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Many of the nation's urban centers were bursting at the seams, attracting a flood of poor immigrants desperate for work, but vulnerable to exploitation. Growing labor unrest led to a string of major strikes and protests, with workers demanding higher pay, safer working conditions and the right to unionize. The demonstrations often sparked violent clashes with police and private company security forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrest, though, proved fruitful. It ultimately led to major improvements for millions of workers, ushering in an era of new labor regulations that included the establishment of an 8-hour workday and laws prohibiting child labor. The reforms also gave rise to a prolonged period of burgeoning union membership, increased wages and a notable rise in the ranks of America's middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend continued until the 1970s, when good blue collar jobs, the influence\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/07/02/the-rise-and-fall-of-americas-labor-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> of unions\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/05/25/interactive-are-you-in-the-american-middle-class/\">size of the middle class\u003c/a> all began to sharply decline, as more U.S. companies moved their manufacturing to cheaper factories overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labor Day became an official national holiday in 1894 in the aftermath of the notorious \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pullman Strike\u003c/a>, which was among the largest in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after ordering federal authorities to quell the unrest (resulting in a number of strikers killed), President Grover Cleveland made Labor Day an official holiday as a conciliatory nod to the nation's working class. But eager to distinguish the holiday from the more radical, socialist roots of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/04/29/a-brief-history-of-may-day-the-workers-holiday-not-the-pole/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">May Day\u003c/a> -- an internationally recognized workers day -- Cleveland pushed for an apolitical September date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two short videos (above and below) provide a good, brief overview of those origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PBS\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anthropology-in-practice/2013/08/30/labor-day-its-about-time/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Scientific American\u003c/a> feature informative articles on Labor Day's roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/YqmPE2HtkyU\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1504323433,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":356},"headData":{"title":"Labor Day's Violent Roots: The Hard-Won Fight for Your Long Weekend | KQED","description":"https://youtu.be/xPhLKARAve4 It wasn't always about the grilling and Slip'N Slide. In fact, that last glorious slice of summertime that Labor Day has come to represent masks the overlooked turbulent history that led to its establishment in the first place.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Labor Day's Violent Roots: The Hard-Won Fight for Your Long Weekend","datePublished":"2017-09-01T23:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-02T03:37:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"9148 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=9148","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/09/01/labor-days-violent-roots-the-hard-won-fight-for-your-three-day-weekend/","disqusTitle":"Labor Day's Violent Roots: The Hard-Won Fight for Your Long Weekend","path":"/lowdown/9148/labor-days-violent-roots-the-hard-won-fight-for-your-three-day-weekend","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xPhLKARAve4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xPhLKARAve4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It wasn't always about the grilling and Slip'N Slide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, that last glorious slice of summertime that Labor Day has come to represent masks the overlooked turbulent history that led to its establishment in the first place.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nineteenth Century America was a time of rapid industrialization. Many of the nation's urban centers were bursting at the seams, attracting a flood of poor immigrants desperate for work, but vulnerable to exploitation. Growing labor unrest led to a string of major strikes and protests, with workers demanding higher pay, safer working conditions and the right to unionize. The demonstrations often sparked violent clashes with police and private company security forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrest, though, proved fruitful. It ultimately led to major improvements for millions of workers, ushering in an era of new labor regulations that included the establishment of an 8-hour workday and laws prohibiting child labor. The reforms also gave rise to a prolonged period of burgeoning union membership, increased wages and a notable rise in the ranks of America's middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend continued until the 1970s, when good blue collar jobs, the influence\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/07/02/the-rise-and-fall-of-americas-labor-unions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> of unions\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/05/25/interactive-are-you-in-the-american-middle-class/\">size of the middle class\u003c/a> all began to sharply decline, as more U.S. companies moved their manufacturing to cheaper factories overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labor Day became an official national holiday in 1894 in the aftermath of the notorious \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pullman Strike\u003c/a>, which was among the largest in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after ordering federal authorities to quell the unrest (resulting in a number of strikers killed), President Grover Cleveland made Labor Day an official holiday as a conciliatory nod to the nation's working class. But eager to distinguish the holiday from the more radical, socialist roots of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/04/29/a-brief-history-of-may-day-the-workers-holiday-not-the-pole/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">May Day\u003c/a> -- an internationally recognized workers day -- Cleveland pushed for an apolitical September date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two short videos (above and below) provide a good, brief overview of those origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PBS\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anthropology-in-practice/2013/08/30/labor-day-its-about-time/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Scientific American\u003c/a> feature informative articles on Labor Day's roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/YqmPE2HtkyU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/YqmPE2HtkyU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/9148/labor-days-violent-roots-the-hard-won-fight-for-your-three-day-weekend","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_451","lowdown_435"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_399","lowdown_2534","lowdown_46"],"featImg":"lowdown_9168","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_12443":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_12443","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"12443","score":null,"sort":[1491332427000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-big-is-the-wage-gap-between-women-and-men","title":"MAP: It's Equal Pay Day! How Big Is the Gender Wage Gap Where You Live?","publishDate":1491332427,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>https://youtu.be/YtPt2BNWin0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today -- April 4 -- is \"Equal Pay Day.\" It marks the number of days into 2017 (plus all of 2016) that an average American woman would need to work in order to make the same amount that an average man made in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the the gender wage gap has narrowed significantly in the last 50 years, it remains stubbornly high. Nationwide, women are still paid, on average, about 80 cents for every dollar a man makes, according to the National Women's Law Center's \u003ca href=\"https://nwlc.org/issue/equal-pay-and-the-wage-gap/\">analysis \u003c/a>of \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey wage data\u003c/a>. That gap varies widely by region, and it grows significantly wider for women of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women make up about half the U.S. workforce. They're the main breadwinners in roughly 40 percent of households and have eclipsed men in the number of college and graduate degrees earned, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwlc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWLC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, on average, women earn less than men in almost every occupation for which there is sufficient wage data. The median wage for full-time male workers in 2014 was $50,383, as compared to $39,621 for women, based on NWLC's analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>By state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Click on each state in the map below to see what a woman, on average, made for every dollar made by a man in 2014 (the ratio of female to male median earnings for full-time, year-round workers), and the difference that makes annual and over the course of a 40-year career. The map uses 2014 data from the American Community Survey, as collected and analyzed by the National Women's Law Center, an advocacy group (\u003ca href=\"https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Wage-Gap-State-By-State.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">download the data here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figures are based on women's and men's 2014 median earnings for full-time, year-round work over a 40-year career, and are not adjusted for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/9a69916c-002a-11e6-82e6-0e5db1731f59/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Leading the pack was Washington D.C., where female full-time workers made, on average, 89.5 cents for every dollar male workers made. In California, which ranked eighth, women made 84.1 cents for every dollar made by men. Louisiana took up the rear: women there made a mere 65.3 cents for every dollar made by men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equal Pay Act\u003c/a> was passed in 1963, full-time working women made, on average, about 59 cents for every dollar made by men. By 1973, the gap had actually grown wider: women made 57 cents for every dollar men made. Since then, however, the gap has gradually narrowed, although it's remained fairly stagnant since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-17041 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap-400x247.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap-320x198.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why does the wage gap persist?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Reasons vary widely. Some academic studies argue that the disparity is due mainly to non-discriminatory factors related to division of labor in the home -- including childcare -- that often falls more heavily on women. Because of family-related circumstances, like giving birth, women overall are also more likely than men to have interrupted careers and work part-time, which can result in less-senior positions and lower wages. Additionally, women are still more likely than men to be employed in lower-paying service and support professions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies, however, point to evidence that the gender wage gap persists even after variables like family leave are taken into account, concluding that systemic discrimination remains a primary factor. This is especially notable for women of color, whose average pay is significantly less than white male counterparts. For every dollar that the average white man made in 2014, the average African-American woman made only 60.5 cents, and the average Latina made only 54.6 cents, according \u003ca href=\"http://nwlc.org/resources/wage-gap-state-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWLC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>By profession\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even within the same professions, women today are still paid significantly less, on average, than men. But the pay gap varies dramatically by job, according to NPR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2013/02/05/171196714/the-jobs-with-the-biggest-and-smallest-pay-gaps-between-men-and-women\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Money\u003c/a> team, which analyzed at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/bls/blswage.