How Turning Math Into a Maker Workshop Can Bring Calculations to Life
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Flanagan","firstName":"Linda","lastName":"Flanagan","slug":"lindaflan","email":"lindaflan@comcast.net","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Linda Flanagan is a freelance writer, researcher, and editor. 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Or perhaps the bongos, made from lemons that students had plucked from the citrus tree at school. Elizabeth Little, who teaches middle school math and science, doesn’t know exactly which of the hands-on projects she introduced to her remedial math class turned the class around. But by the end of the school year, all her math students, not just those needing extra support, were clamoring for more math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did this happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little teaches at Martin Luther King Jr Middle School in Berkeley, California, where classes like sewing, woodshop, and metal shop -- what she calls “practical ways of learning math” -- are \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarabrown/2012/05/30/the-death-of-shop-class-and-americas-high-skilled-workforce/\">no longer offered\u003c/a>; tight budgets and renewed \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/3849501/why-schools-need-to-bring-back-shop-class/\">emphasis on academic learning\u003c/a> have eliminated them. But Little couldn’t bear to subject already disengaged students to yet another ho-hum class of multiplication tables and long division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, she took a gamble and brought some materials to school for her students to play with: a sewing kit, the 3Doodler she’d just been given, her son’s marble-run set and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.makeymakey.com/\">MaKey MaKey\u003c/a> device she knew nothing about, donated by a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Little’s surprise, the students dove in. They put themselves in their own groups based on personal interest, and worked together to grapple with these mysterious tools. Little herself was unaware of the MaKey MaKey instrument. “I’m afraid of maker-type technology,” she told me. But she imagined that she and the students could figure out together how to use the alien circuit board to interesting effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know how to do it, but I could teach them how to learn,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfQqh7iCcOU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by an online investigation, one group of students decided to build a banana piano. This meant they needed to program the computer -- Little’s laptop -- to the MaKey MaKey circuit board, which the students were able to do. Then, by trial and error, the 12-year-olds learned how to build a full circuit: They attached one set of wires from the circuit board to six bananas (borrowed from lunch), and another connector to the laptop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little gets fuzzy explaining exactly how the banana piano worked. “I could not build one,” she said. But the students understood, and one day they brought the unorthodox instrument to the entire regular math class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They played a song for everyone, and everyone went wild,” Little said. “'We want to come to math support!’” she recalled the students saying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little then invited all her math students to attend the twice-weekly optional remediation classes where she’d first introduced the practical tools. “They all opted for extra math,” Little said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intrigued by the bananas, one group worked with lemons, this time completing the circuit by holding hands. The electricity ran through every kid in the class to the last one, who could then “play” the lemon bongos. Kids with a more literary bent wrote a book and set music to it; they rigged the MaKey MaKey device to play exciting music during adventurous passages and dirge music during sad ones. Other students flocked to the sewing, 3-D pen and marble maker, including one child who cross-stitched the emblem of the San Francisco Giants as a gift for his grandmother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42820\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-42820 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/IMG_3205-e1447832934636.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3205\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-stitch project for math class. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Elizabeth Little)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Student Empowerment \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The learning didn’t stop when supplies finally dwindled. Rather than solicit parents for money, Little turned the need for materials into an immersion in marketing and sales. They would sell pencils, the children decided, but at what price? They debated strategies: If we sell 60 pencils at $2 per pencil we’ll reach our goal. But who will spend that much on a pencil? Maybe 50 cents per pencil this week, and 75 cents every day thereafter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids were totally in control of how the price would vary and how it would affect profit,” Little said. In the end, the children earned $120, enough to resupply the 3Doodler, buy more circuits and restock the sewing basket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little is astonished by the changes she saw among her students. By making the classroom hands-on, she upended the traditional social hierarchies: Kids who might have been ostracized for being deficient in math were suddenly valuable when their strengths -- like problem-solving or brainstorming -- became visible and needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, the stigma attached to remediation classes, and even to math itself, disappeared. Everyone wanted to join in. In addition, kids abandoned their usual roles: Some who traditionally sat quietly and waited for direction began to take charge, and others who claimed to hate reading devoured turgid manuals. And Little herself became more of a facilitator than an instructor, helping kids find what they needed but not spoon-feeding them information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Teachers are no longer the holders of all knowledge,” she said. Rather, the students themselves, having discovered on their own how to program fruit to play a tune, developed unexpected confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They became bold and self-directed when they realized I did not have the answers,” Little wrote about the experience. “I became a curious and excited partner in their discoveries.\" She shared her findings at the \u003ca href=\"http://fablearn.stanford.edu/2015/\">FabLearn conference at Stanford\u003c/a> and wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://fablearn.stanford.edu/2015/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/FL2015-EducatorPanel-Little.pdf\">report\u003c/a> about the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42821\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-42821 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little.jpg\" alt=\"Little\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1179\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-400x246.