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Why More News Sites Are Dumping Their Comment Sections","publishDate":1516841280,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nLetters to the editor have always been a key part of American newspapers, the main channel for readers to respond to the content they consume and publicly debate major political and social issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Lesson-Plan_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Original lesson plan\u003c/a> on trolling and civil dialogue\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Source-List_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Source list\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when media outlets began publishing their content on the internet, many editors and reporters were cautiously optimistic that providing a space for online commenting would solicit more diverse audience engagement and create stronger connections between content creators and consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, NPR introduced its reader commenting system, an option it embedded through a third-party system at the end of most articles on the site. In the announcement, NPR wrote: \"We are providing a forum for infinite conversations on NPR.org. Our hopes are high. We hope the conversations will be smart and generous of spirit. We hope the adventure is exciting, fun, helpful and informative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an adventure it has been, but not so much a positive one. Eight years and millions of toxic exchanges later, NPR announced the abrupt end of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"After much experimentation and discussion, we've concluded that the comment sections on NPR.org stories are not providing a useful experience for the vast majority of our users,\" wrote Scott Montgomery, former managing editor for digital news, in his 2016 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-extra/2016/08/17/490208179/beyond-comments-finding-better-ways-to-connect-with-you\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">farewell-to-comments address\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like countless other news outlets, NPR found itself overwhelmed by trolls, anonymous contributors who had too often hijacked comment threads with offensive and inappropriate submissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simply put, trolls are the loudest voices in the room, the ones who write \"crazy, nasty things just to get people all riled up,\" as this latest \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise \u003c/a>episode explains in its exploration of trolling psychology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/YLggqoPEfJU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think that public engagement needs to be a key part of a public media organization,\" said \u003c/span>NPR ombudsman Elizabeth Jensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking for herself, not NPR, Jensen noted the irony of a public media organization removing one of its key public forums. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I think it’s disappointing that the commenting platform didn’t work the way that it could.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The big difference between letters to the editor and online commenting, of course, is the moderation and selectivity factor. Costs generally prohibit adequate oversight of who can comment in most online forums, and what they can say. And more outlets are finding that their comments are falling far short of the goal of encouraging debate and civil discourse among a representative selection of users. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR found that only a very small and wholly unrepresentative slice of NPR's audience was taking advantage of the comments section, Jensen explained, noting the sharp increase in inappropriate content. In one \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ombudsman/2016/08/17/489516952/npr-website-to-get-rid-of-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> of site activity, just \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.06 percent of all the visitors to NPR.org in a single month actually submitted comments at all. And more than half of all comments submitted came from just a tiny group of shockingly prolific contributors who, it estimated, disproportionately tended to be middle-aged men. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected volume of submissions, Jensen said, also sharply increased how much NPR had to pay external monitors to manage the comments section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We all like to have this ideal that we can engage with readers and reporters,” Jensen said. \"But in reality, that just wasn’t the way it was working. It didn’t seem there was an easy way to fix that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR has since put greater energy into building robust social media forums to pick up the slack, which Jensen said generally seem to attract a more representative population of the NPR audience and encourage civil debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR's move away from website comments is far from unique. \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/10/brief-history-of-the-demise-of-the-comments-timeline/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The trend started in 2013\u003c/a> when Popular Science be\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">came one of the first major publications to ditch its public comment section, citing scientific studies that found that blog comments can have a profound effect on readers' perceptions of science. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A series of subsequent analyses \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/07/opinion/la-oe-daum-comments-nasty-effect-20130307\">found\u003c/a> that when readers are exposed to uncivil, negative comments at the end of articles, they are less trustful of the main content (dubbed the “nasty effect”). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since Popular Science’s exit from the commenting business, a slew of other media outlets -- from Reuters to Recode -- have followed suit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Those [social media] communities offer vibrant conversation and, importantly, are self-policed by participants to keep on the fringes those who would abuse the privilege of commenting,\" Reuter’s executive editor, Dan Colarusso ,wrote in his company's \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/11/07/editors-note-reader-comments-in-the-age-of-social-media/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">announcement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice News is among the most recent large online publications to join the no-comment club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Comments sections are really just a continuation of that age-old tradition of letters to the editor, a cherished part of many publications and a valuable way of creating an open dialogue between magazines and the people to whom they are ultimately accountable,” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">wrote Jo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">nathan Smith of Vice News\u003c/a> in announcing his publication's move in late 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"But without moderators or fancy algorithms,\" he added, comments sections \"are prone to anarchy. Too often they devolve into racist, misogynistic maelstroms where the loudest, most offensive, and stupidest opinions get pushed to the top and the more reasoned responses drowned out in the noise.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the vast majority of news sites continue to host loosely moderated comment sections (like this one, for instance). And a number of outlets have even attempted to grow their comment sections, instituting various techniques to encourage civil debate and ward off the ever-present army of trolls at the gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, the New York Times heavily moderated online comments, devoting a significant amount of in-house staff resources to ensuring conversations remained civil. The site also didn't allow commenting on articles dealing with particularly controversial issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times site\u003c/a> shifted gears and implemented a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">system called Moderator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a machine-learning technology developed by Google. Commenting is now available on many more \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">news and opinion articles, but open only for one day after publication. The system rates and prioritizes user comments, assigning them values based on an analysis of more than 16 million previously approved comments going back a decade. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system builds \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">on work the Times has done in partnership with the Washington Post and Knight Foundation in an initiative called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://coralproject.net/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coral Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, an open-source platform geared toward helping news sites accept and manage reader submissions without having to manually scour each individual comment and weed out the bad apples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520629586,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1142},"headData":{"title":"No Comment! Why More News Sites Are Dumping Their Comment Sections | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"29720 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=29720","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2018/01/24/no-comment-why-a-growing-number-of-news-sites-are-dumping-their-comment-sections/","disqusTitle":"No Comment! Why More News Sites Are Dumping Their Comment Sections","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/YLggqoPEfJU","path":"/lowdown/29720/no-comment-why-a-growing-number-of-news-sites-are-dumping-their-comment-sections","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nLetters to the editor have always been a key part of American newspapers, the main channel for readers to respond to the content they consume and publicly debate major political and social issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Using The Lowdown and Above the Noise in the Classroom\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Lesson-Plan_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Original lesson plan\u003c/a> on trolling and civil dialogue\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2018/01/Source-List_-Internet-Trolls.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Source list\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when media outlets began publishing their content on the internet, many editors and reporters were cautiously optimistic that providing a space for online commenting would solicit more diverse audience engagement and create stronger connections between content creators and consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, NPR introduced its reader commenting system, an option it embedded through a third-party system at the end of most articles on the site. In the announcement, NPR wrote: \"We are providing a forum for infinite conversations on NPR.org. Our hopes are high. We hope the conversations will be smart and generous of spirit. We hope the adventure is exciting, fun, helpful and informative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an adventure it has been, but not so much a positive one. Eight years and millions of toxic exchanges later, NPR announced the abrupt end of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"After much experimentation and discussion, we've concluded that the comment sections on NPR.org stories are not providing a useful experience for the vast majority of our users,\" wrote Scott Montgomery, former managing editor for digital news, in his 2016 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-extra/2016/08/17/490208179/beyond-comments-finding-better-ways-to-connect-with-you\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">farewell-to-comments address\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like countless other news outlets, NPR found itself overwhelmed by trolls, anonymous contributors who had too often hijacked comment threads with offensive and inappropriate submissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simply put, trolls are the loudest voices in the room, the ones who write \"crazy, nasty things just to get people all riled up,\" as this latest \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise \u003c/a>episode explains in its exploration of trolling psychology.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/YLggqoPEfJU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/YLggqoPEfJU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think that public engagement needs to be a key part of a public media organization,\" said \u003c/span>NPR ombudsman Elizabeth Jensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking for herself, not NPR, Jensen noted the irony of a public media organization removing one of its key public forums. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I think it’s disappointing that the commenting platform didn’t work the way that it could.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The big difference between letters to the editor and online commenting, of course, is the moderation and selectivity factor. Costs generally prohibit adequate oversight of who can comment in most online forums, and what they can say. And more outlets are finding that their comments are falling far short of the goal of encouraging debate and civil discourse among a representative selection of users. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR found that only a very small and wholly unrepresentative slice of NPR's audience was taking advantage of the comments section, Jensen explained, noting the sharp increase in inappropriate content. In one \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/ombudsman/2016/08/17/489516952/npr-website-to-get-rid-of-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> of site activity, just \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.06 percent of all the visitors to NPR.org in a single month actually submitted comments at all. And more than half of all comments submitted came from just a tiny group of shockingly prolific contributors who, it estimated, disproportionately tended to be middle-aged men. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected volume of submissions, Jensen said, also sharply increased how much NPR had to pay external monitors to manage the comments section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We all like to have this ideal that we can engage with readers and reporters,” Jensen said. \"But in reality, that just wasn’t the way it was working. It didn’t seem there was an easy way to fix that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR has since put greater energy into building robust social media forums to pick up the slack, which Jensen said generally seem to attract a more representative population of the NPR audience and encourage civil debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NPR's move away from website comments is far from unique. \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/10/brief-history-of-the-demise-of-the-comments-timeline/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The trend started in 2013\u003c/a> when Popular Science be\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">came one of the first major publications to ditch its public comment section, citing scientific studies that found that blog comments can have a profound effect on readers' perceptions of science. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A series of subsequent analyses \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/07/opinion/la-oe-daum-comments-nasty-effect-20130307\">found\u003c/a> that when readers are exposed to uncivil, negative comments at the end of articles, they are less trustful of the main content (dubbed the “nasty effect”). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since Popular Science’s exit from the commenting business, a slew of other media outlets -- from Reuters to Recode -- have followed suit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Those [social media] communities offer vibrant conversation and, importantly, are self-policed by participants to keep on the fringes those who would abuse the privilege of commenting,\" Reuter’s executive editor, Dan Colarusso ,wrote in his company's \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/11/07/editors-note-reader-comments-in-the-age-of-social-media/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">announcement\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice News is among the most recent large online publications to join the no-comment club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Comments sections are really just a continuation of that age-old tradition of letters to the editor, a cherished part of many publications and a valuable way of creating an open dialogue between magazines and the people to whom they are ultimately accountable,” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">wrote Jo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vvdjjy/were-getting-rid-of-comments-on-vice\">nathan Smith of Vice News\u003c/a> in announcing his publication's move in late 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"But without moderators or fancy algorithms,\" he added, comments sections \"are prone to anarchy. Too often they devolve into racist, misogynistic maelstroms where the loudest, most offensive, and stupidest opinions get pushed to the top and the more reasoned responses drowned out in the noise.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the vast majority of news sites continue to host loosely moderated comment sections (like this one, for instance). And a number of outlets have even attempted to grow their comment sections, instituting various techniques to encourage civil debate and ward off the ever-present army of trolls at the gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, the New York Times heavily moderated online comments, devoting a significant amount of in-house staff resources to ensuring conversations remained civil. The site also didn't allow commenting on articles dealing with particularly controversial issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times site\u003c/a> shifted gears and implemented a new \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/insider/have-a-comment-leave-a-comment.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">system called Moderator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a machine-learning technology developed by Google. Commenting is now available on many more \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">news and opinion articles, but open only for one day after publication. The system rates and prioritizes user comments, assigning them values based on an analysis of more than 16 million previously approved comments going back a decade. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system builds \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">on work the Times has done in partnership with the Washington Post and Knight Foundation in an initiative called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://coralproject.net/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coral Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, an open-source platform geared toward helping news sites accept and manage reader submissions without having to manually scour each individual comment and weed out the bad apples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/29720/no-comment-why-a-growing-number-of-news-sites-are-dumping-their-comment-sections","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2399","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2645"],"featImg":"lowdown_29751","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_28945":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_28945","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"28945","score":null,"sort":[1510818996000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy","title":"VIDEO: How Russia Used Social Media to Meddle in the 2016 Election and Undermine U.S. Democracy","publishDate":1510818996,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In a way it was the perfect crime: using American-made social media tools to subvert American democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to testifying before congressional committees last month, legal representatives from Facebook, Twitter and Google -- all headquartered in the Bay Area -- revealed that an ongoing Russian-connected disinformation campaign that used their platforms to try to smear Hillary Clinton, manipulate political opinion and generally inflame tensions was significantly larger in scope (and presumably impact) than initially reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with The Lowdown and ATN\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> How do you identify propaganda online and protect your own information? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: small;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZbLiozzw6A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A PBS Student Reporting Labs video\u003c/a> on the spread of misinformation (also embedded below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Lesson-Plan_-Cybersecurity-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Source-List_-Cybersecurity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>. And use \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2017/11/15/protecting-students-online-privacy-in-the-classroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this handy primer\u003c/a> to teach students how to protect their online privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As many as \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/10/31/facebook-google-and-twitter-are-set-to-testify-on-capitol-hill-heres-what-to-expect/?utm_term=.e9978929f0f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">126 million Facebook users\u003c/a> over the last two years may have viewed posts clandestinely produced and circulated by Russian operatives, the social media giant reported. Twitter, meanwhile, acknowledged it had identified 2,752 accounts controlled by Russians, and found that roughly 36,000 Russian bots had tweeted 1.4 million times in the runup to the election in an effort to generate trending hashtags. And Google said it had found more than 1,110 YouTube videos, amounting to about 43 hours of content, that were related to the Russian subversion efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russian operatives also purchased more than $100,000 of targeted ads on the platforms, the tech companies revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his Oct. 31 testimony before a separate House intelligence committee, Facebook general counsel Colin Stretch said: \"They were able to develop a significant following for a relatively small amount of money. It was undertaken by people I think who understand social media. These people were not amateurs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats on the House Intelligence Committee released a large sampling of the Russian-linked ads, event notifications, memes, pages and petitions that had been widely shared on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram before and after the election. See some of the original posts \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2017/11/here_are_the_facebook_posts_russia_used_to_meddle_in_the_2016_election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this related \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, much of the issue comes down to online security and the increasing challenge of knowing the source of your online information and protecting yourself from being scammed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/VlYjtWg4Thw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian-related messages in question were primarily posted from the social media accounts of fabricated individuals and organizations. Much of the content attacked Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party, often promulgating wildly unfounded conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one ad placed in July 2016 by a made-up Facebook user called \"Being Patriotic\" showed a picture of Clinton's face covered with a black X, and read: \"Hillary Clinton is the co-author of Obama's anti-police and anti-Constitutional propaganda.\" Targeted at Trump supporters in New York, it urged them to attend an upcoming rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ad has since been traced back to a Kremlin-backed group in St. Petersburg, Russia, that paid Facebook for it in Russian rubles for the equivalent of about $250, \u003ca href=\"http://beta.latimes.com/nation/la-na-social-media-russia-20171101-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data\u003c/a> Facebook provided to the House committee. As many as 15,255 Facebook users saw the ad in their news feed and 1,312 clicked on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-160x215.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-240x323.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-375x504.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-520x699.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot of an anti-Clinton post from the fake account of\"Army of Jesus,\" which tried to appeal to evangelical Christians.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another particularly colorful one equated Clinton to Satan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/11/15/video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RELATED: The U.S. Has Its Own Long History of Meddling in Foreign Elections [Timeline] \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the made-up Russian posts, tweets and videos didn't actually mention either candidate, but were rather efforts to stir up and further widen deep-seated divisions on a wide range of explosive political issues, including immigration, racial justice and religion. The ads targeted specific groups of people in strategic voting locations. The Russian-backed propaganda effort also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-backed-facebook-accounts-organized-events-on-all-sides-of-polarizing-issues-1509355801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">publicized or financed\u003c/a> at least 60 different controversial events around the country related to some of the most politically polarizing issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cheader class=\"article_header module\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"zonedModule\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/header>\n\u003cp>Some posts received only limited visibility; other were viewed hundreds of thousands of times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Russian-authored fake Facebook group called Blacktivist urged people to rise up and retaliate against police violence, espousing “an eye for an eye.\" Another group, targeting white conservatives, insisted that Black Lives Matter activists should “be immediately shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-160x192.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-240x288.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-375x450.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-520x624.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A post from a made-up group called \"Heart of Texas,\" which reportedly urged members of a real Texas secessionist group to attend anti-Clinton rallies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another Facebook ad from \"Secured Borders\" had an image of a sign on what looked like the southwest border that read: \"No Invaders Allowed.\" Facebook reported that the ad was purchased in Russian rubles, for about $1,600, and was viewed by as many as 97,000 users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. intelligence agencies\u003c/a> have long known “with high confidence” that Russia's \"influence campaign\" attempted to undermine U.S. democracy and help Trump beat Clinton in the election. But not until these most recent disclosures was the sprawling extent of Russian social media infiltration fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/V_UlDQo0-JE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Scott Shane of the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/us/politics/russia-facebook-twitter-election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> in September (before the full extent of the impact had been revealed):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Russian information attack on the election did not stop with the hacking and leaking of Democratic emails or the fire hose of stories, true, false and in between, that battered Mrs. Clinton on Russian outlets like RT and Sputnik. Far less splashy, and far more difficult to trace, was Russia’s experimentation on Facebook and Twitter, the American companies that essentially invented the tools of social media and, in this case, did not stop them from being turned into engines of deception and propaganda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif), a member of the Senate panel, gave the three social media companies a stern warning that they needed to be more vigilant at stopping illicit foreign use of their platforms — or Congress would be forced to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You bear this responsibility. You created these platforms and now they are being misused,\" she said. \"You have to be the ones to do something about it or we will.