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003c/a> data from 2012. The chart below, by Lam Thuy Vo, shows jobs where the wage gap is smallest and largest (based on comparisons of full-time workers). Part of the gap in pay, Vo notes, results from professional decisions some women voluntarily make. She writes: \"Among physicians, for example, women are more likely than men to choose lower-paid specialties (though this does not explain all of the pay gap among doctors).\" It's also interesting to note, writes Vo, that the jobs where the gap is biggest are the one's that pay more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7453\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 616px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/04/jobs-by-gender-616.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7453 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/04/jobs-by-gender-616.gif\" alt=\"Percentages are based on the median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. Not all jobs have enough workers for BLS to calculate a meaningful ratio.Source: Bureau of Labor StatisticsCredit: Lam Thuy Vo / NPR\" width=\"616\" height=\"680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Percentages are based on the median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. Not all jobs have enough workers for BLS to calculate a meaningful ratio.\u003cbr>Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003cbr>Credit: Lam Thuy Vo / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1554231129,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/9a69916c-002a-11e6-82e6-0e5db1731f59/embed_map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":774},"headData":{"title":"MAP: It's Equal Pay Day! How Big Is the Gender Wage Gap Where You Live? | KQED","description":"https://youtu.be/YtPt2BNWin0 Today -- April 4 -- is "Equal Pay Day." It marks the number of days into 2017 (plus all of 2016) that an average American woman would need to work in order to make the same amount that an average man made in 2016. Although the the gender wage gap has narrowed significantly in","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"MAP: It's Equal Pay Day! How Big Is the Gender Wage Gap Where You Live?","datePublished":"2017-04-04T19:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2019-04-02T18:52:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12443 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=12443","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/04/04/how-big-is-the-wage-gap-between-women-and-men/","disqusTitle":"MAP: It's Equal Pay Day! How Big Is the Gender Wage Gap Where You Live?","customPermalink":"2014/04/gender-wage-gap/","path":"/lowdown/12443/how-big-is-the-wage-gap-between-women-and-men","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/YtPt2BNWin0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/YtPt2BNWin0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Today -- April 4 -- is \"Equal Pay Day.\" It marks the number of days into 2017 (plus all of 2016) that an average American woman would need to work in order to make the same amount that an average man made in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the the gender wage gap has narrowed significantly in the last 50 years, it remains stubbornly high. Nationwide, women are still paid, on average, about 80 cents for every dollar a man makes, according to the National Women's Law Center's \u003ca href=\"https://nwlc.org/issue/equal-pay-and-the-wage-gap/\">analysis \u003c/a>of \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey wage data\u003c/a>. That gap varies widely by region, and it grows significantly wider for women of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women make up about half the U.S. workforce. They're the main breadwinners in roughly 40 percent of households and have eclipsed men in the number of college and graduate degrees earned, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwlc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWLC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, on average, women earn less than men in almost every occupation for which there is sufficient wage data. The median wage for full-time male workers in 2014 was $50,383, as compared to $39,621 for women, based on NWLC's analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>By state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Click on each state in the map below to see what a woman, on average, made for every dollar made by a man in 2014 (the ratio of female to male median earnings for full-time, year-round workers), and the difference that makes annual and over the course of a 40-year career. The map uses 2014 data from the American Community Survey, as collected and analyzed by the National Women's Law Center, an advocacy group (\u003ca href=\"https://nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Wage-Gap-State-By-State.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">download the data here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figures are based on women's and men's 2014 median earnings for full-time, year-round work over a 40-year career, and are not adjusted for inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/9a69916c-002a-11e6-82e6-0e5db1731f59/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Leading the pack was Washington D.C., where female full-time workers made, on average, 89.5 cents for every dollar male workers made. In California, which ranked eighth, women made 84.1 cents for every dollar made by men. Louisiana took up the rear: women there made a mere 65.3 cents for every dollar made by men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equal Pay Act\u003c/a> was passed in 1963, full-time working women made, on average, about 59 cents for every dollar made by men. By 1973, the gap had actually grown wider: women made 57 cents for every dollar men made. Since then, however, the gap has gradually narrowed, although it's remained fairly stagnant since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-17041 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap-400x247.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Wage_Gap-320x198.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why does the wage gap persist?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Reasons vary widely. Some academic studies argue that the disparity is due mainly to non-discriminatory factors related to division of labor in the home -- including childcare -- that often falls more heavily on women. Because of family-related circumstances, like giving birth, women overall are also more likely than men to have interrupted careers and work part-time, which can result in less-senior positions and lower wages. Additionally, women are still more likely than men to be employed in lower-paying service and support professions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies, however, point to evidence that the gender wage gap persists even after variables like family leave are taken into account, concluding that systemic discrimination remains a primary factor. This is especially notable for women of color, whose average pay is significantly less than white male counterparts. For every dollar that the average white man made in 2014, the average African-American woman made only 60.5 cents, and the average Latina made only 54.6 cents, according \u003ca href=\"http://nwlc.org/resources/wage-gap-state-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NWLC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>By profession\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even within the same professions, women today are still paid significantly less, on average, than men. But the pay gap varies dramatically by job, according to NPR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2013/02/05/171196714/the-jobs-with-the-biggest-and-smallest-pay-gaps-between-men-and-women\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Money\u003c/a> team, which analyzed at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/bls/blswage.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003c/a> data from 2012. The chart below, by Lam Thuy Vo, shows jobs where the wage gap is smallest and largest (based on comparisons of full-time workers). Part of the gap in pay, Vo notes, results from professional decisions some women voluntarily make. She writes: \"Among physicians, for example, women are more likely than men to choose lower-paid specialties (though this does not explain all of the pay gap among doctors).\" It's also interesting to note, writes Vo, that the jobs where the gap is biggest are the one's that pay more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7453\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 616px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/04/jobs-by-gender-616.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7453 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/04/jobs-by-gender-616.gif\" alt=\"Percentages are based on the median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. Not all jobs have enough workers for BLS to calculate a meaningful ratio.Source: Bureau of Labor StatisticsCredit: Lam Thuy Vo / NPR\" width=\"616\" height=\"680\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Percentages are based on the median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. Not all jobs have enough workers for BLS to calculate a meaningful ratio.\u003cbr>Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003cbr>Credit: Lam Thuy Vo / NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/12443/how-big-is-the-wage-gap-between-women-and-men","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_391","lowdown_256","lowdown_451","lowdown_242","lowdown_435","lowdown_457"],"tags":["lowdown_2524","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2522"],"featImg":"lowdown_21845","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_22680":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_22680","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"22680","score":null,"sort":[1467723639000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"puerto-ricos-debt-crisis-explained","title":"Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis Explained","publishDate":1467723639,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>https://youtu.be/PvLSN3Vr8W0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico is drowning in debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->The cash-strapped U.S. island territory in the Caribbean hasn’t been financially sound for at least a decade, and for years has borrowed huge sums of money to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s buried under $72 billion of debt - equivalent to about $20,000 per resident. Puerto Rico’s governor called the situation a “death spiral” and last summer conceded that the amount was simply \"not payable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the past year, Puerto Rico has repeatedly defaulted (skipped out) on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-defaults-on-principal-of-422-million-debt-payment.html\">large debt payments\u003c/a>. And last Friday, the island did something that hasn’t happened on any U.S. territory since the height of the Great Depression in the 1930s: it skipped out on a \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/12/investing/puerto-rico-debt-crisis/?iid=EL\">$3 billion payment\u003c/a> to creditors who held general obligation bonds, a debt it was legally required to pay back before funding anything else, even emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to stop the bleeding, Congress passed a financial rescue bill on June 30, placing the island’s finances under the control of a federally-appointed oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What does the new law do?