Can Text Messages and Interventions Nudge Students Through School?
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A natural athlete, she has always been one of the best on the field. But the sport feels different now that she’s in high school; she’s not scoring like she used to and hasn’t connected with the coach. Whether she has plateaued as a player, her teammates have stepped it up, or she’s simply tired of the sport, the game doesn’t bring her the joy it once did. It’s mid-season and she’s aching to quit. What should you do?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/annieduke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Annie Duke\u003c/a> is a retired professional poker player and an expert on decision making, and she has some thoughts. In her new book, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/692752/quit-by-annie-duke/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quit: The Power of Knowing When to Walk Away\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Duke explores our hangups about quitting and debunks the idea that blind allegiance to a particular course of action is heroic or wise. Figuring out when to give up one pursuit and take on another is an essential but neglected skill that adults would do well to learn – and then teach to their teenagers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Quit is a four-letter word, but it shouldn’t be a dirty one,” Duke told me. Clinging to something that’s unlikely to turn out well gets in the way of engaging in another activity that’s more apt to. “Success does not lie in sticking to things,” Duke writes. “It lies in picking the \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">right\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> thing to stick to and quitting the rest.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The key is to understand the expected value of carrying on. If the expected value is high, then it’s smart to keep going. If persevering will help you gain ground toward your goal, then it’s smart to keep going. But if what’s to come looks bleak, it’s wiser to quit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This sounds simple. But cognitive biases and hangups cloud decisions. One of the first obstacles is a reflexive negativity toward the idea of stopping something. Sloganeering about resilience and grit – “winners never quit and quitters never win,” for example – turn what should be rational decision making into a test of character. If we think of quitters as losers, we’ll err on the side of sticking with something that ought to be abandoned. Quitting also evokes a distressing sense of uncertainty, because giving up an endeavor before the outcome is clear precludes ever knowing what might have happened if one had carried on to the bitter end. Several subterranean cognitive biases also compel us to cling to the status quo, even when changing course makes better sense, including:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the sunk cost fallacy – “I can’t give up now after putting in so much time”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the endowment effect – “I own this, so it’s more valuable”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the omission-commission bias – It’s considered worse to commit a mistake than simply to allow an error to happen.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Duke recommends deploying several tools to help override these powerful biases. Help your teenager understand the overarching goal, and then to consider the various paths to getting there. Once she has chosen it, encourage her to create “kill criteria” – a list of signals that, if she sees them, will indicate that it’s time to quit, because the chances of an undesirable outcome are too high. A good way to come up with these criteria is to imagine what an unhappy future would look like. Reflecting on possible, future bad outcomes will help her develop useful criteria for knowing when to quit. What would she have been blind to that should have told her to leave? Duke also advises coming up with a “state and date” to force a deadline onto the decision. As she puts it, “If I haven’t done X by Y (time), I’ll quit.” “If we write the kill criteria down in advance, we will pay more attention to these things,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most everyone struggles to see long-term benefits. We’re all more apt to focus on the short-term advantages or costs, Duke pointed out. But this is especially so for teenagers, who generally are more impulsive and lack the experience to see a future advantage to sticking it out. Getting kids to focus on the future will help them evaluate the decision to stick or quit more clearly. In the end, that decision is not about what it feels like right now, but rather what the long-term costs and benefits are of staying the course or walking away. As important, parents need to talk to their kids about what will replace the abandoned activity. Quitting one thing allows for a shift to something that might move them closer to their goal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now consider your daughter, the freshman soccer player. Since she has only six weeks remaining, you – her quit/stick coaches – encourage her to stay with it for now. You also ask her to imagine what it would look like, in six weeks, if she fell back in love with the sport. What signals would suggest that the game is for her? Maybe it’s being aggressive on the field, or clicking with her teammates, or feeling excited about practice. Now, ask her to imagine an alternate future scenario, one in which she realizes that the game is no longer for her. What signals would lead to this decision? Perhaps she still loathes practice, or languishes on the field, or feels alienated from her peers. With these two possible outcomes in mind, you encourage her to make a plan for how to achieve the happy version of the story; it’s important for all kids to