 2020-21 school year, only 100 out of 1800 students opted for in-person learning at\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> her school, while \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">her office remained in the building. Despite the challenges, Tillery used the opportunity to develop programming that could help her connect with students in new ways. Through many brainstorming sessions, she planned a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/50642/how-bibliotherapy-can-help-students-open-up-about-their-mental-health\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bibliocounseling group\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which she launched the next year. This group used literature to “facilitate therapeutic conversations and promote emotional well-being,” Tillery explained in a workshop at the American School Counselors Association (ASCA) \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ascaconferences.org/2023/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">conference\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> last summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The bibliotherapy group brought together about a dozen students together under the supervision of Tillery and another school counselor at Highland Springs High School, a public school in the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia. This group read a book together and met weekly six times to discuss the themes, conflicts and relevance to their own lives. In the 2021-22 school year, many students were in the first uninterrupted school year since the start of the pandemic, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59379/4-high-school-students-talk-mental-health-and-how-the-pandemic-changed-them\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">readjusting\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the social world of school \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59540/pandemic-effect-more-fights-and-class-disruptions-new-data-show\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was rocky\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Against this backdrop, Tillery’s bibliocounseling group was a hit, and she said she loved sitting back and seeing the students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61585/how-a-social-emotional-learning-book-club-can-cut-across-cliques-and-connect-kids\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">share and connect\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with each other over vulnerable topics.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tillery has continued organizing a bibliotherapy group each year. At the ASCA conference, she discussed how bibliocounseling can be used to create affinity groups for Black girls and girls of color. Tillery’s school \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=510189000809\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">serves a predominantly Black population\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Tillery, too, is Black and lives in the school community. “I feel like I have a good relationship with the community,” she said. Many school counselors, however, work with student populations whose race and ethnicity \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11895538/representation-matters-the-case-for-more-black-counselors-in-k-12-schools\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">differ from their own\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. According to ASCA, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.schoolcounselor.org/getmedia/9c1d81ab-2484-4615-9dd7-d788a241beaf/member-demographics.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">almost three-quarters\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of its members are white, while \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cge\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">less than half of K-12 public school students\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are white. At the conference, white counselors in several sessions asked about building their capacity to better support students of color. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In her session, Tillery said white counselors can be \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.teachingwhilewhite.org/being-a-coconspirator\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">co-conspirators\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for students who come to them with experiences of racism.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> She identified common systemic barriers that Black girls and girls of color face within the K-12 education system, including: racial \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58323/how-to-lay-the-groundwork-for-antibias-and-antiracist-teaching\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bias\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, disproportionate \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FKUNLrMXic\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">discipline\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, limited representation in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61220/illinois-teachers-create-black-history-courses-to-fill-in-gaps-in-u-s-history-for-students\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">curriculum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/54986/how-black-girls-benefit-when-math-has-social-interaction-and-ways-to-learn-together\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">opportunity gaps\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, lack of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58492/how-do-you-cultivate-genius-in-all-students\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">culturally responsive supports\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, inequitable resource allocation like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61031/teen-girls-and-lgbtq-youth-plagued-by-violence-and-trauma-survey-says\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mental health services\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and cultural and language barriers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While bibliocounseling is not designed to address every systemic barrier head on, Tillery said it can help Black girls and girls of color connect with each other about their everyday struggles. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Tillery’s first bibliocounseling group, the topics were clear: teen dating, teen relationships and teen intimate partner violence. Tillery and her colleagues had heard a lot of concerns from students related to these issues. By picking this focus, Tillery hoped to validate students’ feelings and experiences and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62011/teens-want-to-know-how-to-have-better-relationships-consent-education-can-help\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">help them navigate difficult relationships in positive ways\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The best themes and books for bibliocounseling will vary by school. Teachers and librarians can also partner with counselors to offer bibliotherapy programs. Tillery offered the following \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hMXlpBVKsBQ3UvqBSVk4QLH-8hDpMMYyOomdV6WnwFI/edit\">advice for those interested in starting bibliocounseling affinity groups\u003c/a> for high school students:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figure out your program’s purpose and goals. Determining these will help to define a topic for that year’s reading topic.