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The new law is called the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act -- PROMESA, for short. It creates an oversight board tasked with resolving the island’s crisis by negotiating with Puerto Rico's creditors –- the bondholders -- and the Puerto Rican government to \"restructure\" the debt. That might mean allowing Puerto Rico to pay it back over a longer period of time and convincing creditors to forgive some of what they’re owed. The full text of the law is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-114s2328enr/pdf/BILLS-114s2328enr.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most importantly, the measure shields Puerto Rico until 2017 from being sued by creditors if it misses a debt payment. This, in theory, buys the board time to come up with a deal without Puerto Rico getting slapped with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t mistake it for a bailout. It’s far from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PROMESA doesn't actually provide any money to Puerto Rico's government. It just shifts decision-making authority from its locally elected government to the federal oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board will have seven voting members who are supposed to be experts in finance or law. The members will be appointed by President Obama, with input from Republican and Democratic leaders in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one of those seats is reserved for someone who lives or works in Puerto Rico. And to the chagrin of Puerto Rican officials, members of its own government are barred from serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why doesn’t Puerto Rico just declare bankruptcy?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s status as a U.S. territory is definitely not working in its favor at the moment. Unlike cities or counties in U.S. states, the island can’t file for bankruptcy – as\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=248568485\"> Detroit did in 2013\u003c/a>. The federal government has been unwilling to declare emergency measures to help the island’s most vulnerable residents, as it might have if a U.S. state were undergoing a similar crisis. And unlike sovereign nations, such as Greece, it can’t seek emergency assistance from the International Monetary Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who supports the law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>PROMESA garnered a rare showing of bipartisan support, including the backing of both President Obama \u003ci>and\u003c/i> House Speaker Paul Ryan. Most members of Congress see it as the best way to manage a bad situation. Some Republicans worry it sets a precedent for federal intervention in fiscally-troubled states, although party leaders are quick to emphasize that it is by no means a taxpayer bailout. And some Democrats are unhappy about a provision in the law that would decrease the minimum wage for young workers on the island to $4.25/hour. Nonetheless, the bill passed both the House and the Senate by wide margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who's opposed to it?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The island's governor, Alejandro Garcia Padilla, has been less enthusiastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia Padilla argues that PROMESA's oversight board would place too much power in the hands of outside, unelected officials, undermining the rights of Puerto Ricans to determine their own destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He now appears, however, to have reluctantly accepted this path as a necessary evil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico has turned into “a colony of Wall Street,” Garcia Padilla said during a recent press conference. “We are starting the process of putting it back in the hands of Puerto Ricans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-speaks-in-opposition-to-house-puerto-rico-bill\">Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.)\u003c/a> has been most the vocal opponent of the measure, calling it \"blatant neocolonialism.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4608491/promesa-testimony\">Sen. Bernie Sanders (D-Vt.)\u003c/a> has consistently echoed that assessment, referring to PROMESA as a \"terrible piece of legislation\" that \"treat[s] Puerto Rico as a colony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Puerto Rican residents have publicly protested the bill, labeling it an instrument of colonialism. A smaller contingent have even\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-debt-relief-law-stirs-colonial-resentment.html?_r=1\"> called for a “Prexit”\u003c/a> – a Puerto Rican exit from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How bad are conditions on the island?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Pretty bad. Sen. Harry Reid (D-Nev.) recently\u003ca href=\"http://www.reid.senate.gov/press_releases/2016-06-29-reid-puerto-rico-bill-is-far-from-perfect-but-we-must-address-the-economic-crisis#.V3aSxZMrLow\"> described\u003c/a> the situation as nothing short of \"a humanitarian disaster.” The crisis hits the island’s public services and poorest residents particularly hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 schools have already been shuttered for lack of funds, and hundreds more are expected to close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the looming threat of a Zika virus outbreak, Puerto Rico's largest\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/03/468907162/puerto-ricos-growing-financial-crisis-threatens-health-care-too\"> pediatric hospital\u003c/a> recently cut its hours and shut down two wings. Another hospital is operating without electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rican officials have raised taxes and laid off thousands of public employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s unemployment rate has climbed to nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.pr.htm\">12 percent\u003c/a>, more than double the national rate. And almost half of the island’s residents now live below the federal poverty line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this has prompted a mass exodus, particularly among sets of desperately-needed skilled workers, like doctors, who are moving in droves to the mainland. In the past decade, almost 10 percent of the population has departed, according to recent Census data.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How did Puerto Rico get into this mess?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A combination of factors. For starters, Puerto Rico for decades was a manufacturing powerhouse, fueled by U.S. companies that received a hefty tax break for basing their operations there. In 2006, though, that incentive was phased out and companies relocated, spurring a major drop in the island’s revenue and jobs. Economic conditions deteriorated further when the U.S. financial crisis hit in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/OwTJ1daiUfQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also been extremely easy – much too easy, it turns out – for Puerto Rico to borrow money. Lending has generally been through municipal bonds, which are “triple tax exempt.” This means that anyone who buys a Puerto Rican bond (which, in effect, lends money to the Puerto Rican government) doesn't have to pay federal, state, or local taxes on the interest they earn. Large numbers of investors, including big hedge funds, gravitated toward Puerto Rican bonds despite strong signs its economy was tanking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, borrowed cash poured in. As Puerto Rico’s inefficient government spent much more than it took in, public debt skyrocketed -- from $43.5 billion in 2006 to $72 billion today. Now it’s loans are due, and the island can hardly begin to pay them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What’s next?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Once its members are chosen, the oversight board will begin working on a deal that can at least temporarily stabilize the island's finances. In the long run, investors will most likely have to accept that Puerto Rico simply won’t be able to pay back the full amount it owes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rico’s poorest residents will continue to be hit hardest, as the island endures prolonged cost-cutting measures, similar to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/17/confused-about-the-greek-economic-crisis-heres-whats-going-on/\"> Greece’s austerity reforms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will probably mean even fewer jobs, increased taxes and further cuts to education, health and other and crucial public services, which in turn will accelerate the exodus to the mainland for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, things in Puerto Rico stand to get worse before they get better.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1468274435,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1366},"headData":{"title":"Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis Explained | KQED","description":"https://youtu.be/PvLSN3Vr8W0 Puerto Rico is drowning in debt.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis Explained","datePublished":"2016-07-05T13:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2016-07-11T22:00:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"22680 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=22680","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/07/05/puerto-ricos-debt-crisis-explained/","disqusTitle":"Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis Explained","path":"/lowdown/22680/puerto-ricos-debt-crisis-explained","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/PvLSN3Vr8W0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/PvLSN3Vr8W0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Puerto Rico is drowning in debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->The cash-strapped U.S. island territory in the Caribbean hasn’t been financially sound for at least a decade, and for years has borrowed huge sums of money to make ends meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s buried under $72 billion of debt - equivalent to about $20,000 per resident. Puerto Rico’s governor called the situation a “death spiral” and last summer conceded that the amount was simply \"not payable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the past year, Puerto Rico has repeatedly defaulted (skipped out) on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-defaults-on-principal-of-422-million-debt-payment.html\">large debt payments\u003c/a>. And last Friday, the island did something that hasn’t happened on any U.S. territory since the height of the Great Depression in the 1930s: it skipped out on a \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/12/investing/puerto-rico-debt-crisis/?iid=EL\">$3 billion payment\u003c/a> to creditors who held general obligation bonds, a debt it was legally required to pay back before funding anything else, even emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an attempt to stop the bleeding, Congress passed a financial rescue bill on June 30, placing the island’s finances under the control of a federally-appointed oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What does the new law do?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The new law is called the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act -- PROMESA, for short. It creates an oversight board tasked with resolving the island’s crisis by negotiating with Puerto Rico's creditors –- the bondholders -- and the Puerto Rican government to \"restructure\" the debt. That might mean allowing Puerto Rico to pay it back over a longer period of time and convincing creditors to forgive some of what they’re owed. The full text of the law is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-114s2328enr/pdf/BILLS-114s2328enr.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most importantly, the measure shields Puerto Rico until 2017 from being sued by creditors if it misses a debt payment. This, in theory, buys the board time to come up with a deal without Puerto Rico getting slapped with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t mistake it for a bailout. It’s far from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PROMESA doesn't actually provide any money to Puerto Rico's government. It just shifts decision-making authority from its locally elected government to the federal oversight board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board will have seven voting members who are supposed to be experts in finance or law. The members will be appointed by President Obama, with input from Republican and Democratic leaders in Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one of those seats is reserved for someone who lives or works in Puerto Rico. And to the chagrin of Puerto Rican officials, members of its own government are barred from serving.