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He also taught journalism classes at Fremont High School in East Oakland.\r\n\r\nEmail: mgreen@kqed.org; Twitter: @MGreenKQED","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twitter":"MGreenKQED","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"lowdown","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"elections","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"liveblog","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Matthew Green | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/matthewgreen"},"andywarner":{"type":"authors","id":"7506","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"7506","found":true},"name":"Andy Warner","firstName":"Andy","lastName":"Warner","slug":"andywarner","email":"eridisc@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andy Warner's comic journalism has been published by Symbolia, Slate, \u003ca href=\"http://popsci.com/\">popsci.com\u003c/a>, American Public Media, Campus Progress and more. You can see more of his work at: \u003ca href=\"http://andywarnercomics.com/\">andywarnercomics.com\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2983c68805617a24b2c98bc90911aa2b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andy Warner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2983c68805617a24b2c98bc90911aa2b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2983c68805617a24b2c98bc90911aa2b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andywarner"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"lowdown_24439":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24439","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"24439","score":null,"sort":[1482026457000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan","title":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1482026457,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UvzARzuxvbM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Z9v9PEng7Xo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1482303846,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":53,"wordCount":2667},"headData":{"title":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2016-12-18T02:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2016-12-21T07:04:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24439 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24439","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/12/17/is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan/","disqusTitle":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)","path":"/lowdown/24439/is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24439/is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2398","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_173","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2575"],"featImg":"lowdown_24893","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24417":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24417","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"24417","score":null,"sort":[1478652564000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"video-wait-why-do-we-vote-on-tuesday","title":"VIDEO: Wait, Why Do We Vote on Tuesday?","publishDate":1478652564,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/9WvoGlQ7zH8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comedian Chris Rock\u003ca href=\"http://www.vulture.com/2008/05/the_five_best_jokes_from_chris.html\" target=\"_blank\"> once famously said\u003c/a>: “They don’t want you to vote. If they did, we wouldn’t vote on a Tuesday. In November. You ever throw a party on a Tuesday? No. Because nobody would come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, why do we vote on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November? Few would argue it's the most convenient time to vote. And surely a non-working day would lure more people to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has notoriously low voter turnout, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/02/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/\" target=\"_blank\">trailing most other developed nations\u003c/a>. And a number of them, including Austria, Sweden, France, Germany, New Zealand and India, hold their elections on weekends or holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why not us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR political editor Domenico Montanaro explains in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2016/11/01/214775/why_do_we_vote_on_tuesdays?source=npr&category=politics\" target=\"_blank\">this recent post\u003c/a>, the Tuesday after the first Monday in November was established for presidential elections in 1845, and later adopted for U.S. congressional elections. Back then, when America was a predominantly Christian agricultural society, this was actually deemed a convenient time. Sundays were out because of church, and farmers needed ample travel time to make it on horse or by foot to the county seat to cast their vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early November, Montanaro adds, the weather was still usually mild in most parts of the country, and most farmers had completed their fall harvest by then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to why it wasn't the first November, Montanaro points to several reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nov. 1 is all Saints Day, observed by Roman Catholics; most merchants did their books from the previous month on the first; and members of Congress were concerned that the economic health of the previous month \"might prove an undue influence on the vote.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tradition aside, a growing number of voices are demanding a date change for America's elections. A group called\u003ca href=\"http://www.whytuesday.org/2012/03/09/u-s-reps-announce-legislation-to-move-election-day/\"> Why Tuesday\u003c/a> has for years been pushing for legislation that would move Election Day to the weekend. As Montanaro notes:\"Some members of Congress have taken up the mantle. Reps. Steve Israel of New York and John Larson of Connecticut have \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr4183/text\">repeatedly introduced the Weekend Voting Act\u003c/a>, which would move voting from Tuesday to Saturday and Sunday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act has resurfaced several times in the past decade, but been repeatedly killed in committee before making it to the House floor for a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the foreseeable future, Tuesday it is.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1478652692,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":403},"headData":{"title":"VIDEO: Wait, Why Do We Vote on Tuesday? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"VIDEO: Wait, Why Do We Vote on Tuesday?","datePublished":"2016-11-09T00:49:24.000Z","dateModified":"2016-11-09T00:51:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24417 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24417","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/08/video-wait-why-do-we-vote-on-tuesday/","disqusTitle":"VIDEO: Wait, Why Do We Vote on Tuesday?","path":"/lowdown/24417/video-wait-why-do-we-vote-on-tuesday","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9WvoGlQ7zH8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9WvoGlQ7zH8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Comedian Chris Rock\u003ca href=\"http://www.vulture.com/2008/05/the_five_best_jokes_from_chris.html\" target=\"_blank\"> once famously said\u003c/a>: “They don’t want you to vote. If they did, we wouldn’t vote on a Tuesday. In November. You ever throw a party on a Tuesday? No. Because nobody would come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, why do we vote on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November? Few would argue it's the most convenient time to vote. And surely a non-working day would lure more people to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has notoriously low voter turnout, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/02/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/\" target=\"_blank\">trailing most other developed nations\u003c/a>. And a number of them, including Austria, Sweden, France, Germany, New Zealand and India, hold their elections on weekends or holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why not us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR political editor Domenico Montanaro explains in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2016/11/01/214775/why_do_we_vote_on_tuesdays?source=npr&category=politics\" target=\"_blank\">this recent post\u003c/a>, the Tuesday after the first Monday in November was established for presidential elections in 1845, and later adopted for U.S. congressional elections. Back then, when America was a predominantly Christian agricultural society, this was actually deemed a convenient time. Sundays were out because of church, and farmers needed ample travel time to make it on horse or by foot to the county seat to cast their vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early November, Montanaro adds, the weather was still usually mild in most parts of the country, and most farmers had completed their fall harvest by then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to why it wasn't the first November, Montanaro points to several reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nov. 1 is all Saints Day, observed by Roman Catholics; most merchants did their books from the previous month on the first; and members of Congress were concerned that the economic health of the previous month \"might prove an undue influence on the vote.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tradition aside, a growing number of voices are demanding a date change for America's elections. A group called\u003ca href=\"http://www.whytuesday.org/2012/03/09/u-s-reps-announce-legislation-to-move-election-day/\"> Why Tuesday\u003c/a> has for years been pushing for legislation that would move Election Day to the weekend. As Montanaro notes:\"Some members of Congress have taken up the mantle. Reps. Steve Israel of New York and John Larson of Connecticut have \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr4183/text\">repeatedly introduced the Weekend Voting Act\u003c/a>, which would move voting from Tuesday to Saturday and Sunday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act has resurfaced several times in the past decade, but been repeatedly killed in committee before making it to the House floor for a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the foreseeable future, Tuesday it is.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24417/video-wait-why-do-we-vote-on-tuesday","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2398","lowdown_1"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2573"],"featImg":"lowdown_24435","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24303":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24303","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"24303","score":null,"sort":[1477631452000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"explainer-a-ranked-choice-voting-refresher","title":"Just In Case You Forgot: How Ranked-Choice Voting Works","publishDate":1477631452,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>On Election Day, Maine voters will decide whether to adopt ranked-choice voting (RCV) for future statewide races, including U.S. Senate, Congress and governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the measure passes, Maine would become the first state to adopt a statewide RCV system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eleven cities nationwide now use RCV, or instant-runoff voting for citywide elections, four of which are in the Bay Area: Oakland, San Leandro, Berkeley (all since 2010) and San Francisco (citywide since 2011).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does RCV work?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>RCV ballots vary somewhat by city, but generally follow a similar format. Assuming there are more than two candidates running for a given position, RCV races on the ballot include a first choice, second choice and third choice column, with every candidate listed in each column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 607px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24311 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" alt=\"alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638\" width=\"607\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg 607w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-160x80.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-240x119.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-375x187.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-520x259.