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WATCH: \u003c/strong>\u003cem>What teenagers should know about bots, produced by Jacqueline Kao of the PBS Newshour Student Reporting Lab program at San Mateo High School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/BZbLiozzw6A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520629861,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1081},"headData":{"title":"VIDEO: How Russia Used Social Media to Meddle in the 2016 Election and Undermine U.S. Democracy | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28945 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=28945","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/11/15/video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy/","disqusTitle":"VIDEO: How Russia Used Social Media to Meddle in the 2016 Election and Undermine U.S. Democracy","path":"/lowdown/28945/video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In a way it was the perfect crime: using American-made social media tools to subvert American democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to testifying before congressional committees last month, legal representatives from Facebook, Twitter and Google -- all headquartered in the Bay Area -- revealed that an ongoing Russian-connected disinformation campaign that used their platforms to try to smear Hillary Clinton, manipulate political opinion and generally inflame tensions was significantly larger in scope (and presumably impact) than initially reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with The Lowdown and ATN\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> How do you identify propaganda online and protect your own information? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: small;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZbLiozzw6A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A PBS Student Reporting Labs video\u003c/a> on the spread of misinformation (also embedded below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Lesson-Plan_-Cybersecurity-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Source-List_-Cybersecurity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>. And use \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2017/11/15/protecting-students-online-privacy-in-the-classroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this handy primer\u003c/a> to teach students how to protect their online privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As many as \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/10/31/facebook-google-and-twitter-are-set-to-testify-on-capitol-hill-heres-what-to-expect/?utm_term=.e9978929f0f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">126 million Facebook users\u003c/a> over the last two years may have viewed posts clandestinely produced and circulated by Russian operatives, the social media giant reported. Twitter, meanwhile, acknowledged it had identified 2,752 accounts controlled by Russians, and found that roughly 36,000 Russian bots had tweeted 1.4 million times in the runup to the election in an effort to generate trending hashtags. And Google said it had found more than 1,110 YouTube videos, amounting to about 43 hours of content, that were related to the Russian subversion efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russian operatives also purchased more than $100,000 of targeted ads on the platforms, the tech companies revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his Oct. 31 testimony before a separate House intelligence committee, Facebook general counsel Colin Stretch said: \"They were able to develop a significant following for a relatively small amount of money. It was undertaken by people I think who understand social media. These people were not amateurs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats on the House Intelligence Committee released a large sampling of the Russian-linked ads, event notifications, memes, pages and petitions that had been widely shared on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram before and after the election. See some of the original posts \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2017/11/here_are_the_facebook_posts_russia_used_to_meddle_in_the_2016_election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this related \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, much of the issue comes down to online security and the increasing challenge of knowing the source of your online information and protecting yourself from being scammed.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/VlYjtWg4Thw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/VlYjtWg4Thw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The Russian-related messages in question were primarily posted from the social media accounts of fabricated individuals and organizations. Much of the content attacked Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party, often promulgating wildly unfounded conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one ad placed in July 2016 by a made-up Facebook user called \"Being Patriotic\" showed a picture of Clinton's face covered with a black X, and read: \"Hillary Clinton is the co-author of Obama's anti-police and anti-Constitutional propaganda.\" Targeted at Trump supporters in New York, it urged them to attend an upcoming rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ad has since been traced back to a Kremlin-backed group in St. Petersburg, Russia, that paid Facebook for it in Russian rubles for the equivalent of about $250, \u003ca href=\"http://beta.latimes.com/nation/la-na-social-media-russia-20171101-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data\u003c/a> Facebook provided to the House committee. As many as 15,255 Facebook users saw the ad in their news feed and 1,312 clicked on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-160x215.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-240x323.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-375x504.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-520x699.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot of an anti-Clinton post from the fake account of\"Army of Jesus,\" which tried to appeal to evangelical Christians.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another particularly colorful one equated Clinton to Satan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/11/15/video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RELATED: The U.S. Has Its Own Long History of Meddling in Foreign Elections [Timeline] \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the made-up Russian posts, tweets and videos didn't actually mention either candidate, but were rather efforts to stir up and further widen deep-seated divisions on a wide range of explosive political issues, including immigration, racial justice and religion. The ads targeted specific groups of people in strategic voting locations. The Russian-backed propaganda effort also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-backed-facebook-accounts-organized-events-on-all-sides-of-polarizing-issues-1509355801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">publicized or financed\u003c/a> at least 60 different controversial events around the country related to some of the most politically polarizing issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cheader class=\"article_header module\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"zonedModule\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/header>\n\u003cp>Some posts received only limited visibility; other were viewed hundreds of thousands of times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Russian-authored fake Facebook group called Blacktivist urged people to rise up and retaliate against police violence, espousing “an eye for an eye.\" Another group, targeting white conservatives, insisted that Black Lives Matter activists should “be immediately shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-160x192.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-240x288.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-375x450.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-520x624.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A post from a made-up group called \"Heart of Texas,\" which reportedly urged members of a real Texas secessionist group to attend anti-Clinton rallies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another Facebook ad from \"Secured Borders\" had an image of a sign on what looked like the southwest border that read: \"No Invaders Allowed.\" Facebook reported that the ad was purchased in Russian rubles, for about $1,600, and was viewed by as many as 97,000 users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. intelligence agencies\u003c/a> have long known “with high confidence” that Russia's \"influence campaign\" attempted to undermine U.S. democracy and help Trump beat Clinton in the election. But not until these most recent disclosures was the sprawling extent of Russian social media infiltration fully understood.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/V_UlDQo0-JE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/V_UlDQo0-JE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>As Scott Shane of the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/us/politics/russia-facebook-twitter-election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> in September (before the full extent of the impact had been revealed):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Russian information attack on the election did not stop with the hacking and leaking of Democratic emails or the fire hose of stories, true, false and in between, that battered Mrs. Clinton on Russian outlets like RT and Sputnik. Far less splashy, and far more difficult to trace, was Russia’s experimentation on Facebook and Twitter, the American companies that essentially invented the tools of social media and, in this case, did not stop them from being turned into engines of deception and propaganda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif), a member of the Senate panel, gave the three social media companies a stern warning that they needed to be more vigilant at stopping illicit foreign use of their platforms — or Congress would be forced to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You bear this responsibility. You created these platforms and now they are being misused,\" she said. \"You have to be the ones to do something about it or we will.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WATCH: \u003c/strong>\u003cem>What teenagers should know about bots, produced by Jacqueline Kao of the PBS Newshour Student Reporting Lab program at San Mateo High School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BZbLiozzw6A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BZbLiozzw6A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/28945/video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2399","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2337"],"featImg":"lowdown_29026","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_28227":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_28227","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"28227","score":null,"sort":[1505937041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-underage-sexting-a-crime-with-lesson-plan","title":"Should Underage Sexting Be Considered A Crime? (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1505937041,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teens who send sexually explicit selfies might find themselves in uncomfortably hot water with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should teens be legally allowed to text explicit photos of themselves? Why or why not? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Should-Underage-Sexting-Be-A-Crime-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Source-List-Sexting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's because in most states, while it's legal for teenagers close in age to have consensual sex, if those same teens create and text sexually explicit images of themselves -- known as \"sexting\" -- they could be violating child pornography laws. In fact, most states \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">have not updated their decades-old child pornography laws\u003c/a> to include exceptions for when teenagers are the \"perpetrators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both existing child pornography laws and more recent state sexting-specific legislation criminalize a trend that's more common among teenagers than many adults might choose to believe. As this\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Above the Noise\u003c/a> video notes, one \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2014/June/Sexting-Study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study on sexting behavior\u003c/a> found that more than 50 percent of college students reported that they had, as minors, exchanged sexually explicit text messages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue was thrust into the national spotlight in 2015 when two 16-year-olds in North Carolina who were dating and had sent nude selfies to each other were charged with multiple counts of \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">sexual exploitation of a minor\u003c/a>. Both of the teens involved were considered perpetrators and victims. If convicted, they would have been labeled sex offenders for decades. The charges were eventually \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/14/us/prosecutors-in-teenage-sexting-cases-ask-foolishness-or-a-felony.html?_r=0\">reduced to misdemeanors\u003c/a>, and the teens were put on probation for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a federal bill that \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed the House\u003c/a> in May seeks to up the ante for punishment even further. Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1761/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Protecting Against Child Exploitation Act of 2017\u003c/a>, introduced by Rep. Mike Johnson (R-Louisiana), teens caught sexting could be sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I, for one, believe we have a moral obligation, as any just government should, to defend the defenseless,\" said Johnson, a first-term congressman (and vocal Trump supporter), who dismissed the \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adamant opposition \u003c/a>raised by some Democratic lawmakers who warned that the bill could have disastrous unintended consequences for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“That’s the absurdity of these laws,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://amyhasinoff.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amy Adele Hasinoff\u003c/a>, a communications professor at the University of Colorado, Denver, and author of \"Sexting Panic: Rethinking Criminalization, Privacy, and Consent.\" \"Teens can have sex but they can’t photograph it.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any kind of distribution of a sexual image of a teenager is considered illegal, she notes, regardless of whether it's a teenager \"consensually sending a nude selfie to a partner\" or maliciously sharing someone's private photo without consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">And while prosecution of teens for child pornography is certainly not the norm, she adds, it's also not all that uncommon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"p-9\">In \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-7\">one study\u003c/a> from 2013, researchers interviewed nearly 400 state prosecutors who had worked on technology-facilitated crimes against children, and found that 62 percent had handled a sexting case involving juveniles. 