How one district has diversified its advanced math classes — without the controversy
High schoolers account for nearly 1 in 5 community college students
Advanced Placement debate feels high-stakes for teachers of African American history
Can Online Learning Level the AP Playing Field for Rural Students?
New Report Challenges Beliefs About the Value of AP Classes
Is it Time to Reconsider AP Classes?
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Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://us2.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TULSA, Okla. — Amoni and Zoe scattered the contents of a sandwich bag full of fruit-flavored candy across their desks as part of a math lesson on ratios.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What does it mean to have 50%?” their teacher, Kelly Woodfin, asked the sixth graders in her advanced math class. “What does it mean to have half?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amoni and Zoe, both 11, ate just one piece of candy each, as they converted the share of green apples or pink strawberries from their bag into fractions, decimals and percents. When they got stumped on a strategy for turning a decimal into a percentage, the pair’s arms shot in the air.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think, you go two steps over, and to the left,” Amoni said, her voice trailing into a question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’ve been doing this for two weeks, sister,” Woodfin playfully chided her. “I don’t know why you’re doubting yourself.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Years ago, when Woodfin attended \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.unionps.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from kindergarten through eighth grade, she sat in fairly homogenous classrooms. Woodfin recalled her peers as predominantly white, a legacy of families moving to the suburbs as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED145054\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tulsa schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> desegregated during the 1950s. But when she returned to teach at Union in 2012, the white student population had shrunk to a little more than half of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/scschoolfiles/1967/annual_report_12-13.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">total enrollment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Until recently, however, students in Union’s advanced math classes remained mostly white. The accelerated track in middle and high school drew mostly from elementary schools in affluent neighborhoods, where students tended to perform better on a pre-algebra placement test that they had one chance to take as fifth graders. But on a recent winter day, only two of Woodfin’s students identified as white and more than a third were still learning English.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63071\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly Woodfin, once a student at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla., teaches advanced math to a class of sixth graders. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The transformation of Woodfin’s class rosters represent more than a general shift in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklaschools.com/district/72I009/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">who attends Union schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where today only one in four students is white. It’s also the result of a years-long campaign to identify and promote more students from underrepresented backgrounds into the district’s most challenging math courses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elsewhere, concerns about who gets access to advanced math have led districts to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/does-detracking-promote-educational-equity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">end the tracking\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of students into different math classes by perceived ability or to remove accelerated classes altogether in the name of equity. Union, by contrast, has attempted to find a middle ground. The district, which overlaps part of Tulsa and its southeast suburbs, continues to track students into separate math classes beginning in sixth grade. But it has also added new ways beyond the one-time placement test for students to qualify for higher level math courses, and increased support — including in-school tutoring and longer class periods — for students who’ve shown promise in the subject.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enrollment data suggest the effort to make higher-level math accessible to more students had started to yield results before the pandemic. But there have been challenges: In the last few years, fewer students overall have enrolled in advanced math classes, although the declines for Black and Hispanic students have been less steep than for other groups. Anti-teacher sentiment, on top of Oklahoma’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/education/addressing-the-teacher-shortage-oklahoma-to-offer-bonuses-up-to-50-000/article_1e6ee1a2-e39e-11ed-85c5-efc1e0044b5c.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">low teacher salaries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, have made it difficult to hire math educators, administrators here say. At Union High School, an Algebra 2 position remained vacant for more than a year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the district remains committed to its changes. Recently, principals and veteran math educators have persuaded some former students to join Union’s teaching ranks. Shannan Bittle, a secondary math specialist for Union, said new academic programs — like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox23.com/news/local/union-public-schools-starts-new-year-launches-aeronautics-program/article_9b39dde6-3c62-11ee-b26c-23ea4f636a91.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">aviation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1216770762027851\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">construction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — could offer students more ways to apply higher levels of math in lucrative jobs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We try really, really hard not to keep people out” of accelerated math, she said. “But we do our best to give them the tools to succeed.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63061\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miguel, right, helps Josue with an exercise on graphing coordinates during Kelly Woodfin’s sixth-grade math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taking algebra or higher in middle school places a student on the path to calculus in high school, which opens the door to selective colleges and is considered a gateway course for many high-paying STEM careers. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/profile/us?surveyYear=2020\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Federal education data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> shows white students enroll in high school calculus at nearly eight times the rate of their Black peers and about triple the average for Hispanic students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There are many Black and Latino students and students from low-income backgrounds who have demonstrated an aptitude and are yearning for more — yet they are systemically denied access to advanced math courses,” wrote the authors of a December 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Advanced-Math-V9.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from nonprofits Education Trust and Just Equations. “This practice — and mindset — must change.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, approaches school districts have taken to increase diversity in math have inspired controversy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In San Francisco, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/education/the-lawsuit-that-could-change-california-math-education/article_a5b5e9c8-af1c-11ed-9b0f-07c7d381b5f1.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">school district\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> eliminated accelerated math at middle and high schools in 2014 to end the segregating of classrooms by ability, prompting parental outcry. Three years later, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.boston.com/news/the-boston-globe/2023/07/18/cambridge-schools-are-divided-over-middle-school-algebra/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cambridge Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Massachusetts began dismantling its policy of tracking students into either accelerated or grade-level math. Near Detroit, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2023/05/17/troy-board-votes-to-eliminate-middle-school-honors-classes/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Troy school board\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> voted to remove advanced math for middle schools beginning later this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63068\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1/24/24 10:19:25 AM — A student works at her desk during Kelly Woodfin’s 6th grade math class at the Union Schools 6th and 7th Grade Center in Tulsa, Okla.\u003cbr>Photo by Shane Bevel \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, the California state board of education last year adopted new curriculum guidelines that, among other ideas, encourage schools to delay algebra until ninth grade. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/ne/yr23/yr23rel54.asp\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">board insisted\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the framework “affirms California’s commitment to ensuring equity and excellence in math learning for all students.” But critics — including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/california-adopts-controversial-new-math-framework-heres-whats-in-it/2023/07\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math and science professors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — have suggested it does the opposite, by denying students the academic preparation they need to succeed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I see the value, in theory,” Rebecka Peterson, a Union High math teacher and 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ntoy.ccsso.org/rebecka-peterson-2023-national-teacher-of-the-year/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Teacher of the Year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, said of efforts like California’s. But, she added, “Kids are so unique, and one size fits all — as a mom, it’s not what I want for my son.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peterson started working for Union schools about 12 years ago, teaching math classes ranging from intermediate algebra to advanced placement calculus. Early on, Peterson noticed the demographic split in her classes: “We’re a very culturally rich district, and yet, my calculus classes were mostly white,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She decided to talk with her principal at the time, Lisa Witcher. The pair discovered that, although Union High enrolled students from all 13 elementary campuses, Peterson’s calculus students primarily started at just three — the whitest and wealthiest of Union’s elementaries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shortly after, district administration tapped Witcher to spearhead a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://uhs.unionps.org/college-career/edge\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">early college program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. She began recruiting students who had completed geometry as freshmen, but found only a tenth of Black freshmen in Union were eligible to enroll in that class. They hadn’t taken the prerequisite, Algebra 1, in eighth grade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That sparked some uncomfortable conversations,” said Witcher, who retired from the district in 2021.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, administrators traced the cause of the narrow pipeline into advanced middle and high school math to the fifth grade. That’s when schools administered a heavily word-based exam, which students had one chance to pass. District officials said the high-stakes exam disadvantaged two growing populations in Union schools: kids who were still learning English, and children from low-income families, whose parents couldn’t afford private tutors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This discovery prompted a series of changes, beginning about a decade ago. The school district did not eliminate the fifth-grade exam as an entryway into advanced math, but students can now attempt the test multiple times. Elementary schools offer math tutors starting in the third grade, with after-school programs for students struggling in the subject. Teachers can refer promising students for sixth grade advanced math, regardless of how they did on the placement exam. A central administrator also reviews student grades and growth on proficiency exams to automatically enroll students into an accelerated class. (Parents are sent a letter notifying them of the automatic enrollment, at which point they can choose to opt out.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We hunt them down from every corner of the school district,” said Todd Nelson, a former math teacher who now oversees data, research and testing for the district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 2016, the diversity of students enrolled in the district’s advanced math courses has increased. Hispanic students now make up 29% of enrollment, up from 18%; Black and multiracial students each represent 10% of enrollment, up from about 8% in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63064\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jonathan works a problem on the smart board during Kelly Woodfin’s advanced math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More recently, however, participation in higher-level math has dipped in Union schools, across all student subgroups. District data show the trend, especially in high school, started before the pandemic. But administrators say the disruption of school lockdowns contributed to a lingering aversion to signing up for challenging courses. Still, the share of Black, Hispanic and multiracial students enrolling in Union’s advanced math classes has fallen at much lower rates than those of Asian and white students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We see this as the long-term process of the work that we’re doing, as opposed to fixing the problem in one year,” Nelson added.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Woodfin’s sixth grade class, 11-year-old Vianca wasn’t sure how she got into advanced math. She remembered taking a “super hard” test as a fifth grader and registered for regular math in middle school.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I guess I was just placed in here,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vianca said the subject has been a struggle this year. But a recent shift in sixth grade schedules to add more time for math means she has 90 minutes — instead of just 45 — with Woodfin each day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“She always slows down” when it feels like too much, Vianca said of her teacher. “I can ask for help.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63063\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1020x627.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1536x945.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-2048x1260.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1920x1181.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grade teacher Kelly Woodfin uses sports metaphors to help her students during an advanced math at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doubling the amount of math that both sixth graders take in Union has come with a cost. Some parents bristled at the reduction of extracurriculars, like art or music. The change required doubling the number of secondary math teachers, and principals already had a hard time recruiting teachers for those subjects. (Last school year, the turnover rate for Oklahoma teachers reached 24%, the highest rate in a decade, according to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sde.ok.gov/comprehensive-teacher-pay-reform\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">state data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of teacher diversity also complicates the district’s overall mission of increasing diversity in advanced math, Bittle acknowledged. Only two out of about 90 middle and high school math teachers identify as Black, and efforts to recruit at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.langston.edu/education-behavioral-sciences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Langston University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the state’s only historically Black university, have yet to prove successful. Bittle added that Oklahoma’s low pay for teachers doesn’t help: Schools in neighboring states tend to offer much more than the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/careertech/educators/agricultural-education/program-funding/Salary%20Schedule%20for%202023-2024.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">roughly $40,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> starting salary for teachers in the Sooner State.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research on the detracking debate presents a complicated picture. About the same time that the district made its changes, one international study suggested steering bright students into accelerated classes could \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/schools-exacerbate-the-growing-achievement-gap-between-rich-and-poor-a-33-country-study-finds/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">exacerbate the rich-poor divide\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in schools. Another paper, published by the Brookings Institution in 2016, found that Black and Hispanic students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/finding-benefits-tracking/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scored better on Advanced Placement exams\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in states that tracked more eighth graders into different ability levels in math.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This will remain murky,” said Kristen Hengtgen, a senior analyst with the Education Trust. “Detracking seems to have good intentions, but we just haven’t seen it work conclusively yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63069\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jayda works at her desk in an advanced math class in Union Public Schools. The Tulsa-area school district has tried to increase the diversity of students on its accelerated math track. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union remains committed to its efforts, though. And in a pin-drop quiet calculus class, where only the hum of the HVAC system disrupted the scratching of pencils, students remained committed to their own hard work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lizeth Rosas sat in the back row. Wearing bright blue smocks for a nursing program she had later in the day, the 18-year-old scribbled notes on how to find the average value of friction with a given interval.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Any questions?” her teacher invited. “Speak now, or forever hold your peace.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only eight of the 22 students in the class identified as white. Rosas first got into an advanced math as a seventh grader, she said. Last year, to her surprise, a teacher recommended she take the Advanced Placement course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In the beginning, I questioned myself — a lot,” she said. “I didn’t know if I was ready. It’s kind of a lot to process, and we move so fast.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rosas plans to work as a licensed practical nurse after graduation, and expects conversions of medications and IV fluids will require math. Her father, who runs his own remodeling company, can’t help with her calculus work, she said. But, her nursing program, part of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsatech.edu/about-the-district/locations/high-school-extension-programs/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">high school extension program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the nearby Tulsa Technology Center, offers academic tutoring.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t really need it,” Rosas said. “The teachers here are really helpful. They just kind of help me. They remind me I can do it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math equity\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fights over ‘detracking’ math classes have roiled other districts. But Union Public Schools, in Oklahoma, took a middle ground, adding tutoring and non-test-based ways for students to qualify for advanced math.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1706902714,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":47,"wordCount":2439},"headData":{"title":"How one district has diversified its advanced math classes — without the controversy | KQED","description":"Fights over ‘detracking’ math classes have roiled some districts. But an Oklahoma district has found success with a middle ground approach.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Fights over ‘detracking’ math classes have roiled some districts. But an Oklahoma district has found success with a middle ground approach.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How one district has diversified its advanced math classes — without the controversy","datePublished":"2024-02-05T10:00:53.000Z","dateModified":"2024-02-02T19:38:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Neal Morton, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/63058/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about math equity was produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://us2.