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sample RCV ballot created by the Alameda County Registrar of Voters. \u003ccite>(Alameda County Registrar of Voters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voters pick their first, second and third choices, regardless of party. (Note: You don’t have to pick three; you can still just pick your first choice, or your first two choices, etc. It also doesn’t do much good to select your first choice three times -- it’ll be counted only once.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any candidate receives more than 50 percent of first-choice votes, that candidate is automatically elected. Game over. But if no one receives a majority, a second round of counting proceeds. The candidate who received the least number of votes is eliminated (and if you voted for that candidate, your vote goes to your second choice pick). This process is repeated until one candidate has a clean majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it's endorsement of the state's RCV measure, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lwvme.org/RCV.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">League of Women Voters of Maine\u003c/a> note that in nine of Maine's last 11 gubernatorial elections, the winner failed to receive a majority of votes. RCV, it concludes, is \"the best way to ensure a majority vote in competitive, single-seat, multi-candidate elections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that RCV is different from California's top-two primary system, in which all candidates are listed on the same ballot and the top two vote-getters, regardless of party affiliations, advance to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 1: The Sesame Street Power Grab\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So just for kicks (and because puppets are more fun than politicians), let’s pretend we’re observing a heated street council race on \"Sesame Street.\" There are four candidates running, and a total of 24 neighborhood voters casting ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cookie Monster (the clear front-runner, of course, well-loved for his oratorical gifts and promises of free pastries to the electorate) gets 10 first-place votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oscar the Grouch gets eight first-place votes (with strong support from the waste management industry and a large contingent of the generally disgruntled).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Bird gets four first-place votes (from aviary supporters). And poor, impetuous Grover gets only two first-place votes (because no one knows who he really is).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because no candidate received more than 12 votes, there’s no clear majority after the initial round. But we do have our first loser -- better luck next time, Grover -- so we move on to Round 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 2: The First Elimination\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Grover, the candidate with the least amount of first-choice votes, is outta here! But for the two voters who picked Grover as a first choice, their second-choice votes still count. Here’s how:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the voters who chose Grover picked Oscar as a second choice. So that vote goes to Oscar (who now has a total of nine votes). The other voter in Grover’s fan club picked Cookie Monster as a second choice. So, that vote goes to Cookie Monster (who now has 11 votes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of Round 2, here’s the tally:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>C. Monster: 11 votes\u003cbr>\nOscar: 9 votes\u003cbr>\nB. Bird: 4 votes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still no clear winner (because there are still three candidates standing), so on to Round 3 we go!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 3: The Deciding Moment\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Three candidates left, and Big Bird’s got the least amount of first-choice votes (only four), so that oversized avian is cooked!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, we look at the second-choice votes of those four voters who picked Big Bird as their first choice. Remarkably, as it turns out, all four of Big Bird’s second-choice votes were for Oscar! That means Oscar picks up four more votes, giving him (or it?) a final tally of 13 votes to Cookie Monster’s 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And thus, that grumpy, trash-dwelling green goon is the new boss in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In your city's races, things might not be quite that simple (and all the candidates will likely have noses). But hopefully you're beginning to get the idea of how a candidate can viably receive the most first-choice votes and still lose the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, for instance, Oakland first used RCV for its mayoral race and witnessed a similar outcome: there were 10 candidates, and Don Perata, the clear front-runner (who vastly outspent his opponents during the campaign), got 35 percent of the first-choice votes. That left Jean Quan in a distant second with only 24 percent of first-choice votes. But Quan -- who anticipated this outcome and allied herself with other underdog candidates and their supporters -- received many more second-choice votes than did Perata. And after all the elimination rounds, with second- and third-choice votes factored in, Quan ended up with 51 percent of the vote to Perata’s 49 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Pundits\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So is RCV a good thing? It really depends on who you ask. (Jean Quan, I’m guessing would say yes; Don Perata … not so much. And Oscar the Grouch ... definitely a big fan.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like pretty much everything in politics, the system’s got its strong supporters and staunch enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV supporters say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It could save taxpayers millions by eliminating the need for local primaries and separate runoff elections.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It lessens the influence of campaign spending. Because RCV eliminates primaries, candidates only need to raise money for one election per cycle, not two or three.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It gives underdog and third party candidates a fighting chance and produces a winner who is supported by a clear majority.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It discourages mudslinging and negative campaigning; candidates are now more likely to ally with each.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV Opponents say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It’s too confusing for voters and unnecessarily adds to the complexity of an already complicated ballot.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There's lots of room for technical error as election computers tally results through the use of a complicated algorithm.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages less popular candidates to game the system by teaming up against the front-runner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s discriminatory against less educated or knowledgeable members of the voting public who haven’t received sufficient instruction on how the system works.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1668141701,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1153},"headData":{"title":"Just In Case You Forgot: How Ranked-Choice Voting Works - The Lowdown","description":"On Election Day, Maine voters will decide whether to adopt ranked-choice voting (RCV) for future statewide races, including U.S. Senate, Congress and governor. If the measure passes, Maine would become the first state to adopt a statewide RCV system. Eleven cities nationwide now use RCV, or instant-runoff voting for citywide elections, four of which are","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Just In Case You Forgot: How Ranked-Choice Voting Works","datePublished":"2016-10-28T05:10:52.000Z","dateModified":"2022-11-11T04:41:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24303 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24303","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/27/explainer-a-ranked-choice-voting-refresher/","disqusTitle":"Just In Case You Forgot: How Ranked-Choice Voting Works","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/lowdown/24303/explainer-a-ranked-choice-voting-refresher","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Election Day, Maine voters will decide whether to adopt ranked-choice voting (RCV) for future statewide races, including U.S. Senate, Congress and governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the measure passes, Maine would become the first state to adopt a statewide RCV system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eleven cities nationwide now use RCV, or instant-runoff voting for citywide elections, four of which are in the Bay Area: Oakland, San Leandro, Berkeley (all since 2010) and San Francisco (citywide since 2011).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does RCV work?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>RCV ballots vary somewhat by city, but generally follow a similar format. Assuming there are more than two candidates running for a given position, RCV races on the ballot include a first choice, second choice and third choice column, with every candidate listed in each column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 607px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24311 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg\" alt=\"alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638\" width=\"607\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752.jpg 607w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-160x80.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-240x119.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-375x187.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/alameda-county-registrar-of-voters-rankedchoice-voting-presentation-4-638-e1477631656752-520x259.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sample RCV ballot created by the Alameda County Registrar of Voters. \u003ccite>(Alameda County Registrar of Voters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voters pick their first, second and third choices, regardless of party. (Note: You don’t have to pick three; you can still just pick your first choice, or your first two choices, etc. It also doesn’t do much good to select your first choice three times -- it’ll be counted only once.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any candidate receives more than 50 percent of first-choice votes, that candidate is automatically elected. Game over. But if no one receives a majority, a second round of counting proceeds. The candidate who received the least number of votes is eliminated (and if you voted for that candidate, your vote goes to your second choice pick). This process is repeated until one candidate has a clean majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it's endorsement of the state's RCV measure, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lwvme.org/RCV.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">League of Women Voters of Maine\u003c/a> note that in nine of Maine's last 11 gubernatorial elections, the winner failed to receive a majority of votes. RCV, it concludes, is \"the best way to ensure a majority vote in competitive, single-seat, multi-candidate elections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that RCV is different from California's top-two primary system, in which all candidates are listed on the same ballot and the top two vote-getters, regardless of party affiliations, advance to the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 1: The Sesame Street Power Grab\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So just for kicks (and because puppets are more fun than politicians), let’s pretend we’re observing a heated street council race on \"Sesame Street.\" There are four candidates running, and a total of 24 neighborhood voters casting ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cookie Monster (the clear front-runner, of course, well-loved for his oratorical gifts and promises of free pastries to the electorate) gets 10 first-place votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oscar the Grouch gets eight first-place votes (with strong support from the waste management industry and a large contingent of the generally disgruntled).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Bird gets four first-place votes (from aviary supporters). And poor, impetuous Grover gets only two first-place votes (because no one knows who he really is).