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why doesn’t Puerto Rico just declare bankruptcy?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s status as a U.S. territory is definitely not working in its favor at the moment. Unlike cities or counties in U.S. states, the island can’t file for bankruptcy – as\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=248568485\"> Detroit did in 2013\u003c/a>. The federal government has been unwilling to declare emergency measures to help the island’s most vulnerable residents, as it might have if a U.S. state were undergoing a similar crisis. And unlike sovereign nations, such as Greece, it can’t seek emergency assistance from the International Monetary Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who supports the law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>PROMESA garnered a rare showing of bipartisan support, including the backing of both President Obama \u003ci>and\u003c/i> House Speaker Paul Ryan. Most members of Congress see it as the best way to manage a bad situation. Some Republicans worry it sets a precedent for federal intervention in fiscally-troubled states, although party leaders are quick to emphasize that it is by no means a taxpayer bailout. And some Democrats are unhappy about a provision in the law that would decrease the minimum wage for young workers on the island to $4.25/hour. Nonetheless, the bill passed both the House and the Senate by wide margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who's opposed to it?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The island's governor, Alejandro Garcia Padilla, has been less enthusiastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia Padilla argues that PROMESA's oversight board would place too much power in the hands of outside, unelected officials, undermining the rights of Puerto Ricans to determine their own destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He now appears, however, to have reluctantly accepted this path as a necessary evil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico has turned into “a colony of Wall Street,” Garcia Padilla said during a recent press conference. “We are starting the process of putting it back in the hands of Puerto Ricans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-speaks-in-opposition-to-house-puerto-rico-bill\">Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.)\u003c/a> has been most the vocal opponent of the measure, calling it \"blatant neocolonialism.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4608491/promesa-testimony\">Sen. Bernie Sanders (D-Vt.)\u003c/a> has consistently echoed that assessment, referring to PROMESA as a \"terrible piece of legislation\" that \"treat[s] Puerto Rico as a colony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Puerto Rican residents have publicly protested the bill, labeling it an instrument of colonialism. A smaller contingent have even\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/business/dealbook/puerto-rico-debt-relief-law-stirs-colonial-resentment.html?_r=1\"> called for a “Prexit”\u003c/a> – a Puerto Rican exit from the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How bad are conditions on the island?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Pretty bad. Sen. Harry Reid (D-Nev.) recently\u003ca href=\"http://www.reid.senate.gov/press_releases/2016-06-29-reid-puerto-rico-bill-is-far-from-perfect-but-we-must-address-the-economic-crisis#.V3aSxZMrLow\"> described\u003c/a> the situation as nothing short of \"a humanitarian disaster.” The crisis hits the island’s public services and poorest residents particularly hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 schools have already been shuttered for lack of funds, and hundreds more are expected to close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the looming threat of a Zika virus outbreak, Puerto Rico's largest\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/03/468907162/puerto-ricos-growing-financial-crisis-threatens-health-care-too\"> pediatric hospital\u003c/a> recently cut its hours and shut down two wings. Another hospital is operating without electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rican officials have raised taxes and laid off thousands of public employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puerto Rico’s unemployment rate has climbed to nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.pr.htm\">12 percent\u003c/a>, more than double the national rate. And almost half of the island’s residents now live below the federal poverty line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this has prompted a mass exodus, particularly among sets of desperately-needed skilled workers, like doctors, who are moving in droves to the mainland. In the past decade, almost 10 percent of the population has departed, according to recent Census data.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How did Puerto Rico get into this mess?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A combination of factors. For starters, Puerto Rico for decades was a manufacturing powerhouse, fueled by U.S. companies that received a hefty tax break for basing their operations there. In 2006, though, that incentive was phased out and companies relocated, spurring a major drop in the island’s revenue and jobs. Economic conditions deteriorated further when the U.S. financial crisis hit in 2008.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/OwTJ1daiUfQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/OwTJ1daiUfQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s also been extremely easy – much too easy, it turns out – for Puerto Rico to borrow money. Lending has generally been through municipal bonds, which are “triple tax exempt.” This means that anyone who buys a Puerto Rican bond (which, in effect, lends money to the Puerto Rican government) doesn't have to pay federal, state, or local taxes on the interest they earn. Large numbers of investors, including big hedge funds, gravitated toward Puerto Rican bonds despite strong signs its economy was tanking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, borrowed cash poured in. As Puerto Rico’s inefficient government spent much more than it took in, public debt skyrocketed -- from $43.5 billion in 2006 to $72 billion today. Now it’s loans are due, and the island can hardly begin to pay them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What’s next?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Once its members are chosen, the oversight board will begin working on a deal that can at least temporarily stabilize the island's finances. In the long run, investors will most likely have to accept that Puerto Rico simply won’t be able to pay back the full amount it owes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Puerto Rico’s poorest residents will continue to be hit hardest, as the island endures prolonged cost-cutting measures, similar to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/17/confused-about-the-greek-economic-crisis-heres-whats-going-on/\"> Greece’s austerity reforms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will probably mean even fewer jobs, increased taxes and further cuts to education, health and other and crucial public services, which in turn will accelerate the exodus to the mainland for the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, things in Puerto Rico stand to get worse before they get better.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/22680/puerto-ricos-debt-crisis-explained","authors":["8628"],"categories":["lowdown_451"],"tags":["lowdown_321","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2545"],"featImg":"lowdown_22682","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_11724":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_11724","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"11724","score":null,"sort":[1465599607000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"america-the-land-of-opportunity-not-for-most-poor-people-a-study-finds","title":"Is America Still the Land of Opportunity? An Illustrated Explainer","publishDate":1465599607,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>Few Americans born into poverty ever get to experience the iconic rise from \"rags to riches.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">2014 study\u003c/a> by a team of UC Berkeley and Harvard economists examined upward income mobility throughout the nation, finding that less than 8 percent of people born at the bottom 20 percent of the income ladder ever climb to the top 20 percent as adults. The study, though, also found that geographic location can significantly impact those odds. Cartoon journalist Andy Warner explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"3006\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30751\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility.png 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-160x776.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-240x1164.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-375x1818.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-520x2521.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Source\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Equality of Opportunity Project\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1524512941,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":87},"headData":{"title":"Is America Still the Land of Opportunity? An Illustrated Explainer | KQED","description":"Few Americans born into poverty ever get to experience the iconic rise from "rags to riches."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is America Still the Land of Opportunity? An Illustrated Explainer","datePublished":"2016-06-10T23:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2018-04-23T19:49:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11724 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=11724","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/06/10/america-the-land-of-opportunity-not-for-most-poor-people-a-study-finds/","disqusTitle":"Is America Still the Land of Opportunity? An Illustrated Explainer","customPermalink":"2014/02/06/land-of-opportunity/","path":"/lowdown/11724/america-the-land-of-opportunity-not-for-most-poor-people-a-study-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Few Americans born into poverty ever get to experience the iconic rise from \"rags to riches.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">2014 study\u003c/a> by a team of UC Berkeley and Harvard economists examined upward income mobility throughout the nation, finding that less than 8 percent of people born at the bottom 20 percent of the income ladder ever climb to the top 20 percent as adults. The study, though, also found that geographic location can significantly impact those odds. Cartoon journalist Andy Warner explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility.png\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"3006\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30751\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility.png 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-160x776.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-240x1164.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-375x1818.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/06/Economic_Mobility-520x2521.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Source\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Equality of Opportunity Project\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/11724/america-the-land-of-opportunity-not-for-most-poor-people-a-study-finds","authors":["7506"],"categories":["lowdown_391","lowdown_256","lowdown_588","lowdown_451","lowdown_457"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_47","lowdown_414","lowdown_469"],"featImg":"lowdown_22430","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_22088":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_22088","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"22088","score":null,"sort":[1464221998000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"interactive-are-you-in-the-american-middle-class","title":"Are You In The Middle Class? Find Out With This Interactive Income Calculator","publishDate":1464221998,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>https://youtu.be/_MMKZSQaKxU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there's one thing the presidential candidates agree on it's the need to support and grow America's dwindling middle class.