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A variety of factors can trigger the condition, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including malnutrition, environmental agents and other viruses. Although it is associated with brain damage, some children born with the disease never develop cognitive issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_221942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/Zika-drawing-e1471040488174.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-221942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/Zika-drawing-607x600.jpg\" alt=\"A representation of the surface of the Zika virus is shown.\" width=\"355\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A representation of the surface of the Zika virus is shown. \u003ccite>(Purdue University image/courtesy of Kuhn and Rossmann research groups)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The proteins — called NS4A and NS4B — affect the brain by targeting a critical signaling pathway that controls cell growth and breaks down damaged cells and their elements. Initially, Zika slows cell development and reduces the variety of cells in the brain. Over time, this “rigged” system enables the virus to thrive and spread while healthy cells die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding is the first step toward developing future drugs that could prevent Zika’s damaging effects, said Jae Jung, the study’s co-author and director of the USC Institute of Emerging Pathogens and Immune Diseases. ”Those two viral proteins are ultimately the target for therapy development,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with discarded tissue, the researchers infected fetal neural stem cells — a building block of the nervous system — with three different strains of the Zika virus. Stem cells infected with the ZIKV strain, which is responsible for causing the current outbreak, died at rates more than four times higher than an uninfected brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specific proteins in question kill neural cells by hijacking a signaling mechanism called AKT-Mtor pathway. The pathway handles the process of breaking down damaged cells, also known as autophagy. As Zika spreads in the developing fetus, the virus actually uses the disposal process to continue proliferating. Cells began dying as early as two weeks after infection occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus rose to prominence in 2015 after cases of an unknown disease were reported in Brazil. Since then, the outbreak has affected more than 40 countries, including the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus is spread by certain mosquitoes and can cause flu-like symptoms such as fever, muscle aches and joint pain in adults. Pregnant women are considered especially vulnerable because of the risk of microcephaly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kjersti Aagaard, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist at Texas Children’s Hospital Pavilion for Women and the Baylor College of Medicine, said microcephaly triggered by Zika is an urgent concern because of its association with brain malformation. With the virus, Aagaard said, a smaller head likely encases a smaller brain ravaged by disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Microcephaly is the endpoint of the damage,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aagaard also noted that the virus can affect pregnant women in other serious ways, too. The illness can lead to miscarriage, stillbirths and low amniotic fluid. In some cases, the illness causes both mother and child to develop ulcers in the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, some pregnant women who become infected never pass the virus to the fetus at all, Aagaard stressed. Early screening is key in identifying if and when a fetus is affected by the infected mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An infected mom does not equal an infected fetus,” she said. “And an infected fetus does not equal an affected fetus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings from the latest study have already prompted further research to develop various Zika drugs and vaccines. Scientists are already working on a live, attenuated vaccine that will use a strain of the virus without the microcephaly-causing proteins, Jung said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But questions remain, such as how these proteins interrupt the cell’s ability to regulate brain development. And while the scientists made this discovery in six months, Jung anticipates the next phase may take several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know where we are going but we need to find the detailed map,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding is also an issue. Congress left for recess in July without allocating monies for the Zika effort, which means labs that depend on government grants will be strapped for cash in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Gary Clark, chief of pediatric neurology and developmental neuroscience at Texas Children’s Hospital, said research should not be the medical community’s main priority. Instead, authorities should refocus on educating pregnant women and travelers entering the country from affected areas to prevent the virus’ spread and protect future children from a lifetime of disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that bottom line is that this virus causes brain damage,” he said. “And this is permanent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists at the University of Southern California discovered a key weapon used by the Zika virus to ravage the brains of infected fetuses: proteins.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475118904,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":824},"headData":{"title":"2 Proteins in Zika Virus May Be Cause of Birth Defects | KQED","description":"Scientists at the University of Southern California discovered a key weapon used by the Zika virus to ravage the brains of infected fetuses: proteins.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"2 Proteins in Zika Virus May Be Cause of Birth Defects","datePublished":"2016-08-12T22:20:07.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-29T03:15:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"221940 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=221940","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/12/2-proteins-in-zika-virus-may-be-cause-of-birth-defects/","disqusTitle":"2 Proteins in Zika Virus May Be Cause of Birth Defects","source":"Future of You","nprByline":" Carmen Heredia Rodriguez\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\">California Healthline\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/221940/2-proteins-in-zika-virus-may-be-cause-of-birth-defects","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists at the University of Southern California discovered a key weapon used by the Zika virus to ravage the brains of infected fetuses: proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an article published Thursday in the journal Cell Stem Cell, researchers identified two proteins in Zika potentially responsible for causing microcephaly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microcephaly is a birth defect in which a child’s head is smaller than the average size. A variety of factors can trigger the condition, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including malnutrition, environmental agents and other viruses. Although it is associated with brain damage, some children born with the disease never develop cognitive issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_221942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/Zika-drawing-e1471040488174.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-221942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/Zika-drawing-607x600.jpg\" alt=\"A representation of the surface of the Zika virus is shown.\" width=\"355\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A representation of the surface of the Zika virus is shown. \u003ccite>(Purdue University image/courtesy of Kuhn and Rossmann research groups)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The proteins — called NS4A and NS4B — affect the brain by targeting a critical signaling pathway that controls cell growth and breaks down damaged cells and their elements. Initially, Zika slows cell development and reduces the variety of cells in the brain. Over time, this “rigged” system enables the virus to thrive and spread while healthy cells die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding is the first step toward developing future drugs that could prevent Zika’s damaging effects, said Jae Jung, the study’s co-author and director of the USC Institute of Emerging Pathogens and Immune Diseases. ”Those two viral proteins are ultimately the target for therapy development,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with discarded tissue, the researchers infected fetal neural stem cells — a building block of the nervous system — with three different strains of the Zika virus. Stem cells infected with the ZIKV strain, which is responsible for causing the current outbreak, died at rates more than four times higher than an uninfected brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specific proteins in question kill neural cells by hijacking a signaling mechanism called AKT-Mtor pathway. The pathway handles the process of breaking down damaged cells, also known as autophagy. As Zika spreads in the developing fetus, the virus actually uses the disposal process to continue proliferating. Cells began dying as early as two weeks after infection occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus rose to prominence in 2015 after cases of an unknown disease were reported in Brazil. Since then, the outbreak has affected more than 40 countries, including the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus is spread by certain mosquitoes and can cause flu-like symptoms such as fever, muscle aches and joint pain in adults. Pregnant women are considered especially vulnerable because of the risk of microcephaly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kjersti Aagaard, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist at Texas Children’s Hospital Pavilion for Women and the Baylor College of Medicine, said microcephaly triggered by Zika is an urgent concern because of its association with brain malformation. With the virus, Aagaard said, a smaller head likely encases a smaller brain ravaged by disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Microcephaly is the endpoint of the damage,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aagaard also noted that the virus can affect pregnant women in other serious ways, too. The illness can lead to miscarriage, stillbirths and low amniotic fluid. In some cases, the illness causes both mother and child to develop ulcers in the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, some pregnant women who become infected never pass the virus to the fetus at all, Aagaard stressed. Early screening is key in identifying if and when a fetus is affected by the infected mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An infected mom does not equal an infected fetus,” she said. “And an infected fetus does not equal an affected fetus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings from the latest study have already prompted further research to develop various Zika drugs and vaccines. Scientists are already working on a live, attenuated vaccine that will use a strain of the virus without the microcephaly-causing proteins, Jung said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But questions remain, such as how these proteins interrupt the cell’s ability to regulate brain development. And while the scientists made this discovery in six months, Jung anticipates the next phase may take