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because no candidate received more than 12 votes, there’s no clear majority after the initial round. But we do have our first loser -- better luck next time, Grover -- so we move on to Round 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 2: The First Elimination\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Grover, the candidate with the least amount of first-choice votes, is outta here! But for the two voters who picked Grover as a first choice, their second-choice votes still count. Here’s how:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the voters who chose Grover picked Oscar as a second choice. So that vote goes to Oscar (who now has a total of nine votes). The other voter in Grover’s fan club picked Cookie Monster as a second choice. So, that vote goes to Cookie Monster (who now has 11 votes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of Round 2, here’s the tally:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>C. Monster: 11 votes\u003cbr>\nOscar: 9 votes\u003cbr>\nB. Bird: 4 votes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still no clear winner (because there are still three candidates standing), so on to Round 3 we go!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Round 3: The Deciding Moment\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Three candidates left, and Big Bird’s got the least amount of first-choice votes (only four), so that oversized avian is cooked!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, we look at the second-choice votes of those four voters who picked Big Bird as their first choice. Remarkably, as it turns out, all four of Big Bird’s second-choice votes were for Oscar! That means Oscar picks up four more votes, giving him (or it?) a final tally of 13 votes to Cookie Monster’s 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And thus, that grumpy, trash-dwelling green goon is the new boss in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In your city's races, things might not be quite that simple (and all the candidates will likely have noses). But hopefully you're beginning to get the idea of how a candidate can viably receive the most first-choice votes and still lose the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, for instance, Oakland first used RCV for its mayoral race and witnessed a similar outcome: there were 10 candidates, and Don Perata, the clear front-runner (who vastly outspent his opponents during the campaign), got 35 percent of the first-choice votes. That left Jean Quan in a distant second with only 24 percent of first-choice votes. But Quan -- who anticipated this outcome and allied herself with other underdog candidates and their supporters -- received many more second-choice votes than did Perata. And after all the elimination rounds, with second- and third-choice votes factored in, Quan ended up with 51 percent of the vote to Perata’s 49 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Pundits\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So is RCV a good thing? It really depends on who you ask. (Jean Quan, I’m guessing would say yes; Don Perata … not so much. And Oscar the Grouch ... definitely a big fan.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like pretty much everything in politics, the system’s got its strong supporters and staunch enemies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV supporters say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It could save taxpayers millions by eliminating the need for local primaries and separate runoff elections.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It lessens the influence of campaign spending. Because RCV eliminates primaries, candidates only need to raise money for one election per cycle, not two or three.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It gives underdog and third party candidates a fighting chance and produces a winner who is supported by a clear majority.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It discourages mudslinging and negative campaigning; candidates are now more likely to ally with each.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RCV Opponents say:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It’s too confusing for voters and unnecessarily adds to the complexity of an already complicated ballot.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There's lots of room for technical error as election computers tally results through the use of a complicated algorithm.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages less popular candidates to game the system by teaming up against the front-runner.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It’s discriminatory against less educated or knowledgeable members of the voting public who haven’t received sufficient instruction on how the system works.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24303/explainer-a-ranked-choice-voting-refresher","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_245","lowdown_2398","lowdown_2363","lowdown_2361"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_28"],"featImg":"lowdown_24323","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_13116":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_13116","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"13116","score":null,"sort":[1477328446000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-high-school-students-under-18-be-allowed-to-vote","title":"VIDEO: Should San Francisco Lower Its Voting Age? (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1477328446,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThey pay taxes. They have to abide by the same laws as everyone else. And many are old enough to work and get behind the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for teens under 18, the right to vote is still out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Lowering-the-youth-voting-age-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Lowering the voting age (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And that’s not fair, say a number of youth rights groups, who for years have pushed to lower America's voting age to 16. In a nation with notoriously low voter turnout -- particularly \u003ca href=\"http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/demographics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among 18- to 24-year-olds\u003c/a> -- allowing more young people to vote, advocates claim, would boost civic participation and give students a voice in local public affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some local campaigns to lower the voting age in various cities around the country have started to gain traction, as have the broader efforts of national youth civics groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.generationcitizen.org/vote16usa-a-campaign-to-lower-the-voting-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Citizen\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Youth Rights Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, San Francisco supervisors approved \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/election2016/prop-f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition F\u003c/a> for the November 2016 ballot. The measure would lower the city's voting age for local elections, allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to vote for mayor and other city officials, as well as school board and citywide initiatives. It follows a multi-year organizing effort by \u003ca href=\"http://vote16sf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vote16 SF\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=5585\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Youth Commission.\u003c/a> If the measure passes, San Francisco would become the first major city in the country to extend voting rights to 16- and 17-year-olds (effective for the next municipal election).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar initiative in Berkeley -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/27/measure-y1-could-implement-lower-voting-age-for-certain-elections-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Measure Y1\u003c/a> -- would allow16- and 17-year-olds to vote, but only for school board members. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/issues/voting-age/voting-age-status-report/#success\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to get similar measures\u003c/a> up for a vote in states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291237947&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nNationwide, only two municipalities -- the Maryland cities of Hyattsville and Tacoma Park -- have passed ordinances lowering their voting ages to 16 for local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the voting age is still 18 in a majority of the world's democracies, several nations including Austria, Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua have already lowered the voting age for national elections to 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Not everyone agrees ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Skeptics, however, argue that too many young people simply lack the life experience and knowledge to make informed decisions in the voting booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a dumb idea,\" argued \u003ca href=\"http://csaelectorate.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curtis Gans\u003c/a>, former director of the Committee for the Study of the American Electorate at American University. \"The voting age was set at 18 because that's the age at which people could be drafted and die for their country. [Those under 18] don't have enough life experience or history and don't know the issues in enough detail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, opponents argue, the nation's minimum voting age often sets the precedent for other age ceilings. Sexual consent and criminal responsibility age limits, for instance, vary state by state but never exceed 18. If the voting age were lowered to 16, some fear, states could start treating 16-year-olds as adults in matters of consent and criminal prosecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The slow path to the ballot\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout U.S. history, voting has gradually grown more inclusive, a result of hard-fought political battles waged by disenfranchised populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon adoption of the U.S. Constitution, voting in most states was reserved for white male property owners. In fact, the nation's founding document, as originally drafted, never explicitly guarantees the right to vote to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-Nineteenth Century, most states had dropped property requirements. And with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, voting rights were granted to all male citizens, 21 and older, regardless of color. It took another half-century before the passage of the 19th Amendment, extending the vote to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24280\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" alt=\"Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18.\" width=\"450\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-375x252.