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How to do that, though, is where the agreement ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/\" target=\"_blank\">recent economic analysis\u003c/a>, Pew Research found that the middle class has declined considerably since the 1970s, when good-paying manufacturing jobs were still relatively abundant. For the first time in four decades, middle-income earners no longer make up the nation's economic majority group; more American households now fall into the upper and lower classes, indicating a widening gap between the nation's rich and poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/ST_2016.05.12_middle-class-geo-03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-22172 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/ST_2016.05.12_middle-class-geo-03.png\" alt=\"ST_2016.05.12_middle-class-geo-03\" width=\"350\" height=\"282\">\u003c/a>According to the report: \"In early 2015, 120.8 million adults were in middle-income households, compared with 121.3 million in lower- and upper-income households combined, a demographic shift that could signal a tipping point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using data from U.S. Census Bureau and the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, the report defines “middle-income” Americans as \"adults whose annual household income is two-thirds to double the national median, about $42,000 to $126,000 annually in 2014 dollars for a household of three.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[If the income calculator does not show up in your browser, you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\">view it here\u003c/a>] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"pew21164\" src=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-calculator/iframe/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"844px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cscript id=\"pew-iframe\" type=\"text/javascript\">// \u003c![CDATA[ (function(){function async_load(){var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.async=true;s.src='http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/plugins/pew-scripts/js/iframeResizer.min.js';s.onload=s.onreadystatechange=function(){var rs=this.readyState;try{iFrameResize([],'iframe#pew21164')}catch(e){}};var embedder=document.getElementById('pew-iframe');embedder.parentNode.insertBefore(s,embedder)}if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent('onload',async_load);else window.addEventListener('load',async_load,false)})();\n// ]]>\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Methodology explained \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/05/11/americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"pew21580\" src=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-metro-map/iframe/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"844px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cscript id=\"pew-iframe\" type=\"text/javascript\">// \u003c![CDATA[ (function(){function async_load(){var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.async=true;s.src='http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/plugins/pew-scripts/js/iframeResizer.min.js';s.onload=s.onreadystatechange=function(){var rs=this.readyState;try{iFrameResize([],'iframe#pew21580')}catch(e){}};var embedder=document.getElementById('pew-iframe');embedder.parentNode.insertBefore(s,embedder)}if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent('onload',async_load);else window.addEventListener('load',async_load,false)})();\n// ]]>\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1465944248,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-calculator/iframe/","http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-metro-map/iframe/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":216},"headData":{"title":"Are You In The Middle Class? Find Out With This Interactive Income Calculator | KQED","description":"https://youtu.be/_MMKZSQaKxU If there's one thing the presidential candidates agree on it's the need to support and grow America's dwindling middle class.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Are You In The Middle Class? Find Out With This Interactive Income Calculator","datePublished":"2016-05-26T00:19:58.000Z","dateModified":"2016-06-14T22:44:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"22088 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=22088","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/05/25/interactive-are-you-in-the-american-middle-class/","disqusTitle":"Are You In The Middle Class? Find Out With This Interactive Income Calculator","path":"/lowdown/22088/interactive-are-you-in-the-american-middle-class","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_MMKZSQaKxU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_MMKZSQaKxU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>If there's one thing the presidential candidates agree on it's the need to support and grow America's dwindling middle class.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How to do that, though, is where the agreement ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/\" target=\"_blank\">recent economic analysis\u003c/a>, Pew Research found that the middle class has declined considerably since the 1970s, when good-paying manufacturing jobs were still relatively abundant. For the first time in four decades, middle-income earners no longer make up the nation's economic majority group; more American households now fall into the upper and lower classes, indicating a widening gap between the nation's rich and poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/ST_2016.05.12_middle-class-geo-03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-22172 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/ST_2016.05.12_middle-class-geo-03.png\" alt=\"ST_2016.05.12_middle-class-geo-03\" width=\"350\" height=\"282\">\u003c/a>According to the report: \"In early 2015, 120.8 million adults were in middle-income households, compared with 121.3 million in lower- and upper-income households combined, a demographic shift that could signal a tipping point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using data from U.S. Census Bureau and the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, the report defines “middle-income” Americans as \"adults whose annual household income is two-thirds to double the national median, about $42,000 to $126,000 annually in 2014 dollars for a household of three.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[If the income calculator does not show up in your browser, you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\">view it here\u003c/a>] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"pew21164\" src=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-calculator/iframe/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"844px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cscript id=\"pew-iframe\" type=\"text/javascript\">// \u003c![CDATA[ (function(){function async_load(){var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.async=true;s.src='http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/plugins/pew-scripts/js/iframeResizer.min.js';s.onload=s.onreadystatechange=function(){var rs=this.readyState;try{iFrameResize([],'iframe#pew21164')}catch(e){}};var embedder=document.getElementById('pew-iframe');embedder.parentNode.insertBefore(s,embedder)}if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent('onload',async_load);else window.addEventListener('load',async_load,false)})();\n// ]]>\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Methodology explained \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/05/11/americas-shrinking-middle-class-a-close-look-at-changes-within-metropolitan-areas/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe id=\"pew21580\" src=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/middle-class-metro-map/iframe/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"844px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cscript id=\"pew-iframe\" type=\"text/javascript\">// \u003c![CDATA[ (function(){function async_load(){var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.async=true;s.src='http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/plugins/pew-scripts/js/iframeResizer.min.js';s.onload=s.onreadystatechange=function(){var rs=this.readyState;try{iFrameResize([],'iframe#pew21580')}catch(e){}};var embedder=document.getElementById('pew-iframe');embedder.parentNode.insertBefore(s,embedder)}if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent('onload',async_load);else window.addEventListener('load',async_load,false)})();\n// ]]>\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/22088/interactive-are-you-in-the-american-middle-class","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_451"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2534"],"featImg":"lowdown_22171","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_18486":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_18486","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"18486","score":null,"sort":[1461801623000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"redlining","title":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive]","publishDate":1461801623,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>A Supreme Court decision last June made clear that housing discrimination is not just a thing of the past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions & Suggestions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why did the federal government create different categories for different neighborhoods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you notice any lasting effects of redlining where you live?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a green area in one of the interactive maps below. What are the reasons given for that neighborhood's desirability?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a red area. What are the reasons given for its low ranking?\u003cem>For more teaching ideas, download a\u003ca href=\"http://ucbhssp.berkeley.edu/content/struggles-justice-segregation-housing-united-states\" target=\"_blank\"> lesson plan on U.S. housing discrimination\u003c/a>, created by Mt. Diablo Unified high school teacher Jenna Rentz, in collaboration with the UC Berkeley History-Social Science Project.\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/06/25/417516457/supreme-court-sides-with-civil-rights-advocates-in-fair-housing-case\" target=\"_blank\">5-4 decision\u003c/a>, the High Court ruled that even unintentional housing discrimination violates the Fair Housing Act. Homeowners or renters, it stated, can file suit against government or private housing policies without having to prove that alleged discriminatory act was done intentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing for the majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy said that although legally sanctioned racial segregation is over, “its vestiges remain today, intertwined with the country’s economic and social life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not, however, elaborate on the various federal government policies in place before the Civil Rights Movement that actually encouraged housing discrimination and segregation. It's these policies, some historians argue, that helped determine the demographic makeup of the neighborhoods many of us live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC). Established by Congress in 1933, the initiative was promoted by President Franklin Roosevelt to help stem the urban foreclosure crisis that had spiked during the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next three years, the federal agency refinanced more than a million homes. It issued low-interest, long-term loans to scores of new homeowners across the nation, spurring a dramatic uptick in home-ownership over the proceeding decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only for some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show which areas were safe investments, HOLC gathered reams of local data to draw up “residential safety maps\" of cities across the nation. Neighborhoods were classified into one of four categories based on \"favorable\" and \"detrimental\" influences. Factors included terrain and type and age of buildings, as well as the \"threat of infiltration of foreign-born, negro, or lower grade population.