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TULSA, Okla. — Amoni and Zoe scattered the contents of a sandwich bag full of fruit-flavored candy across their desks as part of a math lesson on ratios.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What does it mean to have 50%?” their teacher, Kelly Woodfin, asked the sixth graders in her advanced math class. “What does it mean to have half?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amoni and Zoe, both 11, ate just one piece of candy each, as they converted the share of green apples or pink strawberries from their bag into fractions, decimals and percents. When they got stumped on a strategy for turning a decimal into a percentage, the pair’s arms shot in the air.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think, you go two steps over, and to the left,” Amoni said, her voice trailing into a question.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You’ve been doing this for two weeks, sister,” Woodfin playfully chided her. “I don’t know why you’re doubting yourself.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Years ago, when Woodfin attended \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.unionps.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from kindergarten through eighth grade, she sat in fairly homogenous classrooms. Woodfin recalled her peers as predominantly white, a legacy of families moving to the suburbs as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED145054\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tulsa schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> desegregated during the 1950s. But when she returned to teach at Union in 2012, the white student population had shrunk to a little more than half of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/scschoolfiles/1967/annual_report_12-13.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">total enrollment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Until recently, however, students in Union’s advanced math classes remained mostly white. The accelerated track in middle and high school drew mostly from elementary schools in affluent neighborhoods, where students tended to perform better on a pre-algebra placement test that they had one chance to take as fifth graders. But on a recent winter day, only two of Woodfin’s students identified as white and more than a third were still learning English.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63071\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity01-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelly Woodfin, once a student at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla., teaches advanced math to a class of sixth graders. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The transformation of Woodfin’s class rosters represent more than a general shift in \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklaschools.com/district/72I009/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">who attends Union schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where today only one in four students is white. It’s also the result of a years-long campaign to identify and promote more students from underrepresented backgrounds into the district’s most challenging math courses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elsewhere, concerns about who gets access to advanced math have led districts to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/does-detracking-promote-educational-equity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">end the tracking\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of students into different math classes by perceived ability or to remove accelerated classes altogether in the name of equity. Union, by contrast, has attempted to find a middle ground. The district, which overlaps part of Tulsa and its southeast suburbs, continues to track students into separate math classes beginning in sixth grade. But it has also added new ways beyond the one-time placement test for students to qualify for higher level math courses, and increased support — including in-school tutoring and longer class periods — for students who’ve shown promise in the subject.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enrollment data suggest the effort to make higher-level math accessible to more students had started to yield results before the pandemic. But there have been challenges: In the last few years, fewer students overall have enrolled in advanced math classes, although the declines for Black and Hispanic students have been less steep than for other groups. Anti-teacher sentiment, on top of Oklahoma’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/education/addressing-the-teacher-shortage-oklahoma-to-offer-bonuses-up-to-50-000/article_1e6ee1a2-e39e-11ed-85c5-efc1e0044b5c.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">low teacher salaries\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, have made it difficult to hire math educators, administrators here say. At Union High School, an Algebra 2 position remained vacant for more than a year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the district remains committed to its changes. Recently, principals and veteran math educators have persuaded some former students to join Union’s teaching ranks. Shannan Bittle, a secondary math specialist for Union, said new academic programs — like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fox23.com/news/local/union-public-schools-starts-new-year-launches-aeronautics-program/article_9b39dde6-3c62-11ee-b26c-23ea4f636a91.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">aviation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1216770762027851\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">construction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — could offer students more ways to apply higher levels of math in lucrative jobs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We try really, really hard not to keep people out” of accelerated math, she said. “But we do our best to give them the tools to succeed.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63061\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity11-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miguel, right, helps Josue with an exercise on graphing coordinates during Kelly Woodfin’s sixth-grade math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taking algebra or higher in middle school places a student on the path to calculus in high school, which opens the door to selective colleges and is considered a gateway course for many high-paying STEM careers. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/profile/us?surveyYear=2020\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Federal education data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> shows white students enroll in high school calculus at nearly eight times the rate of their Black peers and about triple the average for Hispanic students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There are many Black and Latino students and students from low-income backgrounds who have demonstrated an aptitude and are yearning for more — yet they are systemically denied access to advanced math courses,” wrote the authors of a December 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Advanced-Math-V9.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from nonprofits Education Trust and Just Equations. “This practice — and mindset — must change.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, approaches school districts have taken to increase diversity in math have inspired controversy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In San Francisco, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/education/the-lawsuit-that-could-change-california-math-education/article_a5b5e9c8-af1c-11ed-9b0f-07c7d381b5f1.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">school district\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> eliminated accelerated math at middle and high schools in 2014 to end the segregating of classrooms by ability, prompting parental outcry. Three years later, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.boston.com/news/the-boston-globe/2023/07/18/cambridge-schools-are-divided-over-middle-school-algebra/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cambridge Public Schools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Massachusetts began dismantling its policy of tracking students into either accelerated or grade-level math. Near Detroit, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2023/05/17/troy-board-votes-to-eliminate-middle-school-honors-classes/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Troy school board\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> voted to remove advanced math for middle schools beginning later this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63068\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity03-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1/24/24 10:19:25 AM — A student works at her desk during Kelly Woodfin’s 6th grade math class at the Union Schools 6th and 7th Grade Center in Tulsa, Okla.\u003cbr>Photo by Shane Bevel \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, the California state board of education last year adopted new curriculum guidelines that, among other ideas, encourage schools to delay algebra until ninth grade. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/ne/yr23/yr23rel54.asp\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">board insisted\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the framework “affirms California’s commitment to ensuring equity and excellence in math learning for all students.” But critics — including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/california-adopts-controversial-new-math-framework-heres-whats-in-it/2023/07\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math and science professors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> — have suggested it does the opposite, by denying students the academic preparation they need to succeed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I see the value, in theory,” Rebecka Peterson, a Union High math teacher and 2023 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ntoy.ccsso.org/rebecka-peterson-2023-national-teacher-of-the-year/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Teacher of the Year\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, said of efforts like California’s. But, she added, “Kids are so unique, and one size fits all — as a mom, it’s not what I want for my son.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peterson started working for Union schools about 12 years ago, teaching math classes ranging from intermediate algebra to advanced placement calculus. Early on, Peterson noticed the demographic split in her classes: “We’re a very culturally rich district, and yet, my calculus classes were mostly white,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She decided to talk with her principal at the time, Lisa Witcher. The pair discovered that, although Union High enrolled students from all 13 elementary campuses, Peterson’s calculus students primarily started at just three — the whitest and wealthiest of Union’s elementaries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shortly after, district administration tapped Witcher to spearhead a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://uhs.unionps.org/college-career/edge\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">early college program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. She began recruiting students who had completed geometry as freshmen, but found only a tenth of Black freshmen in Union were eligible to enroll in that class. They hadn’t taken the prerequisite, Algebra 1, in eighth grade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That sparked some uncomfortable conversations,” said Witcher, who retired from the district in 2021.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, administrators traced the cause of the narrow pipeline into advanced middle and high school math to the fifth grade. That’s when schools administered a heavily word-based exam, which students had one chance to pass. District officials said the high-stakes exam disadvantaged two growing populations in Union schools: kids who were still learning English, and children from low-income families, whose parents couldn’t afford private tutors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This discovery prompted a series of changes, beginning about a decade ago. The school district did not eliminate the fifth-grade exam as an entryway into advanced math, but students can now attempt the test multiple times. Elementary schools offer math tutors starting in the third grade, with after-school programs for students struggling in the subject. Teachers can refer promising students for sixth grade advanced math, regardless of how they did on the placement exam. A central administrator also reviews student grades and growth on proficiency exams to automatically enroll students into an accelerated class. (Parents are sent a letter notifying them of the automatic enrollment, at which point they can choose to opt out.) \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We hunt them down from every corner of the school district,” said Todd Nelson, a former math teacher who now oversees data, research and testing for the district.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since 2016, the diversity of students enrolled in the district’s advanced math courses has increased. Hispanic students now make up 29% of enrollment, up from 18%; Black and multiracial students each represent 10% of enrollment, up from about 8% in 2016.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63064\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity07-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jonathan works a problem on the smart board during Kelly Woodfin’s advanced math class. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More recently, however, participation in higher-level math has dipped in Union schools, across all student subgroups. District data show the trend, especially in high school, started before the pandemic. But administrators say the disruption of school lockdowns contributed to a lingering aversion to signing up for challenging courses. Still, the share of Black, Hispanic and multiracial students enrolling in Union’s advanced math classes has fallen at much lower rates than those of Asian and white students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We see this as the long-term process of the work that we’re doing, as opposed to fixing the problem in one year,” Nelson added.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Woodfin’s sixth grade class, 11-year-old Vianca wasn’t sure how she got into advanced math. She remembered taking a “super hard” test as a fifth grader and registered for regular math in middle school.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I guess I was just placed in here,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vianca said the subject has been a struggle this year. But a recent shift in sixth grade schedules to add more time for math means she has 90 minutes — instead of just 45 — with Woodfin each day.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“She always slows down” when it feels like too much, Vianca said of her teacher. “I can ask for help.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63063\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1020x627.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1536x945.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-2048x1260.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity08-1920x1181.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grade teacher Kelly Woodfin uses sports metaphors to help her students during an advanced math at Union Public Schools in Tulsa, Okla. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doubling the amount of math that both sixth graders take in Union has come with a cost. Some parents bristled at the reduction of extracurriculars, like art or music. The change required doubling the number of secondary math teachers, and principals already had a hard time recruiting teachers for those subjects. (Last school year, the turnover rate for Oklahoma teachers reached 24%, the highest rate in a decade, according to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sde.ok.gov/comprehensive-teacher-pay-reform\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">state data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The lack of teacher diversity also complicates the district’s overall mission of increasing diversity in advanced math, Bittle acknowledged. Only two out of about 90 middle and high school math teachers identify as Black, and efforts to recruit at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.langston.edu/education-behavioral-sciences\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Langston University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the state’s only historically Black university, have yet to prove successful. Bittle added that Oklahoma’s low pay for teachers doesn’t help: Schools in neighboring states tend to offer much more than the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/careertech/educators/agricultural-education/program-funding/Salary%20Schedule%20for%202023-2024.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">roughly $40,000\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> starting salary for teachers in the Sooner State.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research on the detracking debate presents a complicated picture. About the same time that the district made its changes, one international study suggested steering bright students into accelerated classes could \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/schools-exacerbate-the-growing-achievement-gap-between-rich-and-poor-a-33-country-study-finds/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">exacerbate the rich-poor divide\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in schools. Another paper, published by the Brookings Institution in 2016, found that Black and Hispanic students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/finding-benefits-tracking/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scored better on Advanced Placement exams\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in states that tracked more eighth graders into different ability levels in math.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This will remain murky,” said Kristen Hengtgen, a senior analyst with the Education Trust. “Detracking seems to have good intentions, but we just haven’t seen it work conclusively yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-63069\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2024/02/morton-calculus-equity02-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sixth grader Jayda works at her desk in an advanced math class in Union Public Schools. The Tulsa-area school district has tried to increase the diversity of students on its accelerated math track. \u003ccite>(Shane Bevel for The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union remains committed to its efforts, though. And in a pin-drop quiet calculus class, where only the hum of the HVAC system disrupted the scratching of pencils, students remained committed to their own hard work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lizeth Rosas sat in the back row. Wearing bright blue smocks for a nursing program she had later in the day, the 18-year-old scribbled notes on how to find the average value of friction with a given interval.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Any questions?” her teacher invited. “Speak now, or forever hold your peace.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only eight of the 22 students in the class identified as white. Rosas first got into an advanced math as a seventh grader, she said. Last year, to her surprise, a teacher recommended she take the Advanced Placement course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“In the beginning, I questioned myself — a lot,” she said. “I didn’t know if I was ready. It’s kind of a lot to process, and we move so fast.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rosas plans to work as a licensed practical nurse after graduation, and expects conversions of medications and IV fluids will require math. Her father, who runs his own remodeling company, can’t help with her calculus work, she said. But, her nursing program, part of a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tulsatech.edu/about-the-district/locations/high-school-extension-programs/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">high school extension program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the nearby Tulsa Technology Center, offers academic tutoring.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t really need it,” Rosas said. “The teachers here are really helpful. They just kind of help me. They remind me I can do it.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">math equity\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=66c306eebb323868c3ce353c1&id=d3ee4c3e04\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletter\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/63058/how-one-district-has-diversified-its-advanced-math-classes-without-the-controversy","authors":["byline_mindshift_63058"],"categories":["mindshift_21357","mindshift_21579"],"tags":["mindshift_912","mindshift_276","mindshift_21322","mindshift_21846","mindshift_21699","mindshift_20701","mindshift_392","mindshift_20841"],"featImg":"mindshift_63060","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_62061":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_62061","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"62061","score":null,"sort":[1690192842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"high-schoolers-account-for-nearly-1-in-5-community-college-students","title":"High schoolers account for nearly 1 in 5 community college students","publishDate":1690192842,"format":"standard","headTitle":"High schoolers account for nearly 1 in 5 community college students | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When you think of a college student, you might imagine a young adult leaving home, moving into a dorm, navigating a campus and maybe attending a fraternity party. That’s an outdated image. We’ve written a lot about how older adults with jobs and children are a giant group on campus. But a more surprising species is spreading through the college registrar’s rolls: teenagers living at home, taking yellow buses to high school and maybe scrambling home before curfew.