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-800x491.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-1440x884.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-1180x725.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-960x590.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students assemble a laser cut wood project that they later replicated with old business cards. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Elizabeth Little)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meeting Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When school began in September, Little brought back the MaKey MaKey contraption and other tools to her classroom, this time introducing them to all her students from the start. She remains ebullient about the possibilities, and encourages her math-teaching peers to give it a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a minimum, teaching this way satisfies the Common Core requirements for students to solve problems and understand concepts, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"Math teachers who have only paper and pencil at their disposal, find some of these important standards very difficult to illuminate,\" according to Little. \"When students must work in groups to complete a real project, all of these mathematical standards come into play. Instead of being told, 'Your calculations are wrong,' students experience a real setback in their creation and must problem solve to get it working.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She discovered that this approach stimulates children to learn, helping them to understand and use math in ways they’ve never considered. For example, Little uses cross-stitch to develop understanding of math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"Cross-stitch is like creating art with pixels,\" according to Little. \"You cannot actually make a curve but can approximate one by using a stair step method. Distance from the piece creates the illusion of a smooth curve.\" She said students were excited by this discovery and were giving feedback on one another's projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Little had hesitation over these new maker tools, but she saw in them the same qualities that made sewing and wood shop classes a practical way of learning math, back when they were available. Both require planning, visualization and precise measurements. Educators may not feel fully prepared to start these hands-on projects, but Little says not to worry about lesson plans or about not fully understanding how it all works. “Just start,” she said. “Get some supplies and go. Don’t be afraid!”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A teacher ignited her students' interest in math by introducing maker projects that apply practical hands-on math. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492624087,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1267},"headData":{"title":"How Turning Math Into a Maker Workshop Can Bring Calculations to Life | KQED","description":"A teacher ignited her students' interest in math by introducing maker projects that apply practical hands-on math. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Turning Math Into a Maker Workshop Can Bring Calculations to Life","datePublished":"2015-11-19T08:48:48.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-19T17:48:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42717 http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=42717","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/11/19/how-turning-math-into-a-maker-workshop-can-bring-calculations-to-life/","disqusTitle":"How Turning Math Into a Maker Workshop Can Bring Calculations to Life","path":"/mindshift/42717/how-turning-math-into-a-maker-workshop-can-bring-calculations-to-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It might have been the banana piano. Or perhaps the bongos, made from lemons that students had plucked from the citrus tree at school. Elizabeth Little, who teaches middle school math and science, doesn’t know exactly which of the hands-on projects she introduced to her remedial math class turned the class around. But by the end of the school year, all her math students, not just those needing extra support, were clamoring for more math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did this happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little teaches at Martin Luther King Jr Middle School in Berkeley, California, where classes like sewing, woodshop, and metal shop -- what she calls “practical ways of learning math” -- are \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarabrown/2012/05/30/the-death-of-shop-class-and-americas-high-skilled-workforce/\">no longer offered\u003c/a>; tight budgets and renewed \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/3849501/why-schools-need-to-bring-back-shop-class/\">emphasis on academic learning\u003c/a> have eliminated them. But Little couldn’t bear to subject already disengaged students to yet another ho-hum class of multiplication tables and long division.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, she took a gamble and brought some materials to school for her students to play with: a sewing kit, the 3Doodler she’d just been given, her son’s marble-run set and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.makeymakey.com/\">MaKey MaKey\u003c/a> device she knew nothing about, donated by a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Little’s surprise, the students dove in. They put themselves in their own groups based on personal interest, and worked together to grapple with these mysterious tools. Little herself was unaware of the MaKey MaKey instrument. “I’m afraid of maker-type technology,” she told me. But she imagined that she and the students could figure out together how to use the alien circuit board to interesting effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know how to do it, but I could teach them how to learn,” she said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rfQqh7iCcOU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rfQqh7iCcOU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Inspired by an online investigation, one group of students decided to build a banana piano. This meant they needed to program the computer -- Little’s laptop -- to the MaKey MaKey circuit board, which the students were able to do. Then, by trial and error, the 12-year-olds learned how to build a full circuit: They attached one set of wires from the circuit board to six bananas (borrowed from lunch), and another connector to the laptop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little gets fuzzy explaining exactly how the banana piano worked. “I could not build one,” she said. But the students understood, and one day they brought the unorthodox instrument to the entire regular math class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They played a song for everyone, and everyone went