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rely on resources found online as well as local and school librarians to find the right book.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Read the text in full before recommending it to a group of students. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gather permissions from parents and caregivers and issue content warnings pertaining to the material as a part of the permission gathering process.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Use Google forms, QR codes, posters, and the school’s learning management system to gauge student interest in the group.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Incentivize completion of the bibliocounseling group interest form with a raffle or reward.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reach out to students who are often left out of activities,or who may not have had the opportunity to be a part of affinity groups in the past. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reach out to local literacy groups, libraries, non-profit organizations and even social media to acquire the books for students. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Bibliotherapy uses literature to facilitate therapeutic conversations and promote emotional well-being. One school counselor recommends bibliocounseling for affinity groups where students can share their everyday struggles.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1695179003,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":714},"headData":{"title":"How bibliocounseling can create space for Black girls and girls of color to connect in school | KQED","description":"A school counselor shares how she uses bibliotherapy in affinity groups where students can share their everyday struggles.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"A school counselor shares how she uses bibliotherapy in affinity groups where students can share their everyday struggles."},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/62409/how-bibliocounseling-can-create-space-for-black-girls-and-girls-of-color-to-connect-in-school","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like many school counselors, Christina Tillery had trouble reaching kids during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the 2020-21 school year, only 100 out of 1800 students opted for in-person learning at\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> her school, while \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">her office remained in the building. Despite the challenges, Tillery used the opportunity to develop programming that could help her connect with students in new ways. Through many brainstorming sessions, she planned a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/50642/how-bibliotherapy-can-help-students-open-up-about-their-mental-health\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bibliocounseling group\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which she launched the next year. This group used literature to “facilitate therapeutic conversations and promote emotional well-being,” Tillery explained in a workshop at the American School Counselors Association (ASCA) \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ascaconferences.org/2023/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">conference\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> last summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The bibliotherapy group brought together about a dozen students together under the supervision of Tillery and another school counselor at Highland Springs High School, a public school in the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia. This group read a book together and met weekly six times to discuss the themes, conflicts and relevance to their own lives. In the 2021-22 school year, many students were in the first uninterrupted school year since the start of the pandemic, and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59379/4-high-school-students-talk-mental-health-and-how-the-pandemic-changed-them\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">readjusting\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the social world of school \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/59540/pandemic-effect-more-fights-and-class-disruptions-new-data-show\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was rocky\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Against this backdrop, Tillery’s bibliocounseling group was a hit, and she said she loved sitting back and seeing the students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61585/how-a-social-emotional-learning-book-club-can-cut-across-cliques-and-connect-kids\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">share and connect\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with each other over vulnerable topics.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tillery has continued organizing a bibliotherapy group each year. At the ASCA conference, she discussed how bibliocounseling can be used to create affinity groups for Black girls and girls of color. Tillery’s school \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=510189000809\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">serves a predominantly Black population\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Tillery, too, is Black and lives in the school community. “I feel like I have a good relationship with the community,” she said. Many school counselors, however, work with student populations whose race and ethnicity \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11895538/representation-matters-the-case-for-more-black-counselors-in-k-12-schools\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">differ from their own\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. According to ASCA, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.schoolcounselor.org/getmedia/9c1d81ab-2484-4615-9dd7-d788a241beaf/member-demographics.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">almost three-quarters\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of its members are white, while \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cge\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">less than half of K-12 public school students\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are white. At the conference, white counselors in several sessions asked about building their capacity to better support students of color. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In her session, Tillery said white counselors can be \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.teachingwhilewhite.org/being-a-coconspirator\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">co-conspirators\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for students who come to them with experiences of racism.