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of high schoolers taking college classes has been surging for more than two decades. In what is called dual enrollment, students simultaneously earn high school and college credits from a single class. These advanced college-level courses are no longer just for gifted students who have exhausted the high school course catalog. Now they’re a tool to encourage more Americans to enroll in college by giving them an early taste of post-secondary education and a head start with a few credits. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dual enrollment students were estimated at more than 1.4 million in the fall of 2022, and account for almost one out of five community college students. That’s according to estimates from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. Some scholars believe the total number could be much higher, perhaps 2 million students, when spring 2023 course taking is included. Dual enrollees appear to far outnumber the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://reports.collegeboard.org/ap-program-results/class-of-2022\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.1 million high school graduates in the class of 2022 who took at least one Advanced Placement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> exam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s meteoric,” said Brian An, a sociologist at the University of Iowa. “When I first started working in dual enrollment research in the mid 2000s, it was nowhere near these numbers. If you had told me 10 years ago that 20% of all community college students would be dual enrollment, I would have said that’s crazy talk.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Community colleges oversee roughly 70% of dual enrollments with four-year colleges running the remaining 30%. Students often don’t pay any college tuition for dual enrollment classes. In \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019176.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">most cases\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, high schoolers never step foot on a college campus; the class is taught in a high school classroom by a high school teacher. English composition and college algebra are popular.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 780px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment.jpg 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of students 17 years old and under enrolled in a community college course increased sharply in the past 10 years. \u003ccite>(Source: Community College Research Center, January 2023)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Students are flocking to these courses because they perceive that it’s easier to earn college credits through dual enrollment than through Advanced Placement, said University of Iowa’s An. With Advanced Placement, students have to score high enough on an exam to earn college credit. With dual enrollment, a passing grade is sufficient.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sharp growth in dual enrollment has raised a lot of questions about course content and whether students are really producing college-level work. John Fink, an expert in dual enrollment at the Community College Research Center, acknowledged that quality is uneven. That’s not surprising when 80% of high schools are now offering these courses and there’s decentralized oversight among thousands of colleges around the country. But colleges that oversee these courses are trying to improve quality, Fink said. (The Community College Research Center is a unit of Teachers College, Columbia University. The Hechinger Report is also an independent news organization based at Teachers College, but the two entities are not affiliated.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"955\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-800x478.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-1020x609.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-160x96.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-768x458.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-1536x917.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More high school students are taking dual enrollment classes, and fewer traditional students are attending community colleges. \u003ccite>(Source: Community College Research Center, January 2023)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite concerns about course rigor, research points to better outcomes for students. Between similar students with comparable grades and family backgrounds, the student who takes a dual enrollment class is more likely to graduate high school, enroll in college and earn a college degree, many studies have found. In 2017, the What Works Clearinghouse, a unit of the Department of Education that reviews education research, gave dual enrollment its stamp of approval with a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/EvidenceSnapshot/671\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">strong level of evidence\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In qualitative research interviews, students described how dual enrollment courses taught them how to take notes or study for a test, helping them feel more prepared for college. Much of the benefit may be in boosting a student’s confidence and soft skills, and not necessarily in teaching academic content, University of Iowa’s An explained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A big downside to dual enrollment is that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://cherp.utah.edu/_resources/documents/publications/research_priorities_for_advancing_equitable_dual_enrollment_policy_and_practice.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">students of color are underrepresented\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. That’s an ironic outcome given that advocates, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, pushed the expansion of these programs to help promote college going and attainment among Black and Hispanic students. Only one fifth of high schools have managed to enroll Black and Hispanic students in dual enrollment classes at the same or higher rates as white students, Fink said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The Gates Foundation is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another reason for the rapid expansion of dual enrollment may be financial. Dual enrollment courses are money losers for many community colleges, according to Fink at the Community College Research Center. That’s because colleges receive a discounted per-pupil allotment for each high schooler who signs up. Each state funds dual enrollment differently, often through a combination of state and school district budgets. Sometimes families need to contribute too, but it tends to be a lot cheaper than a usual college course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But colleges can turn dual enrollment programs into a modest money maker when they serve more students, according to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/community-colleges-afford-dual-enrollment-discount.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">February 2023 analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by the Community College Research Center. Once fixed costs are covered, each additional student means an increase in revenues. For example, adding an additional high school teacher to an existing instructor training program isn’t very costly and could open up dozens more student slots, each generating income that flows to the college.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reason that dual enrollments have become such a big slice of community colleges’ offerings is not only because more high school students are taking these courses, but also because fewer traditional students want to attend community colleges. When the pandemic hit in 2020, there were shocking double digit drops in enrollment at community colleges. Dual enrollment classes at many high schools temporarily shut down too, but they dramatically rebounded in 2022-23. Meanwhile, traditional students haven’t been returning to community colleges in large numbers, thanks to a strong job market. High school students even make up the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/the-reckoning-is-here-more-than-a-third-of-community-college-students-have-vanished/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">majority of students at 31 community colleges\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, my colleague Jon Marcus found.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Precise numbers on exactly how many high schoolers are taking dual enrollment classes are hard to come by. The best data is from the National Student Clearinghouse, which receives enrollment data from most colleges in the country. But colleges report only the ages of their students and not whether they have finished high school. The estimates for dual enrollees are based on students 17 years and under and cross-checked against high school records available to the National Student Clearinghouse. We should get a clearer picture next year when the Department of Education is expected to release a more accurate report on the numbers, broken down by race and ethnicity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-high-schoolers-account-for-nearly-1-out-of-every-5-community-college-students/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">dual enrollment classes\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and other \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletters\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dual enrollment far exceeds the popularity of Advanced Placement courses.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1690044632,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1264},"headData":{"title":"High schoolers account for nearly 1 in 5 community college students | KQED","description":"Dual enrollment far exceeds the popularity of Advanced Placement courses.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Dual enrollment far exceeds the popularity of Advanced Placement courses.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"High schoolers account for nearly 1 in 5 community college students","datePublished":"2023-07-24T10:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2023-07-22T16:50:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"nprByline":"Jill Barshay, \u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/62061/high-schoolers-account-for-nearly-1-in-5-community-college-students","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When you think of a college student, you might imagine a young adult leaving home, moving into a dorm, navigating a campus and maybe attending a fraternity party. That’s an outdated image. We’ve written a lot about how older adults with jobs and children are a giant group on campus. But a more surprising species is spreading through the college registrar’s rolls: teenagers living at home, taking yellow buses to high school and maybe scrambling home before curfew.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of high schoolers taking college classes has been surging for more than two decades. In what is called dual enrollment, students simultaneously earn high school and college credits from a single class. These advanced college-level courses are no longer just for gifted students who have exhausted the high school course catalog. Now they’re a tool to encourage more Americans to enroll in college by giving them an early taste of post-secondary education and a head start with a few credits. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dual enrollment students were estimated at more than 1.4 million in the fall of 2022, and account for almost one out of five community college students. That’s according to estimates from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. Some scholars believe the total number could be much higher, perhaps 2 million students, when spring 2023 course taking is included. Dual enrollees appear to far outnumber the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://reports.collegeboard.org/ap-program-results/class-of-2022\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.1 million high school graduates in the class of 2022 who took at least one Advanced Placement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> exam.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s meteoric,” said Brian An, a sociologist at the University of Iowa. “When I first started working in dual enrollment research in the mid 2000s, it was nowhere near these numbers. If you had told me 10 years ago that 20% of all community college students would be dual enrollment, I would have said that’s crazy talk.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Community colleges oversee roughly 70% of dual enrollments with four-year colleges running the remaining 30%. Students often don’t pay any college tuition for dual enrollment classes. In \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019176.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">most cases\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, high schoolers never step foot on a college campus; the class is taught in a high school classroom by a high school teacher. English composition and college algebra are popular.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 780px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62062\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"780\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment.jpg 780w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/enrollment-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of students 17 years old and under enrolled in a community college course increased sharply in the past 10 years. \u003ccite>(Source: Community College Research Center, January 2023)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Students are flocking to these courses because they perceive that it’s easier to earn college credits through dual enrollment than through Advanced Placement, said University of Iowa’s An. With Advanced Placement, students have to score high enough on an exam to earn college credit. With dual enrollment, a passing grade is sufficient.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sharp growth in dual enrollment has raised a lot of questions about course content and whether students are really producing college-level work. John Fink, an expert in dual enrollment at the Community College Research Center, acknowledged that quality is uneven. That’s not surprising when 80% of high schools are now offering these courses and there’s decentralized oversight among thousands of colleges around the country. But colleges that oversee these courses are trying to improve quality, Fink said. (The Community College Research Center is a unit of Teachers College, Columbia University. The Hechinger Report is also an independent news organization based at Teachers College, but the two entities are not affiliated.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-62064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"955\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-800x478.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-1020x609.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-160x96.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-768x458.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2023/07/image2-2-1536x917.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More high school students are taking dual enrollment classes, and fewer traditional students are attending community colleges. \u003ccite>(Source: Community College Research Center, January 2023)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite concerns about course rigor, research points to better outcomes for students. Between similar students with comparable grades and family backgrounds, the student who takes a dual enrollment class is more likely to graduate high school, enroll in college and earn a college degree, many studies have found. In 2017, the What Works Clearinghouse, a unit of the Department of Education that reviews education research, gave dual enrollment its stamp of approval with a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/EvidenceSnapshot/671\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">strong level of evidence\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In qualitative research interviews, students described how dual enrollment courses taught them how to take notes or study for a test, helping them feel more prepared for college. Much of the benefit may be in boosting a student’s confidence and soft skills, and not necessarily in teaching academic content, University of Iowa’s An explained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A big downside to dual enrollment is that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://cherp.utah.edu/_resources/documents/publications/research_priorities_for_advancing_equitable_dual_enrollment_policy_and_practice.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">students of color are underrepresented\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. That’s an ironic outcome given that advocates, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, pushed the expansion of these programs to help promote college going and attainment among Black and Hispanic students. Only one fifth of high schools have managed to enroll Black and Hispanic students in dual enrollment classes at the same or higher rates as white students, Fink said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The Gates Foundation is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another reason for the rapid expansion of dual enrollment may be financial. Dual enrollment courses are money losers for many community colleges, according to Fink at the Community College Research Center. That’s because colleges receive a discounted per-pupil allotment for each high schooler who signs up. Each state funds dual enrollment differently, often through a combination of state and school district budgets. Sometimes families need to contribute too, but it tends to be a lot cheaper than a usual college course.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But colleges can turn dual enrollment programs into a modest money maker when they serve more students, according to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/community-colleges-afford-dual-enrollment-discount.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">February 2023 analysis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by the Community College Research Center. Once fixed costs are covered, each additional student means an increase in revenues. For example, adding an additional high school teacher to an existing instructor training program isn’t very costly and could open up dozens more student slots, each generating income that flows to the college.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reason that dual enrollments have become such a big slice of community colleges’ offerings is not only because more high school students are taking these courses, but also because fewer traditional students want to attend community colleges. When the pandemic hit in 2020, there were shocking double digit drops in enrollment at community colleges. Dual enrollment classes at many high schools temporarily shut down too, but they dramatically rebounded in 2022-23. Meanwhile, traditional students haven’t been returning to community colleges in large numbers, thanks to a strong job market. High school students even make up the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/the-reckoning-is-here-more-than-a-third-of-community-college-students-have-vanished/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">majority of students at 31 community colleges\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, my colleague Jon Marcus found.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Precise numbers on exactly how many high schoolers are taking dual enrollment classes are hard to come by. The best data is from the National Student Clearinghouse, which receives enrollment data from most colleges in the country. But colleges report only the ages of their students and not whether they have finished high school. The estimates for dual enrollees are based on students 17 years and under and cross-checked against high school records available to the National Student Clearinghouse. We should get a clearer picture next year when the Department of Education is expected to release a more accurate report on the numbers, broken down by race and ethnicity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story about \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-high-schoolers-account-for-nearly-1-out-of-every-5-community-college-students/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">dual enrollment classes\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proof Points\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and other \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hechinger newsletters\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/62061/high-schoolers-account-for-nearly-1-in-5-community-college-students","authors":["byline_mindshift_62061"],"categories":["mindshift_21504","mindshift_21694"],"tags":["mindshift_912","mindshift_913","mindshift_21305","mindshift_20966","mindshift_21723","mindshift_68"],"featImg":"mindshift_62067","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_60971":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_60971","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"60971","score":null,"sort":[1675735694000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"advanced-placement-debate-feels-high-stakes-for-teachers-of-african-american-history","title":"Advanced Placement debate feels high-stakes for teachers of African American history","publishDate":1675735694,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/2/2/23582771/advanced-placement-african-american-studies-black-history-college-board\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"canonical noopener\">originally published\u003c/a> by Chalkbeat. Sign up for their newsletters at \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/newsletters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ckbe.at/newsletters\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keziah Ridgeway has taught African American history at Northeast High School in Philadelphia for four years, calling it a “labor of love.