several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know where we are going but we need to find the detailed map,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding is also an issue. Congress left for recess in July without allocating monies for the Zika effort, which means labs that depend on government grants will be strapped for cash in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Gary Clark, chief of pediatric neurology and developmental neuroscience at Texas Children’s Hospital, said research should not be the medical community’s main priority. Instead, authorities should refocus on educating pregnant women and travelers entering the country from affected areas to prevent the virus’ spread and protect future children from a lifetime of disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that bottom line is that this virus causes brain damage,” he said. “And this is permanent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/221940/2-proteins-in-zika-virus-may-be-cause-of-birth-defects","authors":["byline_futureofyou_221940"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_221942","label":"source_futureofyou_221940"},"futureofyou_219108":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_219108","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"219108","score":null,"sort":[1470676038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"to-fight-zika-u-s-approves-release-of-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-in-florida","title":"In Florida Zika Fight, U.S. Approves Release of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes","publishDate":1470676038,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Federal authorities gave final approval Friday to a plan to release genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida, but none of the insects will be immediately dispatched in the state's fight against the spread of Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After considering thousands of public comments, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine concluded the proposal from biotech firm Oxitec to release its mosquitoes in an island neighborhood just north of Key West would not significantly affect the environment, according a statement from the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Environmental Protection Agency also contributed to the FDA's review. Local officials will hold a nonbinding vote on the proposal for Florida Keys residents in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approval came hours before Florida's Department of Health confirmed a new Zika infection within a 1-square-mile zone encompassing Miami's Wynwood neighborhood. That brings the state's tally of non-travel-related Zika cases to 16, in addition to 351 travel-related infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Keys, Oxitec would release nonbiting male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes modified with synthetic DNA to produce offspring that die outside a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Keys Mosquito Control District approached Oxitec after a dengue outbreak in Key West ended in 2010. The district wants new ways to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which it considers a significant and expensive threat in the tourism-dependent island chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazil and the Cayman Islands are releasing Oxitec's insects as part of other mosquito control operations. The company, a subsidiary of Maryland-based Intrexon, also has tested the mosquitoes in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In separate projects overseen by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oxitec has tested genetically modified pink bollworms and diamondback moths to fight agricultural pests in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-GMO activists have criticized Oxitec for allowing the release of some modified female mosquitoes, which do bite humans. The company has said only a very small number of females are released, and no humans have reported any health problems from their bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec CEO Hadyn Perry said the FDA's approval of the field trial should lead to discussions about fast-tracking releases elsewhere during a public health crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pathways that enable emergency use should be looked at because the crisis is here and now, and it would be an awful shame if we looked back in two or three years and say, 'Why didn't we do this?'\" Parry remarked in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec promotes its technology as a chemical-free way to control mosquitoes and reduce the risks of Zika, dengue fever or chikungunya. In Miami this week, the head of the CDC credited aerial pesticide spraying with killing a significant number of mosquitoes in an arts district where Zika was apparently transmitted by insects on the U.S. mainland for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika is mainly spread by mosquitoes, as well as sex. Except for the 16 confirmed cases in the Miami area, the other 1,825 infections reported in the U.S. have been linked to travel to countries in Latin America or the Caribbean with Zika outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Federal authorities gave final approval Friday to a plan to release genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida, but it will be awhile before any are dispatched.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1470676526,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":523},"headData":{"title":"In Florida Zika Fight, U.S. Approves Release of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes | KQED","description":"Federal authorities gave final approval Friday to a plan to release genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida, but it will be awhile before any are dispatched.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Florida Zika Fight, U.S. Approves Release of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes","datePublished":"2016-08-08T17:07:18.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-08T17:15:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"219108 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=219108","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/08/to-fight-zika-u-s-approves-release-of-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-in-florida/","disqusTitle":"In Florida Zika Fight, U.S. Approves Release of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes","nprByline":"Jennifer Kay\u003cbr />Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/219108/to-fight-zika-u-s-approves-release-of-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-in-florida","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal authorities gave final approval Friday to a plan to release genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida, but none of the insects will be immediately dispatched in the state's fight against the spread of Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After considering thousands of public comments, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine concluded the proposal from biotech firm Oxitec to release its mosquitoes in an island neighborhood just north of Key West would not significantly affect the environment, according a statement from the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Environmental Protection Agency also contributed to the FDA's review. Local officials will hold a nonbinding vote on the proposal for Florida Keys residents in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA approval came hours before Florida's Department of Health confirmed a new Zika infection within a 1-square-mile zone encompassing Miami's Wynwood neighborhood. That brings the state's tally of non-travel-related Zika cases to 16, in addition to 351 travel-related infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Keys, Oxitec would release nonbiting male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes modified with synthetic DNA to produce offspring that die outside a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Keys Mosquito Control District approached Oxitec after a dengue outbreak in Key West ended in 2010. The district wants new ways to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which it considers a significant and expensive threat in the tourism-dependent island chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazil and the Cayman Islands are releasing Oxitec's insects as part of other mosquito control operations. The company, a subsidiary of Maryland-based Intrexon, also has tested the mosquitoes in Panama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In separate projects overseen by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oxitec has tested genetically modified pink bollworms and diamondback moths to fight agricultural pests in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-GMO activists have criticized Oxitec for allowing the release of some modified female mosquitoes, which do bite humans. The company has said only a very small number of females are released, and no humans have reported any health problems from their bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec CEO Hadyn Perry said the FDA's approval of the field trial should lead to discussions about fast-tracking releases elsewhere during a public health crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pathways that enable emergency use should be looked at because the crisis is here and now, and it would be an awful shame if we looked back in two or three years and say, 'Why didn't we do this?'\" Parry remarked in a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxitec promotes its technology as a chemical-free way to control mosquitoes and reduce the risks of Zika, dengue fever or chikungunya. In Miami this week, the head of the CDC credited aerial pesticide spraying with killing a significant number of mosquitoes in an arts district where Zika was apparently transmitted by insects on the U.S. mainland for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika is mainly spread by mosquitoes, as well as sex. Except for the 16 confirmed cases in the Miami area, the other 1,825 infections reported in the U.S. have been linked to travel to countries in Latin America or the Caribbean with Zika outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/219108/to-fight-zika-u-s-approves-release-of-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-in-florida","authors":["byline_futureofyou_219108"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_124355","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_198536":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_198536","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"198536","score":null,"sort":[1467831376000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-dna-vaccines-for-zika-show-promise","title":"New DNA Vaccines for Zika Show Promise","publishDate":1467831376,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>This summer, it's not just athletes who are looking to set world records. Scientists are also trying to break a record — for how quickly they can make a vaccine for a new virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's for Zika. And one team is leading the pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biotech company Inovio just got the first approval from the Food and Drug Administration to test an experimental vaccine in people. They've already shown the virus protects monkeys from Zika, says the company's president, \u003ca href=\"http://www.inovio.com/company/leadership/management/\">Joseph Kim\u003c/a>. And a small study begins in people in a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll be testing 40 people at three locations on the East Coast,\" he says. From that study, they'll be able to see if the vaccine is safe. If so, they'll start a larger trial in South America or the Caribbean by the end of the year, Kim says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many ways, Inovio has done what seemed impossible a few years ago: They've created a promising vaccine in just a few months. And they're not the only ones to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, researchers at Harvard Medical School \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaap/ncurrent/full/nature18952.html\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> two experimental vaccines that completely protect mice from Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The protection was shocking,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cvvr.hms.harvard.edu/barouch/\">Dr. Dan Barouch\u003c/a>, who led the study. Usually the Zika virus replicates to high levels in these mice, he says. But when they gave the animals the vaccines, they couldn't detect any virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason scientists have created these experimental vaccines so quickly is they're using a relatively new technology. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202319/\">DNA vaccines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is really the vaccine trend of the future,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/directors/Pages/default.aspx\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, who leads the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional vaccines — like for the flu or measles — contain whole viruses. They're crippled or inactivated. But to make the shots, you have to grow up batches of live virus. That can be dangerous and usually requires special permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, a DNA vaccine contains just a tiny piece of a virus's genetic code. It's harmless and easy to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it's a simpler, more efficient and ultimately a safer approach,\" Fauci says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, no DNA vaccines have made it through clinical trials and been approved by the FDA. But in recent years, the vaccines have improved quite a bit, both Kim and Fauci say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, researchers had to develop a new way of delivering the vaccine. For these vaccines to work, they have to get inside cells — which is much harder for a piece of DNA than a whole virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one delivery system, Fauci says, there's a device that actually shoots the DNA vaccine in through the skin without necessarily using a needle. \"It's kind of like a jet stream that puts the virus in the vaccine right through the skin into the tissue,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inovio has made another system, Kim says. It actually gives the person a low voltage electrical shock to coax the vaccine into cells. \"That happens very quickly, like in millisecond or a hundredth of a second,\" he says, \"so the pain level is similar to that of a regular needle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at NIH are also working on a DNA vaccine for Zika, Fauci says. They hope to begin clinical trails in a few months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means at least four Zika vaccines are showing promise. And with a little luck, one of these could make it through approval sometime in early 2018, Fauci says. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Electric+Shock+Could+One+Day+Protect+You+From+Zika&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are making impressive progress in creating a vaccine for Zika. And they're using a new technology that makes vaccine development faster than ever.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475120249,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":604},"headData":{"title":"New DNA Vaccines for Zika Show Promise | KQED","description":"Scientists are making impressive progress in creating a vaccine for Zika. And they're using a new technology that makes vaccine development faster than ever.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New DNA Vaccines for Zika Show Promise","datePublished":"2016-07-06T18:56:16.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-29T03:37:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"198536 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=198536","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/07/06/new-dna-vaccines-for-zika-show-promise/","disqusTitle":"New DNA Vaccines for Zika Show Promise","nprByline":"Michaeleen Doucleff\u003cbr />NPR","nprStoryId":"483694436","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=483694436&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/06/28/483694436/how-an-electric-shock-could-one-day-protect-you-from-zika?ft=nprml&f=483694436","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 28 Jun 2016 19:57:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 28 Jun 2016 17:54:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 28 Jun 2016 19:37:22 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/06/20160628_atc_zika_vaccines_start_trials.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1031&d=203&p=2&story=483694436&t=progseg&e=483840996&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=483694436","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1483890412-6f769c.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1031&d=203&p=2&story=483694436&t=progseg&e=483840996&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=483694436","path":"/futureofyou/198536/new-dna-vaccines-for-zika-show-promise","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/06/20160628_atc_zika_vaccines_start_trials.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1031&d=203&p=2&story=483694436&t=progseg&e=483840996&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=483694436","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This summer, it's not just athletes who are looking to set world records. Scientists are also trying to break a record — for how quickly they can make a vaccine for a new virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's for Zika. And one team is leading the pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biotech company Inovio just got the first approval from the Food and Drug Administration to test an experimental vaccine in people. They've already shown the virus protects monkeys from Zika, says the company's president, \u003ca href=\"http://www.inovio.com/company/leadership/management/\">Joseph Kim\u003c/a>. And a small study begins in people in a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll be testing 40 people at three locations on the East Coast,\" he says. From that study, they'll be able to see if the vaccine is safe. If so, they'll start a larger trial in South America or the Caribbean by the end of the year, Kim says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many ways, Inovio has done what seemed impossible a few years ago: They've created a promising vaccine in just a few months. And they're not the only ones to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, researchers at Harvard Medical School \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaap/ncurrent/full/nature18952.html\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> two experimental vaccines that completely protect mice from Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The protection was shocking,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cvvr.hms.harvard.edu/barouch/\">Dr. Dan Barouch\u003c/a>, who led the study. Usually the Zika virus replicates to high levels in these mice, he says. But when they gave the animals the vaccines, they couldn't detect any virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason scientists have created these experimental vaccines so quickly is they're using a relatively new technology. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202319/\">DNA vaccines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is really the vaccine trend of the future,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/directors/Pages/default.aspx\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, who leads the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional vaccines — like for the flu or measles — contain whole viruses. They're crippled or inactivated. But to make the shots, you have to grow up batches of live virus. That can be dangerous and usually requires special permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, a DNA vaccine contains just a tiny piece of a virus's genetic code. It's harmless and easy to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it's a simpler, more efficient and ultimately a safer approach,\" Fauci says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, no DNA vaccines have made it through clinical trials and been approved by the FDA. But in recent years, the vaccines have improved quite a bit, both Kim and Fauci say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, researchers had to develop a new way of delivering the vaccine. For these vaccines to work, they have to get inside cells — which is much harder for a piece of DNA than a whole virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one delivery system, Fauci says, there's a device that actually shoots the DNA vaccine in through the skin without necessarily using a needle. \"It's kind of like a jet stream that puts the virus in the vaccine right through the skin into the tissue,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inovio has made another system, Kim says. It actually gives the person a low voltage electrical shock to coax the vaccine into cells. \"That happens very quickly, like in millisecond or a hundredth of a second,\" he says, \"so the pain level is similar to that of a regular needle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at NIH are also working on a DNA vaccine for Zika, Fauci says. They hope to begin clinical trails in a few months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means at least four Zika vaccines are showing promise. And with a little luck, one of these could make it through approval sometime in early 2018, Fauci says. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+An+Electric+Shock+Could+One+Day+Protect+You+From+Zika&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/198536/new-dna-vaccines-for-zika-show-promise","authors":["byline_futureofyou_198536"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_970","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_198545","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_132435":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_132435","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"132435","score":null,"sort":[1458692019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"after-infecting-pregnant-monkey-with-zika-scientists-wait-for-backlash","title":"After Infecting Pregnant Monkey With Zika, Scientists Wait for Backlash","publishDate":1458692019,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>We've all seen the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=zika+microcephaly\" target=\"_blank\">media coverage\u003c/a> about the Zika virus' potentially \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-says-confirmed-suspected-microcephaly-cases-rise-5-135759702.html\" target=\"_blank\">destructive effect\u003c/a> on newborns. The virus has sowed fear and loathing in parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, and now Puerto Rico is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/health/zika-virus-puerto-rico.