realize that they have agency, and some power to shape their future. When the season ends after six weeks – the deadline for her quitting decision – she’ll return to the kill criteria to see if they’ve been met. If they have, she’ll quit the sport entirely – but not without a plan for what to do next fall instead of playing soccer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In her new book, Quit: The Power of Knowing When to Walk Away, retired professional poker player Duke explores our hangups about quitting and debunks the idea that blind allegiance to a particular course of action is heroic or wise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1713291179,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":1066},"headData":{"title":"When Should You Let Your Kid Quit? | KQED","description":"Retired pro poker player Annie Duke shares decision-making strategies that can help you and your child determine when to quit an activity or stick with it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Retired pro poker player Annie Duke shares decision-making strategies that can help you and your child determine when to quit an activity or stick with it.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"When Should You Let Your Kid Quit?","datePublished":"2023-06-06T01:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2024-04-16T18:12:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/61739/when-should-you-let-your-kid-quit","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s late September, and your teenage daughter won’t stop moaning about soccer. A natural athlete, she has always been one of the best on the field. But the sport feels different now that she’s in high school; she’s not scoring like she used to and hasn’t connected with the coach. Whether she has plateaued as a player, her teammates have stepped it up, or she’s simply tired of the sport, the game doesn’t bring her the joy it once did. It’s mid-season and she’s aching to quit. What should you do?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/annieduke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Annie Duke\u003c/a> is a retired professional poker player and an expert on decision making, and she has some thoughts. In her new book, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/692752/quit-by-annie-duke/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quit: The Power of Knowing When to Walk Away\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Duke explores our hangups about quitting and debunks the idea that blind allegiance to a particular course of action is heroic or wise. Figuring out when to give up one pursuit and take on another is an essential but neglected skill that adults would do well to learn – and then teach to their teenagers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Quit is a four-letter word, but it shouldn’t be a dirty one,” Duke told me. Clinging to something that’s unlikely to turn out well gets in the way of engaging in another activity that’s more apt to. “Success does not lie in sticking to things,” Duke writes. “It lies in picking the \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">right\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> thing to stick to and quitting the rest.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The key is to understand the expected value of carrying on. If the expected value is high, then it’s smart to keep going. If persevering will help you gain ground toward your goal, then it’s smart to keep going. But if what’s to come looks bleak, it’s wiser to quit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This sounds simple. But cognitive biases and hangups cloud decisions. One of the first obstacles is a reflexive negativity toward the idea of stopping something. Sloganeering about resilience and grit – “winners never quit and quitters never win,” for example – turn what should be rational decision making into a test of character. If we think of quitters as losers, we’ll err on the side of sticking with something that ought to be abandoned. Quitting also evokes a distressing sense of uncertainty, because giving up an endeavor before the outcome is clear precludes ever knowing what might have happened if one had carried on to the bitter end. Several subterranean cognitive biases also compel us to cling to the status quo, even when changing course makes better sense, including:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the sunk cost fallacy – “I can’t give up now after putting in so much time”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the endowment effect – “I own this, so it’s more valuable”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the omission-commission bias – It’s considered worse to commit a mistake than simply to allow an error to happen.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Duke recommends deploying several tools to help override these powerful biases. Help your teenager understand the overarching goal, and then to consider the various paths to getting there. Once she has chosen it, encourage her to create “kill criteria” – a list of signals that, if she sees them, will indicate that it’s time to quit, because the chances of an undesirable outcome are too high. A good way to come up with these criteria is to imagine what an unhappy future would look like. Reflecting on possible, future bad outcomes will help her develop useful criteria for knowing when to quit. What would she have been blind to that should have told her to leave? Duke also advises coming up with a “state and date” to force a deadline onto the decision. As she puts it, “If I haven’t done X by Y (time), I’ll quit.” “If we write the kill criteria down in advance, we will pay more attention to these things,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most everyone struggles to see long-term benefits. We’re all more apt to focus on the short-term advantages or costs, Duke pointed out. But this is especially so for teenagers, who generally are more impulsive and lack the experience to see a future advantage to sticking it out. Getting kids to focus on the future will help them evaluate the decision to stick or quit more clearly. In the end, that decision is not about what it feels like right now, but rather what the long-term costs and benefits are of staying the course or walking away. As important, parents need to talk to their kids about what will replace the abandoned activity. Quitting one thing allows for a shift to something that might move them closer to their goal. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now consider your daughter, the freshman soccer player. Since she has only six weeks remaining, you – her quit/stick coaches – encourage her to stay with it for now. You also ask her to imagine what it would look like, in six weeks, if she fell back in love with the sport. What signals would suggest that the game is for her? Maybe it’s being aggressive on the field, or clicking with her teammates, or feeling excited about practice. Now, ask her to imagine an alternate future scenario, one in which she realizes that the game is no longer for her. What signals would lead to this decision? Perhaps she still loathes practice, or languishes on the field, or feels alienated from her peers. With these two possible outcomes in mind, you encourage her to make a plan for how to achieve the happy version of the story; it’s important for all kids to realize that they have agency, and some power to shape their future. When the season ends after six weeks – the deadline for her quitting decision – she’ll return to the kill criteria to see if they’ve been met. If they have, she’ll quit the sport entirely – but not without a plan for what to do next fall instead of playing soccer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/61739/when-should-you-let-your-kid-quit","authors":["4613"],"categories":["mindshift_21445","mindshift_194","mindshift_21385","mindshift_20874"],"tags":["mindshift_21643","mindshift_21645","mindshift_20869","mindshift_945","mindshift_21648","mindshift_21646","mindshift_20568","mindshift_21649","mindshift_21652","mindshift_21644","mindshift_21650","mindshift_21647","mindshift_21651"],"featImg":"mindshift_61741","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_40719":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_40719","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"40719","score":null,"sort":[1433337671000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-text-messages-and-interventions-nudge-students-through-school","title":"Can Text Messages and Interventions Nudge Students Through School?","publishDate":1433337671,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Justin Reich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a new generation of educational researchers, the distance across the achievement gap isn’t a chasm, but the width of a nudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A high school senior works hard to finally get a college acceptance letter. The next step of getting to college may seem as simple as showing up on the first day of school, but the long summer between the end of high school and the beginning of college is emerging as a more unpredictable time than previously understood. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed.gov/blog/2013/07/summer-melt/\">10–20 percent\u003c/a> of college-eligible students fail to show up on the first day. In Southwestern states, that number is as high as 44 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several things can happen during the summer financially, emotionally and personally, and those issues can arise during the school year. Dealing with challenges can be distracting, but with a few instances of communication, colleges can help keep students on track. As researchers Ben Castleman and Lindsay Page have shown, \u003ca href=\"http://curry.virginia.edu/uploads/resourceLibrary/9_Castleman_SummerTextMessages.pdf\">a few short text messages to an incoming freshman\u003c/a> can mean the difference between attending college and staying at home. Once college has begun, a few minutes of writing by a low-income student of color can mean the difference between passing a class and dropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If each ping and nudge adds to the next—the results could be revolutionary. If they suffer from diminishing returns, then the revolution may fizzle.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In recent years, psychologists and behavioral economists have made tremendous progress in developing a new science of decision-making. Classical economics offered a model of humans as rational actors, carefully weighing costs and benefits. Newly ascendant perspectives portray decision-making as a far more complicated act, where immediate considerations compete with long-term consequences, where efficiency competes with deliberation, and where subconscious factors compete with our conscious thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strands of this research are diverse. Many educators are familiar with Carol Dweck’s work on mindset, which has shown that students with a “growth mindset” -- a belief that people can learn to become smarter -- outperform students with a fixed view of intelligence. Also well-known is Claude Steele’s work on stereotype threat, which shows that evoking stereotypes -- even in benign ways like asking someone to list their gender -- can diminish student performance on assessments. Educators may be less familiar with the work of Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, whose book \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Nudge-Improving-Decisions-Health-Happiness/dp/014311526X\">Nudge\u003c/a>\" demonstrates the power of how we frame choices, especially when considering the default setting of choices as opt-in or opt-out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three important dimensions unite these strands of work. First, all of them imagine human decision-making as far more complicated and subconsciously influenced than older models of rational actors weighing costs and benefits. Second, all three lines of research have demonstrated outsized effects from remarkably small interventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">But at some point, students are going to notice that everyone keeps sending text messages to their mom or asking them to write a letter to their future selves in a survey.