When Adolescents Give Up Pot, Their Cognition Quickly Improves
Science of Learning: Marijuana, Achievement and the Teen Brain
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That is, at least, not among young people, and not when the activity is learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2018/v79/17m11977.aspx\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \u003c/em>finds that when adolescents stop using marijuana – even for just one week – their verbal learning and memory improves. The study contributes to growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\"> evidence that marijuana use in adolescents\u003c/a> is associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 14 percent of middle and high school students reported using marijuana within the last month, finds a \u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf\">National Institutes of Health survey\u003c/a> conducted in 2017. And marijuana use has increased among high schoolers over the past 10 years, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/marijuana/index.html\"> U.S. Department of Health & Human Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the percentage of teens who believe that regular marijuana use poses a great risk to their health has\u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2016.pdf\"> dropped sharply since the mid-2000s\u003c/a>. And, legalization of marijuana may play a part in shaping how young people think about the drug. One study noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365078/\">after 2012, when marijuana was legalized\u003c/a> in Washington state, the number of eighth graders there that believed marijuana posed risks to their health dropped by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are particularly concerned with use of marijuana among the young because THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, most sharply affects the parts of the brain that develop during adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is undergoing significant neurodevelopment well into the 20s, and the regions that are last to develop are those regions that are most populated by cannabis receptors, and are also very critical to cognitive functioning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mghaddictionmedicine.com/about/staff/randi-schuster-ph-d/\">Randi Schuster\u003c/a>. Schuster is the director of Neuropsychology at Massachusetts General Hospital's Center for Addiction Medicine, and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster and the team of researchers set out to determine if cognitive functions that are potentially harmed by marijuana use in adolescents – particularly attention and memory – improve when they abstain from marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recruited 88 pot-using teens and young adults, ages 16 to 25, and got some of them to agree to stop smoking (or otherwise consuming) marijuana for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster says the researchers wanted to recruit a range of participants, not just heavy users or those in a treatment program, for example. Some of the young people smoked once per week; some smoked nearly daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers randomly assigned the volunteers into an abstaining group and a non-abstaining group. They delivered the bad news to those chosen to be abstainers at the end of their first visit, and Shuster says, they took it surprisingly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were generally fine,\" she says. \"We kind of went through what the next month would look like and helped them come up with strategies for staying abstinent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One motivation for the non-tokers to stick with the program? They received increasing amounts of money each week of the month-long study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers urine tested both groups on a weekly basis to make sure that the THC levels for the abstinent group were going down, but that the levels for the control group were staying consistent as they continued using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also at each visit, the participants completed a variety of tasks testing their attention and memory through the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/\"> Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery\u003c/a>, a validated cognitive assessment tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that after four weeks, there was no noticeable difference in attention scores between the marijuana users and the non-users. But, the memory scores of the non-users improved, whereas the users' memories mostly stayed the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The verbal memory test challenged participants to learn and recall new words, which \"lets us look both at their ability to learn information the first time the words were presented, as well as the number of words that they're able to retrieve from long-term memory storage after a delay,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbal memory is particularly relevant for adolescents and young adults when they're in the classroom, says Schuster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For an adolescent sitting in their history class learning new facts for the first time, we're suspecting that active cannabis users might have a difficult time putting that new information into their long-term memory,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study didn't prove that abstaining from cannabis improves adolescents' attention, other studies have found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\">marijuana users fare worse in attention tests\u003c/a> than non-users. Schusters hypothesizes it might take more than four weeks of abstinence for attention levels to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, most of the memory improvement for the abstinent group happened during the first week of the study, which leaves the researchers feeling hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were pleasantly surprised to see that at least some of the deficits that we think may be caused by cannabis appear to be reversible, and at least some of them are quickly reversible, which is good news,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One