36 percent of those prosecutors said they had filed charges, and 21 percent had filed felony charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these juvenile sexting-related cases, though, involved \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-8\">exacerbating circumstances\u003c/a>, including malicious intent, bullying, coercion or harassment. And the majority were resolved by plea agreements or juvenile court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In an effort to legally differentiate between teen sexting and child pornography, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://cyberbullying.org/state-sexting-laws.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">two dozen states\u003c/a>, including, most recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/news/colorado/ci_30971680/colorado-teen-sexting-bill-heads-gov-hickenlooper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/26/new-mexico-legalizes-teen-sexting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Mexico\u003c/a>, have enacted legislation intended to shield teens from criminal prosecution. The laws typically give prosecutors discretion to seek less severe penalties, like misdemeanors and mandatory participation in sexual education programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">[No such law exists yet in California, although the state \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enacted legislation\u003c/a> last year that gives schools the right to expel or suspend students for sending sexually explicit photos and images electronically “with the purpose or effect of humiliating or harassing a pupil.”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">But, Hasinoff argues, such legislation may do little to discourage prosecutors from pressing charges against teens caught sexting. Under the new laws, even teens who are consensually sexting can still be charged with misdemeanors and swept up in the criminal justice system. And because it's reduced from a felony, she notes, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prosecutors may be more likely to use it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">A better approach, Hasinoff says, would be to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">add statutory rape language to child pornography laws that \u003c/span>exempts teenagers who are close in age and consensually produce and share sexual images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any laws that try to broadly discourage teen sexting are tantamount to abstinence-only education, which has consistently proved to be ineffective, she argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The best way to address this, she adds, is with good sex education programs in schools that touch on issues around sexting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's legal for teenagers close in age to have consensual sex, but if they create and text sexually explicit images of themselves, they could be violating child pornography laws. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520017107,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":822},"headData":{"title":"Should Underage Sexting Be Considered A Crime? (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"It's legal for teenagers close in age to have consensual sex, but if they create and text sexually explicit images of themselves, they could be violating child pornography laws. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28227 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=28227","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/09/20/is-underage-sexting-a-crime-with-lesson-plan/","disqusTitle":"Should Underage Sexting Be Considered A Crime? (with Lesson Plan)","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/O8Hdti4jd7Y","path":"/lowdown/28227/is-underage-sexting-a-crime-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teens who send sexually explicit selfies might find themselves in uncomfortably hot water with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should teens be legally allowed to text explicit photos of themselves? Why or why not? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Should-Underage-Sexting-Be-A-Crime-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Source-List-Sexting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's because in most states, while it's legal for teenagers close in age to have consensual sex, if those same teens create and text sexually explicit images of themselves -- known as \"sexting\" -- they could be violating child pornography laws. In fact, most states \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">have not updated their decades-old child pornography laws\u003c/a> to include exceptions for when teenagers are the \"perpetrators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both existing child pornography laws and more recent state sexting-specific legislation criminalize a trend that's more common among teenagers than many adults might choose to believe. As this\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Above the Noise\u003c/a> video notes, one \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2014/June/Sexting-Study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study on sexting behavior\u003c/a> found that more than 50 percent of college students reported that they had, as minors, exchanged sexually explicit text messages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue was thrust into the national spotlight in 2015 when two 16-year-olds in North Carolina who were dating and had sent nude selfies to each other were charged with multiple counts of \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">sexual exploitation of a minor\u003c/a>. Both of the teens involved were considered perpetrators and victims. If convicted, they would have been labeled sex offenders for decades. The charges were eventually \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/14/us/prosecutors-in-teenage-sexting-cases-ask-foolishness-or-a-felony.html?_r=0\">reduced to misdemeanors\u003c/a>, and the teens were put on probation for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a federal bill that \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed the House\u003c/a> in May seeks to up the ante for punishment even further. Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1761/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Protecting Against Child Exploitation Act of 2017\u003c/a>, introduced by Rep. Mike Johnson (R-Louisiana), teens caught sexting could be sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I, for one, believe we have a moral obligation, as any just government should, to defend the defenseless,\" said Johnson, a first-term congressman (and vocal Trump supporter), who dismissed the \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adamant opposition \u003c/a>raised by some Democratic lawmakers who warned that the bill could have disastrous unintended consequences for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“That’s the absurdity of these laws,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://amyhasinoff.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amy Adele Hasinoff\u003c/a>, a communications professor at the University of Colorado, Denver, and author of \"Sexting Panic: Rethinking Criminalization, Privacy, and Consent.\" \"Teens can have sex but they can’t photograph it.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any kind of distribution of a sexual image of a teenager is considered illegal, she notes, regardless of whether it's a teenager \"consensually sending a nude selfie to a partner\" or maliciously sharing someone's private photo without consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">And while prosecution of teens for child pornography is certainly not the norm, she adds, it's also not all that uncommon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"p-9\">In \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-7\">one study\u003c/a> from 2013, researchers interviewed nearly 400 state prosecutors who had worked on technology-facilitated crimes against children, and found that 62 percent had handled a sexting case involving juveniles. 36 percent of those prosecutors said they had filed charges, and 21 percent had filed felony charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these juvenile sexting-related cases, though, involved \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-8\">exacerbating circumstances\u003c/a>, including malicious intent, bullying, coercion or harassment. And the majority were resolved by plea agreements or juvenile court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In an effort to legally differentiate between teen sexting and child pornography, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://cyberbullying.org/state-sexting-laws.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">two dozen states\u003c/a>, including, most recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/news/colorado/ci_30971680/colorado-teen-sexting-bill-heads-gov-hickenlooper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/26/new-mexico-legalizes-teen-sexting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Mexico\u003c/a>, have enacted legislation intended to shield teens from criminal prosecution. The laws typically give prosecutors discretion to seek less severe penalties, like misdemeanors and mandatory participation in sexual education programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">[No such law exists yet in California, although the state \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enacted legislation\u003c/a> last year that gives schools the right to expel or suspend students for sending sexually explicit photos and images electronically “with the purpose or effect of humiliating or harassing a pupil.”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">But, Hasinoff argues, such legislation may do little to discourage prosecutors from pressing charges against teens caught sexting. Under the new laws, even teens who are consensually sexting can still be charged with misdemeanors and swept up in the criminal justice system. And because it's reduced from a felony, she notes, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prosecutors may be more likely to use it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">A better approach, Hasinoff says, would be to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">add statutory rape language to child pornography laws that \u003c/span>exempts teenagers who are close in age and consensually produce and share sexual images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any laws that try to broadly discourage teen sexting are tantamount to abstinence-only education, which has consistently proved to be ineffective, she argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The best way to address this, she adds, is with good sex education programs in schools that touch on issues around sexting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/28227/is-underage-sexting-a-crime-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2618","lowdown_2399","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2623"],"featImg":"lowdown_28232","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_27920":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_27920","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"27920","score":null,"sort":[1503607118000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-school-start-later-with-lesson-plan","title":"Does Your School Start Too Early in the Morning? (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1503607118,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>How's this for a rude awakening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adolescent in the U.S. is \"chronically sleep deprived and pathologically tired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should school start later in the morning?\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[Tell us what you think in the \u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comments section\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2016/09/02/should-schools-start-later-to-improve-academic-performance-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youth media: Article from students at Cal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Lesson-Plan-School-Start-Times-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Source-List-School-Start-Times.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's according to a 2014 report from the American Academy of Pediatrics, which describes an \"epidemic\" of sleep deprivation among America's middle and high school students. Roughly 70 percent of U.S. teenagers don't get anywhere near the recommended nightly minimum of 8.5 hours each night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such deprivation, sleep researchers argue, can affect academic performance and contribute to the prevalence of serious health problems like depression, obesity and car crashes -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-auto-accidents-top-teen-killer-20140603-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">number one killer\u003c/a> of teens in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chronic sleep loss in children and adolescents is one of the most common – and easily fixable – public health issues in the U.S. today,” said pediatrician Judith Owens, lead author of the AAP's “\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/08/19/peds.2014-1697\">School Start Times for Adolescents\u003c/a>” report, which recommends that middle and high schools push back start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that delaying early school start times is one key factor that can help adolescents get the sleep they need to grow and learn,\" she writes. Doing so would align to the biological sleep rhythms of adolescents, whose sleep-wake cycles -- or circadian rhythms -- shift up to two hours later when puberty begins. For more on this, check out our \u003cem>totally energizing\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise video\u003c/a> (better than a shot of espresso, I promise).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The APP's recommendation, supported by a growing number of other public health groups, is the basis for new California legislation that would mandate publicly funded middle and high schools throughout the state to push back their school start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill -- \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB328\">SB 328\u003c/a> -- which already passed in the state Senate and now heads to the Assembly, is the first statewide bill of its kind in the country. Districts would have until July 2020 to adjust their schedules. Most would presumably end the school day later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the bill would delay the start of first period for the more than 3 million middle and high school students in California, where schools now abide by a hodgepodge of start times. The average high school starts at 8:07 a.m., as compared to the national average of 8:03 a.m., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the science that says this is a public health issue and a public health crisis, \" said state Sen. Anthony Portantino a Democrat representing the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valley in Southern California, who introduced the bill earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The morning sleep is the most therapeutic, healthy sleep for teenagers,\" he told \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/08/07/bill-for-late-school-start-passes-senate-heads-to-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum\u003c/a>. \"And what we do as a society, we wake them up in the middle of that healthy sleep and send them to school too early when they're sleep deprived.