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> She identified common systemic barriers that Black girls and girls of color face within the K-12 education system, including: racial \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58323/how-to-lay-the-groundwork-for-antibias-and-antiracist-teaching\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bias\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, disproportionate \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FKUNLrMXic\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">discipline\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, limited representation in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61220/illinois-teachers-create-black-history-courses-to-fill-in-gaps-in-u-s-history-for-students\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">curriculum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/54986/how-black-girls-benefit-when-math-has-social-interaction-and-ways-to-learn-together\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">opportunity gaps\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, lack of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58492/how-do-you-cultivate-genius-in-all-students\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">culturally responsive supports\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, inequitable resource allocation like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/61031/teen-girls-and-lgbtq-youth-plagued-by-violence-and-trauma-survey-says\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mental health services\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and cultural and language barriers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While bibliocounseling is not designed to address every systemic barrier head on, Tillery said it can help Black girls and girls of color connect with each other about their everyday struggles. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Tillery’s first bibliocounseling group, the topics were clear: teen dating, teen relationships and teen intimate partner violence. Tillery and her colleagues had heard a lot of concerns from students related to these issues. By picking this focus, Tillery hoped to validate students’ feelings and experiences and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62011/teens-want-to-know-how-to-have-better-relationships-consent-education-can-help\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">help them navigate difficult relationships in positive ways\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The best themes and books for bibliocounseling will vary by school. Teachers and librarians can also partner with counselors to offer bibliotherapy programs. Tillery offered the following \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hMXlpBVKsBQ3UvqBSVk4QLH-8hDpMMYyOomdV6WnwFI/edit\">advice for those interested in starting bibliocounseling affinity groups\u003c/a> for high school students:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figure out your program’s purpose and goals. Determining these will help to define a topic for that year’s reading topic.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rely on resources found online as well as local and school librarians to find the right book.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Read the text in full before recommending it to a group of students. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gather permissions from parents and caregivers and issue content warnings pertaining to the material as a part of the permission gathering process.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Use Google forms, QR codes, posters, and the school’s learning management system to gauge student interest in the group.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Incentivize completion of the bibliocounseling group interest form with a raffle or reward.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reach out to students who are often left out of activities,or who may not have had the opportunity to be a part of affinity groups in the past. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reach out to local literacy groups, libraries, non-profit organizations and even social media to acquire the books for students. \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/62409/how-bibliocounseling-can-create-space-for-black-girls-and-girls-of-color-to-connect-in-school","authors":["11759"],"categories":["mindshift_21357","mindshift_21280"],"tags":["mindshift_21617","mindshift_21322","mindshift_21202","mindshift_21342","mindshift_972","mindshift_444","mindshift_20865","mindshift_550","mindshift_21337","mindshift_943"],"featImg":"mindshift_62413","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_62271":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_62271","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"62271","score":null,"sort":[1693216816000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"most-students-are-learning-at-typical-pace-again-but-those-who-lost-ground-during-covid-19-arent-catching-up","title":"Most students are learning at typical pace again, but those who lost ground during COVID-19 aren't catching up","publishDate":1693216816,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Most students are learning at typical pace again, but those who lost ground during COVID-19 aren’t catching up | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p7\">Kids around the country are still suffering academically from the pandemic. But more than three years after schools shut down, it’s hard to understand exactly how much ground students have lost and which children now need the most attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Three new reports offer some insights. All three were produced by for-profit companies that sell assessments to schools. Unlike annual state tests, these interim assessments are administered at least twice a year and help track student progress, or learning, during the year. These companies may have a business motive in sounding an alarm to sell more of their product, but the reports are produced by well-regarded education statisticians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The big picture is that kids at every grade are still behind where they would have been without the pandemic. All three reports look at student achievement in the spring of 2019, before the pandemic, and compare it to the spring of 2023. A typical sixth grader, for example, in the spring of 2023 was generally scoring much lower than a typical sixth grader in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The differences are in the details. One report says that students are still behind the equivalent of four to five months of school, but another says it’s one to three months. A third doesn’t measure months of lost learning, but notices the alarming 50% increase in the number of students who are still performing significantly below grade level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Depending on how you slice and dice the data, older students in middle school and beyond seem to be in the most precarious position and younger children seem to be more resilient and recovering better. Yet, under a different spotlight, you can see troubling signs even among younger children. This includes the very youngest children who weren’t school age when the pandemic hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The most recent data, released on Aug. 28, 2023, is from Curriculum Associates, which sells i-Ready assessments taken by more than 11 million students across the country and focuses on “grade-level” skills.* It counts the number of students in third grade, for example, who are able to read at a third-grade level or solve math problems that a third grader ought to be able to solve. The standards for what is grade-level achievement are similar to what most \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/studies/pdf/2021036.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">states consider to be “proficient” on their annual assessments\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The report concludes that the percentage of students who met grade-level expectations was “flat” over the past school year. This is one way of noting that there wasn’t much of an academic recovery between spring of 2022 and spring of 2023. Students of every age, on average, lagged behind where students had been in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62284\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1.png 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1-160x85.