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">preparing for a nasty epidemic\u003c/a> that may result in hundreds of thousands of infections. The CDC has \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-puerto-rico\" target=\"_blank\">advised pregnant women\u003c/a> to avoid traveling to the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two researchers who are working diligently to learn more about Zika are Dave O'Connor and Tom Friedrich. They are currently studying the virus' transmission from mother to fetus, in hopes of informing the public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The idea of making data from nonhuman primates available to the public is basically an invitation to disaster.\"\u003ccite>Researcher Dave O'Connor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And yet, O'Connor and Friedrich have prepared themselves for the possibility, if not the probability, that some will not exactly view them as doing God’s own work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because they are using rhesus monkeys in their research. Two weeks ago, they deliberately infected a pregnant mother with the virus in order to observe its effect on the fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Posting Data in Real Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor and Friedrich hope to answer important unknowns about the virus, including how long it's present after infection, where in the body besides the blood it exists, and what the likelihood is that an infected mother will pass it on to her offspring. They are also deviating from the ordinary method for disseminating research — publishing in a peer-reviewed journal — by \u003ca href=\"https://zika.labkey.com/project/OConnor/ZIKV-003/begin.view\" target=\"_blank\">posting their data\u003c/a> for both their colleagues and the public to see as soon as it comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am aware that sharing \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/_webdav/dho/public/Zika/public/%40files/ultrasounds/827577/Placenta%20disk%202%20d0.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">ultrasound imagery\u003c/a> of developing macaques can elicit stronger emotions than looking at relatively sterile charts and tables. It certainly did for me and our staff who saw the first ultrasound today,\" \u003ca href=\"https://zika.labkey.com/announcements/OConnor/ZIKV-003/thread.view?rowId=32\" target=\"_blank\">O'Connor logged\u003c/a> on the lab's website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want to thank those who have viewed our data so far and have chosen not to use it out of context to further arguments against using animals in research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133119\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-133119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"This ultrasound shows the rhesus monkey fetus before the mother was injected with Zika two weeks ago. Researchers say ultrasounds show the fetus still appears healthy.\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-960x718.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound.jpg 1158w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This ultrasound shows the rhesus monkey fetus before the mother was injected with Zika two weeks ago. Researchers say ultrasounds show the fetus still appears healthy. \u003ccite>(University of Wisconsin, Madison)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday I asked him what he meant by \"taking data out of context.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The sad reality is that most of the research we conduct on animals never gets into the biomedical literature … That kind of retention of data fails to redeem the suffering and the sacrifice of animals in experiments.’\u003ccite>Biomedical ethicist Jonathan Kimmelman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"The idea of making data from nonhuman primates available to the public is basically an invitation to disaster,\" he said, referring to the possibility that those who oppose animal research will use it in a propagandistic way. \"Just like if you were to take patient data out of the hospital and show images of surgeries or ultrasounds ... without the full context of how you ended up in that position. It can be visceral, it can be grotesque.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor said that both he and Friedrich have had run-ins over the years with animal welfare activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Madison is a very progressive city,\" he said. \"We have a lot of people here who have very strong viewpoints, including a community of people who are pretty strongly against research on nonhuman primates in most contexts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of animal welfare has been a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=animal+rights+university+of+wisconsin\" target=\"_blank\">flashpoint\u003c/a> at the university because of its status as a hub for animal research, and because it operates \u003ca href=\"https://www.primate.wisc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">one \u003c/a>of seven \u003ca href=\"http://nprcresearch.org/primate/contact.php\" target=\"_blank\">national primate research centers\u003c/a>. In 2014, the school was \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/education/on_campus/on-campus-uw-madison-fined-for-violations-of-animals-in/article_e6a3b4f5-31eb-5049-a105-4a97bc17ee4a.html\" target=\"_blank\">fined $35,000\u003c/a> by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for violations of the federal Animal Research Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists' experiences researching AIDS/HIV have colored their opinions about using animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'While we support effective and humane research in the search for vaccines and treatments for Zika virus, we have serious concerns regarding the use of monkeys and other animals for this purpose.'\u003ccite>Katy Taylor, Cruelty Free International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I like to remind people that, even though you don't hear about it as much today, there’s still about 6,000 people who get HIV every day around the world,\" O'Connor says. \"In the entire history of my lab and Tom’s lab and probably every other lab at this university ... we’re not going to use 6,000 monkeys in our entire scientific careers. So the idea that a small number of animals could have a profound effect on the health of a lot of people with HIV is something we came to terms with a long time ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he said, injecting a pregnant monkey with the Zika virus was \"profound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As parents ourselves we are sensitive to the implications of studying mothers during pregnancy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich said his first experiment as a Ph.D. student involved injecting monkeys with the simian immune deficiency virus, a retrovirus similar to HIV. \"I went back with the veterinarians to assist with the process. I wanted to take ownership of it and see what it was going to mean for those animals, and it was a hard thing to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animal Welfare Group Opposed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cruelty Free International, a London-based, anti-animal experimentation organization with roots going back to 1898, \u003ca href=\"https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/blog/pregnant-monkeys-be-infected-zika-virus-cruel-research\" target=\"_blank\">came out against\u003c/a> the experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'While we support effective and humane research in the search for vaccines and treatments for Zika virus, we have serious concerns regarding the use of monkeys and other animals for this purpose.'\u003ccite>Katy Taylor, Cruelty Free International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“While we support effective and humane research in the search for vaccines and treatments for Zika virus, we have serious concerns regarding the use of monkeys and other animals for this purpose,\" said Katy Taylor, the organization's director of science. \"The poor relevance of using monkeys to study human disease and the greater relevance of human-based approaches, means that it is scientifically and morally indefensible to deliberately infect monkeys with Zika virus and/or to test therapies and vaccines on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich said using animals is the best way to get the most relevant data quickly, and that human trials would cause significant delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will take a long time to enroll the number of people that would be required ... to conclude that it was statistically sound data that allows us to draw conclusions applicable to most infected people,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says taking the necessary samples from a monkey wouldn't be feasible or ethical in humans. \"We might sample amniotic fluid from the infected [monkey] on a frequent basis and ask whether the virus gets into the amniotic fluid, and that’s just not something you can do in pregnant humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Kimmelman, an associate professor in the biomedical ethics unit of McGill University, says it's \"silly\" to dismiss research results gleaned from animals as irrelevant to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are some animal experiments that are reasonably predictive of scenarios that will play out in human beings and some [that] aren’t.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich points to trials in monkeys that found pre-exposure prophylaxis drugs (PrEP) are effective in preventing infection in people who are later exposed to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This result paved the way for clinical trials of PrEP in humans that were also extremely effective,\" he said in an email. The result: \u003ca href=\"http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/10/1604.full\" target=\"_blank\">Truvada\u003c/a>, approved by the FDA in 2012 as the first drug to prevent people from acquiring HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Backlash -- Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of last week, the lab had yet to experience a significant backlash for their experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, O'Connor said, \"I’m under no illusion that's going to continue indefinitely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, at least one online criticism has emerged, on a website called \"\u003ca href=\"http://primateresearch.blogspot.com/2016/03/dave-oconnor-sad-and-heartbroken.html\" target=\"_blank\">Primate Freedom\u003c/a>,\" which attacks O'Connor for \"using and killing monkeys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His career rests squarely on their corpses,\" the post says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimmelman, the bioethicist, says the researchers' public dissemination of their data is a strong mitigating factor in justifying these experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sad reality is that most of the research we conduct on animals never gets into the biomedical literature. The results are almost completely inaccessible,\" he says. \"That kind of retention of data fails to redeem the suffering and the sacrifice of animals in experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real-time data-sharing aspect of their research has so far been a big success, says Friedrich, with other scientists using their posted data and replicating the results, or collaborating on certain tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We aren’t the only ones who have good ideas,\" he says. \"The more people who are thinking about this, especially in the context of an emergent public health crisis, the better.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dave O'Connor and Tom Friedrich discuss their decision to use animal experimentation in their quest to find answers about Zika virus.