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18 (1969). \u003ccite>(Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't until 1971 that America lowered its voting age to 18. The 26th Amendment was ratified largely as a result of heated student opposition to the Vietnam War and the contention that if an 18-year-old was old enough to be drafted into the military and fight for his country, he should also be considered mature enough to influence political outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old enough to fight, old enough to vote,” became the movement's campaign slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort extended suffrage to millions of 18-20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1513630005,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://w.soundcloud.com/player/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":765},"headData":{"title":"VIDEO: Should San Francisco Lower Its Voting Age? (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"VIDEO: Should San Francisco Lower Its Voting Age? (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2016-10-24T17:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-18T20:46:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13116 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=13116","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/24/should-high-school-students-under-18-be-allowed-to-vote/","disqusTitle":"VIDEO: Should San Francisco Lower Its Voting Age? (with Lesson Plan)","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/BALbuqWVSjU","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/mp3splice/radio/perspectives/2016/04/PerspYoungVote.mp3","path":"/lowdown/13116/should-high-school-students-under-18-be-allowed-to-vote","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThey pay taxes. They have to abide by the same laws as everyone else. And many are old enough to work and get behind the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for teens under 18, the right to vote is still out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Lowering-the-youth-voting-age-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Lowering the voting age (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And that’s not fair, say a number of youth rights groups, who for years have pushed to lower America's voting age to 16. In a nation with notoriously low voter turnout -- particularly \u003ca href=\"http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/demographics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among 18- to 24-year-olds\u003c/a> -- allowing more young people to vote, advocates claim, would boost civic participation and give students a voice in local public affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some local campaigns to lower the voting age in various cities around the country have started to gain traction, as have the broader efforts of national youth civics groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.generationcitizen.org/vote16usa-a-campaign-to-lower-the-voting-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Citizen\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Youth Rights Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, San Francisco supervisors approved \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/election2016/prop-f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition F\u003c/a> for the November 2016 ballot. The measure would lower the city's voting age for local elections, allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to vote for mayor and other city officials, as well as school board and citywide initiatives. It follows a multi-year organizing effort by \u003ca href=\"http://vote16sf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vote16 SF\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=5585\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Youth Commission.\u003c/a> If the measure passes, San Francisco would become the first major city in the country to extend voting rights to 16- and 17-year-olds (effective for the next municipal election).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar initiative in Berkeley -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/27/measure-y1-could-implement-lower-voting-age-for-certain-elections-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Measure Y1\u003c/a> -- would allow16- and 17-year-olds to vote, but only for school board members. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/issues/voting-age/voting-age-status-report/#success\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to get similar measures\u003c/a> up for a vote in states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291237947&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nNationwide, only two municipalities -- the Maryland cities of Hyattsville and Tacoma Park -- have passed ordinances lowering their voting ages to 16 for local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the voting age is still 18 in a majority of the world's democracies, several nations including Austria, Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua have already lowered the voting age for national elections to 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Not everyone agrees ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Skeptics, however, argue that too many young people simply lack the life experience and knowledge to make informed decisions in the voting booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a dumb idea,\" argued \u003ca href=\"http://csaelectorate.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curtis Gans\u003c/a>, former director of the Committee for the Study of the American Electorate at American University. \"The voting age was set at 18 because that's the age at which people could be drafted and die for their country. [Those under 18] don't have enough life experience or history and don't know the issues in enough detail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, opponents argue, the nation's minimum voting age often sets the precedent for other age ceilings. Sexual consent and criminal responsibility age limits, for instance, vary state by state but never exceed 18. If the voting age were lowered to 16, some fear, states could start treating 16-year-olds as adults in matters of consent and criminal prosecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The slow path to the ballot\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout U.S. history, voting has gradually grown more inclusive, a result of hard-fought political battles waged by disenfranchised populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon adoption of the U.S. Constitution, voting in most states was reserved for white male property owners. In fact, the nation's founding document, as originally drafted, never explicitly guarantees the right to vote to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-Nineteenth Century, most states had dropped property requirements. And with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, voting rights were granted to all male citizens, 21 and older, regardless of color. It took another half-century before the passage of the 19th Amendment, extending the vote to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24280\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" alt=\"Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18.\" width=\"450\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-375x252.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18 (1969). \u003ccite>(Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't until 1971 that America lowered its voting age to 18. The 26th Amendment was ratified largely as a result of heated student opposition to the Vietnam War and the contention that if an 18-year-old was old enough to be drafted into the military and fight for his country, he should also be considered mature enough to influence political outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old enough to fight, old enough to vote,” became the movement's campaign slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort extended suffrage to millions of 18-20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/13116/should-high-school-students-under-18-be-allowed-to-vote","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_2398","lowdown_2399","lowdown_457","lowdown_2392","lowdown_2361"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2570","lowdown_2530"],"featImg":"lowdown_22161","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_3825":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_3825","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"3825","score":null,"sort":[1476414103000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it","title":"EXPLAINER: What's the Deal With the Electoral College?","publishDate":1476414103,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>https://youtu.be/O1DeSLZkPrg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 28, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a little factual nugget that never fails to baffle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American voters DO NOT directly elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, you read that correctly: the U.S. president is not chosen through a one-person, one-vote system of direct democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When voters head to the polls on Election Day to select the next president, they're not actually voting for any one person. Instead, they're throwing their support behind a group of \"electors\" who belong to a strange institution called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electoral College\u003c/a>. And it's this mysterious group of 538 members that directly casts the actual votes to determine who the next president will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't believe me? Check out \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Article II, Section I \u003c/a>of the U.S. Constitution. Says it right there. Honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is the Electoral College?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During presidential elections, state political parties select a group of \"electors.\" These are usually committed party activists who have pledged to support their party's presidential candidate should he or she win the state's popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How many electors does each state get?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It's based on a simple equation: each state's total number of congressional representatives plus its two senators. Every state (and Washington, D.C.) is guaranteed at least three electoral votes. A sparsely populated state like North Dakota - which has two senators but only one congressional representative - gets just three electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other end of the spectrum is crowded California, which gets 55 electoral votes (equal to its 53 congressional representatives and two senators).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly -- and controversially -- the more than four million people living in U.S. territories like Puerto Rico and Guam get no electors. And although most residents of these territories are citizens and can participate in their party's presidential primaries, they have no influence in the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How does a presidential candidate win electors?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The presidential election is a grueling state-by-state battle, and in almost every one of those states, it's a winner-take-all scenario. That means the candidate who receives the most popular votes -- the plurality -- in each state, gets all that state's Republican or Democratic electors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's bad news for the other candidates in the race: even if they lose the popular vote by a single votes, they walk away from that state empty-handed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why California and other very populous states like New York, Texas, and Florida are political jackpots: they have so many delicious electors for the taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if this wasn't complicated enough, there are actually two states that follow different rules. Maine and Nebraska use a proportional system, in which two electors are chosen by statewide popular vote and the remaining electors are decided by popular vote within each congressional district.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Why is 270 the magic number to win the race?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are 538 electors nationwide, and to win the presidency, a candidate needs just over half - or 270 of them. So, if you win a state like California (even if you win it by a single measly vote), you've just secured about 20 percent of the votes you need to be sitting pretty in the White House come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, presidential candidates on the campaign trail generally don't spend too much time in relatively underpopulated states like the Dakotas, where electors are scarce. You also probably won't find them campaigning too much in big but generally politically predictable states like Democratic-leaning California or Republican-leaning Texas. It's the big swing states (a.k.a. the battleground states) - like Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Virginia - where they'll likely be spending most of their time as the election nears. These are the states that are still up for grabs and chock full of electors; the one's that usually decide the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.270towin.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">270 To Win\u003c/a> provides good interactive maps allowing users to simulate different outcomes. It also shows state-by-state breakdowns and results from previous presidential elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/hlQE4IGFc5A\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>And what if neither candidate gets to 270 electoral votes?