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1-768x408.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">For example, 69% of fourth graders were demonstrating grade-level skills in math in 2019. That dropped to 55% in 2022 and barely improved to 56% in 2023. (The drop in grade-level performance isn’t as dramatic for seventh and eighth graders, in part, because so few students were meeting grade-level expectations even before the pandemic.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">“It’s dang hard to catch up,” said Kristen Huff, vice president of assessment and research at Curriculum Associates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">To make up for lost ground, students would have to learn more in a year than they typically do. That generally didn’t happen. Huff said this kind of extra learning is especially hard for students who missed foundational math and reading skills during the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">While most students learned at a typical pace during the 2022-23 school year, Curriculum Associates noted a starkly different and troubling pattern for children who are significantly below grade level by two or more years. Their numbers spiked during the pandemic and have not gone down. Even worse, these children learned less during the 2022-23 school year than during a typical pre-pandemic year. That means they are continuing to lose ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Huff highlighted three groups of children who need extra attention: poor readers in second, third and fourth grades; children in kindergarten and first grade, and middle school math students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">There’s been a stubborn 50% increase in the number of third and fourth graders who are two or more grade levels behind in reading, Huff said. For example, 19% of third graders were that far behind grade level in 2023, up from 12% in 2019. “I find this alarming news,” said Huff, noting that these children were in kindergarten and first grade when the pandemic first hit. “They’re missing out on phonics and phonemic awareness and now they’re thrust into grades three and four,” she said. “If you’re two or more grade levels below in grade three, you’re in big trouble. You’re in big, big, big trouble. We’re going to be seeing evidence of this for years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The youngest students, who were just two to four years old at the start of the pandemic, are also behind. Huff said that kindergarteners and first graders started the 2022-23 school year at lower achievement levels than in the past. They may have missed out on social interactions and pre-school. “You can’t say my current kindergartener wasn’t in school during the pandemic so they weren’t affected,” said Huff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Math achievement slipped the most after schools shuttered and switched to remote learning. And now very high percentages of middle schoolers are below grade level in the subject. Huff speculates that they missed out on foundational math skills, especially fractions and proportional reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p10\">Renaissance administered its Star tests to more than six million students around the country. Its \u003ca href=\"https://www.renaissance.com/resources/how-kids-are-performing/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">spring 2023 report was released on Aug. 9\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. Like Curriculum Associates, Renaissance finds that “growth is back, but performance is not,” according to Gene Kerns, Renaissance’s chief academic officer.* That means students are generally learning at a typical pace at school, but not making up for lost ground. Depending on the subject and the grade, students still need to recover between one and three months of instruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image3.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image3-160x99.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-62283 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image2.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image2-160x99.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Bars represent the achievement gaps between student scores in spring 2023 and 2019, before the pandemic. Each point is roughly equal to a week of instruction. First grade students in 2023 scored as high in math as first grade students did in 2019; learning losses had been recovered.\u003c/em> (Data source: Renaissance)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Math is rebounding better than reading. “Math went down an alarming amount, but has started to go back up,” Kerns said. “We’ve not seen much rebound to reading.” Reading achievement, however, wasn’t as harmed by school disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Kerns generally sees a sunnier story for younger children and a more troubling picture for older students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The youngest children in kindergarten and first grade are on par with pre-pandemic history, he said. Middle elementary school grades are a little behind but catching up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">“The older the student, the more lingering the impact,” said Kerns. “The high school data is very alarming. If you’re a junior in high school, you only have one more year. There’s a time clock on this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Seventh and eighth graders showed tiny decreases in annual learning in math and reading. Kerns says he’s “hesitant” to call it a “downward spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The third report come from NWEA, which administers the Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) Assessment to more than 6 million students. Its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwea.org/uploads/Educations-long-covid-2022-23-achievement-data-reveal-stalled-progress-toward-pandemic-recovery_NWEA_Research-brief.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">spring 2023 data, released on July 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, showed that students on average need four to five months of extra schooling, on top of the regular school year, to catch up. This graph below, is a good summary of how much students are behind as expressed in months of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cb>Spring 2023 achievement gaps and months of schooling required to catch up to pre-COVID achievement levels\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62281\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4.png 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4-160x106.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4-768x511.