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roughly 400 school districts nationwide that have already pushed back their start times have seen overwhelmingly positive results, he said, with boosts in academic performance, attendance and graduation rates, and a decrease in car accidents and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, though, faces strong opposition, particularly among many districts, school boards and even teachers who argue these decisions should be made at a local level, given the diverse needs of each community. The delayed schedule would likely lead to lengthy renegotiations with teacher unions and could require additional funding for the necessary changes in bus transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have also raised concerns that later start times will cause serious disruptions, making it harder to drop off kids in the morning before work. And later school dismissal times, they add, could disrupt afterschool sports activities, pushing practices even later into the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We oppose this bill because it imposes a one-size-fits-all approach that we don't actually think will result in kids getting more sleep,\" said Nancy Chaires Espinoza, a legislative advocate for the California School Boards Association, which opposes the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school districts have determined that a better way of increasing the amount of sleep students get is to minimize their homework load so they can go to bed earlier, Espinoza said in an interview on WBUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2017/08/14/school-start-times-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here and Now\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why school times should be a local decision informed by parents and teachers, those who know the students and the community best,\" she added. \"And unfortunately this bill would negate the entire public decision-making process. And we just don't think that's the best way to do right by kids.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBut Portantino counters that this argument flies in the face of basic biology: Most teenagers, he argues, are simply hardwired to stay up late, until at least 11 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the arguments against it are adult-based arguments, not kid-based arguments,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Most teenagers are seriously sleep deprived, and research shows that early school start times contribute to the problem. New legislation in California aims to address that by mandating later start times.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1571198888,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":898},"headData":{"title":"Does Your School Start Too Early in the Morning? (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"Most teenagers are seriously sleep deprived, and research shows that early school start times contribute to the problem. New legislation in California aims to address that by mandating later start times.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27920 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=27920","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/08/24/should-school-start-later-with-lesson-plan/","disqusTitle":"Does Your School Start Too Early in the Morning? (with Lesson Plan)","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/Bw_3Q6CRxGA","path":"/lowdown/27920/should-school-start-later-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How's this for a rude awakening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adolescent in the U.S. is \"chronically sleep deprived and pathologically tired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should school start later in the morning?\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[Tell us what you think in the \u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comments section\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2016/09/02/should-schools-start-later-to-improve-academic-performance-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youth media: Article from students at Cal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Lesson-Plan-School-Start-Times-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Source-List-School-Start-Times.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's according to a 2014 report from the American Academy of Pediatrics, which describes an \"epidemic\" of sleep deprivation among America's middle and high school students. Roughly 70 percent of U.S. teenagers don't get anywhere near the recommended nightly minimum of 8.5 hours each night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such deprivation, sleep researchers argue, can affect academic performance and contribute to the prevalence of serious health problems like depression, obesity and car crashes -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-auto-accidents-top-teen-killer-20140603-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">number one killer\u003c/a> of teens in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chronic sleep loss in children and adolescents is one of the most common – and easily fixable – public health issues in the U.S. today,” said pediatrician Judith Owens, lead author of the AAP's “\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/08/19/peds.2014-1697\">School Start Times for Adolescents\u003c/a>” report, which recommends that middle and high schools push back start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that delaying early school start times is one key factor that can help adolescents get the sleep they need to grow and learn,\" she writes. Doing so would align to the biological sleep rhythms of adolescents, whose sleep-wake cycles -- or circadian rhythms -- shift up to two hours later when puberty begins. For more on this, check out our \u003cem>totally energizing\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise video\u003c/a> (better than a shot of espresso, I promise).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The APP's recommendation, supported by a growing number of other public health groups, is the basis for new California legislation that would mandate publicly funded middle and high schools throughout the state to push back their school start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill -- \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB328\">SB 328\u003c/a> -- which already passed in the state Senate and now heads to the Assembly, is the first statewide bill of its kind in the country. Districts would have until July 2020 to adjust their schedules. Most would presumably end the school day later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the bill would delay the start of first period for the more than 3 million middle and high school students in California, where schools now abide by a hodgepodge of start times. The average high school starts at 8:07 a.m., as compared to the national average of 8:03 a.m., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the science that says this is a public health issue and a public health crisis, \" said state Sen. Anthony Portantino a Democrat representing the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valley in Southern California, who introduced the bill earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The morning sleep is the most therapeutic, healthy sleep for teenagers,\" he told \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/08/07/bill-for-late-school-start-passes-senate-heads-to-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum\u003c/a>. \"And what we do as a society, we wake them up in the middle of that healthy sleep and send them to school too early when they're sleep deprived.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roughly 400 school districts nationwide that have already pushed back their start times have seen overwhelmingly positive results, he said, with boosts in academic performance, attendance and graduation rates, and a decrease in car accidents and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, though, faces strong opposition, particularly among many districts, school boards and even teachers who argue these decisions should be made at a local level, given the diverse needs of each community. The delayed schedule would likely lead to lengthy renegotiations with teacher unions and could require additional funding for the necessary changes in bus transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have also raised concerns that later start times will cause serious disruptions, making it harder to drop off kids in the morning before work. And later school dismissal times, they add, could disrupt afterschool sports activities, pushing practices even later into the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We oppose this bill because it imposes a one-size-fits-all approach that we don't actually think will result in kids getting more sleep,\" said Nancy Chaires Espinoza, a legislative advocate for the California School Boards Association, which opposes the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school districts have determined that a better way of increasing the amount of sleep students get is to minimize their homework load so they can go to bed earlier, Espinoza said in an interview on WBUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2017/08/14/school-start-times-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here and Now\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why school times should be a local decision informed by parents and teachers, those who know the students and the community best,\" she added. \"And unfortunately this bill would negate the entire public decision-making process. And we just don't think that's the best way to do right by kids.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBut Portantino counters that this argument flies in the face of basic biology: Most teenagers, he argues, are simply hardwired to stay up late, until at least 11 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the arguments against it are adult-based arguments, not kid-based arguments,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/27920/should-school-start-later-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2618","lowdown_245","lowdown_2399","lowdown_1","lowdown_457","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2608","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2617"],"featImg":"lowdown_30292","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_27523":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_27523","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"27523","score":null,"sort":[1498713439000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hidden-in-plain-sight-the-pervasive-problem-of-student-homelessness-video","title":"Hidden in Plain Sight: Student Homelessness in America","publishDate":1498713439,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Contrary to popular belief, most homeless people in the America don't actually sleep on the street or in shelters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, as this Above the Noise video explains, the nation's homeless population includes a surprising number of young people and their families stuck in transitory housing situations, many of them couch-surfing or staying in cheap hotels in lieu of a home of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using state reporting data, the U.S. Department of Education \u003ca href=\"http://nche.ed.gov/downloads/data-comp-1213-1415.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> there were nearly 1.3 million homeless students nationwide during the 2014-15 school year. That's double what it was 10 years ago, and only includes k-12 students enrolled in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27536\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27536 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data based on mandatory reporting from local school districts. \u003ccite>(America's Promise Alliance)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The DoE estimates that more than 75 percent of these students sleep temporarily in other people's houses as a result, primarily, of severe economic hardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means well over 1 million public school students are living in insecure housing situations, without rooms of their own or even beds they can necessarily rely on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.americaspromise.org/report/hidden-plain-sight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2016 report\u003c/a> by nonpartisan America's Promise Alliance, homeless students are disproportionately minorities and much more likely than their peers to struggle academically and have poor attendance and more disciplinary issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike the nearly 600,000 homeless people on the nation's streets or in shelters registered in 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2016-AHAR-Part-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">point-in-time counts\u003c/a>, it a good deal harder for schools to identify which of their students are homeless and try to provide them with the help they might need.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520018299,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":274},"headData":{"title":"Hidden in Plain Sight: Student Homelessness in America | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27523 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=27523","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/28/hidden-in-plain-sight-the-pervasive-problem-of-student-homelessness-video/","disqusTitle":"Hidden in Plain Sight: Student Homelessness in America","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/aLwoChkTpNE","path":"/lowdown/27523/hidden-in-plain-sight-the-pervasive-problem-of-student-homelessness-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Contrary to popular belief, most homeless people in the America don't actually sleep on the street or in shelters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, as this Above the Noise video explains, the nation's homeless population includes a surprising number of young people and their families stuck in transitory housing situations, many of them couch-surfing or staying in cheap hotels in lieu of a home of their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using state reporting data, the U.S. Department of Education \u003ca href=\"http://nche.ed.gov/downloads/data-comp-1213-1415.