weakness of this study is its lack of a non-marijuana-using control group, says \u003ca href=\"https://uwm.edu/psychology/people/lisdahl-krista-m/\">Krista Lisdahl\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee who was not involved with the study, but also researches the neuroscience of addiction. Because of this, it's difficult to conclude whether the improvements in memory brought the participants back to their baseline levels prior to using marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, because the study lasted only four weeks, it's impossible to draw conclusions about the long term effects of marijuana usage for young people, such as how marijuana directly affects academic performance or sleep patterns or mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl says that longitudinal studies like the NIH's\u003ca href=\"https://abcdstudy.org/\"> Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study\u003c/a>, could provide more information about what marijuana does to the adolescent brain. It might also reveal what happens if adolescents stop using marijuana, and if their brain functioning can completely recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl is helping with the NIH study, which has, to date, enrolled over 11,000 children ages nine and 10, and will follow them over into young adulthood. It's the largest long-term research study on child brain development in the U.S., and it assesses how everything from screen time to concussions to drugs affect adolescents' brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Lisdahl says the findings from the new study – that abstinence from marijuana is associated with improvements in adolescents' learning and memory – sends a positive message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remain optimistic that we can show recovery of function with sustained abstinence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR's Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Adolescents+Give+Up+Pot%2C+Their+Cognition+Quickly+Improves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When researchers convinced a group of young people to stop smoking pot, their cognition quickly improved. This adds to research warning against teen pot use, despite marijuana's growing acceptance. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540966378,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1087},"headData":{"title":"When Adolescents Give Up Pot, Their Cognition Quickly Improves | KQED","description":"When researchers convinced a group of young people to stop smoking pot, their cognition quickly improved. This adds to research warning against teen pot use, despite marijuana's growing acceptance. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"When Adolescents Give Up Pot, Their Cognition Quickly Improves","datePublished":"2018-10-31T06:12:58.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-31T06:12:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52398 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=52398","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2018/10/30/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves/","disqusTitle":"When Adolescents Give Up Pot, Their Cognition Quickly Improves","nprByline":"Rachel D. Cohen","nprImageAgency":"BURGER/Canopy/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"662127406","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=662127406&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/30/662127406/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves?ft=nprml&f=662127406","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 30 Oct 2018 13:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 30 Oct 2018 13:01:25 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 30 Oct 2018 13:01:25 -0400","path":"/mindshift/52398/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marijuana, it seems, is not a performance-enhancing drug. That is, at least, not among young people, and not when the activity is learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychiatrist.com/JCP/article/Pages/2018/v79/17m11977.aspx\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry \u003c/em>finds that when adolescents stop using marijuana – even for just one week – their verbal learning and memory improves. The study contributes to growing\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\"> evidence that marijuana use in adolescents\u003c/a> is associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 14 percent of middle and high school students reported using marijuana within the last month, finds a \u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf\">National Institutes of Health survey\u003c/a> conducted in 2017. And marijuana use has increased among high schoolers over the past 10 years, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/marijuana/index.html\"> U.S. Department of Health & Human Services\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the percentage of teens who believe that regular marijuana use poses a great risk to their health has\u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2016.pdf\"> dropped sharply since the mid-2000s\u003c/a>. And, legalization of marijuana may play a part in shaping how young people think about the drug. One study noted that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365078/\">after 2012, when marijuana was legalized\u003c/a> in Washington state, the number of eighth graders there that believed marijuana posed risks to their health dropped by 14 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are particularly concerned with use of marijuana among the young because THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, most sharply affects the parts of the brain that develop during adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is undergoing significant neurodevelopment well into the 20s, and the regions that are last to develop are those regions that are most populated by cannabis receptors, and are also very critical to cognitive functioning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mghaddictionmedicine.com/about/staff/randi-schuster-ph-d/\">Randi Schuster\u003c/a>. Schuster is the director of Neuropsychology at Massachusetts General Hospital's Center for Addiction Medicine, and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster and the team of researchers set out to determine if cognitive functions that are potentially harmed by marijuana use in adolescents – particularly attention and memory – improve when they abstain from marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recruited 88 pot-using teens and young adults, ages 16 to 25, and got some of them to agree to stop smoking (or otherwise consuming) marijuana for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuster says the researchers wanted to recruit a range of participants, not just heavy users or those in a treatment program, for example. Some of the young people smoked once per week; some smoked nearly daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers randomly assigned the volunteers into an abstaining group and a non-abstaining group. They delivered the bad news to those chosen to be abstainers at the end of their first visit, and Shuster says, they took it surprisingly well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People were generally fine,\" she says. \"We kind of went through what the next month would look like and helped them come up with strategies for staying abstinent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One motivation for the non-tokers to stick with the program? They received increasing amounts of money each week of the month-long study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers urine tested both groups on a weekly basis to make sure that the THC levels for the abstinent group were going down, but that the levels for the control group were staying consistent as they continued using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also at each visit, the participants completed a variety of tasks testing their attention and memory through the\u003ca href=\"http://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/\"> Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery\u003c/a>, a validated cognitive assessment tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that after four weeks, there was no noticeable difference in attention scores between the marijuana users and the non-users. But, the memory scores of the non-users improved, whereas the users' memories mostly stayed the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The verbal memory test challenged participants to learn and recall new words, which \"lets us look both at their ability to learn information the first time the words were presented, as well as the number of words that they're able to retrieve from long-term memory storage after a delay,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbal memory is particularly relevant for adolescents and young adults when they're in the classroom, says Schuster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For an adolescent sitting in their history class learning new facts for the first time, we're suspecting that active cannabis users might have a difficult time putting that new information into their long-term memory,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study didn't prove that abstaining from cannabis improves adolescents' attention, other studies have found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\">marijuana users fare worse in attention tests\u003c/a> than non-users. Schusters hypothesizes it might take more than four weeks of abstinence for attention levels to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, most of the memory improvement for the abstinent group happened during the first week of the study, which leaves the researchers feeling hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were pleasantly surprised to see that at least some of the deficits that we think may be caused by cannabis appear to be reversible, and at least some of them are quickly reversible, which is good news,\" Schuster says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One weakness of this study is its lack of a non-marijuana-using control group, says \u003ca href=\"https://uwm.edu/psychology/people/lisdahl-krista-m/\">Krista Lisdahl\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee who was not involved with the study, but also researches the neuroscience of addiction. Because of this, it's difficult to conclude whether the improvements in memory brought the participants back to their baseline levels prior to using marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, because the study lasted only four weeks, it's impossible to draw conclusions about the long term effects of marijuana usage for young people, such as how marijuana directly affects academic performance or sleep patterns or mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl says that longitudinal studies like the NIH's\u003ca href=\"https://abcdstudy.org/\"> Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study\u003c/a>, could provide more information about what marijuana does to the adolescent brain. It might also reveal what happens if adolescents stop using marijuana, and if their brain functioning can completely recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisdahl is helping with the NIH study, which has, to date, enrolled over 11,000 children ages nine and 10, and will follow them over into young adulthood. It's the largest long-term research study on child brain development in the U.S., and it assesses how everything from screen time to concussions to drugs affect adolescents' brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Lisdahl says the findings from the new study – that abstinence from marijuana is associated with improvements in adolescents' learning and memory – sends a positive message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remain optimistic that we can show recovery of function with sustained abstinence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR's Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Adolescents+Give+Up+Pot%2C+Their+Cognition+Quickly+Improves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/52398/when-adolescents-give-up-pot-their-cognition-quickly-improves","authors":["byline_mindshift_52398"],"categories":["mindshift_192","mindshift_20874"],"tags":["mindshift_21093","mindshift_767","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_21142","mindshift_46"],"featImg":"mindshift_52399","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_49330":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_49330","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"49330","score":null,"sort":[1506496507000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-of-learning-marijuana-achievement-and-the-teen-brain","title":"Science