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say it is a labor because it is very daunting teaching African American history,” she said. “It’s a lot of trauma — a lot of events that can make you uncomfortable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Ridgeway added, “It’s something that needs to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More teachers across the country are likely to confront this challenge in the years to come as the College Board rolls out its first Advanced Placement course in African American studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the course has been thrust into the political fray. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis said the state’s schools wouldn’t teach the class, alleging that it violated a 2022 state law that restricts how race and racism are taught. \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://mobile.twitter.com/senmannydiazjr/status/1616565048767385601?s=12&t=LcwBTcSQxHlaXmggDCz_ww\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">He and other state officials pointed\u003c/a> to the inclusion of subjects like Black queer studies, the debate over reparations for slavery, and the Black Lives Matter movement in criticizing the curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after the College Board released a final \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-african-american-studies-course-framework.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">curriculum framework\u003c/a> Wednesday that removed much of the criticized content, some protested that the course had been watered down — while educators who are piloting the class and others like it stressed the vital role it can play in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I compel anyone who has questions about this course to actually take the time to read the curriculum, spend time in classrooms, and talk to students,” said Melissa Tracy, a teacher at Odyssey Charter School in Delaware who is teaching a pilot version of the AP course this year. “What many students will tell you is, ‘This is the first time in my entire educational experience where I actually get to learn this content — because I was never taught it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Green, a teacher at Bishop O’Dowd High School in Oakland, California who is participating in the pilot, said it’s a more comprehensive course than any high school class that has preceded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the ideal situation for a teacher who’s teaching African American studies, because the resources have already been gathered,” said Green, who has taught Black history for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board has denied that DeSantis or any states influenced the revision process, saying the changes were \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/01/us/college-board-advanced-placement-african-american-studies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pedagogical and based on feedback from educators\u003c/a>, the New York Times reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curriculum revisions, especially to a new course, aren’t unusual, noted Tambra Jackson, a professor and dean of the School of Education at Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis who focuses on social justice in education. The College Board’s process of convening scholars and teachers at the high school and college levels to construct the course wasn’t unusual either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this would have happened without the political fanfare, we might not be giving it that much attention,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is different now is the intensity of the Republicans’ focus on \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2022/9/23/23367419/school-censorship-race-lgbtq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how race and gender are taught in schools\u003c/a>, and the way figures like DeSantis have turned critiques more often hashed out in state standards committee hearings into a political spectacle. Eighteen states have legislated or imposed changes to how race and racism can be taught since January 2021, according to \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Education Week’s tracker\u003c/a>. Many have also restricted discussion of sexism and LGBTQ content. Schools also have faced \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/12/books/book-bans-libraries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new wave of challenges\u003c/a> to the availability of school library books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The political context where we’re in right now — there is this very direct, extreme focus on any kind of social awareness, on any kind of social action that focuses on how human beings in this country have been dehumanized, and there is an attempt to water down that history,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of all of that, on Feb. 1, the first day of Black History Month, the announcement that this curriculum has been revised, and the revision excludes really important, key people and thought leaders — it is disheartening,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The curriculum framework for an AP course is in many ways a particularly vulnerable target for political opposition, since it is a rare piece of public schooling in America that is nationally standardized. Generally state bodies adopt standards that guide teaching of various subjects, while local school districts and school leaders choose textbooks and curriculum, and individual teachers make daily choices about what materials to use and topics to emphasize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Textbooks in California and Texas, for example, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/01/12/us/texas-vs-california-history-textbooks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vary in their treatment\u003c/a> of topics like Reconstruction, the period immediately following the Civil War. And debates about topics like sex education, climate change, and evolution have flared in parts of the country for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a number of cities, including Newark and Philadelphia, African American history is a curriculum staple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philadelphia has \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://philadelphia.chalkbeat.org/2022/3/8/22967115/philadelphia-public-schools-african-american-history-course-update-critical-race-theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">required all students\u003c/a> to take an African American history course since 2005 in order to graduate. There, officials don’t shy away from teaching upsetting history. The district’s soon-to-be-updated curriculum will include a unit on one of the most fraught racial incidents in the history of Philadelphia: the city’s standoffs with Black activists who were part of the MOVE organization. In 1978 a \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu/stories/move\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">police officer was killed\u003c/a> in a shootout; in 1985, the \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/8/8/20747198/philadelphia-bombing-1985-move\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bombing \u003c/a>of the MOVE house by the police resulted in the deaths of 11 people, including children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our official position is that we encourage teachers to approach controversial issues in the classroom,” said Ismael Jimenez, the district’s director of social studies curriculum who taught history in the district, including that course, for 12 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established courses in many districts emerged from decades of activism and come with their own history of debate about how they should be taught. Last year, Detroit’s public school district chose new curriculum materials for its elective African American history course that the superintendent \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://detroit.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/13/23163676/detroit-school-district-black-history-365-curriculum-social-studies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a> emphasized “strength, joy and achievement,” without the frequent overemphasis on slavery as the starting point of Black history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Newark, New Jersey, where a 2002 state law required the teaching of African American history, the district didn’t offer a complete \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://newark.chalkbeat.org/2022/5/12/23068537/newark-curriculum-african-american-history-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">middle and high school curriculum\u003c/a> on the subject until 2021 – nearly 20 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bashir Muhammad Ptah Akinyele teaches history and Africana studies at Weequahic High School in Newark and now uses the district’s Amistad curriculum. “I’m appreciative of the conversation. I think it’s needed,” he said of the debate about the AP course content. “But it’s not something new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether to give space to figures some find radical is always a piece of that discussion, even in places with legal protections, he said. In other states, he knows those battles are even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a struggle to factually document the history of Black people in this country,” he said. Often when schools introduce the subject, he said, “They want something safe, comfortable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green said he wasn’t surprised to see the course spark national backlash, adding that historically, introducing an African American studies curriculum has “always been a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pointed to student movements in the late 1960s, where protestors clashed with university officials and police in an effort to establish ethnic studies programs. “It was definitely attacked,” he said of African American studies at the time, adding the efforts came under fire from local conservative leaders. “There was bloodshed behind the introduction of that curriculum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board’s new curriculum suggests that many of the topics now gone from the course framework can still be the focus of student projects — with a sample list of topics including, for example, “Gay life and expression in Black communities,” and “Reparations debates in the U.S./ the Americas.” Tracy and Green, who are teaching the pilot AP course, both noted that a curriculum doesn’t dictate every move teachers make in a classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a lot of built-in flexibility,” Tracy said. “Although there may not be a very specific lesson on Black Lives Matter, there still is an opportunity for students to research it. And at the end of the day, I don’t know how you can \u003ci>not\u003c/i> talk about it. How do you talk about the Black freedom struggle without talking about Black Lives Matter?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Jackson, Ridgeway, and others, the revisions remain disappointing — and suggest the organization folded to political influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time, before cities and school districts began to teach ethnic studies and African American history, our students were subjected to a history that was very much whitewashed,” Ridgeway said. “Removing these things is unacceptable. It waters down our history and it hides the truth from our students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is still heartening, Jackson said, is that the years ahead could see more students than ever getting a deep exposure to the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we now have an AP African American history course, I think it’s a wonderful thing,” she said. “I think students will take it, they will be engaged, they will be excited about the content, they will share it with their friends, and their friends will want to take it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people have access, it opens up new curiosities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Dale Mezzacappa contributed reporting. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Julian Shen-Berro is a reporter covering national issues. Contact him at jshen-berro@chalkbeat.org.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/2/2/23582771/advanced-placement-african-american-studies-black-history-college-board\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"canonical noopener\">Chalkbeat\u003c/a> is a nonprofit news site covering public education.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new AP course has sparked debate on the teaching of African American history in schools, fueled in part by Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis. Teachers of the subject say the challenges of teaching the subject aren't new but its importance remains.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1675735971,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1658},"headData":{"title":"Advanced Placement debate feels high-stakes for teachers of African American history | KQED","description":"Teachers of African American history say the struggles of teaching the subject aren't new. But “It’s something that needs to be done.”","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Advanced Placement debate feels high-stakes for teachers of African American history","datePublished":"2023-02-07T02:08:14.000Z","dateModified":"2023-02-07T02:12:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"nprByline":"Julian Shen-Berro and Sarah Darville, \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/\" target=\"blank\">Chalkbeat\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/60971/advanced-placement-debate-feels-high-stakes-for-teachers-of-african-american-history","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/2/2/23582771/advanced-placement-african-american-studies-black-history-college-board\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"canonical noopener\">originally published\u003c/a> by Chalkbeat. Sign up for their newsletters at \u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/newsletters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ckbe.at/newsletters\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keziah Ridgeway has taught African American history at Northeast High School in Philadelphia for four years, calling it a “labor of love.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say it is a labor because it is very daunting teaching African American history,” she said. “It’s a lot of trauma — a lot of events that can make you uncomfortable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Ridgeway added, “It’s something that needs to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More teachers across the country are likely to confront this challenge in the years to come as the College Board rolls out its first Advanced Placement course in African American studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the course has been thrust into the political fray. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis said the state’s schools wouldn’t teach the class, alleging that it violated a 2022 state law that restricts how race and racism are taught. \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://mobile.twitter.com/senmannydiazjr/status/1616565048767385601?s=12&t=LcwBTcSQxHlaXmggDCz_ww\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">He and other state officials pointed\u003c/a> to the inclusion of subjects like Black queer studies, the debate over reparations for slavery, and the Black Lives Matter movement in criticizing the curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after the College Board released a final \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-african-american-studies-course-framework.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">curriculum framework\u003c/a> Wednesday that removed much of the criticized content, some protested that the course had been watered down — while educators who are piloting the class and others like it stressed the vital role it can play in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I compel anyone who has questions about this course to actually take the time to read the curriculum, spend time in classrooms, and talk to students,” said Melissa Tracy, a teacher at Odyssey Charter School in Delaware who is teaching a pilot version of the AP course this year. “What many students will tell you is, ‘This is the first time in my entire educational experience where I actually get to learn this content — because I was never taught it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tony Green, a teacher at Bishop O’Dowd High School in Oakland, California who is participating in the pilot, said it’s a more comprehensive course than any high school class that has preceded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the ideal situation for a teacher who’s teaching African American studies, because the resources have already been gathered,” said Green, who has taught Black history for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board has denied that DeSantis or any states influenced the revision process, saying the changes were \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/01/us/college-board-advanced-placement-african-american-studies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pedagogical and based on feedback from educators\u003c/a>, the New York Times reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curriculum revisions, especially to a new course, aren’t unusual, noted Tambra Jackson, a professor and dean of the School of Education at Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis who focuses on social justice in education. The College Board’s process of convening scholars and teachers at the high school and college levels to construct the course wasn’t unusual either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this would have happened without the political fanfare, we might not be giving it that much attention,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is different now is the intensity of the Republicans’ focus on \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2022/9/23/23367419/school-censorship-race-lgbtq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how race and gender are taught in schools\u003c/a>, and the way figures like DeSantis have turned critiques more often hashed out in state standards committee hearings into a political spectacle. Eighteen states have legislated or imposed changes to how race and racism can be taught since January 2021, according to \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Education Week’s tracker\u003c/a>. Many have also restricted discussion of sexism and LGBTQ content. Schools also have faced \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/12/books/book-bans-libraries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new wave of challenges\u003c/a> to the availability of school library books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The political context where we’re in right now — there is this very direct, extreme focus on any kind of social awareness, on any kind of social action that focuses on how human beings in this country have been dehumanized, and there is an attempt to water down that history,” Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of all of that, on Feb. 1, the first day of Black History Month, the announcement that this curriculum has been revised, and the revision excludes really important, key people and thought leaders — it is disheartening,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The curriculum framework for an AP course is in many ways a particularly vulnerable target for political opposition, since it is a rare piece of public schooling in America that is nationally standardized. Generally state bodies adopt standards that guide teaching of various subjects, while local school districts and school leaders choose textbooks and curriculum, and individual teachers make daily choices about what materials to use and topics to emphasize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Textbooks in California and Texas, for example, \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/01/12/us/texas-vs-california-history-textbooks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vary in their treatment\u003c/a> of topics like Reconstruction, the period immediately following the Civil War. And debates about topics like sex education, climate change, and evolution have flared in parts of the country for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a number of cities, including Newark and Philadelphia, African American history is a curriculum staple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philadelphia has \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://philadelphia.chalkbeat.org/2022/3/8/22967115/philadelphia-public-schools-african-american-history-course-update-critical-race-theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">required all students\u003c/a> to take an African American history course since 2005 in order to graduate. There, officials don’t shy away from teaching upsetting history. The district’s soon-to-be-updated curriculum will include a unit on one of the most fraught racial incidents in the history of Philadelphia: the city’s standoffs with Black activists who were part of the MOVE organization. In 1978 a \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu/stories/move\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">police officer was killed\u003c/a> in a shootout; in 1985, the \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/8/8/20747198/philadelphia-bombing-1985-move\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bombing \u003c/a>of the MOVE house by the police resulted in the deaths of 11 people, including children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our official position is that we encourage teachers to approach controversial issues in the classroom,” said Ismael Jimenez, the district’s director of social studies curriculum who taught history in the district, including that course, for 12 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Established courses in many districts emerged from decades of activism and come with their own history of debate about how they should be taught. Last year, Detroit’s public school district chose new curriculum materials for its elective African American history course that the superintendent \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://detroit.chalkbeat.org/2022/6/13/23163676/detroit-school-district-black-history-365-curriculum-social-studies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a> emphasized “strength, joy and achievement,” without the frequent overemphasis on slavery as the starting point of Black history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Newark, New Jersey, where a 2002 state law required the teaching of African American history, the district didn’t offer a complete \u003ca class=\"Link\" href=\"https://newark.chalkbeat.org/2022/5/12/23068537/newark-curriculum-african-american-history-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">middle and high school curriculum\u003c/a> on the subject until 2021 – nearly 20 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bashir Muhammad Ptah Akinyele teaches history and Africana studies at Weequahic High School in Newark and now uses the district’s Amistad curriculum. “I’m appreciative of the conversation. I think it’s needed,” he said of the debate about the AP course content. “But it’s not something new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether to give space to figures some find radical is always a piece of that discussion, even in places with legal protections, he said. In other states, he knows those battles are even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a struggle to factually document the history of Black people in this country,” he said. Often when schools introduce the subject, he said, “They want something safe, comfortable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green said he wasn’t surprised to see the course spark national backlash, adding that historically, introducing an African American studies curriculum has “always been a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pointed to student movements in the late 1960s, where protestors clashed with university officials and police in an effort to establish ethnic studies programs. “It was definitely attacked,” he said of African American studies at the time, adding the efforts came under fire from local conservative leaders. “There was bloodshed behind the introduction of that curriculum.