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The chances of this happening are incredibly slim, but if it did, the House of Representatives would elect the next president from a pool of the three candidates who received the most electoral votes. Each state delegation has one vote. The Senate would then elect the vice president, with each Senator casting a vote. This has only happened once: in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-decides-outcome-of-presidential-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1824 presidential election\u003c/a>, Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes and led the pack in electoral votes. But because it was a competitive race among four candidates, Jackson fell short of winning the requisite electoral majority. Congress decided the outcome, and ultimately elected Jackson's rival John Quincy Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When do electors cast their official votes?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Oddly, it's not until about a month after Election Day. On the Monday following the second Wednesday of December (stay with me here), each state's electors meet in their respective state capitals and cast their votes -- one for president and one for vice president. This event never really gets a whole lot of attention because everyone already knows that those electors are almost certainly going to vote for the candidate in their own party. The results are announced the first week in January and the president is sworn in two weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, electors \u003cem>can\u003c/em> change their minds, but it's only happened a \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,55439,00.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">handful of times\u003c/a> (these electors are labeled \"faithless\").\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>This is really confusing! How about a real example?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Sure. Let's look back at the historic 2008 election when Democrat Barack Obama handily defeated Republican John McCain. First off, in terms of electoral votes, Obama pretty much killed it - he ended up with more twice what John McCain had: 365 compared to 173.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Obama won the election by less than 10 million popular votes. Why? Because he was able to squeak out wins in the big critical swing states (namely Ohio, Pennsylvania and Florida), amassing all of those electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened in Florida is actually a great example of just how peculiar our electoral system can be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sunshine State is the quintessential mother-lode swing state; always unpredictable and worth a big chunk of electoral votes. In 2008, Obama won it by a margin of less than three percent (he got about 51 percent to McCain's 48 percent). We're talking about a victory of less than 300,000 votes. But because of Florida's winner-take-all rule, Obama's slim victory secured him all 27 of the state's electoral votes (leaving McCain with squat). So, depending on how you look at it, you could technically argue that the votes cast by the more than 4 million Floridians who voted for McCain didn't really end up counting for much at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Can a candidate win the presidency without winning the popular vote?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Indeed! This has actually occurred five different times: in 1876 and 1888, Rutherford B. Hayes and Benjamin Harrison, respectively, won the White House even though they lost the popular vote (but won the electoral vote). And then there was that strange 1824 election, decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, which handed the presidency to John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the infamous 2000 election, ultimately decided by the Supreme Court, in which Al Gore won more popular votes than George W. Bush, but came up short on electoral votes (following a controversial Florida recount). Guess who then became a staunch advocate for getting rid of the Electoral College?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally (but probably not the last) was the 2016 election, in which Hillary Clinton famously received nearly 3 million more votes than Donald Trump. But guess who won the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Why did the Founding Fathers come up with such a zany system? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>a) They wanted to steer clear of the British parliamentary model, in which the chief executive (prime minister) is chosen by elected representatives of the majority party. The founders thought that it was more democratic to appoint electors from each state than to have a system in which the president was elected by Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>b) It came down to an issue of old-school logistics: Back in the day, long distance communication and travel was, to put it mildly, a challenge. Voting for delegates at a local level was easier and less susceptible to tampering and corruption than was counting every last person's vote across the whole country.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are arguments for keeping the Electoral College?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It's intended to make candidates pay at least some attention to less-populated states and rural regions (whose electors can add up) rather than focusing entirely on voter-rich urban centers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It avoids the need for a nationwide recount in the event of a very close race.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's consistent with America's representative system of government and it's in our Constitution, so just leave it be!\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>And how about against?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Under our current electoral system, not all votes are equal; voters in swing states and less populous states have disproportionate power. And that means that not every vote has equal impact. In a direct democracy, everyone's vote would have the same weight regardless of geography.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns largely in swing states while often ignoring the millions of voters in more populous states that tend to predictably favor one party.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's a super outdated system that makes it possible for a candidate to win more votes but still lose the election.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's a somewhat mysterious group of 538 Electoral College 'electors' that directly cast the actual votes to determine who the next president will be.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1604457965,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1610},"headData":{"title":"EXPLAINER: What’s the Deal With the Electoral College? - The Lowdown","description":"It's a somewhat mysterious group of 538 Electoral College 'electors' that directly cast the actual votes to determine who the next president will be.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"EXPLAINER: What's the Deal With the Electoral College?","datePublished":"2016-10-14T03:01:43.000Z","dateModified":"2020-11-04T02:46:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3825 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=3825","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/","disqusTitle":"EXPLAINER: What's the Deal With the Electoral College?","path":"/lowdown/3825/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/O1DeSLZkPrg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/O1DeSLZkPrg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 28, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a little factual nugget that never fails to baffle:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American voters DO NOT directly elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, you read that correctly: the U.S. president is not chosen through a one-person, one-vote system of direct democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When voters head to the polls on Election Day to select the next president, they're not actually voting for any one person. Instead, they're throwing their support behind a group of \"electors\" who belong to a strange institution called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electoral College\u003c/a>. And it's this mysterious group of 538 members that directly casts the actual votes to determine who the next president will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't believe me? Check out \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Article II, Section I \u003c/a>of the U.S. Constitution. Says it right there. Honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is the Electoral College?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During presidential elections, state political parties select a group of \"electors.\" These are usually committed party activists who have pledged to support their party's presidential candidate should he or she win the state's popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How many electors does each state get?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It's based on a simple equation: each state's total number of congressional representatives plus its two senators. Every state (and Washington, D.C.) is guaranteed at least three electoral votes. A sparsely populated state like North Dakota - which has two senators but only one congressional representative - gets just three electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other end of the spectrum is crowded California, which gets 55 electoral votes (equal to its 53 congressional representatives and two senators).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly -- and controversially -- the more than four million people living in U.S. territories like Puerto Rico and Guam get no electors. And although most residents of these territories are citizens and can participate in their party's presidential primaries, they have no influence in the general election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How does a presidential candidate win electors?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The presidential election is a grueling state-by-state battle, and in almost every one of those states, it's a winner-take-all scenario. That means the candidate who receives the most popular votes -- the plurality -- in each state, gets all that state's Republican or Democratic electors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's bad news for the other candidates in the race: even if they lose the popular vote by a single votes, they walk away from that state empty-handed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why California and other very populous states like New York, Texas, and Florida are political jackpots: they have so many delicious electors for the taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if this wasn't complicated enough, there are actually two states that follow different rules. Maine and Nebraska use a proportional system, in which two electors are chosen by statewide popular vote and the remaining electors are decided by popular vote within each congressional district.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Why is 270 the magic number to win the race?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are 538 electors nationwide, and to win the presidency, a candidate needs just over half - or 270 of them. So, if you win a state like California (even if you win it by a single measly vote), you've just secured about 20 percent of the votes you need to be sitting pretty in the White House come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, presidential candidates on the campaign trail generally don't spend too much time in relatively underpopulated states like the Dakotas, where electors are scarce. You also probably won't find them campaigning too much in big but generally politically predictable states like Democratic-leaning California or Republican-leaning Texas. It's the big swing states (a.k.a. the battleground states) - like Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Virginia - where they'll likely be spending most of their time as the election nears. These are the states that are still up for grabs and chock full of electors; the one's that usually decide the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.270towin.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">270 To Win\u003c/a> provides good interactive maps allowing users to simulate different outcomes. It also shows state-by-state breakdowns and results from previous presidential elections.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/hlQE4IGFc5A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/hlQE4IGFc5A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>And what if neither candidate gets to 270 electoral votes?