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-18884\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png\" alt=\"palette\" width=\"296\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png 562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\">\u003c/a>\"A\" areas, in green, were considered \"hot spots,\" where good mortgage lenders ... are willing to make their maximum loans.\" \"B\" areas, in blue, were deemed not as desirable, but \"still good.\" \"C\" areas, in yellow, were considered in decline. And finally, \"D\" areas, in red, were considered to be in full decline, areas lenders should steer clear of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, HOLC's classification method was heavily influenced by a neighborhood's racial and economic demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private banks quickly adopted the government's identification system, commonly denying home loans to residents in neighborhoods considered risky. The color-coding of maps became a verb: to redline a community was to mark it as undesirable and not worthy of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some of the original HOLC maps and re-created interactive versions, which use data collected by the \u003ca href=\"http://salt.umd.edu/T-RACES/demo/demo.html\" target=\"_blank\">University of Maryland's T-Races project\u003c/a>. Created in the late 1930s, they illustrate HOLC's neighborhood classification system for mid-to-large cities in the Bay Area and elsewhere in California. For the interactive maps, click on each neighborhood to see copies of the HOLC's original assessment surveys. Find additional maps for San Jose, Los Angeles, San Diego and Stockton at the end of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18878 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg\" alt=\"OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-400x295.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1180x871.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-960x708.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knkdNhx04PDQ\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-18880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\" alt=\"SF\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kt6v-_88BBJo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Richmond Historian Robert K. Nelson, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://dsl.richmond.edu/holc/pages/intro\" target=\"_blank\">Redlining Richmond \u003c/a>project describes the methodology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Neighborhoods inexorably declined as housing stock decayed and housing styles went out of fashion, lowering values to the point that a \"lower grade population\" began \"infiltrating\" the neighborhood. This was bad enough when those infiltrators were working-class or foreign-born whites. Their presence compromised the neighborhood's social homogeneity and accelerated the decline of both housing values and neighborhood desirability. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The movement of African Americans into a neighborhood was far worse according to this model, precipitating the final demise of its desirability and \"residential security.\" Thus while HOLC grades were assigned by weighing a variety of factors, including the age of houses and the fashionability of particular architectural styles, it is clear that race trumped all others ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although officially prohibited by the \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/progdesc/title8\" target=\"_blank\">Fair Housing Act\u003c/a> of 1968, the practice of neighborhood delineation based on race and class had a lasting impact, depriving certain neighborhoods of essential resources. And that many argue, helped determine the demographic and economic makeup of the neighborhoods we live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More subtle forms of redlining continue however, as evidenced by recent discriminatory loan practice \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2015/HUDNo_15-064b\" target=\"_blank\">settlements\u003c/a> and issues of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777683\" target=\"_blank\">\"retail redlining,\"\u003c/a> wherein businesses avoid setting up shop in neighborhoods deemed undesirable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View HOLC maps of additional cities at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanoasis.org/projects/holc-fha/digital-holc-maps/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Oasis project\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-18881 size-full alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\" alt=\"SJ\" width=\"624\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png 624w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ-400x360.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kiGRF4iVhw8g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18882 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg\" alt=\"LosAngelesHOLC-lg\" width=\"640\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-400x284.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-800x567.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1180x836.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-960x680.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kRkIgBut9l-o\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knWPOJ6VvdDo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kdTG-ML2eOFU\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kwu99aJGMq3g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1531507097,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":821},"headData":{"title":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive] | KQED","description":"A Supreme Court decision last June made clear that housing discrimination is not just a thing of the past.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive]","datePublished":"2016-04-28T00:00:23.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-13T18:38:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"18486 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=18486","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/04/27/redlining/","disqusTitle":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive]","path":"/lowdown/18486/redlining","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Supreme Court decision last June made clear that housing discrimination is not just a thing of the past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions & Suggestions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why did the federal government create different categories for different neighborhoods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you notice any lasting effects of redlining where you live?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a green area in one of the interactive maps below. What are the reasons given for that neighborhood's desirability?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a red area. What are the reasons given for its low ranking?\u003cem>For more teaching ideas, download a\u003ca href=\"http://ucbhssp.berkeley.edu/content/struggles-justice-segregation-housing-united-states\" target=\"_blank\"> lesson plan on U.S. housing discrimination\u003c/a>, created by Mt. Diablo Unified high school teacher Jenna Rentz, in collaboration with the UC Berkeley History-Social Science Project.\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/06/25/417516457/supreme-court-sides-with-civil-rights-advocates-in-fair-housing-case\" target=\"_blank\">5-4 decision\u003c/a>, the High Court ruled that even unintentional housing discrimination violates the Fair Housing Act. Homeowners or renters, it stated, can file suit against government or private housing policies without having to prove that alleged discriminatory act was done intentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing for the majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy said that although legally sanctioned racial segregation is over, “its vestiges remain today, intertwined with the country’s economic and social life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not, however, elaborate on the various federal government policies in place before the Civil Rights Movement that actually encouraged housing discrimination and segregation. It's these policies, some historians argue, that helped determine the demographic makeup of the neighborhoods many of us live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC). Established by Congress in 1933, the initiative was promoted by President Franklin Roosevelt to help stem the urban foreclosure crisis that had spiked during the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next three years, the federal agency refinanced more than a million homes. It issued low-interest, long-term loans to scores of new homeowners across the nation, spurring a dramatic uptick in home-ownership over the proceeding decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only for some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show which areas were safe investments, HOLC gathered reams of local data to draw up “residential safety maps\" of cities across the nation. Neighborhoods were classified into one of four categories based on \"favorable\" and \"detrimental\" influences. Factors included terrain and type and age of buildings, as well as the \"threat of infiltration of foreign-born, negro, or lower grade population.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-18884\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png\" alt=\"palette\" width=\"296\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png 562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\">\u003c/a>\"A\" areas, in green, were considered \"hot spots,\" where good mortgage lenders ... are willing to make their maximum loans.\" \"B\" areas, in blue, were deemed not as desirable, but \"still good.\" \"C\" areas, in yellow, were considered in decline. And finally, \"D\" areas, in red, were considered to be in full decline, areas lenders should steer clear of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, HOLC's classification method was heavily influenced by a neighborhood's racial and economic demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private banks quickly adopted the government's identification system, commonly denying home loans to residents in neighborhoods considered risky. The color-coding of maps became a verb: to redline a community was to mark it as undesirable and not worthy of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some of the original HOLC maps and re-created interactive versions, which use data collected by the \u003ca href=\"http://salt.umd.edu/T-RACES/demo/demo.html\" target=\"_blank\">University of Maryland's T-Races project\u003c/a>. Created in the late 1930s, they illustrate HOLC's neighborhood classification system for mid-to-large cities in the Bay Area and elsewhere in California. For the interactive maps, click on each neighborhood to see copies of the HOLC's original assessment surveys. Find additional maps for San Jose, Los Angeles, San Diego and Stockton at the end of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18878 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg\" alt=\"OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-400x295.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1180x871.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-960x708.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knkdNhx04PDQ\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-18880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\" alt=\"SF\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kt6v-_88BBJo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Richmond Historian Robert K. Nelson, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://dsl.richmond.edu/holc/pages/intro\" target=\"_blank\">Redlining Richmond \u003c/a>project describes the methodology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Neighborhoods inexorably declined as housing stock decayed and housing styles went out of fashion, lowering values to the point that a \"lower grade population\" began \"infiltrating\" the neighborhood. This was bad enough when those infiltrators were working-class or foreign-born whites. Their presence compromised the neighborhood's social homogeneity and accelerated the decline of both housing values and neighborhood desirability. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The movement of African Americans into a neighborhood was far worse according to this model, precipitating the final demise of its desirability and \"residential security.