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Peter Bergman used\u003ca href=\"http://www.columbia.edu/~psb2101/BergmanSubmission.pdf\"> a series of text messages and other communications\u003c/a> to parents in Los Angeles and increased GPA and math scores by .2 standard deviations. Hunter Gehlbach and colleagues conducted \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/todd_rogers/files/creating_birds_0.pdf\">a recent classroom intervention\u003c/a> where students and teachers completed surveys that identified commonalities in their relationships that closed achievement gaps by 60 percent. David Yeager used \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/magazine/who-gets-to-graduate.html\">a writing intervention\u003c/a> in an online freshman orientation course at the University of Texas to improve first-year credit completion by 4 percentage points. Each of these studies involved a trivially small and inexpensive intervention, with effects that rival the gains from some of the most expensive efforts in education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third commonality among these lines of research is that all of them are rapidly moving online. The United States has 3.7 million K-12 educators, and training these teachers across 15,000 school districts to implement new ideas with fidelity is a Herculean task. So researchers are increasingly experimenting with building these interventions directly into learning management systems, online surveys and text messaging platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In HarvardX courses on the edX platform, there are currently experiments testing the effects of sending text messages to students' friends to enlist their support and encouragement, of showing similarities between students and professors to boost rapport and increase persistence, and of writing letters to future students about the feeling of belonging in a course to reduce alienation and dropout. And these experiments involve only one program at one university. The experiments are so (relatively) easy to run, and the costs of experimenting with texts and online systems so inexpensive, that this research is poised to spread rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because research takes so long to go from experiment to publication, the groundswell of this research is only now being felt, but over the next five to ten years we’re going to see a new mountain of published studies about these kinds of psychological and behavioral experiments. Many things remain poorly understood about the longer-term effects of these efforts. Studies haven’t gone on long enough to understand well if educational effects are a small bump or are durable over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"PJGOH8skbNjcc1MX7gOzbNA1RkUsXFtp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the interventions rely on “stealth” to work -- some are less effective when participants know they are being manipulated. But at some point, students are going to notice that everyone keeps sending text messages to their mom or asking them to write a letter to their future selves in a survey. It’s also not clear what would happen if students were subjected to multiple small interventions. If effects are additive -- if each ping and nudge adds to the next -- the results could be revolutionary. If they suffer from diminishing returns, then the revolution may fizzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">The gains from these experiments often strike a discordant note with people unfamiliar with this research. Learning is supposed to be hard, and achievement the result of personal commitment and deep study, not the result of a few well-timed text messages. Defenders of the work argue that affluent students are already the recipients of endless nudges, primes and reminders from parents, teachers and counselors, and these interventions just level the playing field. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">To what extent are we preparing students for the “real world” if we cushion and control their every step with text messages and psychological tricks? Or can we expect all of these manipulations to invade every element of our political, commercial and working lives anyway? What’s the difference between improving student performance with a better textbook or a better teacher, versus improving student performance with a nudge or a text?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I bring a cautious optimism to these experiments. Education has a long history of silver bullets -- and these certainly look an awful lot like silver bullets. But the published effects are striking and many experiments have been shown to be most effective on our least advantaged students. When I consider any of these experiments in isolation, I think it would be immoral not to send students a few text messages if we knew that could help struggling students improve their grades or get to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, I’m unnerved by how, in the aggregate, these experiments seem to be manipulating students as they proceed through an educational journey that, ideally, would develop a strong sense of student independence, curiosity and autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My strongest belief is that the research community needs to engage the public in a conversation about these approaches. The scale of experimentation and adoption means that these methods deserve greater public awareness and scrutiny. Researchers have come to believe that nudges and pings can have enormous power over individual student choices, and educators, parents and the public-at-large need to discuss how that power should best be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Justin Reich is the Richard L. Menschel HarvardX Research Fellow, and an Adjunct Lecturer in the Technology, Innovation, and Education program at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. You can follow him at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjfr\">@bjfr\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Digital nudges and pings have helped kids stay focused on college. But that outreach can be backfire if not properly used. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1433338050,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1341},"headData":{"title":"Can Text Messages and Interventions Nudge Students Through School? | KQED","description":"Digital nudges and pings have helped kids stay focused on college. But that outreach can be backfire if not properly used. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Text Messages and Interventions Nudge Students Through School?","datePublished":"2015-06-03T13:21:11.000Z","dateModified":"2015-06-03T13:27:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40719 http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=40719","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/06/03/can-text-messages-and-interventions-nudge-students-through-school/","disqusTitle":"Can Text Messages and Interventions Nudge Students Through School?","path":"/mindshift/40719/can-text-messages-and-interventions-nudge-students-through-school","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Justin Reich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a new generation of educational researchers, the distance across the achievement gap isn’t a chasm, but the width of a nudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A high school senior works hard to finally get a college acceptance letter. The next step of getting to college may seem as simple as showing up on the first day of school, but the long summer between the end of high school and the beginning of college is emerging as a more unpredictable time than previously understood. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed.gov/blog/2013/07/summer-melt/\">10–20 percent\u003c/a> of college-eligible students fail to show up on the first day. In Southwestern states, that number is as high as 44 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several things can happen during the summer financially, emotionally and personally, and those issues can arise during the school year. Dealing with challenges can be distracting, but with a few instances of communication, colleges can help keep students on track. As researchers Ben Castleman and Lindsay Page have shown, \u003ca href=\"http://curry.virginia.edu/uploads/resourceLibrary/9_Castleman_SummerTextMessages.pdf\">a few short text messages to an incoming freshman\u003c/a> can mean the difference between attending college and staying at home. Once college has begun, a few minutes of writing by a low-income student of color can mean the difference between passing a class and dropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If each ping and nudge adds to the next—the results could be revolutionary. If they suffer from diminishing returns, then the revolution may fizzle.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In recent years, psychologists and behavioral economists have made tremendous progress in developing a new science of decision-making. Classical economics offered a model of humans as rational actors, carefully weighing costs and benefits. Newly ascendant perspectives portray decision-making as a far more complicated act, where immediate considerations compete with long-term consequences, where efficiency competes with deliberation, and where subconscious factors compete with our conscious thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strands of this research are diverse. Many educators are familiar with Carol Dweck’s work on mindset, which has shown that students with a “growth mindset” -- a belief that people can learn to become smarter -- outperform students with a fixed view of intelligence. Also well-known is Claude Steele’s work on stereotype threat, which shows that evoking stereotypes -- even in benign ways like asking someone to list their gender -- can diminish student performance on assessments. Educators may be less familiar with the work of Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, whose book \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Nudge-Improving-Decisions-Health-Happiness/dp/014311526X\">Nudge\u003c/a>\" demonstrates the power of how we frame choices, especially when considering the default setting of choices as opt-in or opt-out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three important dimensions unite these strands of work. First, all of them imagine human decision-making as far more complicated and subconsciously influenced than older models of rational actors weighing costs and benefits. Second, all three lines of research have demonstrated outsized effects from remarkably small interventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">But at some point, students are going to notice that everyone keeps sending text messages to their mom or asking them to write a letter to their future selves in a survey.