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The chances of this happening are incredibly slim, but if it did, the House of Representatives would elect the next president from a pool of the three candidates who received the most electoral votes. Each state delegation has one vote. The Senate would then elect the vice president, with each Senator casting a vote. This has only happened once: in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-decides-outcome-of-presidential-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1824 presidential election\u003c/a>, Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes and led the pack in electoral votes. But because it was a competitive race among four candidates, Jackson fell short of winning the requisite electoral majority. Congress decided the outcome, and ultimately elected Jackson's rival John Quincy Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When do electors cast their official votes?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Oddly, it's not until about a month after Election Day. On the Monday following the second Wednesday of December (stay with me here), each state's electors meet in their respective state capitals and cast their votes -- one for president and one for vice president. This event never really gets a whole lot of attention because everyone already knows that those electors are almost certainly going to vote for the candidate in their own party. The results are announced the first week in January and the president is sworn in two weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, electors \u003cem>can\u003c/em> change their minds, but it's only happened a \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,55439,00.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">handful of times\u003c/a> (these electors are labeled \"faithless\").\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>This is really confusing! How about a real example?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Sure. Let's look back at the historic 2008 election when Democrat Barack Obama handily defeated Republican John McCain. First off, in terms of electoral votes, Obama pretty much killed it - he ended up with more twice what John McCain had: 365 compared to 173.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Obama won the election by less than 10 million popular votes. Why? Because he was able to squeak out wins in the big critical swing states (namely Ohio, Pennsylvania and Florida), amassing all of those electoral votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened in Florida is actually a great example of just how peculiar our electoral system can be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sunshine State is the quintessential mother-lode swing state; always unpredictable and worth a big chunk of electoral votes. In 2008, Obama won it by a margin of less than three percent (he got about 51 percent to McCain's 48 percent). We're talking about a victory of less than 300,000 votes. But because of Florida's winner-take-all rule, Obama's slim victory secured him all 27 of the state's electoral votes (leaving McCain with squat). So, depending on how you look at it, you could technically argue that the votes cast by the more than 4 million Floridians who voted for McCain didn't really end up counting for much at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Can a candidate win the presidency without winning the popular vote?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Indeed! This has actually occurred five different times: in 1876 and 1888, Rutherford B. Hayes and Benjamin Harrison, respectively, won the White House even though they lost the popular vote (but won the electoral vote). And then there was that strange 1824 election, decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, which handed the presidency to John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the infamous 2000 election, ultimately decided by the Supreme Court, in which Al Gore won more popular votes than George W. Bush, but came up short on electoral votes (following a controversial Florida recount). Guess who then became a staunch advocate for getting rid of the Electoral College?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally (but probably not the last) was the 2016 election, in which Hillary Clinton famously received nearly 3 million more votes than Donald Trump. But guess who won the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Why did the Founding Fathers come up with such a zany system? \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two main reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>a) They wanted to steer clear of the British parliamentary model, in which the chief executive (prime minister) is chosen by elected representatives of the majority party. The founders thought that it was more democratic to appoint electors from each state than to have a system in which the president was elected by Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>b) It came down to an issue of old-school logistics: Back in the day, long distance communication and travel was, to put it mildly, a challenge. Voting for delegates at a local level was easier and less susceptible to tampering and corruption than was counting every last person's vote across the whole country.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are arguments for keeping the Electoral College?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It's intended to make candidates pay at least some attention to less-populated states and rural regions (whose electors can add up) rather than focusing entirely on voter-rich urban centers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It avoids the need for a nationwide recount in the event of a very close race.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's consistent with America's representative system of government and it's in our Constitution, so just leave it be!\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>And how about against?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Under our current electoral system, not all votes are equal; voters in swing states and less populous states have disproportionate power. And that means that not every vote has equal impact. In a direct democracy, everyone's vote would have the same weight regardless of geography.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns largely in swing states while often ignoring the millions of voters in more populous states that tend to predictably favor one party.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's a super outdated system that makes it possible for a candidate to win more votes but still lose the election.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/3825/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_245","lowdown_2398","lowdown_243"],"tags":["lowdown_173","lowdown_2337","lowdown_285","lowdown_265","lowdown_29"],"featImg":"lowdown_24177","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_22101":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_22101","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"22101","score":null,"sort":[1469037635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"delegates-conventions-and-the-quirky-presidential-nominating-process-explained-in-one-comic-infographic","title":"The Presidential Convention and Nomination Process: A Cartoon Guide","publishDate":1469037635,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>At long last ... the Republican National Convention is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a rocky first day, including a suppressed party rebellion and a Melania Trump speech that sounded \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/07/20/486758596/trump-speechwriter-accepts-responsibility-for-using-michelle-obamas-words\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suspiciously similar\u003c/a> to an 8-year-old address by Michelle Obama -- Republican delegates formally nominated Donald Trump for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so it begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, how'd we get to this point? Comic journalist Andy Warner explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30731\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1440\" height=\"10174\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-160x1130.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-800x5652.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-768x5426.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-1020x7207.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-170x1200.png 170w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-1180x8337.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-960x6783.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-240x1696.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-375x2649.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-520x3674.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1582739488,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":69},"headData":{"title":"The Presidential Convention and Nomination Process: A Cartoon Guide | KQED","description":"At long last ... the Republican National Convention is upon us. After a rocky first day, including a suppressed party rebellion and a Melania Trump speech that sounded suspiciously similar to an 8-year-old address by Michelle Obama -- Republican delegates formally nominated Donald Trump for president. And so it begins. But wait, how'd we get","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Presidential Convention and Nomination Process: A Cartoon Guide","datePublished":"2016-07-20T18:00:35.000Z","dateModified":"2020-02-26T17:51:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"22101 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=22101","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/07/20/delegates-conventions-and-the-quirky-presidential-nominating-process-explained-in-one-comic-infographic/","disqusTitle":"The Presidential Convention and Nomination Process: A Cartoon Guide","path":"/lowdown/22101/delegates-conventions-and-the-quirky-presidential-nominating-process-explained-in-one-comic-infographic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At long last ... the Republican National Convention is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a rocky first day, including a suppressed party rebellion and a Melania Trump speech that sounded \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/07/20/486758596/trump-speechwriter-accepts-responsibility-for-using-michelle-obamas-words\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suspiciously similar\u003c/a> to an 8-year-old address by Michelle Obama -- Republican delegates formally nominated Donald Trump for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so it begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, how'd we get to this point? Comic journalist Andy Warner explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30731\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1440\" height=\"10174\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-160x1130.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-800x5652.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-768x5426.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-1020x7207.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-170x1200.png 170w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-1180x8337.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-960x6783.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-240x1696.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-375x2649.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/ContestedConvention_Revise2_fullsize-1440x10174-2-520x3674.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/22101/delegates-conventions-and-the-quirky-presidential-nominating-process-explained-in-one-comic-infographic","authors":["7506"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_588","lowdown_2398","lowdown_2392"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2547","lowdown_2533"],"featImg":"lowdown_22127","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_20839":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_20839","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"20839","score":null,"sort":[1463598036000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"map-welcome-to-primary-season-see-when-each-state-votes-and-how-much-its-worth","title":"MAP: Primary Results, Delegate Counts and Remaining Contests","publishDate":1463598036,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>The end's in sight!\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of primary season, at least (lest you forgot - we still have six more months of general election mayhem in front of us).