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476934088,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1525},"headData":{"title":"After Infecting Pregnant Monkey With Zika, Scientists Wait for Backlash | KQED","description":"Dave O'Connor and Tom Friedrich discuss their decision to use animal experimentation in their quest to find answers about Zika virus.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After Infecting Pregnant Monkey With Zika, Scientists Wait for Backlash","datePublished":"2016-03-23T00:13:39.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-20T03:28:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"132435 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=132435","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/22/after-infecting-pregnant-monkey-with-zika-scientists-wait-for-backlash/","disqusTitle":"After Infecting Pregnant Monkey With Zika, Scientists Wait for Backlash","path":"/futureofyou/132435/after-infecting-pregnant-monkey-with-zika-scientists-wait-for-backlash","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We've all seen the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=zika+microcephaly\" target=\"_blank\">media coverage\u003c/a> about the Zika virus' potentially \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-says-confirmed-suspected-microcephaly-cases-rise-5-135759702.html\" target=\"_blank\">destructive effect\u003c/a> on newborns. The virus has sowed fear and loathing in parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, and now Puerto Rico is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/health/zika-virus-puerto-rico.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">preparing for a nasty epidemic\u003c/a> that may result in hundreds of thousands of infections. The CDC has \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-puerto-rico\" target=\"_blank\">advised pregnant women\u003c/a> to avoid traveling to the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two researchers who are working diligently to learn more about Zika are Dave O'Connor and Tom Friedrich. They are currently studying the virus' transmission from mother to fetus, in hopes of informing the public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The idea of making data from nonhuman primates available to the public is basically an invitation to disaster.\"\u003ccite>Researcher Dave O'Connor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And yet, O'Connor and Friedrich have prepared themselves for the possibility, if not the probability, that some will not exactly view them as doing God’s own work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Because they are using rhesus monkeys in their research. Two weeks ago, they deliberately infected a pregnant mother with the virus in order to observe its effect on the fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Posting Data in Real Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor and Friedrich hope to answer important unknowns about the virus, including how long it's present after infection, where in the body besides the blood it exists, and what the likelihood is that an infected mother will pass it on to her offspring. They are also deviating from the ordinary method for disseminating research — publishing in a peer-reviewed journal — by \u003ca href=\"https://zika.labkey.com/project/OConnor/ZIKV-003/begin.view\" target=\"_blank\">posting their data\u003c/a> for both their colleagues and the public to see as soon as it comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am aware that sharing \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/_webdav/dho/public/Zika/public/%40files/ultrasounds/827577/Placenta%20disk%202%20d0.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">ultrasound imagery\u003c/a> of developing macaques can elicit stronger emotions than looking at relatively sterile charts and tables. It certainly did for me and our staff who saw the first ultrasound today,\" \u003ca href=\"https://zika.labkey.com/announcements/OConnor/ZIKV-003/thread.view?rowId=32\" target=\"_blank\">O'Connor logged\u003c/a> on the lab's website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want to thank those who have viewed our data so far and have chosen not to use it out of context to further arguments against using animals in research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_133119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133119\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-133119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"This ultrasound shows the rhesus monkey fetus before the mother was injected with Zika two weeks ago. Researchers say ultrasounds show the fetus still appears healthy.\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound-960x718.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/Monkey-ultrasound.jpg 1158w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This ultrasound shows the rhesus monkey fetus before the mother was injected with Zika two weeks ago. Researchers say ultrasounds show the fetus still appears healthy. \u003ccite>(University of Wisconsin, Madison)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday I asked him what he meant by \"taking data out of context.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The sad reality is that most of the research we conduct on animals never gets into the biomedical literature … That kind of retention of data fails to redeem the suffering and the sacrifice of animals in experiments.’\u003ccite>Biomedical ethicist Jonathan Kimmelman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"The idea of making data from nonhuman primates available to the public is basically an invitation to disaster,\" he said, referring to the possibility that those who oppose animal research will use it in a propagandistic way. \"Just like if you were to take patient data out of the hospital and show images of surgeries or ultrasounds ... without the full context of how you ended up in that position. It can be visceral, it can be grotesque.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor said that both he and Friedrich have had run-ins over the years with animal welfare activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Madison is a very progressive city,\" he said. \"We have a lot of people here who have very strong viewpoints, including a community of people who are pretty strongly against research on nonhuman primates in most contexts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of animal welfare has been a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=animal+rights+university+of+wisconsin\" target=\"_blank\">flashpoint\u003c/a> at the university because of its status as a hub for animal research, and because it operates \u003ca href=\"https://www.primate.wisc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">one \u003c/a>of seven \u003ca href=\"http://nprcresearch.org/primate/contact.php\" target=\"_blank\">national primate research centers\u003c/a>. In 2014, the school was \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/education/on_campus/on-campus-uw-madison-fined-for-violations-of-animals-in/article_e6a3b4f5-31eb-5049-a105-4a97bc17ee4a.html\" target=\"_blank\">fined $35,000\u003c/a> by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for violations of the federal Animal Research Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists' experiences researching AIDS/HIV have colored their opinions about using animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'While we support effective and humane research in the search for vaccines and treatments for Zika virus, we have serious concerns regarding the use of monkeys and other animals for this purpose.'\u003ccite>Katy Taylor, Cruelty Free International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I like to remind people that, even though you don't hear about it as much today, there’s still about 6,000 people who get HIV every day around the world,\" O'Connor says. \"In the entire history of my lab and Tom’s lab and probably every other lab at this university ... we’re not going to use 6,000 monkeys in our entire scientific careers. So the idea that a small number of animals could have a profound effect on the health of a lot of people with HIV is something we came to terms with a long time ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he said, injecting a pregnant monkey with the Zika virus was \"profound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As parents ourselves we are sensitive to the implications of studying mothers during pregnancy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich said his first experiment as a Ph.D. student involved injecting monkeys with the simian immune deficiency virus, a retrovirus similar to HIV. \"I went back with the veterinarians to assist with the process. I wanted to take ownership of it and see what it was going to mean for those animals, and it was a hard thing to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animal Welfare Group Opposed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, Cruelty Free International, a London-based, anti-animal experimentation organization with roots going back to 1898, \u003ca href=\"https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/blog/pregnant-monkeys-be-infected-zika-virus-cruel-research\" target=\"_blank\">came out against\u003c/a> the experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'While we support effective and humane research in the search for vaccines and treatments for Zika virus, we have serious concerns regarding the use of monkeys and other animals for this purpose.'\u003ccite>Katy Taylor, Cruelty Free International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“While we support effective and humane research in the search for vaccines and treatments for Zika virus, we have serious concerns regarding the use of monkeys and other animals for this purpose,\" said Katy Taylor, the organization's director of science. \"The poor relevance of using monkeys to study human disease and the greater relevance of human-based approaches, means that it is scientifically and morally indefensible to deliberately infect monkeys with Zika virus and/or to test therapies and vaccines on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich said using animals is the best way to get the most relevant data quickly, and that human trials would cause significant delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will take a long time to enroll the number of people that would be required ... to conclude that it was statistically sound data that allows us to draw conclusions applicable to most infected people,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says taking the necessary samples from a monkey wouldn't be feasible or ethical in humans. \"We might sample amniotic fluid from the infected [monkey] on a frequent basis and ask whether the virus gets into the amniotic fluid, and that’s just not something you can do in pregnant humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Kimmelman, an associate professor in the biomedical ethics unit of McGill University, says it's \"silly\" to dismiss research results gleaned from animals as irrelevant to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are some animal experiments that are reasonably predictive of scenarios that will play out in human beings and some [that] aren’t.