of Learning: Marijuana, Achievement and the Teen Brain","publishDate":1506496507,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>A funny thing happened in the Dutch city of Maastricht in the fall of 2011. A policy went into effect banning the sale of marijuana at the city’s 13 legal cannabis shops to visitors from most other countries. The goal was to discourage disruptive drug tourism in a city close to several international borders. The policy had its intended effect, but also a remarkable unintended one: foreign students attending Maastricht University starting getting better grades. According to an analysis published earlier this year in \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-abstract/84/3/1210/3091869/High-Achievers-Cannabis-Access-and-Academic?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Review of Economic Studies\u003c/a>, students who had been passing their courses at a rate of 73.9% when they could legally buy weed were now passing at a rate of 77.9% — a sizeable jump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect, which was based on data from 336 undergraduates in more than 4,000 courses, was most dramatic for weaker students, women, and in classes that required more math. Some of this falls in line with past research: marijuana use has been linked to inferior academic achievement (and vice versa), so it makes sense that poorer students might benefit most from a ban, and the drug is known to have immediate effects on cognitive performance, including in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what’s really unusual about the study, notes one of its authors, economist \u003ca href=\"http://ulfzoelitz.com/\">Ulf Zoelitz\u003c/a> of the Briq Institute on Behavior and Inequality, is that rather than merely correlating academic performance with cannabis use, as much past research has done, “we could cleanly identify the causal impact of a drug policy.” Zoelitz co-authored the study with \u003ca href=\"http://roa.sbe.maastrichtuniversity.nl/?page_id=838\">Olivier Marie\u003c/a> of Erasmus University Rotterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come in the wake of a movement to liberalize marijuana laws in the U.S. and some other countries. A total of 29 states and Washington, D.C. now allow the use of medical marijuana and eight states have decriminalized recreational use. \u003ca href=\"http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2013.pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that the legalization movement has coincided with a shift in attitudes among teenagers over the past decade: a steep decline in the perception of marijuana as risky. Use of all illicit drugs by adolescents has been dropping in the U.S., but smoking weed remains broadly popular: more than a \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/monitoring-future-survey-high-school-youth-trends\">third of high school seniors report some use and 6% \u003c/a>admit they partake daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much harm are they wreaking on their brains and academic performance? Obviously, students who are actively high in class are not doing themselves any favors. There’s a rich scientific literature demonstrating that learning, memory and attention all take a hit from cannabis intoxication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger question concerns cumulative damage. A substantial body of research – much of it summarized in \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2488041\">2016 review paper in JAMA Psychiatry\u003c/a> – shows that heavy marijuana use that begins in adolescence and continues over many years predicts lower achievement and less overall happiness in life. It has also been linked to a variety of changes in brain anatomy and function, such as altered patterns of connectivity between the two hemispheres and within the prefrontal cortex — the center for higher thinking and learning. Brain imaging studies of habitual marijuana users have revealed a smaller amygdala and hippocampus — structures that, among other things, play a role in regulating emotions and forming memories. Marijuana also appears to be a trigger for schizophrenia in people with underlying vulnerabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s maddingly difficult to separate the impact of cannabis from other factors, such as poverty and childhood trauma, which increase the odds of using marijuana and which themselves can directly alter the brain. In an attempt to eliminate the role of poverty, psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2215386\">Madeline Meier\u003c/a> and colleagues at Arizona State University published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4633365/\">study in 2015\u003c/a> that looked at the relationship between smoking pot and grade-point average among upper-middle-class high school students. Sure enough, she found a correlation, but it was impossible to disentangle it from the effects of drinking and smoking. “The problem is that adolescents who use marijuana tend to also use alcohol and smoke tobacco,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26237288/\">study published the same year\u003c/a> by epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://sph.umd.edu/people/amelia-arria\">Amelia Arria\u003c/a> and colleagues at the University of Maryland, managed to separate these influences and found that as students’ weed consumption rose, their GPA fell — just as the experience in Maastricht would suggest. In addition, they found that the frequency of marijuana use during freshman year predicted how likely students were to graduate on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that this [endocannabinoids] system is changing significantly during adolescence is of major importance.’