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board’s new curriculum suggests that many of the topics now gone from the course framework can still be the focus of student projects — with a sample list of topics including, for example, “Gay life and expression in Black communities,” and “Reparations debates in the U.S./ the Americas.” Tracy and Green, who are teaching the pilot AP course, both noted that a curriculum doesn’t dictate every move teachers make in a classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a lot of built-in flexibility,” Tracy said. “Although there may not be a very specific lesson on Black Lives Matter, there still is an opportunity for students to research it. And at the end of the day, I don’t know how you can \u003ci>not\u003c/i> talk about it. How do you talk about the Black freedom struggle without talking about Black Lives Matter?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Jackson, Ridgeway, and others, the revisions remain disappointing — and suggest the organization folded to political influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time, before cities and school districts began to teach ethnic studies and African American history, our students were subjected to a history that was very much whitewashed,” Ridgeway said. “Removing these things is unacceptable. It waters down our history and it hides the truth from our students.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is still heartening, Jackson said, is that the years ahead could see more students than ever getting a deep exposure to the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we now have an AP African American history course, I think it’s a wonderful thing,” she said. “I think students will take it, they will be engaged, they will be excited about the content, they will share it with their friends, and their friends will want to take it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people have access, it opens up new curiosities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Dale Mezzacappa contributed reporting. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Julian Shen-Berro is a reporter covering national issues. Contact him at jshen-berro@chalkbeat.org.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.chalkbeat.org/2023/2/2/23582771/advanced-placement-african-american-studies-black-history-college-board\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"canonical noopener\">Chalkbeat\u003c/a> is a nonprofit news site covering public education.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/60971/advanced-placement-debate-feels-high-stakes-for-teachers-of-african-american-history","authors":["byline_mindshift_60971"],"categories":["mindshift_21357"],"tags":["mindshift_912","mindshift_21534","mindshift_913","mindshift_999","mindshift_21537"],"featImg":"mindshift_60972","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_50701":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_50701","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"50701","score":null,"sort":[1520356085000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-online-learning-level-the-ap-playing-field-for-rural-students","title":"Can Online Learning Level the AP Playing Field for Rural Students?","publishDate":1520356085,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>LEXINGTON, Miss. — Inside a rural high school, five Advanced Placement physics students furiously scribbled notes about a video of a Yale University professor speaking more than 1,200 miles away. With textbooks open, they watched a lecture about Newton’s Laws on a giant screen, while their classroom teacher simultaneously offered examples of those laws in action. When the lecture ended, they had yet another to chance to learn: A physics video chat with their tutor, a sophomore physics major at Yale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unconventional flurry of both in-person and virtual academics in a school that had never before offered AP physics is part of a broader experiment that experts say could herald the future of education, especially for rural schools. That experiment is starting with these high schoolers in the Mississippi Delta, one of the poorest and most rural parts of the country. It’s too soon to know how well the free pilot program mixing online and in-person learning will work, but one thing is clear: Without it, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.holmes.k12.ms.us/superintendent-1\">Holmes County Superintendent Angel Meeks,\u003c/a> AP physics in this rural Mississippi district “would not exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Students in Holmes County do not have the same benefits as students in more affluent areas,” Meeks said. “This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to provide access and opportunity they might not otherwise have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Providing a rigorous pre-college curriculum has long been a struggle in many of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/ruraled/tables/a.1.a.-1.asp\">7,100\u003c/a> U.S. rural school districts, where a lack of teachers, dwindling enrollment numbers and tight budgets make it difficult to offer electives, foreign languages and even basic classes that are a given in many suburban and urban schools. As a result, rural students often lag their peers in advanced courses, and also in college attendance and completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1234&context=carsey\">2015 report\u003c/a> found that the lack of AP classes may increase the financial burden on college-bound rural students: Students who don’t take AP classes don’t earn college credit that could enable them to graduate more quickly, and such students are “more likely to pay for additional remedial coursework when beginning college.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why there’s considerable excitement about the free program bringing AP physics to Mississippi this school year, courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://globalteachingproject.com/\">Global Teaching Project\u003c/a>, a Washington D.C.-based education company that is part of a nonprofit consortium in the state. A few years ago, the Holmes County school district offered a few college-level AP courses at only one of its three high schools. After the three schools consolidated during the 2014-15 school year, the newly formed Holmes County Central High School was able to offer five classes, including AP calculus, English language and English literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50706\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A word wall of physics vocabulary terms in a classroom at Holmes County Central High School. \u003ccite>(Jackie Mader/The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Holmes County, where \u003ca href=\"https://censusreporter.org/profiles/97000US2801980-holmes-county-school-district-ms/\">half the students live below poverty level\u003c/a>, is following a national trend by using online resources to offer more advanced high school courses to its students. It’s a model that Betsy DeVos, the U.S. Secretary of Education, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/08/education-betsy-devos-online-charter-schools-poor-results-243556\">called for\u003c/a>, claiming that virtual schools can offer “valuable options’’ in rural areas, where educators are eager to expand courses, as long as they don’t have to push already tight budgets or direct student funding away from schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, many rural districts have turned to online offerings as a fast way to increase college-level courses and either fill in for teachers they don’t have, or make better use of the teachers they do have. If a teacher is not fully qualified or certified to teach a course, some schools opt to have that teacher facilitate an online class for students, checking progress and answering student questions. Earlier this year, Illinois launched a self-directed online AP pilot program for \u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/rural-schools-in-illinois-online-ap-courses/\">75 students at 10 rural high schools\u003c/a>. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/high-schools/blogs/high-school-notes/articles/2017-02-27/rural-high-schools-get-teens-into-advanced-placement-courses\">Maine\u003c/a>, students at rural schools can take courses through a state-funded online program, but must work with an adult mentor at school during the course. In Colorado, rural districts have worked together to offer more AP courses by creating video conference classrooms, where kids at \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/articles/how-one-tiny-high-school-hacked-advanced-placement-classes\">one high school can watch courses\u003c/a> taught by a teacher at a neighboring school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, as more rural schools look to virtual programs for help, there’s little evidence that online learning is equal to or can exceed outcomes from traditional in-person instruction, and some experts are urging caution — along with greater attention to quality. Some of the more time intensive virtual programs have shown poor outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Miron, an education professor specializing in evaluation, measurement, and research at Western Michigan University’s College of Education and Human Development, is concerned about the rate at which many states are adopting online learning programs, or even making participation in these programs a graduation requirement. “We’re getting legislation [about online learning] pushed in quickly and rolled out really rapidly, and we really still don’t have sufficient evidence,” Miron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not easy to track participation in online programs, a report by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.evergreenedgroup.com/\">Evergreen Education Group\u003c/a>, a leader in digital learning research, estimated that \u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/06/14/online-classes-for-k-12-schools-what-you.html\">some 2.7 million students took about 4.5 million online courses\u003c/a> in 2014-15. That’s a sharp increase from the 2002-03 school year, when, according to the U.S. Department of Education, students took 317,000 online courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/online-learning-as-graduation-requirement.aspx\">five states\u003c/a> now require an online course as a graduation requirement, and many schools that turn to online learning find a growing number of programs available, all with varying degrees of depth and breadth. Some choose individual units or lessons within classrooms where students can move at their own pace, with a teacher serving as a facilitator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools can also choose programs developed by various organizations or colleges, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/07/22/the-new-frontier-for-advanced-placement-online-ap-lessons-for-free/?utm_term=.f2c08166f74b\">offering lessons intended to supplement teaching in difficult AP subjects\u003c/a>, rather than serving as the sole learning experience for students. They can also turn to organizations like \u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.com/virtual-school-offerings/free-online-public-schools/high-school-program-courses/ap-honors-course-list.html\">K12.com\u003c/a> for online Advanced Placement courses. K12.com says the courses “follow curriculum specified by the College Board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the more extreme end of the spectrum, some high school students \u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/06/14/online-classes-for-k-12-schools-what-you.html?r=1331048516&intc=EW-TC17-TOC\">enroll in virtual schools\u003c/a> for all or some classes, which may be run by states, nonprofits, universities, or private companies. Quality can vary greatly. Some states have embraced full-time virtual schools: In Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/08/education-betsy-devos-online-charter-schools-poor-results-243556\">more than 30,000 students are enrolled in virtual charter schools that have a graduation rate of only 48 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, some providers of online education have faced controversy, lawsuits, and even shutdowns for misleading students and failing to provide an education. In 2017, several companies opened so-called “online high schools” that turned out to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/02/operators-online-high-schools-settle-ftc-charges-they-misled-tens\">no more than diploma mills\u003c/a>. The businesses, charged with violations by the Federal Trade Commission, were later banned from operating in a settlement reached with the federal agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while outcomes for students studying in online schools are “\u003ca href=\"http://nepc.colorado.edu/newsletter/2016/04/virtual-schools-annual-2016\">consistently below traditional public schools\u003c/a>,” enrollment in full-time online and blended learning schools continues to increase, according to a 2016 report by the National Education Policy Center. The authors of the report called for more oversight of virtual and blended learning schools, and urged policymakers to slow or stop their growth until more research is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stack of old physics textbooks sits in a classroom at Holmes County Central High School. The Global Teaching Project purchased new textbook for students taking AP physics this year. \u003ccite>(Jackie Mader/The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential pathways, solutions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other possible solutions for improving access to courses have been offered by rural school advocates, like Robert Mahaffey, executive director of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruraledu.org/\"> Rural School and Community Trust,\u003c/a> who proposes expanding courses in rural schools that invest more in their staff, as well as offering teachers more pathways towards credentials and certification\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to lower the bar or water down that content,” Mahaffey said. “[T]teachers need to be in positions where they’re able to deliver content and not be restricted by particular credentials … how can we create professional pathways for teachers so they can get those certifications?” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron of Western Michigan is fond of the idea of high schools joining forces to share teachers or using technology so students in one high school can take a class, and participate virtually, as it is taught in a neighboring school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offering a course online is cheaper than hiring a full-time teacher for each school, but finding a way to offer online courses while still keeping “the ownership of curriculum and instruction local” is ideal, Miron said. By having some control over online learning programs, schools can keep tabs on quality and completion, which may be hard to do for online programs — especially if schools are paying other providers for classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron is also skeptical whether students in high school or younger grades can direct their own learning to the extent that some online programs expect. “It’s naive to think these students can sit and master the curriculum on their own,” Miron said. Programs “may have wonderful technology … but what we strongly believe is kids at the primary and secondary level of education don’t have the metacognitive skills to be successful with online instruction as it’s being delivered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if programs lack oversight, it can be hard for a school to know if a student is performing poorly, or has dropped out, until it’s too late. This is especially true for online programs that enroll high numbers of students, Miron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 investigation by the Florida Center for Investigative Reporting and StateImpact Florida, for example, found student-teacher ratios at the online school \u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.com/k12-education.html\">K12.com\u003c/a>, which contracts with various Florida districts to provide online classes, were as high as \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/2012/09/16/in-k12-courses-275-students-to-a-single-teacher/\">275 students to one teacher\u003c/a>. K12.com offered schools a smaller student-to-teacher ratio for an additional per-student fee. At the time of the reporting, the state’s maximum ratio for brick-and-mortar schools was 25 students to one teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Mississippi?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mississippi, which has lagged the nation in high-speed internet access for students, some districts have cobbled together funds for laptops and other devices that assist students with learning, allowing individual teachers to structure classes with technology. The state also offers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mde.k12.ms.us/PN/VPS\">free online virtual school\u003c/a> where students can take up to two units of classes each year to supplement in-person courses, but enrollment in that program is limited. The program is currently full and no additional state-funded courses are currently available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Teaching Project chose to pilot its program in 10 low-income high schools in Mississippi because the state is largely rural, lacks certified teachers, and because the “need was so great” said Matthew Dolan, chief executive of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolan, a Washington-based attorney, hopes the project will eventually be a solution for rural schools nationwide that want the best of both the online and brick-and-mortar education worlds: high-quality expert teachers, student support, resources, small class sizes and human interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We wanted] to try to come up with a solution for the overwhelming majority of rural schools … that frankly don’t have the teachers to take the lead,” he said. Dolan, who knew several Mississippi lawmakers from his tenure in Washington, was aware that Mississippi allows “consortiums,” or groups of organizations and school districts to band together, creating a vehicle for innovative programs. He relied on the advantages offered by this vehicle, and the Global Teaching Project launched the Mississippi Public School Consortium for Educational Access in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolan also relied on connections from his alma maters, Yale and the University of Virginia, to recruit tutors for the non-profit consortium, funded partly by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jkcf.org/\">Jack Kent Cooke Foundation\u003c/a> which is also among the various funders of \u003cem>The Hechinger Report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Teaching Project incorporates aspects of successful high-quality online programs, many recommended by the International Association for K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL), which publishes \u003ca href=\"https://www.inacol.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/national-standards-for-quality-online-courses-v2.pdf\">standards for quality online learning programs\u003c/a>. These standards include elements like instructor-student and student-student interaction, the presence of frequent assessments, and content aligned with state standards or AP courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce Friend, chief operating officer for \u003ca href=\"https://www.inacol.org/about/\">iNACOL,\u003c/a> said teacher-student interaction is one of the most important aspects of any online course. “I’m not at all a fan of online learning programs where the teacher serves more as a tutor than the actual teacher,” Friend said. “There’s a difference between me really being your instructor who’s proactively making sure you understand the concepts and skills versus me saying ‘Hey…go through your online course. I’m here if you have any questions.