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimates\u003c/a> there were nearly 1.3 million homeless students nationwide during the 2014-15 school year. That's double what it was 10 years ago, and only includes k-12 students enrolled in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27536\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27536 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/homeless-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data based on mandatory reporting from local school districts. \u003ccite>(America's Promise Alliance)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The DoE estimates that more than 75 percent of these students sleep temporarily in other people's houses as a result, primarily, of severe economic hardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means well over 1 million public school students are living in insecure housing situations, without rooms of their own or even beds they can necessarily rely on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.americaspromise.org/report/hidden-plain-sight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2016 report\u003c/a> by nonpartisan America's Promise Alliance, homeless students are disproportionately minorities and much more likely than their peers to struggle academically and have poor attendance and more disciplinary issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike the nearly 600,000 homeless people on the nation's streets or in shelters registered in 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2016-AHAR-Part-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">point-in-time counts\u003c/a>, it a good deal harder for schools to identify which of their students are homeless and try to provide them with the help they might need.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/27523/hidden-in-plain-sight-the-pervasive-problem-of-student-homelessness-video","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2618","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2607"],"featImg":"lowdown_30296","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_27383":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_27383","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"27383","score":null,"sort":[1497593936000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-mosquitoes-are-still-so-deadly","title":"Bloodsuckers! The War on Mosquitoes","publishDate":1497593936,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/CB_h7aheAEM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks aren't even close. Neither are bears or crocodiles or scorpions or wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the deadliest animal in the world is hardly the terrifying beast you might expect. Rather, it's that incredibly annoying, unwelcome dinner guest that can easily ruin an otherwise delightful summertime picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm talking, of course, about mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tiny ear-buzzing, blood-sucking buggers kill more people each year, by a long shot, than any other animal. On average, they're even deadlier to humans than humans are to each other (which is sadly, a pretty high threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just take a look at this infographic from \u003ca href=\"https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Mapping-the-End-of-Malaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bill Gates' blog\u003c/a>, which shows a selection of the world's deadliest creatures. Among the pack, mosquitoes -- female mosquitoes, to be exact -- are the world's most dangerous assassins, responsible for more than an estimated 830,000 deaths in 2015 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27386 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-160x320.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-768x1536.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-240x480.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-375x750.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-520x1040.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, not all mosquitoes are created equal. Of the thousands of species buzzing around, some are much deadlier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last couple of years, the mosquito species Aedes aegypti has garnered perhaps the most attention, at least in parts of the U.S. where it resides. It's the one that can transmit a generous selection of very nasty diseases including Zika, yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes, though, is hardly the deadliest of the pack. That title goes to the Anopheles, a mosquito species endemic to many tropical regions of the world that can transmit a parasitic infection that causes malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malaria is responsible for more than half of all mosquito-related deaths, and remains one of the most pressing health issues in much of the developing world. There were an estimated 214 million cases in 2015, resulting in more than 430,000 deaths, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease is still the biggest killer of children under five, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As grim as that sounds, the number of fatalities worldwide has actually fallen sharply in recent decades, dropping by more than 60 percent since 2000 (translating to nearly 7 million lives saved). And Gates, a major funder of malaria prevention efforts, believes it can be \u003ca href=\"https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Eradicating-Malaria-in-a-Generation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eradicated worldwide\u003c/a> by mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent history supports this conviction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>100 years ago, malaria existed just about everywhere in the world. By mid-century, though, most industrialized nations, had wiped it out almost entirely, the result of well-funded eradication campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, malaria is generally considered a disease confined to poor, tropical regions of the world. But that's not an inevitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although harder to eradicate in tropical climates that are particularly good for mosquito breeding, the disease is entirely preventable if attacked with the appropriate resources. In fact, it's a region's wealth rather than it's physical environment that plays the largest role in determining the fate of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27390\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27390 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-1020x587.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-1020x587.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-160x92.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-800x460.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-768x442.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-1180x679.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-960x552.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-240x138.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-375x216.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-520x299.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World Malaria Report\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Malaria, for instance, was long a serious public health issue in the United States, particularly in warm, swampy southern regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded during World War II as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Office of Malaria Control in War Areas\u003c/a>. The agency was charged with preventing troops stationed abroad from contracting malaria. It also waged a concerted domestic effort to eradicate it in the South (which is why the CDC is based in Atlanta). In 1947, when the agency commenced its National Malaria Eradication Program in 13 southeastern states, there were roughly 15,000 reported cases of malaria in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of 1949, more than 4.6 million houses in the South had been sprayed with the highly toxic insecticide DDT. The agency also conducted large-scale drainage projects to remove mosquito breeding sites, provided training to local health agencies and even ran publicity campaigns against the mosquitoes, including the cartoon below. By 1951, operations ceased, and the disease was declared eradicated in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/iSbKqi41Hi0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1955, the World Health Organization began a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">major international effort\u003c/a>, along the lines of the NMEP program, to target the Anopheles species and eradicate malaria worldwide. The campaign, however, was eventually abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520629984,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":712},"headData":{"title":"Bloodsuckers! The War on Mosquitoes | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27383 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=27383","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/15/why-mosquitoes-are-still-so-deadly/","disqusTitle":"Bloodsuckers! The War on Mosquitoes","path":"/lowdown/27383/why-mosquitoes-are-still-so-deadly","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/CB_h7aheAEM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/CB_h7aheAEM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Sharks aren't even close. Neither are bears or crocodiles or scorpions or wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the deadliest animal in the world is hardly the terrifying beast you might expect. Rather, it's that incredibly annoying, unwelcome dinner guest that can easily ruin an otherwise delightful summertime picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm talking, of course, about mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tiny ear-buzzing, blood-sucking buggers kill more people each year, by a long shot, than any other animal. On average, they're even deadlier to humans than humans are to each other (which is sadly, a pretty high threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just take a look at this infographic from \u003ca href=\"https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Mapping-the-End-of-Malaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bill Gates' blog\u003c/a>, which shows a selection of the world's deadliest creatures. Among the pack, mosquitoes -- female mosquitoes, to be exact -- are the world's most dangerous assassins, responsible for more than an estimated 830,000 deaths in 2015 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27386 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-160x320.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-768x1536.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-240x480.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-375x750.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/TGN_Mosquitos_TGN_800px-V2-520x1040.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, not all mosquitoes are created equal. Of the thousands of species buzzing around, some are much deadlier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last couple of years, the mosquito species Aedes aegypti has garnered perhaps the most attention, at least in parts of the U.S. where it resides. It's the one that can transmit a generous selection of very nasty diseases including Zika, yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes, though, is hardly the deadliest of the pack. That title goes to the Anopheles, a mosquito species endemic to many tropical regions of the world that can transmit a parasitic infection that causes malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malaria is responsible for more than half of all mosquito-related deaths, and remains one of the most pressing health issues in much of the developing world. There were an estimated 214 million cases in 2015, resulting in more than 430,000 deaths, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease is still the biggest killer of children under five, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As grim as that sounds, the number of fatalities worldwide has actually fallen sharply in recent decades, dropping by more than 60 percent since 2000 (translating to nearly 7 million lives saved). And Gates, a major funder of malaria prevention efforts, believes it can be \u003ca href=\"https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Eradicating-Malaria-in-a-Generation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eradicated worldwide\u003c/a> by mid-century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent history supports this conviction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>100 years ago, malaria existed just about everywhere in the world. By mid-century, though, most industrialized nations, had wiped it out almost entirely, the result of well-funded eradication campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, malaria is generally considered a disease confined to poor, tropical regions of the world. But that's not an inevitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although harder to eradicate in tropical climates that are particularly good for mosquito breeding, the disease is entirely preventable if attacked with the appropriate resources. In fact, it's a region's wealth rather than it's physical environment that plays the largest role in determining the fate of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27390\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27390 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-1020x587.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-1020x587.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-160x92.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-800x460.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-768x442.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-1180x679.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-960x552.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-240x138.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-375x216.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap-520x299.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/malariamap.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World Malaria Report\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Malaria, for instance, was long a serious public health issue in the United States, particularly in warm, swampy southern regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded during World War II as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Office of Malaria Control in War Areas\u003c/a>. The agency was charged with preventing troops stationed abroad from contracting malaria. It also waged a concerted domestic effort to eradicate it in the South (which is why the CDC is based in Atlanta). In 1947, when the agency commenced its National Malaria Eradication Program in 13 southeastern states, there were roughly 15,000 reported cases of malaria in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of 1949, more than 4.6 million houses in the South had been sprayed with the highly toxic insecticide DDT. The agency also conducted large-scale drainage projects to remove mosquito breeding sites, provided training to local health agencies and even ran publicity campaigns against the mosquitoes, including the cartoon below. By 1951, operations ceased, and the disease was declared eradicated in the U.S.