\u003ccite>Yasmin Hurd, neuroscientist and director of the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest source of worry, where teenagers are concerned, stems from scientists’ growing appreciation of how much the body’s own cannabis-like chemicals shape the brain. These “endocannabinoids,” which are made in nerve cells throughout the body, play a key role in wiring the brain during fetal development and also in guiding major changes that occur from puberty through the mid-20s, when the brain reaches full maturity. Throughout life, this system influences reward-seeking behavior around food, sex and social interaction and regulates our emotions, memory, movement and sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that this system is changing significantly during adolescence is of major importance,” says neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/yasmin-hurd\">Yasmin Hurd\u003c/a>, director of the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai in New York City. She wonders if young people would be quite so cavalier about “flooding their brain with marijuana” if they knew that this system is “one of the most important players in regulating communication between nerve cells and therefore in determining who we are on multiple levels — from motivation and cognition to motor function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, no one can say for sure that cannabis disrupts this system, and even less clear is the impact of short-term or moderate use. But answers are coming. The National Institutes of Health has launched the massive Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), which will track more than 10,000 nine- and ten-year-olds for 10 years — before and after the period when substance use typically begins. The children will undergo brain scans every two years to examine both structure and function, says Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. In addition, she says, “we will be very carefully recording exposure to drugs, social environment and performance at school.” Researchers cannot wait to get their hands on the data, which should answer many of the unresolved questions about marijuana in the teenage years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, though, it makes sense to talk to kids about what we do know: the startling role of the endocannabinoid system and the findings in Maastricht and elsewhere about the impact of marijuana on achievement in school. Even if the ABCD study winds up showing that marijuana does not directly harm the brain, it certainly hits kids in another place that matters: their GPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, the nonprofit, independent news website focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for our \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://eepurl.com/6PKcL\">newsletter\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As we loosen cannabis laws, we should weigh the impact on learning\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1506496507,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1187},"headData":{"title":"Science of Learning: Marijuana, Achievement and the Teen Brain | KQED","description":"As we loosen cannabis laws, we should weigh the impact on learning\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science of Learning: Marijuana, Achievement and the Teen Brain","datePublished":"2017-09-27T07:15:07.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-27T07:15:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"49330 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=49330","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2017/09/27/science-of-learning-marijuana-achievement-and-the-teen-brain/","disqusTitle":"Science of Learning: Marijuana, Achievement and the Teen Brain","nprByline":"Claudia Wallis, \u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","path":"/mindshift/49330/science-of-learning-marijuana-achievement-and-the-teen-brain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A funny thing happened in the Dutch city of Maastricht in the fall of 2011. A policy went into effect banning the sale of marijuana at the city’s 13 legal cannabis shops to visitors from most other countries. The goal was to discourage disruptive drug tourism in a city close to several international borders. The policy had its intended effect, but also a remarkable unintended one: foreign students attending Maastricht University starting getting better grades. According to an analysis published earlier this year in \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-abstract/84/3/1210/3091869/High-Achievers-Cannabis-Access-and-Academic?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Review of Economic Studies\u003c/a>, students who had been passing their courses at a rate of 73.9% when they could legally buy weed were now passing at a rate of 77.9% — a sizeable jump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect, which was based on data from 336 undergraduates in more than 4,000 courses, was most dramatic for weaker students, women, and in classes that required more math. Some of this falls in line with past research: marijuana use has been linked to inferior academic achievement (and vice versa), so it makes sense that poorer students might benefit most from a ban, and the drug is known to have immediate effects on cognitive performance, including in math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what’s really unusual about the study, notes one of its authors, economist \u003ca href=\"http://ulfzoelitz.com/\">Ulf Zoelitz\u003c/a> of the Briq Institute on Behavior and Inequality, is that rather than merely correlating academic performance with cannabis use, as much past research has done, “we could cleanly identify the causal impact of a drug policy.” Zoelitz co-authored the study with \u003ca href=\"http://roa.sbe.maastrichtuniversity.nl/?page_id=838\">Olivier Marie\u003c/a> of Erasmus University Rotterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come in the wake of a movement to liberalize marijuana laws in the U.S. and some other countries. A total of 29 states and Washington, D.C. now allow the use of medical marijuana and eight states have decriminalized recreational use. \u003ca href=\"http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol2_2013.pdf\">Research shows\u003c/a> that the legalization movement has coincided with a shift in attitudes among teenagers over the past decade: a steep decline in the perception of marijuana as risky. Use of all illicit drugs by adolescents has been dropping in the U.S., but smoking