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Like the Renaissance report, the NWEA report shows a bigger learning loss in math than in reading, and indicates that older students have been more academically harmed by the pandemic. They’ll need more months of extra schooling to catch up to where they would have been had the pandemic never happened. It could take years and years to squeeze these extra months of instruction in and many students may never receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">From my perspective, Renaissance and NWEA came to similar conclusions for most students. The main difference is that Renaissance has additional assessment data for younger children in kindergarten through second grade, showing a recovery, and high school data, showing a worse deterioration. The discrepancies in their measurement of months of learning loss, whether it’s four to five months or one to three months, is inconsequential. Both companies admit these assumption-filled estimates are imprecise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">One of the most substantial differences among the reports is that Curriculum Associates is sounding an alarm bell for kindergarteners and first graders while Renaissance is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The three reports all conclude that kids are behind where they would have been without the pandemic. But some sub-groups are doing much worse than others. The students who are the most behind and continuing to spiral downward really need our attention. Without extra support, their pandemic slump could be lifelong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">\u003ci>This story about \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-three-views-of-pandemic-learning-loss-and-recovery/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>pandemic recovery\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>Proof Points\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> and other \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ci>* Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly said that more than 3 million students took i-Ready assessments.\u003c/i>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ci>** Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly spelled Gene Kerns’s last name.\u003c/i>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Kids around the country are still suffering from pandemic learning loss. Three new reports offer some insights about who needs the most support.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1693246424,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":1645},"headData":{"title":"Most students are learning at typical pace again, but those who lost ground during COVID-19 aren't catching up | KQED","description":"Kids around the country are still suffering from pandemic learning loss. Three new reports offer some insights about who needs the most support.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Kids around the country are still suffering from pandemic learning loss. Three new reports offer some insights about who needs the most support."},"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/62271/most-students-are-learning-at-typical-pace-again-but-those-who-lost-ground-during-covid-19-arent-catching-up","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p7\">Kids around the country are still suffering academically from the pandemic. But more than three years after schools shut down, it’s hard to understand exactly how much ground students have lost and which children now need the most attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p7\">Three new reports offer some insights. All three were produced by for-profit companies that sell assessments to schools. Unlike annual state tests, these interim assessments are administered at least twice a year and help track student progress, or learning, during the year. These companies may have a business motive in sounding an alarm to sell more of their product, but the reports are produced by well-regarded education statisticians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The big picture is that kids at every grade are still behind where they would have been without the pandemic. All three reports look at student achievement in the spring of 2019, before the pandemic, and compare it to the spring of 2023. A typical sixth grader, for example, in the spring of 2023 was generally scoring much lower than a typical sixth grader in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The differences are in the details. One report says that students are still behind the equivalent of four to five months of school, but another says it’s one to three months. A third doesn’t measure months of lost learning, but notices the alarming 50% increase in the number of students who are still performing significantly below grade level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Depending on how you slice and dice the data, older students in middle school and beyond seem to be in the most precarious position and younger children seem to be more resilient and recovering better. Yet, under a different spotlight, you can see troubling signs even among younger children. This includes the very youngest children who weren’t school age when the pandemic hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The most recent data, released on Aug. 28, 2023, is from Curriculum Associates, which sells i-Ready assessments taken by more than 11 million students across the country and focuses on “grade-level” skills.* It counts the number of students in third grade, for example, who are able to read at a third-grade level or solve math problems that a third grader ought to be able to solve. The standards for what is grade-level achievement are similar to what most \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/studies/pdf/2021036.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">states consider to be “proficient” on their annual assessments\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The report concludes that the percentage of students who met grade-level expectations was “flat” over the past school year. This is one way of noting that there wasn’t much of an academic recovery between spring of 2022 and spring of 2023. Students of every age, on average, lagged behind where students had been in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62284\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1.png 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1-160x85.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image1-768x408.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">For example, 69% of fourth graders were demonstrating grade-level skills in math in 2019. That dropped to 55% in 2022 and barely improved to 56% in 2023. (The drop in grade-level performance isn’t as dramatic for seventh and eighth graders, in part, because so few students were meeting grade-level expectations even before the pandemic.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">“It’s dang hard to catch up,” said Kristen Huff, vice president of assessment and research at Curriculum Associates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">To make up for lost ground, students would have to learn more in a year than they typically do. That generally didn’t happen. Huff said this kind of extra learning is especially hard for students who missed foundational math and reading skills during the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">While most students learned at a typical pace during the 2022-23 school year, Curriculum Associates noted a starkly different and troubling pattern for children who are significantly below grade level by two or more years. Their numbers spiked during the pandemic and have not gone down. Even worse, these children learned less during the 2022-23 school year than during a typical pre-pandemic year. That means they are continuing to lose ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Huff highlighted three groups of children who need extra attention: poor readers in second, third and fourth grades; children in kindergarten and first grade, and middle school math students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">There’s been a stubborn 50% increase in the number of third and fourth graders who are two or more grade levels behind in reading, Huff said. For example, 19% of third graders were that far behind grade level in 2023, up from 12% in 2019. “I find this alarming news,” said Huff, noting that these children were in kindergarten and first grade when the pandemic first hit. “They’re missing out on phonics and