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/iSbKqi41Hi0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/iSbKqi41Hi0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1955, the World Health Organization began a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">major international effort\u003c/a>, along the lines of the NMEP program, to target the Anopheles species and eradicate malaria worldwide. The campaign, however, was eventually abandoned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/27383/why-mosquitoes-are-still-so-deadly","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2608","lowdown_2337"],"featImg":"lowdown_27385","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24194":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24194","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"24194","score":null,"sort":[1476758580000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"video-californias-death-penalty-divide","title":"VIDEO: Should California Abolish the Death Penalty or Make It Easier to Execute?","publishDate":1476758580,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nAmong the heap of statewide propositions California voters weigh in on next month, two are literally life and death decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Proposition-62-and-66-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: California's Death Penalty Debate (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's statewide voter guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-62\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 62\u003c/a> would abolish capital punishment in California, making life without the possibility of parole the maximum punishment for murder. The \u003ca href=\"http://yeson62.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 62 \u003c/a>campaign argues that the death penalty in California is a failed, immoral and incredibly expensive system, costing taxpayers upwards of $150 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-66\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 66\u003c/a> would not only keep the state's death penalty intact, it would speed up the notoriously long appeals process for those cases, potentially accelerating the rate of executions. The \u003ca href=\"http://noprop62yesprop66.com/2016/07/yes-on-prop-66-death-penalty-reform-fixing-californias-broken-system/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 66 campaign\u003c/a> advocates for reforming the system by making it more efficient. \"Mend, don't end, California's death penalty\" is its slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the extreme unlikelihood that both measures receive more than 50 percent approval, only the one with the most votes would be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>An Indecisive History\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California has had a tough time making up its mind about the death penalty. In 1872, the state authorized capital punishment in its penal code (until then, executions were generally conducted by county sheriffs). 23 years later, a guy named Jose Gabriel, convicted of murdering an elderly couple, was hung inside San Quentin Prison, marking California’s first official execution at the hands of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next 75-odd years, California executed nearly 500 inmates, four of them women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then things got really confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state’s death penalty law constituted cruel and unusual punishment.. But just nine months later, California voters approved a ballot initiative that amended the state constitution to make capital punishment permissible. A year later, the state passed legislation that actually made the death penalty mandatory for certain crimes. But once again, the state Supreme Court struck back, ruling that law unconstitutional as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward six years. In 1978, California voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_7,_the_Death_Penalty_Act_%281978%29\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 7\u003c/a> by a whopping 70 percent. The initiative not only reinstated the state's death penalty, but also broadened the list of circumstances under which a convicted prisoner could receive a death sentence. It also increased prison terms for first and second degree murder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its this law that currently stands in California. The last attempt to abolish capital punishment in California came in 2012, when voters narrowly defeated \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_34,_the_End_the_Death_Penalty_Initiative_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 34\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Slow and expensive\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 1978, the state has only executed 13 prisoners (a 14th was convicted in California but executed in Missouri). More death row inmates in California have died from natural causes than been executed. The last execution - of \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/17/local/me-allen17\" target=\"_blank\">Clarence Ray Allen\u003c/a> - in January 2006. There are nearly 750 prisoners currently residing on California's death row, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiGiuPwwOXPAhXJhlQKHYd8BigQFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2Fcapital_punishment%2Fdocs%2Fcondemnedinmatelistsecure.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHf-XW9urxRM87uMh7B1QqSYnsfpA&sig2=VEuKpiWwFE3G3qtuQfpahg&cad=rja\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation\u003c/a>. The vast majority of them are men housed at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, less than 20 miles from downtown San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, many capital punishment opponents in California argue for repealing the death penalty largely on economic grounds. They contend that the current system is horribly inefficient and a financial burden to the already cash-strapped state. Due to the number of legal appeals and required long-term special supervision for death row inmates, the financial costs of executing a prisoner far outweigh that of life imprisonment. Repealing the death penalty would save the state an estimated $100 million a year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/laoapp/ballot_source/Propositions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of the death penalty argue that criminals convicted of the most heinous crimes deserve to be put to death. Some believe the death penalty deters criminal behavior, and for the families and friends of victims, is the only way that justice can be truly served.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The U.S. stands alone\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Among western democracies, the U.S. stands alone in its continued use of capital punishment. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court ended a brief moratorium, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976\" target=\"_blank\">more than 1400 inmates\u003c/a> have been executed. Of these, Texas has led the way, executing nearly 540 inmates in the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/c4163d48-0559-11e5-a30f-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The death penalty is legal in 31 states, including California, where a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/10/23/should-california-kill-its-death-penalty/\" target=\"_blank\">2012 voter initiative\u003c/a> to abolish it was narrowly defeated. 17 states have had executions in the last five years. However, executions have been idled in a growing number of states with large death row populations, including California and Pennsylvania, due to ongoing appeals and other legal constraints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice also remains legal in the federal justice system, as evidenced by the recent death sentence of Boston Marathon bomber \u003cspan class=\"_dwd st s std\">Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. But he now joins more than 60 other death row inmates in a federal system that has conducted only three executions in the last half century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of factors, including recent high-profile botched executions, lethal injection drug shortages, last minute exonerations, evidence of racial discrimination in sentencing, huge legal costs and dropping crime rates have all contributed to a growing uneasiness with capital punishment among both liberals and a growing number of conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a solid majority of Americans still believe that convicted murderers should be executed, support has waned considerably in recent decades, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">recent polls\u003c/a>. Of the 19 states (and Washington D.C.) that have abolished the death penalty, six have done so in the last ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the filmmaker\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Jazmin Jones is a filmmaker and graduate of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Digital Pathways Program. She studied at the City College of San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476833818,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/c4163d48-0559-11e5-a30f-0e018d66dc29/embed_map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":946},"headData":{"title":"VIDEO: Should California Abolish the Death Penalty or Make It Easier to Execute? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"24194 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24194","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/17/video-californias-death-penalty-divide/","disqusTitle":"VIDEO: Should California Abolish the Death Penalty or Make It Easier to Execute?","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/46RsxlcNWDA","path":"/lowdown/24194/video-californias-death-penalty-divide","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nAmong the heap of statewide propositions California voters weigh in on next month, two are literally life and death decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Proposition-62-and-66-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: California's Death Penalty Debate (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's statewide voter guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-62\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 62\u003c/a> would abolish capital punishment in California, making life without the possibility of parole the maximum punishment for murder. The \u003ca href=\"http://yeson62.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 62 \u003c/a>campaign argues that the death penalty in California is a failed, immoral and incredibly expensive system, costing taxpayers upwards of $150 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-66\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 66\u003c/a> would not only keep the state's death penalty intact, it would speed up the notoriously long appeals process for those cases, potentially accelerating the rate of executions. The \u003ca href=\"http://noprop62yesprop66.com/2016/07/yes-on-prop-66-death-penalty-reform-fixing-californias-broken-system/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 66 campaign\u003c/a> advocates for reforming the system by making it more efficient. \"Mend, don't end, California's death penalty\" is its slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the extreme unlikelihood that both measures receive more than 50 percent approval, only the one with the most votes would be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>An Indecisive History\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California has had a tough time making up its mind about the death penalty. In 1872, the state authorized capital punishment in its penal code (until then, executions were generally conducted by county sheriffs). 23 years later, a guy named Jose Gabriel, convicted of murdering an elderly couple, was hung inside San Quentin Prison, marking California’s first official execution at the hands of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next 75-odd years, California executed nearly 500 inmates, four of them women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then things got really confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state’s death penalty law constituted cruel and unusual punishment.. But just nine months later, California voters approved a ballot initiative that amended the state constitution to make capital punishment permissible. A year later, the state passed legislation that actually made the death penalty mandatory for certain crimes. But once again, the state Supreme Court struck back, ruling that law unconstitutional as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward six years. In 1978, California voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_7,_the_Death_Penalty_Act_%281978%29\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 7\u003c/a> by a whopping 70 percent. The initiative not only reinstated the state's death penalty, but also broadened the list of circumstances under which a convicted prisoner could receive a death sentence. It also increased prison terms for first and second degree murder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its this law that currently stands in California. The last attempt to abolish capital punishment in California came in 2012, when voters narrowly defeated \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_34,_the_End_the_Death_Penalty_Initiative_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 34\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Slow and expensive\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 1978, the state has only executed 13 prisoners (a 14th was convicted in California but executed in Missouri). More death row inmates in California have died from natural causes than been executed. The last execution - of \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/17/local/me-allen17\" target=\"_blank\">Clarence Ray Allen\u003c/a> - in January 2006. There are nearly 750 prisoners currently residing on California's death row, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiGiuPwwOXPAhXJhlQKHYd8BigQFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2Fcapital_punishment%2Fdocs%2Fcondemnedinmatelistsecure.