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only six states are still in line to participate in the exhausting presidential nominating process. All of them, including California, the biggest fish in the pond, vote June 7. The final Democratic primary is in Washington D.C. on June 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No candidate from either party has yet to win the magic number of delegates needed to clinch the nomination, but there's little doubt as to who will emerge victorious. Donald Trump is the last Republican candidate standing, and therefore the all-but-imminent party nominee. And although Senator Bernie Sanders has continued to perform strongly in recent Democratic primaries, it's very unlikely he'll be able to overcome Hillary Clinton's significantly lead in the delegate count (largely because of her concentration of superdelegates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://interactives.ap.org/2016/delegates-overview/\" height=\"375\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll over the map below for details on each state's primary or caucus. Click each state to see which candidates won. Note that for the handful of states with Democratic and Republican contests on different days, the color key corresponds to the date of the first contest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/3ee1acd2-ca18-11e5-bc2d-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Quick civics lesson:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of delegates up for grabs in each state generally reflects its population size. In most states, delegates are allocated proportionately based on the results of the primary or caucus (although in a handful of Republican contests, including Florida and Delaware, the Republican primary is winner-take-all).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means, unless the race remains incredibly close into the late spring -- which was a possibility this year --each party's nomination is generally secured long before a decent number of states get to vote. The staggered nature of this system affords candidates the luxury of focusing resources on specific areas of the country rather than trying to be everywhere at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLtJ3pGPLv8AQcwBE_7C5V3iNlXznMJTWZ\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>However, the system is also somewhat controversial, in that millions of voters in late-primary states -- \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/15/why-is-californias-presidential-primary-so-late\" target=\"_blank\">including California \u003c/a> -- often miss out on the opportunity to directly impact the outcome of their party's nomination. Opponents of the process argue that this gives undue influence to small, largely white, rural early-voting states like Iowa and New Hampshire, which they say, can result in nominees who don't necessarily represent the preferences of the larger U.S. electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that most delegates are \"pledged,\" meaning they are mandated to support a particular candidate at their party's national convention in July. However, each party also has a certain number of unpledged delegates, and these guys can support whoever they want. In the Republican Party they're called \"unbound delegates\" and make up about 7 percent of the total delegate count. In the Democratic Party, they're known as \"superdelegates\" and make up 15 percent of the delegate count. As mentioned earlier, Clinton is ahead of Sanders in the pledged delegate count. But what makes her overall lead so formidable is the overwhelming portion of party superdelegates, who have committed to supporting her (a process that Sanders and his supporters \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11597550/superdelegates-bernie-sanders-clinton\" target=\"_blank\">call blatantly unfair\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last technical thing to keep in mind (for now) in this incredibly complicated process: a primary or caucus is considered \"closed\" when participation is limited to only registered members of that party, \"open\" when participation is open to all registered voters and \"mixed\" when independent voters are allowed to participate.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476389904,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://interactives.ap.org/2016/delegates-overview/","https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/3ee1acd2-ca18-11e5-bc2d-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map","https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":573},"headData":{"title":"MAP: Primary Results, Delegate Counts and Remaining Contests | KQED","description":"The end's in sight!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"MAP: Primary Results, Delegate Counts and Remaining Contests","datePublished":"2016-05-18T19:00:36.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-13T20:18:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20839 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=20839","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/05/18/map-welcome-to-primary-season-see-when-each-state-votes-and-how-much-its-worth/","disqusTitle":"MAP: Primary Results, Delegate Counts and Remaining Contests","customPermalink":"2016/04/25/map-welcome-to-primary-season-see-when-each-state-votes-and-how-much-its-worth/","path":"/lowdown/20839/map-welcome-to-primary-season-see-when-each-state-votes-and-how-much-its-worth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The end's in sight!\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of primary season, at least (lest you forgot - we still have six more months of general election mayhem in front of us).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only six states are still in line to participate in the exhausting presidential nominating process. All of them, including California, the biggest fish in the pond, vote June 7. The final Democratic primary is in Washington D.C. on June 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No candidate from either party has yet to win the magic number of delegates needed to clinch the nomination, but there's little doubt as to who will emerge victorious. Donald Trump is the last Republican candidate standing, and therefore the all-but-imminent party nominee. And although Senator Bernie Sanders has continued to perform strongly in recent Democratic primaries, it's very unlikely he'll be able to overcome Hillary Clinton's significantly lead in the delegate count (largely because of her concentration of superdelegates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://interactives.ap.org/2016/delegates-overview/\" height=\"375\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll over the map below for details on each state's primary or caucus. Click each state to see which candidates won. Note that for the handful of states with Democratic and Republican contests on different days, the color key corresponds to the date of the first contest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/3ee1acd2-ca18-11e5-bc2d-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Quick civics lesson:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of delegates up for grabs in each state generally reflects its population size. In most states, delegates are allocated proportionately based on the results of the primary or caucus (although in a handful of Republican contests, including Florida and Delaware, the Republican primary is winner-take-all).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means, unless the race remains incredibly close into the late spring -- which was a possibility this year --each party's nomination is generally secured long before a decent number of states get to vote. The staggered nature of this system affords candidates the luxury of focusing resources on specific areas of the country rather than trying to be everywhere at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLtJ3pGPLv8AQcwBE_7C5V3iNlXznMJTWZ\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>However, the system is also somewhat controversial, in that millions of voters in late-primary states -- \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/15/why-is-californias-presidential-primary-so-late\" target=\"_blank\">including California \u003c/a> -- often miss out on the opportunity to directly impact the outcome of their party's nomination. Opponents of the process argue that this gives undue influence to small, largely white, rural early-voting states like Iowa and New Hampshire, which they say, can result in nominees who don't necessarily represent the preferences of the larger U.S. electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that most delegates are \"pledged,\" meaning they are mandated to support a particular candidate at their party's national convention in July. However, each party also has a certain number of unpledged delegates, and these guys can support whoever they want. In the Republican Party they're called \"unbound delegates\" and make up about 7 percent of the total delegate count. In the Democratic Party, they're known as \"superdelegates\" and make up 15 percent of the delegate count. As mentioned earlier, Clinton is ahead of Sanders in the pledged delegate count. But what makes her overall lead so formidable is the overwhelming portion of party superdelegates, who have committed to supporting her (a process that Sanders and his supporters \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11597550/superdelegates-bernie-sanders-clinton\" target=\"_blank\">call blatantly unfair\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last technical thing to keep in mind (for now) in this incredibly complicated process: a primary or caucus is considered \"closed\" when participation is limited to only registered members of that party, \"open\" when participation is open to all registered voters and \"mixed\" when independent voters are allowed to participate.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/20839/map-welcome-to-primary-season-see-when-each-state-votes-and-how-much-its-worth","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2398","lowdown_2392","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2508","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2509","lowdown_2520"],"featImg":"lowdown_20909","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_21103":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_21103","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"21103","score":null,"sort":[1456799579000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-quick-guide-to-super-tuesday","title":"What's So Super About Super Tuesday? A Short Guide to the Biggest Day of Primary Season","publishDate":1456799579,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>Mouseover this map to see which states are participating and how many delegates are at stake. Click on each state for voter demographic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/9ae4b6c2-dce8-11e5-90ee-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to Super Tuesday, the biggest single day of this exhausting presidential primary season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 1, primaries or caucuses will be held in 14 states (and American Samoa). That's roughly a quarter of the country, and it means there are more Republican and Democratic delegates up for grabs than any other day of the nominating process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More precisely: 595 Republican delegates out of the 1,237 needed to secure the party's nomination and 1,004 Democratic delegates out of 2,382 necessary for the Democratic nomination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, do well on this day, and you'll be a happy candidate with a strong shot at your party's nomination. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/2fg8Nrj0oW8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note that this otherwise excellent video has one misleading statement: when it says \"it all started with Georgia's Secretary of State Brian Kemp,\" it's referring only to this election, not previous Super Tuesdays).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most states, delegates are allocated proportionately based on the results of the primary or caucus (although a handful of Republican primaries, like in Florida on March 15, are winner-take-all contests).