\" Thus while HOLC grades were assigned by weighing a variety of factors, including the age of houses and the fashionability of particular architectural styles, it is clear that race trumped all others ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although officially prohibited by the \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/progdesc/title8\" target=\"_blank\">Fair Housing Act\u003c/a> of 1968, the practice of neighborhood delineation based on race and class had a lasting impact, depriving certain neighborhoods of essential resources. And that many argue, helped determine the demographic and economic makeup of the neighborhoods we live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More subtle forms of redlining continue however, as evidenced by recent discriminatory loan practice \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2015/HUDNo_15-064b\" target=\"_blank\">settlements\u003c/a> and issues of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777683\" target=\"_blank\">\"retail redlining,\"\u003c/a> wherein businesses avoid setting up shop in neighborhoods deemed undesirable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View HOLC maps of additional cities at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanoasis.org/projects/holc-fha/digital-holc-maps/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Oasis project\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-18881 size-full alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\" alt=\"SJ\" width=\"624\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png 624w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ-400x360.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kiGRF4iVhw8g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18882 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg\" alt=\"LosAngelesHOLC-lg\" width=\"640\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-400x284.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-800x567.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1180x836.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-960x680.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kRkIgBut9l-o\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knWPOJ6VvdDo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kdTG-ML2eOFU\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kwu99aJGMq3g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/18486/redlining","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2390","lowdown_451","lowdown_1","lowdown_2365"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2441","lowdown_60"],"featImg":"lowdown_18880","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_11110":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_11110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"11110","score":null,"sort":[1452538803000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot","title":"Infographic: Feeling Lucky? These Are Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Jackpot (Spoiler: Don't Quit Your Day Job)","publishDate":1452538803,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>If you gamble on faith (as opposed to odds) you might not want read this before standing in that mile-long line to buy your Powerball ticket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jackpot for Powerball , the popular lottery game available throughout most of the country, has rolled over every week since November because no one has picked the winning six number combination. The next drawing is Wednesday night (Jan. 13), with an estimated jackpot of $1.5 billion, the largest of any lottery game ever!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It costs a mere $2 to play, so why the heck not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ... without trying to be a total a total buzz kill here, let's take a quick look at the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of winning almost any big stakes lottery game is just north of impossible. For Powerball, the odds are roughly one in 292 million, up from a mere one in 175 million in October, when the Multi-State Lottery Association \u003ca title=\"About Powerball.\" href=\"http://www.powerball.com/pb_contact.asp\">stiffened the odds\u003c/a> but made it easier to win smaller prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means your odds of winning are statistically a good deal lower than your odds of, say, getting hit by a bolt of lightening -- a presumably less favorable outcome. So, with that in mind, please be sure to take shelter during thunderstorms, and, if you play Powerball, don't quit your day job ... just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hey, you never know, right? Someone's eventually gotta win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this infographic, animator Joe Golling illustrates the mathematical probability of selecting that winning combination. (Note that the graphic was produced prior to the Lottery Association's decision to up the odds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-11112 size-full\" style=\"border: 0;\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/12/Lotto_POSTER_v3.gif\" alt=\"Lotto_POSTER_v3\" width=\"620\" height=\"3620\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1452711352,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":268},"headData":{"title":"Infographic: Feeling Lucky? These Are Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Jackpot (Spoiler: Don't Quit Your Day Job) | KQED","description":"If you gamble on faith (as opposed to odds) you might not want read this before standing in that mile-long line to buy your Powerball ticket.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Infographic: Feeling Lucky? These Are Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Jackpot (Spoiler: Don't Quit Your Day Job)","datePublished":"2016-01-11T19:00:03.000Z","dateModified":"2016-01-13T18:55:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11110 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=11110","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/01/11/what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot/","disqusTitle":"Infographic: Feeling Lucky? These Are Your Odds of Winning The Powerball Jackpot (Spoiler: Don't Quit Your Day Job)","customPermalink":"2013/12/16/lottery-odds/","path":"/lowdown/11110/what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you gamble on faith (as opposed to odds) you might not want read this before standing in that mile-long line to buy your Powerball ticket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jackpot for Powerball , the popular lottery game available throughout most of the country, has rolled over every week since November because no one has picked the winning six number combination. The next drawing is Wednesday night (Jan. 13), with an estimated jackpot of $1.5 billion, the largest of any lottery game ever!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It costs a mere $2 to play, so why the heck not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ... without trying to be a total a total buzz kill here, let's take a quick look at the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chance of winning almost any big stakes lottery game is just north of impossible. For Powerball, the odds are roughly one in 292 million, up from a mere one in 175 million in October, when the Multi-State Lottery Association \u003ca title=\"About Powerball.\" href=\"http://www.powerball.com/pb_contact.asp\">stiffened the odds\u003c/a> but made it easier to win smaller prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means your odds of winning are statistically a good deal lower than your odds of, say, getting hit by a bolt of lightening -- a presumably less favorable outcome. So, with that in mind, please be sure to take shelter during thunderstorms, and, if you play Powerball, don't quit your day job ... just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hey, you never know, right? Someone's eventually gotta win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this infographic, animator Joe Golling illustrates the mathematical probability of selecting that winning combination. (Note that the graphic was produced prior to the Lottery Association's decision to up the odds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-11112 size-full\" style=\"border: 0;\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/12/Lotto_POSTER_v3.gif\" alt=\"Lotto_POSTER_v3\" width=\"620\" height=\"3620\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/11110/what-are-the-odds-of-winning-the-powerball-jackpot","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_391","lowdown_451","lowdown_475"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_44","lowdown_445","lowdown_444"],"featImg":"lowdown_11134","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_12559":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_12559","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"12559","score":null,"sort":[1449770429000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"income-inequality","title":"An Illustrated Guide to Income Inequality in America","publishDate":1449770429,"format":"aside","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>In late 2011, Occupy Wall Street protests spread like wildfire in cities across the country, forcing a focus on America's gaping income gaps.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue took center stage for some time, grabbing headlines and, briefly at least, the attention of elected officials. But when the protest camps were dismantled and the media crews packed up, the issue got largely sidelined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end not much changed, and today the income divide remains as wide as it was the day the protests began. In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research report\u003c/a> found that the middle class is losing ground: \"after more than four decades of serving as the nation's economic majority, the U.S. middle class is now matched in size by those in the economic tiers above and below it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This growing inequality between society's rich and poor is an issue that some candidates have already begun to address in the 2016 presidential campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cartoon journalist Andy Warner illustrates how deep America's economic divide is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"3508\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516.png 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-160x905.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-212x1200.png 212w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-240x1358.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-375x2122.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-520x2942.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sources:\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emmanuel Saez, UC Berkeley: \"Striking it Richer\"\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epi.org/publication/ib330-productivity-vs-compensation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2013-Inequality-and-Poverty-8p.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/01/20/business/the-iphone-economy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NY Times\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1524513814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":197},"headData":{"title":"An Illustrated Guide to Income Inequality in America | KQED","description":"In late 2011, Occupy Wall Street protests spread like wildfire in cities across the country, forcing a focus on America's gaping income gaps.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"An Illustrated Guide to Income Inequality in America","datePublished":"2015-12-10T18:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2018-04-23T20:03:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12559 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=12559","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/12/10/income-inequality/","disqusTitle":"An Illustrated Guide to Income Inequality in America","WpOldSlug":"rags-and-riches-americas-ongoing-income-inequality-problem","path":"/lowdown/12559/income-inequality","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In late 2011, Occupy Wall Street protests spread like wildfire in cities across the country, forcing a focus on America's gaping income gaps.