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHf-XW9urxRM87uMh7B1QqSYnsfpA&sig2=VEuKpiWwFE3G3qtuQfpahg&cad=rja\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation\u003c/a>. The vast majority of them are men housed at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, less than 20 miles from downtown San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, many capital punishment opponents in California argue for repealing the death penalty largely on economic grounds. They contend that the current system is horribly inefficient and a financial burden to the already cash-strapped state. Due to the number of legal appeals and required long-term special supervision for death row inmates, the financial costs of executing a prisoner far outweigh that of life imprisonment. Repealing the death penalty would save the state an estimated $100 million a year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/laoapp/ballot_source/Propositions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of the death penalty argue that criminals convicted of the most heinous crimes deserve to be put to death. Some believe the death penalty deters criminal behavior, and for the families and friends of victims, is the only way that justice can be truly served.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The U.S. stands alone\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Among western democracies, the U.S. stands alone in its continued use of capital punishment. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court ended a brief moratorium, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976\" target=\"_blank\">more than 1400 inmates\u003c/a> have been executed. Of these, Texas has led the way, executing nearly 540 inmates in the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/c4163d48-0559-11e5-a30f-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The death penalty is legal in 31 states, including California, where a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/10/23/should-california-kill-its-death-penalty/\" target=\"_blank\">2012 voter initiative\u003c/a> to abolish it was narrowly defeated. 17 states have had executions in the last five years. However, executions have been idled in a growing number of states with large death row populations, including California and Pennsylvania, due to ongoing appeals and other legal constraints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice also remains legal in the federal justice system, as evidenced by the recent death sentence of Boston Marathon bomber \u003cspan class=\"_dwd st s std\">Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. But he now joins more than 60 other death row inmates in a federal system that has conducted only three executions in the last half century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of factors, including recent high-profile botched executions, lethal injection drug shortages, last minute exonerations, evidence of racial discrimination in sentencing, huge legal costs and dropping crime rates have all contributed to a growing uneasiness with capital punishment among both liberals and a growing number of conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a solid majority of Americans still believe that convicted murderers should be executed, support has waned considerably in recent decades, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">recent polls\u003c/a>. Of the 19 states (and Washington D.C.) that have abolished the death penalty, six have done so in the last ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the filmmaker\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Jazmin Jones is a filmmaker and graduate of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Digital Pathways Program. She studied at the City College of San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24194/video-californias-death-penalty-divide","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_245","lowdown_2399","lowdown_475","lowdown_2372","lowdown_2374"],"tags":["lowdown_203","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2568","lowdown_2569"],"featImg":"lowdown_24263","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_21171":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_21171","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"21171","score":null,"sort":[1457398849000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"madelines-story-americas-immigration-system-through-the-eyes-of-one-oakland-student","title":"Madeline's Story: Immigration Politics through the Eyes of A First-Generation Oakland Teen","publishDate":1457398849,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED's News Education project recently asked local middle and high school students to consider some of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/12/04/the-big-issues-of-the-2016-campaign-and-where-the-candidates-stand/\" target=\"_blank\">major political issues\u003c/a> at play in the 2016 presidential election and describe which ones impact them most. Hundreds of students responded, leaving comments and tweets on our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/series/letters-to-the-next-president-2-0/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a> and Lowdown platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called it the “My Backyard Campaign” project, and as a follow-up, announced a call-out for students to submit short videos on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 100 thoughtful submissions we received, one video, in particular, called \"My Rift\" rose to the top, about an Oakland teenager's very personal experience with America's immigration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeline, featured in the video, is currently a senior at Oakland Tech High School. The first generation teenager poignantly describes the emotional toll of being separated from her mother, who was deported after overstaying her visa, and the impact of growing up alone. We contacted Madeline and produced a longer follow-up video (above) about her story and her two friends who helped produce the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/WxjId5zTfwY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project is part of a recently launched national civic engagement initiative called Letters to the Next President 2.0. Hosted by KQED and National Writing Project, it's an effort to promote and showcase youth perspectives on election-related issues. Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://letters2president.org/\" target=\"_blank\">project site\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1458455546,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":231},"headData":{"title":"Madeline's Story: Immigration Politics through the Eyes of A First-Generation Oakland Teen | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"21171 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=21171","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/03/07/madelines-story-americas-immigration-system-through-the-eyes-of-one-oakland-student/","disqusTitle":"Madeline's Story: Immigration Politics through the Eyes of A First-Generation Oakland Teen","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/QkSWEM_0yxw","path":"/lowdown/21171/madelines-story-americas-immigration-system-through-the-eyes-of-one-oakland-student","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED's News Education project recently asked local middle and high school students to consider some of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/12/04/the-big-issues-of-the-2016-campaign-and-where-the-candidates-stand/\" target=\"_blank\">major political issues\u003c/a> at play in the 2016 presidential election and describe which ones impact them most. Hundreds of students responded, leaving comments and tweets on our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/education/series/letters-to-the-next-president-2-0/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a> and Lowdown platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called it the “My Backyard Campaign” project, and as a follow-up, announced a call-out for students to submit short videos on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 100 thoughtful submissions we received, one video, in particular, called \"My Rift\" rose to the top, about an Oakland teenager's very personal experience with America's immigration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeline, featured in the video, is currently a senior at Oakland Tech High School. The first generation teenager poignantly describes the emotional toll of being separated from her mother, who was deported after overstaying her visa, and the impact of growing up alone. We contacted Madeline and produced a longer follow-up video (above) about her story and her two friends who helped produce the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WxjId5zTfwY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WxjId5zTfwY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project is part of a recently launched national civic engagement initiative called Letters to the Next President 2.0. Hosted by KQED and National Writing Project, it's an effort to promote and showcase youth perspectives on election-related issues. Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://letters2president.org/\" target=\"_blank\">project site\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/21171/madelines-story-americas-immigration-system-through-the-eyes-of-one-oakland-student","authors":["1263","11231"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_245","lowdown_2362","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2513","lowdown_2337","lowdown_169"],"featImg":"lowdown_21186","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_11110":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_11110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"11110","score":null,"sort":[1452538803000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot","title":"Infographic: Feeling Lucky? These Are Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Jackpot (Spoiler: Don't Quit Your Day Job)","publishDate":1452538803,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>If you gamble on faith (as opposed to odds) you might not want read this before standing in that mile-long line to buy your Powerball ticket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jackpot for Powerball , the popular lottery game available throughout most of the country, has rolled over every week since November because no one has picked the winning six number combination. The next drawing is Wednesday night (Jan. 13), with an estimated jackpot of $1.5 billion, the largest of any lottery game ever!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It costs a mere $2 to play, so why the heck not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ... without trying to be a total a total buzz kill here, let's take a quick look at the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of winning almost any big stakes lottery game is just north of impossible. For Powerball, the odds are roughly one in 292 million, up from a mere one in 175 million in October, when the Multi-State Lottery Association \u003ca title=\"About Powerball.\" href=\"http://www.powerball.com/pb_contact.asp\">stiffened the odds\u003c/a> but made it easier to win smaller prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means your odds of winning are statistically a good deal lower than your odds of, say, getting hit by a bolt of lightening -- a presumably less favorable outcome. So, with that in mind, please be sure to take shelter during thunderstorms, and, if you play Powerball, don't quit your day job ... just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hey, you never know, right? Someone's eventually gotta win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this infographic, animator Joe Golling illustrates the mathematical probability of selecting that winning combination. (Note that the graphic was produced prior to the Lottery Association's decision to up the odds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-11112 size-full\" style=\"border: 0;\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/12/Lotto_POSTER_v3.gif\" alt=\"Lotto_POSTER_v3\" width=\"620\" height=\"3620\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1452711352,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":268},"headData":{"title":"Infographic: Feeling Lucky? These Are Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Jackpot (Spoiler: Don't Quit Your Day Job) | KQED","description":"If you gamble on faith (as opposed to odds) you might not want read this before standing in that mile-long line to buy your Powerball ticket.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11110 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=11110","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/01/11/what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot/","disqusTitle":"Infographic: Feeling Lucky? These Are Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Jackpot (Spoiler: Don't Quit Your Day Job)","customPermalink":"2013/12/16/lottery-odds/","path":"/lowdown/11110/what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you gamble on faith (as opposed to odds) you might not want read this before standing in that mile-long line to buy your Powerball ticket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jackpot for Powerball , the popular lottery game available throughout most of the country, has rolled over every week since November because no one has picked the winning six number combination. The next drawing is Wednesday night (Jan. 13), with an estimated jackpot of $1.5 billion, the largest of any lottery game ever!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It costs a mere $2 to play, so why the heck not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ... without trying to be a total a total buzz kill here, let's take a quick look at the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of winning almost any big stakes lottery game is just north of impossible. For Powerball, the odds are roughly one in 292 million, up from a mere one in 175 million in October, when the Multi-State Lottery Association \u003ca title=\"About Powerball.\" href=\"http://www.powerball.com/pb_contact.asp\">stiffened the odds\u003c/a> but made it easier to win smaller prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means your odds of winning are statistically a good deal lower than your odds of, say, getting hit by a bolt of lightening -- a presumably less favorable outcome. So, with that in mind, please be sure to take shelter during thunderstorms, and, if you play Powerball, don't quit your day job ... just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hey, you never know, right? Someone's eventually gotta win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this infographic, animator Joe Golling illustrates the mathematical probability of selecting that winning combination. (Note that the graphic was produced prior to the Lottery Association's decision to up the odds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-11112 size-full\" style=\"border: 0;\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/12/Lotto_POSTER_v3.gif\" alt=\"Lotto_POSTER_v3\" width=\"620\" height=\"3620\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/11110/what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_391","lowdown_451","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_44","lowdown_445","lowdown_444"],"featImg":"lowdown_11134","label":"lowdown"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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