phonemic awareness and now they’re thrust into grades three and four,” she said. “If you’re two or more grade levels below in grade three, you’re in big trouble. You’re in big, big, big trouble. We’re going to be seeing evidence of this for years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The youngest students, who were just two to four years old at the start of the pandemic, are also behind. Huff said that kindergarteners and first graders started the 2022-23 school year at lower achievement levels than in the past. They may have missed out on social interactions and pre-school. “You can’t say my current kindergartener wasn’t in school during the pandemic so they weren’t affected,” said Huff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Math achievement slipped the most after schools shuttered and switched to remote learning. And now very high percentages of middle schoolers are below grade level in the subject. Huff speculates that they missed out on foundational math skills, especially fractions and proportional reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p10\">Renaissance administered its Star tests to more than six million students around the country. Its \u003ca href=\"https://www.renaissance.com/resources/how-kids-are-performing/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">spring 2023 report was released on Aug. 9\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. Like Curriculum Associates, Renaissance finds that “growth is back, but performance is not,” according to Gene Kerns, Renaissance’s chief academic officer.* That means students are generally learning at a typical pace at school, but not making up for lost ground. Depending on the subject and the grade, students still need to recover between one and three months of instruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image3.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image3-160x99.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-62283 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image2.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image2-160x99.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Bars represent the achievement gaps between student scores in spring 2023 and 2019, before the pandemic. Each point is roughly equal to a week of instruction. First grade students in 2023 scored as high in math as first grade students did in 2019; learning losses had been recovered.\u003c/em> (Data source: Renaissance)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Math is rebounding better than reading. “Math went down an alarming amount, but has started to go back up,” Kerns said. “We’ve not seen much rebound to reading.” Reading achievement, however, wasn’t as harmed by school disruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Kerns generally sees a sunnier story for younger children and a more troubling picture for older students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The youngest children in kindergarten and first grade are on par with pre-pandemic history, he said. Middle elementary school grades are a little behind but catching up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">“The older the student, the more lingering the impact,” said Kerns. “The high school data is very alarming. If you’re a junior in high school, you only have one more year. There’s a time clock on this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Seventh and eighth graders showed tiny decreases in annual learning in math and reading. Kerns says he’s “hesitant” to call it a “downward spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The third report come from NWEA, which administers the Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) Assessment to more than 6 million students. Its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwea.org/uploads/Educations-long-covid-2022-23-achievement-data-reveal-stalled-progress-toward-pandemic-recovery_NWEA_Research-brief.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">spring 2023 data, released on July 11\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, showed that students on average need four to five months of extra schooling, on top of the regular school year, to catch up. This graph below, is a good summary of how much students are behind as expressed in months of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cb>Spring 2023 achievement gaps and months of schooling required to catch up to pre-COVID achievement levels\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62281\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4.png 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4-160x106.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/08/image4-768x511.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">Like the Renaissance report, the NWEA report shows a bigger learning loss in math than in reading, and indicates that older students have been more academically harmed by the pandemic. They’ll need more months of extra schooling to catch up to where they would have been had the pandemic never happened. It could take years and years to squeeze these extra months of instruction in and many students may never receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">From my perspective, Renaissance and NWEA came to similar conclusions for most students. The main difference is that Renaissance has additional assessment data for younger children in kindergarten through second grade, showing a recovery, and high school data, showing a worse deterioration. The discrepancies in their measurement of months of learning loss, whether it’s four to five months or one to three months, is inconsequential. Both companies admit these assumption-filled estimates are imprecise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">One of the most substantial differences among the reports is that Curriculum Associates is sounding an alarm bell for kindergarteners and first graders while Renaissance is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">The three reports all conclude that kids are behind where they would have been without the pandemic. But some sub-groups are doing much worse than others. The students who are the most behind and continuing to spiral downward really need our attention. Without extra support, their pandemic slump could be lifelong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p8\">\u003ci>This story about \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-three-views-of-pandemic-learning-loss-and-recovery/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>pandemic recovery\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>Proof Points\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci> and other \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">\u003ci>Hechinger newsletters\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ci>* Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly said that more than 3 million students took i-Ready assessments.\u003c/i>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003ci>** Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly spelled Gene Kerns’s last name.\u003c/i>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/62271/most-students-are-learning-at-typical-pace-again-but-those-who-lost-ground-during-covid-19-arent-catching-up","authors":["byline_mindshift_62271"],"categories":["mindshift_21345","mindshift_21504"],"tags":["mindshift_21343","mindshift_21766","mindshift_21539","mindshift_392","mindshift_21704","mindshift_550"],"featImg":"mindshift_62272","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/ME_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/OOW_Tile_Final.png","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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