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50702\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSRuralCourses1-e1520350918308.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Iftikhar Azeem, a physics teacher at Holmes County Central High School, reviews a lesson with students. \u003ccite>(Jackie Mader/The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a ‘real-life’ teacher engages students\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Holmes Central High on a recent winter morning, physics teacher Iftikhar Azeem reviewed three of Newton’s Laws with his students, after watching Yale \u003ca href=\"https://physics.yale.edu/people/meg-urry\">Professor Meg Urry\u003c/a> on the screen set up at the front of the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you drop something on the floor, what happens?” Azeem asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It stops,” one student offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why?” Azeem persisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Friction,” another student answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, is that good or bad?” Azeem asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because otherwise things just keep going and don’t stop!” a student exclaimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of class contained a flurry of virtual and in-person activities. Azeem led students through a makeshift experiment involving eggs, cardboard rolls, and cups of water to demonstrate how potential energy transitions to kinetic energy. Students checked in with their Yale tutor via video chat. Later, they took out cell phones and texted answers to an online physics program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Azeem’s students will take the AP physics exam, along with a handful of students from the other nine rural high schools participating in the program. Last year, 527 students in the state took the Physics I exam, and only 175 passed. In Mississippi, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ruraledu.org/user_uploads/file/WRM-2015-16.pdf\">44 percent of students\u003c/a> attend rural schools, performance on Advanced Placement exams has long lagged the national average. In 2017, the average score on all AP exams statewide was a 2.2, compared to a 2.84 nationwide. A 3 is the minimum score accepted by many schools to earn college credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2015-16 school year, Mississippi rolled out an initiative to increase participation in AP exams, especially among low-income and minority students. That year, participation on AP exams increased 37.9 percent for minority students, according to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mde.k12.ms.us/TD/news/2016/09/28/mississippi-students-increase-advanced-placement-participation-achievement\">Department of Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But access to such courses is still a problem. Many high schools in more rural parts of the state offer just a few, according to a review of College Board data. In many urban, more populated and affluent high schools, students have access to dozens; Oxford High School in Oxford, Mississippi offers 16 AP courses while Madison Central High School just outside of Jackson offers 23 courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Holmes County students are effusive in their praise of the program so far. They especially like the personalized video-conference tutoring from an undergraduate. “Having a tutor makes it easier,” said Jaylen Dennis, 17, who plans to major in electrical engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His classmate, Tamos Stevenson, who plans to study architecture, agreed. “He understands in the real world why we’re learning this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Anna Martin, whose college plans include majoring in meteorology, doesn’t mind watching lectures on a video. “If we don’t understand the video, we have a teacher,” she said, motioning at Azeem, a certified physics teacher who knows the topic, but isn’t certified to teach Advanced Placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azeem said the program is unique in offering multiple opportunities for students to get help, in person, online or via text. Still, the rural nature of the school creates limitations. Some students don’t have Internet access or computers at home. And the school does not have a physics lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need equipment,” Azeem said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolan of the Global Teaching Project said they are attempting to create a model that can be “scaled readily” and, right now, will cost nothing for school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the project is funded by grant money and donations that are made to the consortium, but Dolan eventually hopes to make a profit. The most expensive aspect of the course so far has been filming lectures and paying for post-production of videos, which have cost between $100,000 and $150,000. The program also pays college students from the University of Virginia and Yale who act as tutors and meet students in person during a two-week summer program in Mississippi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While staff at the Global Teaching Project would like to see students succeed on the AP exams, they also want to “build a community of achievement in rural Mississippi” that encourages students to “revise their notion of themselves and ambition for themselves.” Next year, the group hopes to offer additional AP courses to the participating schools in Mississippi, and is speaking with other districts around the country about expanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes County Central High School principal Charles Lacy said the experience is teaching students that “it’s ok to be smart and work hard.” Lacy said he sees online and distance learning as the future when it comes to providing more opportunity for students in areas like Holmes, which doesn’t have certified AP teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It certainly is my hope that this is the pilot for what will be the model in years to come,” Lacy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Meeks said providing a high-quality option for students to take Advanced Placement classes could be a game-changer not just for schools in the Mississippi Delta, but for underprivileged schools nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it can succeed in Holmes County … it could succeed in any situation where children are in poverty and where [there is] a lack of resources,” Meeks said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://eepurl.com/c36ixT\">\u003cem>our newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some schools are wading deeper into more immersive online ed, but experts urge caution.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520356085,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":59,"wordCount":3140},"headData":{"title":"Can Online Learning Level the AP Playing Field for Rural Students? | KQED","description":"Some schools are wading deeper into more immersive online ed, but experts urge caution.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Online Learning Level the AP Playing Field for Rural Students?","datePublished":"2018-03-06T17:08:05.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-06T17:08:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50701 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=50701","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2018/03/06/can-online-learning-level-the-ap-playing-field-for-rural-students/","disqusTitle":"Can Online Learning Level the AP Playing Field for Rural Students?","nprByline":"\u003ca href “http://hechingerreport.org/>Jackie Mader, The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>","path":"/mindshift/50701/can-online-learning-level-the-ap-playing-field-for-rural-students","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LEXINGTON, Miss. — Inside a rural high school, five Advanced Placement physics students furiously scribbled notes about a video of a Yale University professor speaking more than 1,200 miles away. With textbooks open, they watched a lecture about Newton’s Laws on a giant screen, while their classroom teacher simultaneously offered examples of those laws in action. When the lecture ended, they had yet another to chance to learn: A physics video chat with their tutor, a sophomore physics major at Yale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unconventional flurry of both in-person and virtual academics in a school that had never before offered AP physics is part of a broader experiment that experts say could herald the future of education, especially for rural schools. That experiment is starting with these high schoolers in the Mississippi Delta, one of the poorest and most rural parts of the country. It’s too soon to know how well the free pilot program mixing online and in-person learning will work, but one thing is clear: Without it, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.holmes.k12.ms.us/superintendent-1\">Holmes County Superintendent Angel Meeks,\u003c/a> AP physics in this rural Mississippi district “would not exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Students in Holmes County do not have the same benefits as students in more affluent areas,” Meeks said. “This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to provide access and opportunity they might not otherwise have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Providing a rigorous pre-college curriculum has long been a struggle in many of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/ruraled/tables/a.1.a.-1.asp\">7,100\u003c/a> U.S. rural school districts, where a lack of teachers, dwindling enrollment numbers and tight budgets make it difficult to offer electives, foreign languages and even basic classes that are a given in many suburban and urban schools. As a result, rural students often lag their peers in advanced courses, and also in college attendance and completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1234&context=carsey\">2015 report\u003c/a> found that the lack of AP classes may increase the financial burden on college-bound rural students: Students who don’t take AP classes don’t earn college credit that could enable them to graduate more quickly, and such students are “more likely to pay for additional remedial coursework when beginning college.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why there’s considerable excitement about the free program bringing AP physics to Mississippi this school year, courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://globalteachingproject.com/\">Global Teaching Project\u003c/a>, a Washington D.C.-based education company that is part of a nonprofit consortium in the state. A few years ago, the Holmes County school district offered a few college-level AP courses at only one of its three high schools. After the three schools consolidated during the 2014-15 school year, the newly formed Holmes County Central High School was able to offer five classes, including AP calculus, English language and English literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50706\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMsRuralCourses5-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A word wall of physics vocabulary terms in a classroom at Holmes County Central High School. \u003ccite>(Jackie Mader/The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Holmes County, where \u003ca href=\"https://censusreporter.org/profiles/97000US2801980-holmes-county-school-district-ms/\">half the students live below poverty level\u003c/a>, is following a national trend by using online resources to offer more advanced high school courses to its students. It’s a model that Betsy DeVos, the U.S. Secretary of Education, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/08/education-betsy-devos-online-charter-schools-poor-results-243556\">called for\u003c/a>, claiming that virtual schools can offer “valuable options’’ in rural areas, where educators are eager to expand courses, as long as they don’t have to push already tight budgets or direct student funding away from schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, many rural districts have turned to online offerings as a fast way to increase college-level courses and either fill in for teachers they don’t have, or make better use of the teachers they do have. If a teacher is not fully qualified or certified to teach a course, some schools opt to have that teacher facilitate an online class for students, checking progress and answering student questions. Earlier this year, Illinois launched a self-directed online AP pilot program for \u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/rural-schools-in-illinois-online-ap-courses/\">75 students at 10 rural high schools\u003c/a>. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/high-schools/blogs/high-school-notes/articles/2017-02-27/rural-high-schools-get-teens-into-advanced-placement-courses\">Maine\u003c/a>, students at rural schools can take courses through a state-funded online program, but must work with an adult mentor at school during the course. In Colorado, rural districts have worked together to offer more AP courses by creating video conference classrooms, where kids at \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/articles/how-one-tiny-high-school-hacked-advanced-placement-classes\">one high school can watch courses\u003c/a> taught by a teacher at a neighboring school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, as more rural schools look to virtual programs for help, there’s little evidence that online learning is equal to or can exceed outcomes from traditional in-person instruction, and some experts are urging caution — along with greater attention to quality. Some of the more time intensive virtual programs have shown poor outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Miron, an education professor specializing in evaluation, measurement, and research at Western Michigan University’s College of Education and Human Development, is concerned about the rate at which many states are adopting online learning programs, or even making participation in these programs a graduation requirement. “We’re getting legislation [about online learning] pushed in quickly and rolled out really rapidly, and we really still don’t have sufficient evidence,” Miron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not easy to track participation in online programs, a report by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.evergreenedgroup.com/\">Evergreen Education Group\u003c/a>, a leader in digital learning research, estimated that \u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/06/14/online-classes-for-k-12-schools-what-you.html\">some 2.7 million students took about 4.5 million online courses\u003c/a> in 2014-15. That’s a sharp increase from the 2002-03 school year, when, according to the U.S. Department of Education, students took 317,000 online courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/online-learning-as-graduation-requirement.aspx\">five states\u003c/a> now require an online course as a graduation requirement, and many schools that turn to online learning find a growing number of programs available, all with varying degrees of depth and breadth. Some choose individual units or lessons within classrooms where students can move at their own pace, with a teacher serving as a facilitator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools can also choose programs developed by various organizations or colleges, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/07/22/the-new-frontier-for-advanced-placement-online-ap-lessons-for-free/?utm_term=.f2c08166f74b\">offering lessons intended to supplement teaching in difficult AP subjects\u003c/a>, rather than serving as the sole learning experience for students. They can also turn to organizations like \u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.com/virtual-school-offerings/free-online-public-schools/high-school-program-courses/ap-honors-course-list.html\">K12.com\u003c/a> for online Advanced Placement courses. K12.com says the courses “follow curriculum specified by the College Board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the more extreme end of the spectrum, some high school students \u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/06/14/online-classes-for-k-12-schools-what-you.html?r=1331048516&intc=EW-TC17-TOC\">enroll in virtual schools\u003c/a> for all or some classes, which may be run by states, nonprofits, universities, or private companies. Quality can vary greatly. Some states have embraced full-time virtual schools: In Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/08/education-betsy-devos-online-charter-schools-poor-results-243556\">more than 30,000 students are enrolled in virtual charter schools that have a graduation rate of only 48 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, some providers of online education have faced controversy, lawsuits, and even shutdowns for misleading students and failing to provide an education. In 2017, several companies opened so-called “online high schools” that turned out to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/02/operators-online-high-schools-settle-ftc-charges-they-misled-tens\">no more than diploma mills\u003c/a>. The businesses, charged with violations by the Federal Trade Commission, were later banned from operating in a settlement reached with the federal agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while outcomes for students studying in online schools are “\u003ca href=\"http://nepc.colorado.edu/newsletter/2016/04/virtual-schools-annual-2016\">consistently below traditional public schools\u003c/a>,” enrollment in full-time online and blended learning schools continues to increase, according to a 2016 report by the National Education Policy Center. The authors of the report called for more oversight of virtual and blended learning schools, and urged policymakers to slow or stop their growth until more research is done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSruralcourses4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stack of old physics textbooks sits in a classroom at Holmes County Central High School. The Global Teaching Project purchased new textbook for students taking AP physics this year. \u003ccite>(Jackie Mader/The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential pathways, solutions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other possible solutions for improving access to courses have been offered by rural school advocates, like Robert Mahaffey, executive director of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruraledu.org/\"> Rural School and Community Trust,\u003c/a> who proposes expanding courses in rural schools that invest more in their staff, as well as offering teachers more pathways towards credentials and certification\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to lower the bar or water down that content,” Mahaffey said. “[T]teachers need to be in positions where they’re able to deliver content and not be restricted by particular credentials … how can we create professional pathways for teachers so they can get those certifications?” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron of Western Michigan is fond of the idea of high schools joining forces to share teachers or using technology so students in one high school can take a class, and participate virtually, as it is taught in a neighboring school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offering a course online is cheaper than hiring a full-time teacher for each school, but finding a way to offer online courses while still keeping “the ownership of curriculum and instruction local” is ideal, Miron said. By having some control over online learning programs, schools can keep tabs on quality and completion, which may be hard to do for online programs — especially if schools are paying other providers for classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron is also skeptical whether students in high school or younger grades can direct their own learning to the extent that some online programs expect. “It’s naive to think these students can sit and master the curriculum on their own,” Miron said. Programs “may have wonderful technology … but what we strongly believe is kids at the primary and secondary level of education don’t have the metacognitive skills to be successful with online instruction as it’s being delivered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if programs lack oversight, it can be hard for a school to know if a student is performing poorly, or has dropped out, until it’s too late. This is especially true for online programs that enroll high numbers of students, Miron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 investigation by the Florida Center for Investigative Reporting and StateImpact Florida, for example, found student-teacher ratios at the online school \u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.com/k12-education.html\">K12.com\u003c/a>, which contracts with various Florida districts to provide online classes, were as high as \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/2012/09/16/in-k12-courses-275-students-to-a-single-teacher/\">275 students to one teacher\u003c/a>. K12.com offered schools a smaller student-to-teacher ratio for an additional per-student fee. At the time of the reporting, the state’s maximum ratio for brick-and-mortar schools was 25 students to one teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Mississippi?