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue took center stage for some time, grabbing headlines and, briefly at least, the attention of elected officials. But when the protest camps were dismantled and the media crews packed up, the issue got largely sidelined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end not much changed, and today the income divide remains as wide as it was the day the protests began. In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research report\u003c/a> found that the middle class is losing ground: \"after more than four decades of serving as the nation's economic majority, the U.S. middle class is now matched in size by those in the economic tiers above and below it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This growing inequality between society's rich and poor is an issue that some candidates have already begun to address in the 2016 presidential campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cartoon journalist Andy Warner illustrates how deep America's economic divide is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"3508\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516.png 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-160x905.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-212x1200.png 212w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-240x1358.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-375x2122.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/12/Shrinking-Shares-2-e1524513779516-520x2942.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sources:\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emmanuel Saez, UC Berkeley: \"Striking it Richer\"\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epi.org/publication/ib330-productivity-vs-compensation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2013-Inequality-and-Poverty-8p.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/01/20/business/the-iphone-economy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NY Times\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/12559/income-inequality","authors":["7506"],"categories":["lowdown_391","lowdown_256","lowdown_588","lowdown_451","lowdown_457"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_276"],"featImg":"lowdown_12563","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_8545":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_8545","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"lowdown","id":"8545","score":null,"sort":[1446729659000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"calculating-the-real-cost-of-living-in-calfornia","title":"MAP: How Much Does It Really Cost to Live in California?","publishDate":1446729659,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nA single person in California needs to earn, \u003cem>on average,\u003c/em> about $12.30/hour working full time to cover basic living expenses. Add a kid to the mix, and that rate rises sharply to more than $25/hour. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to the \u003ca href=\"http://livingwage.mit.edu/states/06\" target=\"_blank\">Living Wage Calculator\u003c/a> created by Amy K. Glasmeier, a professor of urban planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Using data from various government agencies, her team calculated \"living wage\" rates for different household types in each state, county and major metropolitan area across the nation, then compared those rates to regional minimum wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Living wage,\" as defined by Glasmeier, is the amount an individual needs to earn (before taxes) to cover all basic household expense (food + healthcare + housing + transportation + childcare + other necessities). The rate is based on full-time work (2,080 hours per year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As her findings underscore, a significant gap often exists between a region's minimum wage and its living wage. It's a discrepancy that's recently been highlighted by protests among low-wage workers, as well as the growing number of cities and states that have raised their own minimum wages in the absence of federal legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapped here are living wages for three types of households: single adult, single parent with one child and a parent with a non-working spouse and two children. Mouseover the map to view rates by county or major metropolitan area. For two-adult households, it assumes that one adult is the sole earner and the other a caregiver. Note that the map has not been updated to reflect California's Jan. 2016 wage increase (to $10/hr), or recently raised minimum wages in certain cities like San Francisco and Oakland. View full-screen version \u003ca href=\"http://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2015/living-wage-map/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>. [Article continues below map.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2015/living-wage-map/\" width=\"1100\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Glasmeier notes, these results should be considered the minimum cost threshold; they are likely an underestimate, especially for metropolitan and other higher cost regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are estimates of how much each adult earner in various-sized California households would need to earn in order to pay for basic monthly living expenses. Keep in mind that these figures are estimated statewide averages. The actual cost of living in California, of course, varies significantly by region. Whereas rent in Stockton may be lower than what's shown here, San Francisco's average rent is, well, fuggedaboutit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Additional methodology summarized below the charts and explained in greater detail \u003ca href=\"http://livingwage.mit.edu/pages/about\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"//infogr.am/Monthly-Expenses-in-California\" width=\"600\" height=\"2500\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methodology (as explained by MIT's Glasmeier):\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The calculator lists typical expenses, the living wage and typical wages for the selected location ... The tool is designed to provide a minimum estimate of the cost of living for low wage families. The estimates do not reflect a middle class standard of living. The realism of the estimates depend on the type of community under study. Metropolitan counties are typically locations of high cost. In such cases, the calculator is likely to underestimate costs such as housing and child care. Consider the results a minimum cost threshold that serves as a benchmark, but only that. Users can substitute local data when available to generate more nuanced estimates. Adjustments to account for local conditions will provide greater realism and potentially increase the accuracy of the tool. As developed, the tool is meant to provide one perspective on the cost of living in America.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1501110082,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2015/living-wage-map/","//infogr.am/Monthly-Expenses-in-California"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":565},"headData":{"title":"MAP: How Much Does It Really Cost to Live in California? | KQED","description":" A single person in California needs to earn, on average, about $12.30/hour working full time to cover basic living expenses. Add a kid to the mix, and that rate rises sharply to more than $25/hour. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"MAP: How Much Does It Really Cost to Live in California?","datePublished":"2015-11-05T13:20:59.000Z","dateModified":"2017-07-26T23:01:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"8545 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=8545","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/11/05/calculating-the-real-cost-of-living-in-calfornia/","disqusTitle":"MAP: How Much Does It Really Cost to Live in California?","path":"/lowdown/8545/calculating-the-real-cost-of-living-in-calfornia","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\nA single person in California needs to earn, \u003cem>on average,\u003c/em> about $12.30/hour working full time to cover basic living expenses. Add a kid to the mix, and that rate rises sharply to more than $25/hour. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to the \u003ca href=\"http://livingwage.mit.edu/states/06\" target=\"_blank\">Living Wage Calculator\u003c/a> created by Amy K. Glasmeier, a professor of urban planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Using data from various government agencies, her team calculated \"living wage\" rates for different household types in each state, county and major metropolitan area across the nation, then compared those rates to regional minimum wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Living wage,\" as defined by Glasmeier, is the amount an individual needs to earn (before taxes) to cover all basic household expense (food + healthcare + housing + transportation + childcare + other necessities). The rate is based on full-time work (2,080 hours per year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As her findings underscore, a significant gap often exists between a region's minimum wage and its living wage. It's a discrepancy that's recently been highlighted by protests among low-wage workers, as well as the growing number of cities and states that have raised their own minimum wages in the absence of federal legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapped here are living wages for three types of households: single adult, single parent with one child and a parent with a non-working spouse and two children. Mouseover the map to view rates by county or major metropolitan area. For two-adult households, it assumes that one adult is the sole earner and the other a caregiver. Note that the map has not been updated to reflect California's Jan. 2016 wage increase (to $10/hr), or recently raised minimum wages in certain cities like San Francisco and Oakland. View full-screen version \u003ca href=\"http://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2015/living-wage-map/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>. [Article continues below map.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2015/living-wage-map/\" width=\"1100\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Glasmeier notes, these results should be considered the minimum cost threshold; they are likely an underestimate, especially for metropolitan and other higher cost regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are estimates of how much each adult earner in various-sized California households would need to earn in order to pay for basic monthly living expenses. Keep in mind that these figures are estimated statewide averages. The actual cost of living in California, of course, varies significantly by region. Whereas rent in Stockton may be lower than what's shown here, San Francisco's average rent is, well, fuggedaboutit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Additional methodology summarized below the charts and explained in greater detail \u003ca href=\"http://livingwage.mit.edu/pages/about\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"//infogr.am/Monthly-Expenses-in-California\" width=\"600\" height=\"2500\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methodology (as explained by MIT's Glasmeier):\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The calculator lists typical expenses, the living wage and typical wages for the selected location ... The tool is designed to provide a minimum estimate of the cost of living for low wage families. The estimates do not reflect a middle class standard of living. The realism of the estimates depend on the type of community under study. Metropolitan counties are typically locations of high cost. In such cases, the calculator is likely to underestimate costs such as housing and child care. Consider the results a minimum cost threshold that serves as a benchmark, but only that. Users can substitute local data when available to generate more nuanced estimates. Adjustments to account for local conditions will provide greater realism and potentially increase the accuracy of the tool. As developed, the tool is meant to provide one perspective on the cost of living in America.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/8545/calculating-the-real-cost-of-living-in-calfornia","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2378","lowdown_451","lowdown_435"],"tags":["lowdown_309","lowdown_2337","lowdown_378","lowdown_314"],"featImg":"lowdown_20082","label":"lowdown"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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