weed remains broadly popular: more than a \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/monitoring-future-survey-high-school-youth-trends\">third of high school seniors report some use and 6% \u003c/a>admit they partake daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much harm are they wreaking on their brains and academic performance? Obviously, students who are actively high in class are not doing themselves any favors. There’s a rich scientific literature demonstrating that learning, memory and attention all take a hit from cannabis intoxication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger question concerns cumulative damage. A substantial body of research – much of it summarized in \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2488041\">2016 review paper in JAMA Psychiatry\u003c/a> – shows that heavy marijuana use that begins in adolescence and continues over many years predicts lower achievement and less overall happiness in life. It has also been linked to a variety of changes in brain anatomy and function, such as altered patterns of connectivity between the two hemispheres and within the prefrontal cortex — the center for higher thinking and learning. Brain imaging studies of habitual marijuana users have revealed a smaller amygdala and hippocampus — structures that, among other things, play a role in regulating emotions and forming memories. Marijuana also appears to be a trigger for schizophrenia in people with underlying vulnerabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s maddingly difficult to separate the impact of cannabis from other factors, such as poverty and childhood trauma, which increase the odds of using marijuana and which themselves can directly alter the brain. In an attempt to eliminate the role of poverty, psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2215386\">Madeline Meier\u003c/a> and colleagues at Arizona State University published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4633365/\">study in 2015\u003c/a> that looked at the relationship between smoking pot and grade-point average among upper-middle-class high school students. Sure enough, she found a correlation, but it was impossible to disentangle it from the effects of drinking and smoking. “The problem is that adolescents who use marijuana tend to also use alcohol and smoke tobacco,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26237288/\">study published the same year\u003c/a> by epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://sph.umd.edu/people/amelia-arria\">Amelia Arria\u003c/a> and colleagues at the University of Maryland, managed to separate these influences and found that as students’ weed consumption rose, their GPA fell — just as the experience in Maastricht would suggest. In addition, they found that the frequency of marijuana use during freshman year predicted how likely students were to graduate on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that this [endocannabinoids] system is changing significantly during adolescence is of major importance.’\u003ccite>Yasmin Hurd, neuroscientist and director of the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest source of worry, where teenagers are concerned, stems from scientists’ growing appreciation of how much the body’s own cannabis-like chemicals shape the brain. These “endocannabinoids,” which are made in nerve cells throughout the body, play a key role in wiring the brain during fetal development and also in guiding major changes that occur from puberty through the mid-20s, when the brain reaches full maturity. Throughout life, this system influences reward-seeking behavior around food, sex and social interaction and regulates our emotions, memory, movement and sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that this system is changing significantly during adolescence is of major importance,” says neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/yasmin-hurd\">Yasmin Hurd\u003c/a>, director of the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai in New York City. She wonders if young people would be quite so cavalier about “flooding their brain with marijuana” if they knew that this system is “one of the most important players in regulating communication between nerve cells and therefore in determining who we are on multiple levels — from motivation and cognition to motor function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, no one can say for sure that cannabis disrupts this system, and even less clear is the impact of short-term or moderate use. But answers are coming. The National Institutes of Health has launched the massive Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), which will track more than 10,000 nine- and ten-year-olds for 10 years — before and after the period when substance use typically begins. The children will undergo brain scans every two years to examine both structure and function, says Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. In addition, she says, “we will be very carefully recording exposure to drugs, social environment and performance at school.” Researchers cannot wait to get their hands on the data, which should answer many of the unresolved questions about marijuana in the teenage years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, though, it makes sense to talk to kids about what we do know: the startling role of the endocannabinoid system and the findings in Maastricht and elsewhere about the impact of marijuana on achievement in school. Even if the ABCD study winds up showing that marijuana does not directly harm the brain, it certainly hits kids in another place that matters: their GPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, the nonprofit, independent news website focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for our \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://eepurl.com/6PKcL\">newsletter\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/49330/science-of-learning-marijuana-achievement-and-the-teen-brain","authors":["byline_mindshift_49330"],"categories":["mindshift_194"],"tags":["mindshift_21093","mindshift_767","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_21142","mindshift_1038"],"featImg":"mindshift_49336","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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