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mississippi, which has lagged the nation in high-speed internet access for students, some districts have cobbled together funds for laptops and other devices that assist students with learning, allowing individual teachers to structure classes with technology. The state also offers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mde.k12.ms.us/PN/VPS\">free online virtual school\u003c/a> where students can take up to two units of classes each year to supplement in-person courses, but enrollment in that program is limited. The program is currently full and no additional state-funded courses are currently available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Teaching Project chose to pilot its program in 10 low-income high schools in Mississippi because the state is largely rural, lacks certified teachers, and because the “need was so great” said Matthew Dolan, chief executive of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolan, a Washington-based attorney, hopes the project will eventually be a solution for rural schools nationwide that want the best of both the online and brick-and-mortar education worlds: high-quality expert teachers, student support, resources, small class sizes and human interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We wanted] to try to come up with a solution for the overwhelming majority of rural schools … that frankly don’t have the teachers to take the lead,” he said. Dolan, who knew several Mississippi lawmakers from his tenure in Washington, was aware that Mississippi allows “consortiums,” or groups of organizations and school districts to band together, creating a vehicle for innovative programs. He relied on the advantages offered by this vehicle, and the Global Teaching Project launched the Mississippi Public School Consortium for Educational Access in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolan also relied on connections from his alma maters, Yale and the University of Virginia, to recruit tutors for the non-profit consortium, funded partly by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jkcf.org/\">Jack Kent Cooke Foundation\u003c/a> which is also among the various funders of \u003cem>The Hechinger Report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Teaching Project incorporates aspects of successful high-quality online programs, many recommended by the International Association for K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL), which publishes \u003ca href=\"https://www.inacol.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/national-standards-for-quality-online-courses-v2.pdf\">standards for quality online learning programs\u003c/a>. These standards include elements like instructor-student and student-student interaction, the presence of frequent assessments, and content aligned with state standards or AP courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce Friend, chief operating officer for \u003ca href=\"https://www.inacol.org/about/\">iNACOL,\u003c/a> said teacher-student interaction is one of the most important aspects of any online course. “I’m not at all a fan of online learning programs where the teacher serves more as a tutor than the actual teacher,” Friend said. “There’s a difference between me really being your instructor who’s proactively making sure you understand the concepts and skills versus me saying ‘Hey…go through your online course. I’m here if you have any questions.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50702\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/MaderMSRuralCourses1-e1520350918308.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Iftikhar Azeem, a physics teacher at Holmes County Central High School, reviews a lesson with students. \u003ccite>(Jackie Mader/The Hechinger Report)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a ‘real-life’ teacher engages students\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Holmes Central High on a recent winter morning, physics teacher Iftikhar Azeem reviewed three of Newton’s Laws with his students, after watching Yale \u003ca href=\"https://physics.yale.edu/people/meg-urry\">Professor Meg Urry\u003c/a> on the screen set up at the front of the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you drop something on the floor, what happens?” Azeem asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It stops,” one student offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why?” Azeem persisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Friction,” another student answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, is that good or bad?” Azeem asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because otherwise things just keep going and don’t stop!” a student exclaimed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of class contained a flurry of virtual and in-person activities. Azeem led students through a makeshift experiment involving eggs, cardboard rolls, and cups of water to demonstrate how potential energy transitions to kinetic energy. Students checked in with their Yale tutor via video chat. Later, they took out cell phones and texted answers to an online physics program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Azeem’s students will take the AP physics exam, along with a handful of students from the other nine rural high schools participating in the program. Last year, 527 students in the state took the Physics I exam, and only 175 passed. In Mississippi, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ruraledu.org/user_uploads/file/WRM-2015-16.pdf\">44 percent of students\u003c/a> attend rural schools, performance on Advanced Placement exams has long lagged the national average. In 2017, the average score on all AP exams statewide was a 2.2, compared to a 2.84 nationwide. A 3 is the minimum score accepted by many schools to earn college credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2015-16 school year, Mississippi rolled out an initiative to increase participation in AP exams, especially among low-income and minority students. That year, participation on AP exams increased 37.9 percent for minority students, according to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mde.k12.ms.us/TD/news/2016/09/28/mississippi-students-increase-advanced-placement-participation-achievement\">Department of Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But access to such courses is still a problem. Many high schools in more rural parts of the state offer just a few, according to a review of College Board data. In many urban, more populated and affluent high schools, students have access to dozens; Oxford High School in Oxford, Mississippi offers 16 AP courses while Madison Central High School just outside of Jackson offers 23 courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Holmes County students are effusive in their praise of the program so far. They especially like the personalized video-conference tutoring from an undergraduate. “Having a tutor makes it easier,” said Jaylen Dennis, 17, who plans to major in electrical engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His classmate, Tamos Stevenson, who plans to study architecture, agreed. “He understands in the real world why we’re learning this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Anna Martin, whose college plans include majoring in meteorology, doesn’t mind watching lectures on a video. “If we don’t understand the video, we have a teacher,” she said, motioning at Azeem, a certified physics teacher who knows the topic, but isn’t certified to teach Advanced Placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azeem said the program is unique in offering multiple opportunities for students to get help, in person, online or via text. Still, the rural nature of the school creates limitations. Some students don’t have Internet access or computers at home. And the school does not have a physics lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need equipment,” Azeem said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolan of the Global Teaching Project said they are attempting to create a model that can be “scaled readily” and, right now, will cost nothing for school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the project is funded by grant money and donations that are made to the consortium, but Dolan eventually hopes to make a profit. The most expensive aspect of the course so far has been filming lectures and paying for post-production of videos, which have cost between $100,000 and $150,000. The program also pays college students from the University of Virginia and Yale who act as tutors and meet students in person during a two-week summer program in Mississippi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While staff at the Global Teaching Project would like to see students succeed on the AP exams, they also want to “build a community of achievement in rural Mississippi” that encourages students to “revise their notion of themselves and ambition for themselves.” Next year, the group hopes to offer additional AP courses to the participating schools in Mississippi, and is speaking with other districts around the country about expanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes County Central High School principal Charles Lacy said the experience is teaching students that “it’s ok to be smart and work hard.” Lacy said he sees online and distance learning as the future when it comes to providing more opportunity for students in areas like Holmes, which doesn’t have certified AP teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It certainly is my hope that this is the pilot for what will be the model in years to come,” Lacy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superintendent Meeks said providing a high-quality option for students to take Advanced Placement classes could be a game-changer not just for schools in the Mississippi Delta, but for underprivileged schools nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it can succeed in Holmes County … it could succeed in any situation where children are in poverty and where [there is] a lack of resources,” Meeks said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://hechingerreport.org/\">The Hechinger Report\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://eepurl.com/c36ixT\">\u003cem>our newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/50701/can-online-learning-level-the-ap-playing-field-for-rural-students","authors":["byline_mindshift_50701"],"categories":["mindshift_192","mindshift_20546","mindshift_195"],"tags":["mindshift_912","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_384","mindshift_607","mindshift_20627"],"featImg":"mindshift_50704","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_28726":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_28726","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"28726","score":null,"sort":[1368464350000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-report-challenges-beliefs-about-the-value-of-ap-classes","title":"New Report Challenges Beliefs About the Value of AP Classes","publishDate":1368464350,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28731\" class=\"wp-caption center\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-28731\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2013/05/80699889-620x413.jpg\" alt=\"80699889\" width=\"620\" height=\"413\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch5>By Leslie Harris O'Hanlon\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Enrollment in advanced placement courses has skyrocketed in recent years, and there are many reasons for this spike. Students often believe taking AP courses will give them an edge in getting into college, help them do better once there, and save them money by not having to take those classes again. And many believe AP programs enrich students’ lives because they're taking part in a rigorous program of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a recent study found that research doesn't unequivocally support those beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The research is mixed,” said Denise Pope, co-founder of Challenge Success, a non-profit organization at the Stanford University Graduate School of Education. “There isn't any clear research for any of those claims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Pope is author of the white paper “\u003ca href=\"http://www.challengesuccess.org/Portals/0/Docs/ChallengeSuccess-AdvancedPlacement-WP.pdf\">The Advanced Placement Program: Living Up to Its Promise\u003c/a>?” for which she reviewed more than 20 studies about AP programs and examined the research Challenge Success has conducted on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board launched its AP program in 1955 as a way to make college-level courses available to high school students. While AP programs have their strengths, they also have their drawbacks, Pope said. For example, while some studies show that students who take AP courses perform better in their college courses, the performance of such students may not be solely based on the fact that they took an AP course. Students who take AP courses often are a self-selecting \u003c!--more-->group, and it may be that their personal characteristics allow for better college performance, regardless of having AP program experience or passing AP exams. What's more, students who are enrolled in AP programs often attend better resourced schools in higher income communities, and these students generally perform better in college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is true that students who take AP courses are more likely to succeed in college. But when you look deeper into the research, it's really hard to establish causation,” Pope said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it's a widely held belief that AP courses enrich a student's education because the courses are rigorous, course quality varies, Pope said, depending on how it’s taught. Furthermore, AP courses don’t always teach critical thinking skills or allow students to explore topics more deeply. Instead, they often turn into a race to cover a wide expanse of information, some say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[\u003cstrong>RELATED:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.challengesuccess.org/Portals/0/Docs/ChallengeSuccess-AdvancedPlacement-WP.pdf\">Is It Time to Reconsider AP Classes?\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“AP courses sometimes focus on memorization of large amounts of content and are less focused on deep understanding of that content,” Pope said. “Teachers with less experience will sometimes resort to more lecturing and count that as coverage and not build in important project based learning or labs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact some private and public schools have done away with their AP programs in favor of their own homegrown honors classes that allow students to dive into a topic more deeply. Such schools include Berkeley Carroll School in Brooklyn, New York, The Urban School in San Francisco, Scarsdale High in upstate New York and Riverdale Country Day School in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s sort of an impoverished view of expecting kids to learn a bunch of stuff and parrot it back to you, and that’s the end of it,” said Dominic Rudolph, head of school at Riverdale Country in a \u003ca href=\"http://fora.tv/2012/07/01/NBC_News_Education_Nation_Can_Character_Be_Taught\">talk at the Aspen Ideas Festival last year\u003c/a>. “These kids have to be better critical thinkers. They have to be better communicators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem Pope noted about AP courses is that they can put a lot of stress on students who struggle to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some high-achieving kids are taking several AP classes at once, more than the typical load a college student takes, in order to play the game and to get into a highly selective college,” she said. “That is causing some high stress and a very large homework load for these kids. It can also lead to less sleep and more anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those students don’t do well in the AP course, they could wind up with a poor grade on their transcript. To avoid all this, students may need to have access to tutoring if they struggle, Pope said, so parents and students' need to know what they're taking on when they enroll in an AP course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have a safety net in place when kids struggle in the class rather than them getting a D or an F on their transcript,” Pope said. “There needs to be a lot of education on what it means to take one of these classes before you sign up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some schools have an AP information night where teachers explain how much homework is involved, how much work students will do in class, and other requirements, and parents and students are required to attend these sessions. If students want to move out of an AP class, they should be able to do so with ease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's hard to do, but schools should try to schedule a non-AP section of a class at the same time as the AP class,” Pope said. “So, if you are in an AP U.S. history class, and the reading load is crushing you, rather than being stuck with that class for the semester, you can move into the non AP section that is scheduled at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CHANGES AFOOT\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board is revamping some of its AP courses, which Pope supports. Some of the changes, according to the College Board website, include greater emphasis on discipline-specific critical thinking, inquiry, reasoning, and communication skills and rigorous, research-based curricula, modeled on introductory college courses that strike a balance between breadth of content coverage and depth of understanding. Pope said the courses also need to be more consistent and teachers should receive professional development on how to best teach AP classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools should make their AP programs open to everyone, not just to students with the highest grades, Pope said, as long as AP programs are part of a broad reform effort to improve education in the early grades as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about making sure early on that kids can read at a certain level before going on to a college level course,” Pope said. “They need to know how to take notes, answer questions and have basic study skills in place. We need to teach those skills to kids starting in the early years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its problems, AP courses offer a good opportunity for many students to have access to a challenging curriculum, Pope said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I've received a lot of feedback since I published this paper from people saying, 'If I didn't have three AP classes in my rural high school, I would have been bored to death in high school,” she said. “Even with all of its flaws, it's still better than what some high schools might otherwise offer.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Though it's a widely held belief that AP courses enrich a student's education because the courses are rigorous, course quality varies, one researcher said, depending on how it’s taught.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1369353611,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1199},"headData":{"title":"New Report Challenges Beliefs About the Value of AP Classes | KQED","description":"Though it's a widely held belief that AP courses enrich a student's education because the courses are rigorous, course quality varies, one researcher said, depending on how it’s taught.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Report Challenges Beliefs About the Value of AP Classes","datePublished":"2013-05-13T16:59:10.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-24T00:00:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28726 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=28726","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/05/13/new-report-challenges-beliefs-about-the-value-of-ap-classes/","disqusTitle":"New Report Challenges Beliefs About the Value of AP Classes","path":"/mindshift/28726/new-report-challenges-beliefs-about-the-value-of-ap-classes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28731\" class=\"wp-caption center\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-28731\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2013/05/80699889-620x413.jpg\" alt=\"80699889\" width=\"620\" height=\"413\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch5>By Leslie Harris O'Hanlon\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Enrollment in advanced placement courses has skyrocketed in recent years, and there are many reasons for this spike. Students often believe taking AP courses will give them an edge in getting into college, help them do better once there, and save them money by not having to take those classes again. And many believe AP programs enrich students’ lives because they're taking part in a rigorous program of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a recent study found that research doesn't unequivocally support those beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The research is mixed,” said Denise Pope, co-founder of Challenge Success, a non-profit organization at the Stanford University Graduate School of Education. “There isn't any clear research for any of those claims.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Pope is author of the white paper “\u003ca href=\"http://www.challengesuccess.org/Portals/0/Docs/ChallengeSuccess-AdvancedPlacement-WP.pdf\">The Advanced Placement Program: Living Up to Its Promise\u003c/a>?” for which she reviewed more than 20 studies about AP programs and examined the research Challenge Success has conducted on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board launched its AP program in 1955 as a way to make college-level courses available to high school students. While AP programs have their strengths, they also have their drawbacks, Pope said. For example, while some studies show that students who take AP courses perform better in their college courses, the performance of such students may not be solely based on the fact that they took an AP course. Students who take AP courses often are a self-selecting \u003c!--more-->group, and it may be that their personal characteristics allow for better college performance, regardless of having AP program experience or passing AP exams. What's more, students who are enrolled in AP programs often attend better resourced schools in higher income communities, and these students generally perform better in college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is true that students who take AP courses are more likely to succeed in college. But when you look deeper into the research, it's really hard to establish causation,” Pope said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it's a widely held belief that AP courses enrich a student's education because the courses are rigorous, course quality varies, Pope said, depending on how it’s taught. Furthermore, AP courses don’t always teach critical thinking skills or allow students to explore topics more deeply. Instead, they often turn into a race to cover a wide expanse of information, some say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[\u003cstrong>RELATED:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.challengesuccess.org/Portals/0/Docs/ChallengeSuccess-AdvancedPlacement-WP.pdf\">Is It Time to Reconsider AP Classes?