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich points to trials in monkeys that found pre-exposure prophylaxis drugs (PrEP) are effective in preventing infection in people who are later exposed to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This result paved the way for clinical trials of PrEP in humans that were also extremely effective,\" he said in an email. The result: \u003ca href=\"http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/10/1604.full\" target=\"_blank\">Truvada\u003c/a>, approved by the FDA in 2012 as the first drug to prevent people from acquiring HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Backlash -- Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of last week, the lab had yet to experience a significant backlash for their experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, O'Connor said, \"I’m under no illusion that's going to continue indefinitely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, at least one online criticism has emerged, on a website called \"\u003ca href=\"http://primateresearch.blogspot.com/2016/03/dave-oconnor-sad-and-heartbroken.html\" target=\"_blank\">Primate Freedom\u003c/a>,\" which attacks O'Connor for \"using and killing monkeys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His career rests squarely on their corpses,\" the post says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimmelman, the bioethicist, says the researchers' public dissemination of their data is a strong mitigating factor in justifying these experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sad reality is that most of the research we conduct on animals never gets into the biomedical literature. The results are almost completely inaccessible,\" he says. \"That kind of retention of data fails to redeem the suffering and the sacrifice of animals in experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real-time data-sharing aspect of their research has so far been a big success, says Friedrich, with other scientists using their posted data and replicating the results, or collaborating on certain tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We aren’t the only ones who have good ideas,\" he says. \"The more people who are thinking about this, especially in the context of an emergent public health crisis, the better.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/132435/after-infecting-pregnant-monkey-with-zika-scientists-wait-for-backlash","authors":["80"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_827","futureofyou_826","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_825","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_133082","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_130771":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_130771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"130771","score":null,"sort":[1458498308000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"emergency-zika-test-approved-by-fda","title":"Emergency Zika Test Approved by FDA","publishDate":1458498308,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sunday, March 20:\u003c/em> The CDC said Friday it had approved the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMLegalRegulatoryandPolicyFramework/ucm182568.htm\" target=\"_blank\">emergency use\u003c/a> of a new test for the Zika virus. The test, called a Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay, represents a diagnostic breakthrough in that it will also detect infections by chikungunya and dengue. Previously, those viruses could only be identified with separate tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new test was approved at the request of the CDC. It \"will potentially allow CDC to more rapidly perform testing to detect acute Zika virus infection,\" the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, which was developed by the CDC's Dengue Branch in San Juan, Puerto Rico, will be distributed to \"qualified laboratories\" in the \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">Laboratory Response Network\u003c/a>, created in 1999 to respond to bioterrorism but which has since branched out to tackle other health emergencies. The test will not be available in U.S. hospitals or other primary care settings, the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael P. Busch, director of the Blood Systems Research Institute and a professor of laboratory medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, is familiar with the new CDC test. He said the test will only detect the virus for a period of 1-2 weeks, when it's actively replicating and those infected are showing symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're a pregnant woman and coming back from Brazil,\" he said, the virus may be long gone from your body. It could have affected your fetus, but [your] blood is no longer positive for the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said more-sensitive tests are now in development, and that these would be able to detect the virus in those who are asymptomatic -- the majority of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA had previously given \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0226-laboratory-test-for-zika-virus.html\" target=\"_blank\">emergency approval to a different test\u003c/a>, called Zika MAC-ELISA, on Feb. 26. That test has been seen as the best available till now, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. The test has one noteworthy drawback, however: It finds false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch said PCR assays like the one from the CDC are much less prone to false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dr. Charles Chiu, also from UCSF, says he plans to deploy a portable test, using a technology called nanopore sequencing. at laboratories in areas most affected by the virus. Chiu says his test can detect any viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic agent. He told KQED's Lesley McClurg a couple of weeks ago that a clinical microbiologist from Barbados was being trained in the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current State of the Outbreak\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus has been linked to a neurological condition called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a>, in which the head of an infant is significantly smaller than normal. Brazil has been especially hard hit. Its health ministry said today the number of microcephaly cases now \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-says-confirmed-suspected-microcephaly-cases-rise-5-135759702.html\" target=\"_blank\">stands at 5,131\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press reported today that a lack of insecticide in the country, to kill the mosquitoes that transmit the virus, is just one of the factors contributing to its spread there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has been detected mostly in South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. In the U.S., 258 cases have been reported, all associated with travel outside the country. Thirty-five of those infected are pregnant. There has yet to be a case in the U.S. of local transmission through mosquitoes. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sexual-transmission-of-zika-more-common-than-previously-believed/\" target=\"_blank\">transmission through sexual contact \u003c/a>has occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC today issued interim \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> for \"Zika vector control\" -- the eradication of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Already-here--types-of-mosquito-capable-of-carrying-Zika-Virus-366655361.html\" target=\"_blank\">two mosquito types\u003c/a> that carry the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite what \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">many Americans think\u003c/a>, the disease that results from the virus is not fatal. It has, however, been known to trigger \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Guillain-Barré syndrome\u003c/a>, an autoimmune disease.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The test will also detect infections by chikungunya and dengue, Previously, those viruses could only be identified through separate tests.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1458581543,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":628},"headData":{"title":"Emergency Zika Test Approved by FDA | KQED","description":"The test will also detect infections by chikungunya and dengue, Previously, those viruses could only be identified through separate tests.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Emergency Zika Test Approved by FDA","datePublished":"2016-03-20T18:25:08.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-21T17:32:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"130771 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=130771","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/20/emergency-zika-test-approved-by-fda/","disqusTitle":"Emergency Zika Test Approved by FDA","customPermalink":"2016/03/18/emergency-zika-test-approved-by-fda/","path":"/futureofyou/130771/emergency-zika-test-approved-by-fda","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sunday, March 20:\u003c/em> The CDC said Friday it had approved the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMLegalRegulatoryandPolicyFramework/ucm182568.htm\" target=\"_blank\">emergency use\u003c/a> of a new test for the Zika virus. The test, called a Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay, represents a diagnostic breakthrough in that it will also detect infections by chikungunya and dengue. Previously, those viruses could only be identified with separate tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new test was approved at the request of the CDC. It \"will potentially allow CDC to more rapidly perform testing to detect acute Zika virus infection,\" the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, which was developed by the CDC's Dengue Branch in San Juan, Puerto Rico, will be distributed to \"qualified laboratories\" in the \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">Laboratory Response Network\u003c/a>, created in 1999 to respond to bioterrorism but which has since branched out to tackle other health emergencies. The test will not be available in U.S. hospitals or other primary care settings, the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael P. Busch, director of the Blood Systems Research Institute and a professor of laboratory medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, is familiar with the new CDC test. He said the test will only detect the virus for a period of 1-2 weeks, when it's actively replicating and those infected are showing symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're a pregnant woman and coming back from Brazil,\" he said, the virus may be long gone from your body. It could have affected your fetus, but [your] blood is no longer positive for the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said more-sensitive tests are now in development, and that these would be able to detect the virus in those who are asymptomatic -- the majority of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA had previously given \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0226-laboratory-test-for-zika-virus.html\" target=\"_blank\">emergency approval to a different test\u003c/a>, called Zika MAC-ELISA, on Feb. 26. That test has been seen as the best available till now, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. The test has one noteworthy drawback, however: It finds false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch said PCR assays like the one from the CDC are much less prone to false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dr. Charles Chiu, also from UCSF, says he plans to deploy a portable test, using a technology called nanopore sequencing. at laboratories in areas most affected by the virus. Chiu says his test can detect any viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic agent. He told KQED's Lesley McClurg a couple of weeks ago that a clinical microbiologist from Barbados was being trained in the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current State of the Outbreak\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus has been linked to a neurological condition called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a>, in which the head of an infant is significantly smaller than normal. Brazil has been especially hard hit. Its health ministry said today the number of microcephaly cases now \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-says-confirmed-suspected-microcephaly-cases-rise-5-135759702.html\" target=\"_blank\">stands at 5,131\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press reported today that a lack of insecticide in the country, to kill the mosquitoes that transmit the virus, is just one of the factors contributing to its spread there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has been detected mostly in South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. In the U.S., 258 cases have been reported, all associated with travel outside the country. Thirty-five of those infected are pregnant. There has yet to be a case in the U.S. of local transmission through mosquitoes. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sexual-transmission-of-zika-more-common-than-previously-believed/\" target=\"_blank\">transmission through sexual contact \u003c/a>has occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC today issued interim \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> for \"Zika vector control\" -- the eradication of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Already-here--types-of-mosquito-capable-of-carrying-Zika-Virus-366655361.html\" target=\"_blank\">two mosquito types\u003c/a> that carry the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite what \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">many Americans think\u003c/a>, the disease that results from the virus is not fatal. It has, however, been known to trigger \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Guillain-Barré syndrome\u003c/a>, an autoimmune disease.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/130771/emergency-zika-test-approved-by-fda","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_80","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_125439","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_126635":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_126635","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"126635","score":null,"sort":[1457730464000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives","title":"Zika Tests Have Different Drawbacks -- Including False Positives","publishDate":1457730464,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Let's say you're a pregnant woman who recently traveled to Latin America or the Caribbean. You got a little sick shortly after the trip, with some combination of mild fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis. The big question now is: Did you have Zika virus? And, if so, is your fetus still healthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">One test has a particularly nasty drawback: It sometimes tells people they have the Zika virus when they don't.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Probably every day, patients come in questioning whether or not they would qualify for testing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.umiamihospital.com/doctors/profile/137788\">Dr. Christine Curry\u003c/a>, an obstetrician-gynecologist at the University of Miami, and Jackson Memorial Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/04/469179452/study-finds-multiple-problems-in-fetuses-exposed-to-zika-virus\">preliminary study\u003c/a> in Brazil makes a strong case for the link between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and a number of birth defects, including microcephaly. The infection has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e1.htm\">associated\u003c/a> with a range of outcomes in another study of nine U.S. women who caught the virus while traveling to regions where Zika is prevalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a patient has a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pregnant-women.html\">travel history\u003c/a>, Curry sends a sample of the woman's blood to a lab for analysis. But it can take awhile for test results to come back, Curry says, and the waiting can be really stressful, especially for patients in the middle of a pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're trying to decide what to do with the pregnancy, given so many unknowns,\" she says. \"The difference between two and four weeks can be the difference between being able to end a pregnancy and not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another problem: Some tests aren't very reliable, so patients sometimes have to go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/diagnostic.html\">multiple rounds\u003c/a> to confirm whether they had Zika. That puts Curry in a tricky situation when she's counseling patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It involves saying 'I don't know' and 'no one knows' over and over again,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, most samples of fluids from patients had to be sent to Atlanta for testing by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Now, about 30 local \u003ca href=\"http://dfs.dc.gov/page/public-health-laboratory-division-phl\">public health labs\u003c/a> are gearing up to do the analysis themselves, including the District of Columbia's department of forensic sciences, where Cleveland Weeden works as a medical technologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most days, Weeden says, he feels like an athlete stuck on the bench. Outbreaks are exciting, in a way, because he finally gets to put his expertise and skills to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're the bench,\" Weeden says. \"We get called into action when something goes on in the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A refrigerator behind Weeden holds plastic baggies with tubes of blood and urine from patients in the area. As of this week, his job is to test all these samples for Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden expects to get the results to patients within three days, rather than four weeks. He's running a procedure called \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/method/lowry/rtpcr.htm\">RT-PCR\u003c/a> – or Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The CDC has produced about 375,000 kits that can perform this test. It looks for pieces of the virus' genetic material and answers \"yes\" or \"no\" to the question: \"Is there virus in this person's blood?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden says the test is pretty straightforward — except for one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From the time the person is bitten [by an infected mosquito] to the time they get to the doctor, no more than five to seven days can pass for us to [be able to] pick it up on PCR,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that if PCR is to work, doctors have to collect patients' blood within a week of the first signs of a fever and rash. The virus hangs around a little longer in urine, so doctors would have a slightly longer window of time — about two weeks — to collect those samples. But there's an extra complication, Curry says: Most patients don't rush to the doctor when their illness is mild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone had virus in their blood three weeks ago and they're now cleared, the PCR's not going to tell you that,\" she says. In that case, a negative result could mean either that the person never had Zika, or that their body had already cleared it from their system by the time they got tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why labs like Weeden's are trying to get hold of another kind of test that the CDC developed, which goes by yet another bulky acronym — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/state-labs/\">Zika MAC-ELISA\u003c/a>. This test looks for a protein in a person's blood — a specific type of antibody — that shows what foreign things the body has fought off recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika MAC-ELISA is widely seen as the best test available, right now, because it works over a longer time span than the first option. It's also faster and cheaper than another more definitive test, and requires less specialized training to perform. According to the CDC, Zika antibodies appear in the blood \"starting 4 to 5 days after the start of illness and last for up to 12 weeks,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mac-elisa-fact-sheet-for-patients.pdf\">or even longer\u003c/a> in some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has produced about 100,000 of these test kits, and is offering them free to \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">qualified labs\u003c/a>. But there's one drawback: The test sometimes tells people they had Zika when they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ideal test, all agree, would be specific to this particular virus and give a faster turnaround time — eliminating the need for the manpower, money and time required to go through the current layers of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just pregnant women who would benefit from a better test — so would patients who need blood transfusions in places like Puerto Rico, where health officials have been worried that patients might accidentally get Zika during transfusions with infected blood. So the officials have stopped accepting local donations and, instead, are now getting blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2016/03/07/hhs-ships-blood-products-puerto-rico-response-zika-outbreak.html\">shipped in\u003c/a> from the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, more definitive, test is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf\">PRNT\u003c/a>, or the plaque-reduction neutralization test. Because PRNT is expensive and takes at least a week longer to do than the Zika MAC-ELISA, the ELISA test is widely considered the more practical option in many cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And herein lies where science needs to innovate a bit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/lvd/viralpathogenesissection/Pages/default.aspx\">Ted Pierson\u003c/a>, a virologist and senior investigator at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in December, Pierson and colleagues in his molecular virology lab dropped their work on dengue virus so they could press the pedal to the metal on Zika. Pierson's work doesn't focus on pregnant women or blood transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am focused on amino acids, hydroxyls and phosphates,\" he explains. His team is trying to figure out how to make a better version of the antibody test — the Zika MAC-ELISA test the CDC is distributing to labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem here is actually quite simple,\" Pierson explains. Viruses in the same family — in Zika's case, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/flaviviridae.html\">flaviviruses\u003c/a>\u003cem> — \u003c/em>can look similar on the outside, and the antibodies the human immune system uses to fight them can also be similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if a person had been infected sometime along the way with another mosquito-borne virus in that family, like dengue or West Nile — or even if they simply had been vaccinated against yellow fever — they could test positive in a Zika antibody test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a good example of where the devil is in the details,\" Pierson says, and those details are what he and his colleagues are delving into now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we, as a field, need to do is develop antigens that allow us to distinguish between the antibodies specific to Zika, versus those for other flaviviruses,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is essentially stripping down the virus to figure out what is unique to Zika — what distinguishes it from related viruses. The researchers are particularly interested in proteins, like the \"fusion loop,\" that lie on top of the virus and help it enter a human cell. Once those unique parts are identified, it might be possible to create a more specific test that has much lower odds of triggering false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could take days to figure out — or months, Pierson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You just can't predict,\" he says. \"This is science. We just have to do the experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, people across the country who have jobs like Cleveland Weeden's will be working long days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get physically tired,\" Weeden admits. \"We're not robots. Your hands cramp up after you pipette so much. But that's what we're here for. We're public health scientists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weather warms and mosquitoes start flying around, these scientists will keep on testing with — they hope — better and better tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Best+To+Test+For+Zika+Virus%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There are three kinds of tests for Zika, and each has problems. So. scientists are working hard to improve diagnosis.