wild,” Little said. “'We want to come to math support!’” she recalled the students saying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little then invited all her math students to attend the twice-weekly optional remediation classes where she’d first introduced the practical tools. “They all opted for extra math,” Little said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intrigued by the bananas, one group worked with lemons, this time completing the circuit by holding hands. The electricity ran through every kid in the class to the last one, who could then “play” the lemon bongos. Kids with a more literary bent wrote a book and set music to it; they rigged the MaKey MaKey device to play exciting music during adventurous passages and dirge music during sad ones. Other students flocked to the sewing, 3-D pen and marble maker, including one child who cross-stitched the emblem of the San Francisco Giants as a gift for his grandmother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42820\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-42820 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/IMG_3205-e1447832934636.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3205\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-stitch project for math class. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Elizabeth Little)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Student Empowerment \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The learning didn’t stop when supplies finally dwindled. Rather than solicit parents for money, Little turned the need for materials into an immersion in marketing and sales. They would sell pencils, the children decided, but at what price? They debated strategies: If we sell 60 pencils at $2 per pencil we’ll reach our goal. But who will spend that much on a pencil? Maybe 50 cents per pencil this week, and 75 cents every day thereafter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids were totally in control of how the price would vary and how it would affect profit,” Little said. In the end, the children earned $120, enough to resupply the 3Doodler, buy more circuits and restock the sewing basket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little is astonished by the changes she saw among her students. By making the classroom hands-on, she upended the traditional social hierarchies: Kids who might have been ostracized for being deficient in math were suddenly valuable when their strengths -- like problem-solving or brainstorming -- became visible and needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, the stigma attached to remediation classes, and even to math itself, disappeared. Everyone wanted to join in. In addition, kids abandoned their usual roles: Some who traditionally sat quietly and waited for direction began to take charge, and others who claimed to hate reading devoured turgid manuals. And Little herself became more of a facilitator than an instructor, helping kids find what they needed but not spoon-feeding them information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Teachers are no longer the holders of all knowledge,” she said. Rather, the students themselves, having discovered on their own how to program fruit to play a tune, developed unexpected confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They became bold and self-directed when they realized I did not have the answers,” Little wrote about the experience. “I became a curious and excited partner in their discoveries.\" She shared her findings at the \u003ca href=\"http://fablearn.stanford.edu/2015/\">FabLearn conference at Stanford\u003c/a> and wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://fablearn.stanford.edu/2015/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/FL2015-EducatorPanel-Little.pdf\">report\u003c/a> about the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42821\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-42821 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little.jpg\" alt=\"Little\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1179\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-400x246.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-800x491.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-1440x884.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-1180x725.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/11/Little-960x590.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students assemble a laser cut wood project that they later replicated with old business cards. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Elizabeth Little)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meeting Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When school began in September, Little brought back the MaKey MaKey contraption and other tools to her classroom, this time introducing them to all her students from the start. She remains ebullient about the possibilities, and encourages her math-teaching peers to give it a try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a minimum, teaching this way satisfies the Common Core requirements for students to solve problems and understand concepts, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"Math teachers who have only paper and pencil at their disposal, find some of these important standards very difficult to illuminate,\" according to Little. \"When students must work in groups to complete a real project, all of these mathematical standards come into play. Instead of being told, 'Your calculations are wrong,' students experience a real setback in their creation and must problem solve to get it working.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She discovered that this approach stimulates children to learn, helping them to understand and use math in ways they’ve never considered. For example, Little uses cross-stitch to develop understanding of math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"Cross-stitch is like creating art with pixels,\" according to Little. \"You cannot actually make a curve but can approximate one by using a stair step method. Distance from the piece creates the illusion of a smooth curve.\" She said students were excited by this discovery and were giving feedback on one another's projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Little had hesitation over these new maker tools, but she saw in them the same qualities that made sewing and wood shop classes a practical way of learning math, back when they were available. Both require planning, visualization and precise measurements. Educators may not feel fully prepared to start these hands-on projects, but Little says not to worry about lesson plans or about not fully understanding how it all works. “Just start,” she said. “Get some supplies and go. Don’t be afraid!”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/42717/how-turning-math-into-a-maker-workshop-can-bring-calculations-to-life","authors":["4613"],"categories":["mindshift_195"],"tags":["mindshift_21089","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_980","mindshift_20944","mindshift_392","mindshift_256"],"featImg":"mindshift_42848","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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