\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“AP courses sometimes focus on memorization of large amounts of content and are less focused on deep understanding of that content,” Pope said. “Teachers with less experience will sometimes resort to more lecturing and count that as coverage and not build in important project based learning or labs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact some private and public schools have done away with their AP programs in favor of their own homegrown honors classes that allow students to dive into a topic more deeply. Such schools include Berkeley Carroll School in Brooklyn, New York, The Urban School in San Francisco, Scarsdale High in upstate New York and Riverdale Country Day School in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s sort of an impoverished view of expecting kids to learn a bunch of stuff and parrot it back to you, and that’s the end of it,” said Dominic Rudolph, head of school at Riverdale Country in a \u003ca href=\"http://fora.tv/2012/07/01/NBC_News_Education_Nation_Can_Character_Be_Taught\">talk at the Aspen Ideas Festival last year\u003c/a>. “These kids have to be better critical thinkers. They have to be better communicators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem Pope noted about AP courses is that they can put a lot of stress on students who struggle to keep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some high-achieving kids are taking several AP classes at once, more than the typical load a college student takes, in order to play the game and to get into a highly selective college,” she said. “That is causing some high stress and a very large homework load for these kids. It can also lead to less sleep and more anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If those students don’t do well in the AP course, they could wind up with a poor grade on their transcript. To avoid all this, students may need to have access to tutoring if they struggle, Pope said, so parents and students' need to know what they're taking on when they enroll in an AP course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have a safety net in place when kids struggle in the class rather than them getting a D or an F on their transcript,” Pope said. “There needs to be a lot of education on what it means to take one of these classes before you sign up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some schools have an AP information night where teachers explain how much homework is involved, how much work students will do in class, and other requirements, and parents and students are required to attend these sessions. If students want to move out of an AP class, they should be able to do so with ease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's hard to do, but schools should try to schedule a non-AP section of a class at the same time as the AP class,” Pope said. “So, if you are in an AP U.S. history class, and the reading load is crushing you, rather than being stuck with that class for the semester, you can move into the non AP section that is scheduled at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CHANGES AFOOT\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The College Board is revamping some of its AP courses, which Pope supports. Some of the changes, according to the College Board website, include greater emphasis on discipline-specific critical thinking, inquiry, reasoning, and communication skills and rigorous, research-based curricula, modeled on introductory college courses that strike a balance between breadth of content coverage and depth of understanding. Pope said the courses also need to be more consistent and teachers should receive professional development on how to best teach AP classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools should make their AP programs open to everyone, not just to students with the highest grades, Pope said, as long as AP programs are part of a broad reform effort to improve education in the early grades as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about making sure early on that kids can read at a certain level before going on to a college level course,” Pope said. “They need to know how to take notes, answer questions and have basic study skills in place. We need to teach those skills to kids starting in the early years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its problems, AP courses offer a good opportunity for many students to have access to a challenging curriculum, Pope said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I've received a lot of feedback since I published this paper from people saying, 'If I didn't have three AP classes in my rural high school, I would have been bored to death in high school,” she said. “Even with all of its flaws, it's still better than what some high schools might otherwise offer.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/28726/new-report-challenges-beliefs-about-the-value-of-ap-classes","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_912"],"featImg":"mindshift_28731","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_23196":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_23196","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"23196","score":null,"sort":[1344451059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-time-to-reconsider-ap-classes","title":"Is it Time to Reconsider AP Classes?","publishDate":1344451059,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_23209\" class=\"module image aligncenter mceTemp mceIEcenter\" style=\"width: 500px\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/amitburst/4302925518/sizes/m/in/photostream/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23209\" title=\"4302925518_Refb1cc57ea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-media-credit\">Flickr: Amitburst\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch5>By Katrina Schwartz\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Advanced Placement courses have long been the standard for high achievement in high school. The classes are modeled on college courses and are meant to represent the difficulty and breadth of material that students are expected to handle when they get to college. For that reason, some colleges give in-coming freshman credits or allow them to pass out of introductory courses if they score a three or above on the AP test (it’s scored from one to five).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many schools, AP classes \u003ca href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/07/12/advanced_placement_classes_more_popular_than_ever_among_areas_high_school_students/\">are more popular than ever\u003c/a>, as students seek a leg up in the competitive college admissions process. But now, some of the most elite schools in the country are opting out of the AP frenzy, saying they can design better and more rigorous courses on their own that won’t force them to adhere to someone else’s curriculum and timeline and force teachers to teach to the test. And, instead of replicating a college level course in high school, they say they can go one better – partnering with local colleges so their students get the real deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>“Our major complaint with the AP courses was that it was a race for breadth against depth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Our major complaint with the AP courses was that it was a race for breadth against depth,” explained Robert Vitalo, Head of School at Berkeley Carroll, a Brooklyn prep school that decided to completely do away with AP courses in the 2011-2012 school year. “We think the way of the world, the way to be teaching, the way that kids should be learning is to look at how subjects and questions and ideas are connected and related, and to take the time to make those connections and ask those questions and not to have it be a race to cover a lot of content.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To replace AP courses Berkeley Carroll has designed interdisciplinary courses like “The Physical Applications of Calculus,” a course that joins principles of both physics and calculus to uncover how they work together in the real world. Vitalo says they also still offer courses that can \u003c!--more-->sometimes look like the AP curriculum, in that they cover similar material and concepts, but now the teachers aren’t constrained by an outside calendar and test format while they teach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, rather than relying on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/about.html\">College Board\u003c/a> to be the arbiter of what qualifies as a college-level course, Berkeley Carroll makes it possible for its students to attend select classes at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.poly.edu/\">Polytechnic Institute of New York \u003c/a>to experience college offerings first hand. Vitalo says many of his students are particularly enjoying the intro to engineering class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Berkeley Carroll did not make the decision to move away from APs easily. Over many years, the staff studied the effectiveness of the courses and spoke with admissions counselors at top universities to make sure that nothing would be lost in the educational experience and to ensure that their students wouldn’t be penalized when applying to the country’s top universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really what colleges are interested in is that a student has taken the most rigorous coursework,” Vitalo said. Berkeley Carroll’s reputation and standing in the educational community assures universities that AP-replacement courses are indeed challenging. Plus, Vitalo says the kind of schools many of his students want to go to, like Williams and Amherst, require students who want to pass out of intro classes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-mallory/private-schools-ap-tests_b_823616.html\">pass additional proficiency exams\u003c/a> to prove that they meet the institution's high standards in a given subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vitalo said there’s a bigger reason to pull the plug on APs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One more transcript with three more AP courses looks like a thousand other transcripts,” he explained. “A transcript with good standardized test scores and interesting courses like American Studies or Science Writing, from a good school, with good results by a good student helps that student stand out more in the competitive admissions process.” Rather than hindering students, Vitalo sees the move away from APs as giving his students a leg up in application processes that are ever more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Berkeley Carroll isn’t the only school pursuing this path. The elite Urban School in San Francisco also chose not to offer AP courses, nor does Riverdale Country Day School in New York. “I think it's sort of an impoverished view of expecting kids to learn a bunch of stuff and parrot it back to you, and that’s the end of it,” said Dominic Rudolph, Head of School at Riverdale Country in a \u003ca href=\"http://fora.tv/2012/07/01/NBC_News_Education_Nation_Can_Character_Be_Taught\">talk at the Aspen Ideas Festival\u003c/a>. “These kids have to be better critical thinkers, they have to be better communicators,” he added. He doesn’t think passing the AP test necessarily gives them those skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Scarsdale High, an affluent public school in upstate New York did away with AP classes in 2007, the school superintendent said \"teachers felt driven to cover what was on the AP test, 'gaming' their classes by teaching with the test in mind,\" and that the teachers themselves asked for the change, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3751960\">an article in Scholastic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the moment, it seems that the choice not to offer AP classes is happening in mostly affluent schools. Cash-strapped schools may not have the resources -- time or money -- to design and implement specialized courses that emphasize depth and work with nearby colleges and universities to incorporate college-level classes into the curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if schools did design highly rigorous, college-level classes, the fact that they don't have the AP stamp makes them harder to tout to college admissions. And for that reason, schools must decide between offering AP classes \u003cem>or\u003c/em> their own versions of those classes -- they can't have both. “If you have APs in your curriculum then everything else is judged not as rigorous,” said Riverdale's Dominic Rudolph. That means there’s no going half-way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opting away from AP classes is still the exception, and until all schools can create their own versions of rigorous, college-level classes, it may be the cheapest and easiest way to indicate high achievement.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1344487022,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1064},"headData":{"title":"Is it Time to Reconsider AP Classes? | KQED","description":"Flickr: Amitburst By Katrina Schwartz Advanced Placement courses have long been the standard for high achievement in high school. The classes are modeled on college courses and are meant to represent the difficulty and breadth of material that students are expected to handle when they get to college. For that reason, some colleges give in-coming","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is it Time to Reconsider AP Classes?","datePublished":"2012-08-08T18:37:39.000Z","dateModified":"2012-08-09T04:37:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"23196 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=23196","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2012/08/08/is-it-time-to-reconsider-ap-classes/","disqusTitle":"Is it Time to Reconsider AP Classes?","path":"/mindshift/23196/is-it-time-to-reconsider-ap-classes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_23209\" class=\"module image aligncenter mceTemp mceIEcenter\" style=\"width: 500px\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/amitburst/4302925518/sizes/m/in/photostream/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23209\" title=\"4302925518_Refb1cc57ea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2012/08/4302925518_efb1cc57ea-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-media-credit\">Flickr: Amitburst\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch5>By Katrina Schwartz\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Advanced Placement courses have long been the standard for high achievement in high school. The classes are modeled on college courses and are meant to represent the difficulty and breadth of material that students are expected to handle when they get to college. For that reason, some colleges give in-coming freshman credits or allow them to pass out of introductory courses if they score a three or above on the AP test (it’s scored from one to five).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many schools, AP classes \u003ca href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/07/12/advanced_placement_classes_more_popular_than_ever_among_areas_high_school_students/\">are more popular than ever\u003c/a>, as students seek a leg up in the competitive college admissions process. But now, some of the most elite schools in the country are opting out of the AP frenzy, saying they can design better and more rigorous courses on their own that won’t force them to adhere to someone else’s curriculum and timeline and force teachers to teach to the test. And, instead of replicating a college level course in high school, they say they can go one better – partnering with local colleges so their students get the real deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>“Our major complaint with the AP courses was that it was a race for breadth against depth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Our major complaint with the AP courses was that it was a race for breadth against depth,” explained Robert Vitalo, Head of School at Berkeley Carroll, a Brooklyn prep school that decided to completely do away with AP courses in the 2011-2012 school year. “We think the way of the world, the way to be teaching, the way that kids should be learning is to look at how subjects and questions and ideas are connected and related, and to take the time to make those connections and ask those questions and not to have it be a race to cover a lot of content.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To replace AP courses Berkeley Carroll has designed interdisciplinary courses like “The Physical Applications of Calculus,” a course that joins principles of both physics and calculus to uncover how they work together in the real world. Vitalo says they also still offer courses that can \u003c!--more-->sometimes look like the AP curriculum, in that they cover similar material and concepts, but now the teachers aren’t constrained by an outside calendar and test format while they teach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, rather than relying on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/about.html\">College Board\u003c/a> to be the arbiter of what qualifies as a college-level course, Berkeley Carroll makes it possible for its students to attend select classes at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.poly.edu/\">Polytechnic Institute of New York \u003c/a>to experience college offerings first hand. Vitalo says many of his students are particularly enjoying the intro to engineering class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Berkeley Carroll did not make the decision to move away from APs easily. Over many years, the staff studied the effectiveness of the courses and spoke with admissions counselors at top universities to make sure that nothing would be lost in the educational experience and to ensure that their students wouldn’t be penalized when applying to the country’s top universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really what colleges are interested in is that a student has taken the most rigorous coursework,” Vitalo said. Berkeley Carroll’s reputation and standing in the educational community assures universities that AP-replacement courses are indeed challenging. Plus, Vitalo says the kind of schools many of his students want to go to, like Williams and Amherst, require students who want to pass out of intro classes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-mallory/private-schools-ap-tests_b_823616.html\">pass additional proficiency exams\u003c/a> to prove that they meet the institution's high standards in a given subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vitalo said there’s a bigger reason to pull the plug on APs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One more transcript with three more AP courses looks like a thousand other transcripts,” he explained. “A transcript with good standardized test scores and interesting courses like American Studies or Science Writing, from a good school, with good results by a good student helps that student stand out more in the competitive admissions process.” Rather than hindering students, Vitalo sees the move away from APs as giving his students a leg up in application processes that are ever more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Berkeley Carroll isn’t the only school pursuing this path. The elite Urban School in San Francisco also chose not to offer AP courses, nor does Riverdale Country Day School in New York. “I think it's sort of an impoverished view of expecting kids to learn a bunch of stuff and parrot it back to you, and that’s the end of it,” said Dominic Rudolph, Head of School at Riverdale Country in a \u003ca href=\"http://fora.tv/2012/07/01/NBC_News_Education_Nation_Can_Character_Be_Taught\">talk at the Aspen Ideas Festival\u003c/a>. “These kids have to be better critical thinkers, they have to be better communicators,” he added. He doesn’t think passing the AP test necessarily gives them those skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Scarsdale High, an affluent public school in upstate New York did away with AP classes in 2007, the school superintendent said \"teachers felt driven to cover what was on the AP test, 'gaming' their classes by teaching with the test in mind,\" and that the teachers themselves asked for the change, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3751960\">an article in Scholastic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the moment, it seems that the choice not to offer AP classes is happening in mostly affluent schools. Cash-strapped schools may not have the resources -- time or money -- to design and implement specialized courses that emphasize depth and work with nearby colleges and universities to incorporate college-level classes into the curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if schools did design highly rigorous, college-level classes, the fact that they don't have the AP stamp makes them harder to tout to college admissions. And for that reason, schools must decide between offering AP classes \u003cem>or\u003c/em> their own versions of those classes -- they can't have both. “If you have APs in your curriculum then everything else is judged not as rigorous,” said Riverdale's Dominic Rudolph. That means there’s no going half-way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opting away from AP classes is still the exception, and until all schools can create their own versions of rigorous, college-level classes, it may be the cheapest and easiest way to indicate high achievement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/23196/is-it-time-to-reconsider-ap-classes","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_194","mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_912","mindshift_913"],"featImg":"mindshift_23209","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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