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Super Tuesday states allocate their delegates proportionally to the candidates who win either 15 percent or 20 percent of the vote (depending on the state and party). In other words, each state divvies up its delegates proportionally among the candidates who exceed the threshold. For the Republican race, with five candidates in the running, there's a good chance that not everyone will surpass the required threshold in certain states, which means means having to forfeit any earned delegates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most delegates in each party are \"pledged,\" meaning they're mandated to support a particular candidate at their party's national convention in July. However, each party also has a certain number of \"superdelegates\" who, in theory, at least, are free to support whoever they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly (because this isn't confusing enough), a primary or caucus is considered \"closed\" when participation is limited to only registered members of that party, \"open\" when participation is open to all registered voters, and \"mixed\" when independent voters are allowed to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a great explanation of the whole confounding process (from none other than a British news service):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/KC8__arJn-c\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Delegate count (AP)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://interactives.ap.org/2016/delegates-overview/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"440\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The candidates (AP)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://interactives.ap.org/2015/2016-field-guide/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1456859426,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/9ae4b6c2-dce8-11e5-90ee-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map","http://interactives.ap.org/2016/delegates-overview/","http://interactives.ap.org/2015/2016-field-guide/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":410},"headData":{"title":"What's So Super About Super Tuesday? A Short Guide to the Biggest Day of Primary Season | KQED","description":"Mouseover this map to see which states are participating and how many delegates are at stake. Click on each state for voter demographic information.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What's So Super About Super Tuesday? A Short Guide to the Biggest Day of Primary Season","datePublished":"2016-03-01T02:32:59.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-01T19:10:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"21103 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=21103","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/02/29/a-quick-guide-to-super-tuesday/","disqusTitle":"What's So Super About Super Tuesday? A Short Guide to the Biggest Day of Primary Season","path":"/lowdown/21103/a-quick-guide-to-super-tuesday","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mouseover this map to see which states are participating and how many delegates are at stake. Click on each state for voter demographic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/9ae4b6c2-dce8-11e5-90ee-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to Super Tuesday, the biggest single day of this exhausting presidential primary season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 1, primaries or caucuses will be held in 14 states (and American Samoa). That's roughly a quarter of the country, and it means there are more Republican and Democratic delegates up for grabs than any other day of the nominating process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More precisely: 595 Republican delegates out of the 1,237 needed to secure the party's nomination and 1,004 Democratic delegates out of 2,382 necessary for the Democratic nomination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, do well on this day, and you'll be a happy candidate with a strong shot at your party's nomination. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2fg8Nrj0oW8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2fg8Nrj0oW8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Note that this otherwise excellent video has one misleading statement: when it says \"it all started with Georgia's Secretary of State Brian Kemp,\" it's referring only to this election, not previous Super Tuesdays).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most states, delegates are allocated proportionately based on the results of the primary or caucus (although a handful of Republican primaries, like in Florida on March 15, are winner-take-all contests).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Super Tuesday states allocate their delegates proportionally to the candidates who win either 15 percent or 20 percent of the vote (depending on the state and party). In other words, each state divvies up its delegates proportionally among the candidates who exceed the threshold. For the Republican race, with five candidates in the running, there's a good chance that not everyone will surpass the required threshold in certain states, which means means having to forfeit any earned delegates. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most delegates in each party are \"pledged,\" meaning they're mandated to support a particular candidate at their party's national convention in July. However, each party also has a certain number of \"superdelegates\" who, in theory, at least, are free to support whoever they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly (because this isn't confusing enough), a primary or caucus is considered \"closed\" when participation is limited to only registered members of that party, \"open\" when participation is open to all registered voters, and \"mixed\" when independent voters are allowed to participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a great explanation of the whole confounding process (from none other than a British news service):\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/KC8__arJn-c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/KC8__arJn-c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Delegate count (AP)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://interactives.ap.org/2016/delegates-overview/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"440\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The candidates (AP)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://interactives.ap.org/2015/2016-field-guide/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/21103/a-quick-guide-to-super-tuesday","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2398","lowdown_242","lowdown_2392","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2512"],"featImg":"lowdown_21131","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_20847":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_20847","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"20847","score":null,"sort":[1454121743000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"video-explainer-whats-a-caucus-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-primary","title":"Video Explainer: What's a Caucus and How's It Different from a Primary?","publishDate":1454121743,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>It's almost showtime in Iowa. Finally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a seemingly endless barrage of political rallies, candidate debates and corn dog-scarfing photo-ops, the Hawkeye State is about to kick-start the 2016 presidential nominating process on Monday when it hosts the nation's first statewide caucuses. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what the heck is a caucus, anyway? Why does Iowa always get first dibs? And how is it different from a primary -- like the one happening in New Hampshire on February 9?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three videos, from around the Web, do a good job explaining this, so I'll keep the word count short. The basic skinny: every four years during U.S. presidential elections, all 50 states, Washington, D.C. and some U.S. territories (like Guam and Puerto Rico) choose a Democratic and Republican candidate. The candidates from each party are then represented by that state's assigned number of delegates in the national party conventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states hold primaries, where voters cast secret ballots (like in the general election). But Iowa and a handful of others go the caucus route, a system of town hall type gatherings, where participants decide which candidate to support, often by raising hands or physically moving around the room into groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The 90-second explanation\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This video claims that \"caucus\" is derived from a colonial interpretation of the Algonquin word for \"council.\" Although a commonly supported theory, the true etymology of the word is still disputed.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/xTVsquURajs\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A more thorough (but still engaging) version\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/_95I_1rZiIs\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How it works in Iowa\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/tQBtht_-vAQ\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What an actual Iowa Democratic caucus looks like\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Cnh-136QqO8\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1454542815,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":284},"headData":{"title":"Video Explainer: What's a Caucus and How's It Different from a Primary? | KQED","description":"It's almost showtime in Iowa. Finally. After a seemingly endless barrage of political rallies, candidate debates and corn dog-scarfing photo-ops, the Hawkeye State is about to kick-start the 2016 presidential nominating process on Monday when it hosts the nation's first statewide caucuses.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Video Explainer: What's a Caucus and How's It Different from a Primary?","datePublished":"2016-01-30T02:42:23.000Z","dateModified":"2016-02-03T23:40:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20847 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=20847","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/01/29/video-explainer-whats-a-caucus-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-primary/","disqusTitle":"Video Explainer: What's a Caucus and How's It Different from a Primary?","path":"/lowdown/20847/video-explainer-whats-a-caucus-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-primary","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's almost showtime in Iowa. Finally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a seemingly endless barrage of political rallies, candidate debates and corn dog-scarfing photo-ops, the Hawkeye State is about to kick-start the 2016 presidential nominating process on Monday when it hosts the nation's first statewide caucuses. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what the heck is a caucus, anyway? Why does Iowa always get first dibs? And how is it different from a primary -- like the one happening in New Hampshire on February 9?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three videos, from around the Web, do a good job explaining this, so I'll keep the word count short. The basic skinny: every four years during U.S. presidential elections, all 50 states, Washington, D.C. and some U.S. territories (like Guam and Puerto Rico) choose a Democratic and Republican candidate. The candidates from each party are then represented by that state's assigned number of delegates in the national party conventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states hold primaries, where voters cast secret ballots (like in the general election). But Iowa and a handful of others go the caucus route, a system of town hall type gatherings, where participants decide which candidate to support, often by raising hands or physically moving around the room into groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The 90-second explanation\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This video claims that \"caucus\" is derived from a colonial interpretation of the Algonquin word for \"council.\" Although a commonly supported theory, the true etymology of the word is still disputed.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xTVsquURajs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xTVsquURajs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>A more thorough (but still engaging) version\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_95I_1rZiIs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_95I_1rZiIs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>How it works in Iowa\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tQBtht_-vAQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tQBtht_-vAQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>What an actual Iowa Democratic caucus looks like\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Cnh-136QqO8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Cnh-136QqO8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/20847/video-explainer-whats-a-caucus-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-primary","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_245","lowdown_2398","lowdown_457","lowdown_2392"],"tags":["lowdown_2508","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2509"],"featImg":"lowdown_20859","label":"lowdown"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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