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Peter Bergman used\u003ca href=\"http://www.columbia.edu/~psb2101/BergmanSubmission.pdf\"> a series of text messages and other communications\u003c/a> to parents in Los Angeles and increased GPA and math scores by .2 standard deviations. Hunter Gehlbach and colleagues conducted \u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/todd_rogers/files/creating_birds_0.pdf\">a recent classroom intervention\u003c/a> where students and teachers completed surveys that identified commonalities in their relationships that closed achievement gaps by 60 percent. David Yeager used \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/magazine/who-gets-to-graduate.html\">a writing intervention\u003c/a> in an online freshman orientation course at the University of Texas to improve first-year credit completion by 4 percentage points. Each of these studies involved a trivially small and inexpensive intervention, with effects that rival the gains from some of the most expensive efforts in education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third commonality among these lines of research is that all of them are rapidly moving online. The United States has 3.7 million K-12 educators, and training these teachers across 15,000 school districts to implement new ideas with fidelity is a Herculean task. So researchers are increasingly experimenting with building these interventions directly into learning management systems, online surveys and text messaging platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In HarvardX courses on the edX platform, there are currently experiments testing the effects of sending text messages to students' friends to enlist their support and encouragement, of showing similarities between students and professors to boost rapport and increase persistence, and of writing letters to future students about the feeling of belonging in a course to reduce alienation and dropout. And these experiments involve only one program at one university. The experiments are so (relatively) easy to run, and the costs of experimenting with texts and online systems so inexpensive, that this research is poised to spread rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because research takes so long to go from experiment to publication, the groundswell of this research is only now being felt, but over the next five to ten years we’re going to see a new mountain of published studies about these kinds of psychological and behavioral experiments. Many things remain poorly understood about the longer-term effects of these efforts. Studies haven’t gone on long enough to understand well if educational effects are a small bump or are durable over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the interventions rely on “stealth” to work -- some are less effective when participants know they are being manipulated. But at some point, students are going to notice that everyone keeps sending text messages to their mom or asking them to write a letter to their future selves in a survey. It’s also not clear what would happen if students were subjected to multiple small interventions. If effects are additive -- if each ping and nudge adds to the next -- the results could be revolutionary. If they suffer from diminishing returns, then the revolution may fizzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">The gains from these experiments often strike a discordant note with people unfamiliar with this research. Learning is supposed to be hard, and achievement the result of personal commitment and deep study, not the result of a few well-timed text messages. Defenders of the work argue that affluent students are already the recipients of endless nudges, primes and reminders from parents, teachers and counselors, and these interventions just level the playing field. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">To what extent are we preparing students for the “real world” if we cushion and control their every step with text messages and psychological tricks? Or can we expect all of these manipulations to invade every element of our political, commercial and working lives anyway? What’s the difference between improving student performance with a better textbook or a better teacher, versus improving student performance with a nudge or a text?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I bring a cautious optimism to these experiments. Education has a long history of silver bullets -- and these certainly look an awful lot like silver bullets. But the published effects are striking and many experiments have been shown to be most effective on our least advantaged students. When I consider any of these experiments in isolation, I think it would be immoral not to send students a few text messages if we knew that could help struggling students improve their grades or get to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, I’m unnerved by how, in the aggregate, these experiments seem to be manipulating students as they proceed through an educational journey that, ideally, would develop a strong sense of student independence, curiosity and autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My strongest belief is that the research community needs to engage the public in a conversation about these approaches. The scale of experimentation and adoption means that these methods deserve greater public awareness and scrutiny. Researchers have come to believe that nudges and pings can have enormous power over individual student choices, and educators, parents and the public-at-large need to discuss how that power should best be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Justin Reich is the Richard L. Menschel HarvardX Research Fellow, and an Adjunct Lecturer in the Technology, Innovation, and Education program at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. You can follow him at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjfr\">@bjfr\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/40719/can-text-messages-and-interventions-nudge-students-through-school","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_192","mindshift_20746"],"tags":["mindshift_20869","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_20868","mindshift_654"],"featImg":"mindshift_40747","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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