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476934765,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1465},"headData":{"title":"Zika Tests Have Different Drawbacks -- Including False Positives | KQED","description":"There are three kinds of tests for Zika, and each has problems. So. scientists are working hard to improve diagnosis.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Zika Tests Have Different Drawbacks -- Including False Positives","datePublished":"2016-03-11T21:07:44.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-20T03:39:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"126635 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=126635","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives/","disqusTitle":"Zika Tests Have Different Drawbacks -- Including False Positives","nprImageCredit":"Arnulfo Franco","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"469549176","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=469549176&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/10/469549176/how-best-to-test-for-zika-virus?ft=nprml&f=469549176","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 10 Mar 2016 18:51:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 10 Mar 2016 14:45:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 10 Mar 2016 17:00:16 -0500","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/03/20160310_atc_how_best_to_test_for_zika_virus.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=464842698&d=304&p=2&story=469549176&t=progseg&e=469898968&seg=16&ft=nprml&f=469549176","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1469972607-81dc08.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=464842698&d=304&p=2&story=469549176&t=progseg&e=469898968&seg=16&ft=nprml&f=469549176","path":"/futureofyou/126635/zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/03/20160310_atc_how_best_to_test_for_zika_virus.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=464842698&d=304&p=2&story=469549176&t=progseg&e=469898968&seg=16&ft=nprml&f=469549176","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let's say you're a pregnant woman who recently traveled to Latin America or the Caribbean. You got a little sick shortly after the trip, with some combination of mild fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis. The big question now is: Did you have Zika virus? And, if so, is your fetus still healthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">One test has a particularly nasty drawback: It sometimes tells people they have the Zika virus when they don't.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Probably every day, patients come in questioning whether or not they would qualify for testing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.umiamihospital.com/doctors/profile/137788\">Dr. Christine Curry\u003c/a>, an obstetrician-gynecologist at the University of Miami, and Jackson Memorial Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/04/469179452/study-finds-multiple-problems-in-fetuses-exposed-to-zika-virus\">preliminary study\u003c/a> in Brazil makes a strong case for the link between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and a number of birth defects, including microcephaly. The infection has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e1.htm\">associated\u003c/a> with a range of outcomes in another study of nine U.S. women who caught the virus while traveling to regions where Zika is prevalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a patient has a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pregnant-women.html\">travel history\u003c/a>, Curry sends a sample of the woman's blood to a lab for analysis. But it can take awhile for test results to come back, Curry says, and the waiting can be really stressful, especially for patients in the middle of a pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're trying to decide what to do with the pregnancy, given so many unknowns,\" she says. \"The difference between two and four weeks can be the difference between being able to end a pregnancy and not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another problem: Some tests aren't very reliable, so patients sometimes have to go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/diagnostic.html\">multiple rounds\u003c/a> to confirm whether they had Zika. That puts Curry in a tricky situation when she's counseling patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It involves saying 'I don't know' and 'no one knows' over and over again,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, most samples of fluids from patients had to be sent to Atlanta for testing by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Now, about 30 local \u003ca href=\"http://dfs.dc.gov/page/public-health-laboratory-division-phl\">public health labs\u003c/a> are gearing up to do the analysis themselves, including the District of Columbia's department of forensic sciences, where Cleveland Weeden works as a medical technologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most days, Weeden says, he feels like an athlete stuck on the bench. Outbreaks are exciting, in a way, because he finally gets to put his expertise and skills to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're the bench,\" Weeden says. \"We get called into action when something goes on in the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A refrigerator behind Weeden holds plastic baggies with tubes of blood and urine from patients in the area. As of this week, his job is to test all these samples for Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden expects to get the results to patients within three days, rather than four weeks. He's running a procedure called \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/method/lowry/rtpcr.htm\">RT-PCR\u003c/a> – or Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The CDC has produced about 375,000 kits that can perform this test. It looks for pieces of the virus' genetic material and answers \"yes\" or \"no\" to the question: \"Is there virus in this person's blood?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden says the test is pretty straightforward — except for one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From the time the person is bitten [by an infected mosquito] to the time they get to the doctor, no more than five to seven days can pass for us to [be able to] pick it up on PCR,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that if PCR is to work, doctors have to collect patients' blood within a week of the first signs of a fever and rash. The virus hangs around a little longer in urine, so doctors would have a slightly longer window of time — about two weeks — to collect those samples. But there's an extra complication, Curry says: Most patients don't rush to the doctor when their illness is mild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone had virus in their blood three weeks ago and they're now cleared, the PCR's not going to tell you that,\" she says. In that case, a negative result could mean either that the person never had Zika, or that their body had already cleared it from their system by the time they got tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why labs like Weeden's are trying to get hold of another kind of test that the CDC developed, which goes by yet another bulky acronym — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/state-labs/\">Zika MAC-ELISA\u003c/a>. This test looks for a protein in a person's blood — a specific type of antibody — that shows what foreign things the body has fought off recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika MAC-ELISA is widely seen as the best test available, right now, because it works over a longer time span than the first option. It's also faster and cheaper than another more definitive test, and requires less specialized training to perform. According to the CDC, Zika antibodies appear in the blood \"starting 4 to 5 days after the start of illness and last for up to 12 weeks,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mac-elisa-fact-sheet-for-patients.pdf\">or even longer\u003c/a> in some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has produced about 100,000 of these test kits, and is offering them free to \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">qualified labs\u003c/a>. But there's one drawback: The test sometimes tells people they had Zika when they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ideal test, all agree, would be specific to this particular virus and give a faster turnaround time — eliminating the need for the manpower, money and time required to go through the current layers of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just pregnant women who would benefit from a better test — so would patients who need blood transfusions in places like Puerto Rico, where health officials have been worried that patients might accidentally get Zika during transfusions with infected blood. So the officials have stopped accepting local donations and, instead, are now getting blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2016/03/07/hhs-ships-blood-products-puerto-rico-response-zika-outbreak.html\">shipped in\u003c/a> from the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, more definitive, test is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf\">PRNT\u003c/a>, or the plaque-reduction neutralization test. Because PRNT is expensive and takes at least a week longer to do than the Zika MAC-ELISA, the ELISA test is widely considered the more practical option in many cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And herein lies where science needs to innovate a bit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/lvd/viralpathogenesissection/Pages/default.aspx\">Ted Pierson\u003c/a>, a virologist and senior investigator at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in December, Pierson and colleagues in his molecular virology lab dropped their work on dengue virus so they could press the pedal to the metal on Zika. Pierson's work doesn't focus on pregnant women or blood transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am focused on amino acids, hydroxyls and phosphates,\" he explains. His team is trying to figure out how to make a better version of the antibody test — the Zika MAC-ELISA test the CDC is distributing to labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem here is actually quite simple,\" Pierson explains. Viruses in the same family — in Zika's case, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/flaviviridae.html\">flaviviruses\u003c/a>\u003cem> — \u003c/em>can look similar on the outside, and the antibodies the human immune system uses to fight them can also be similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if a person had been infected sometime along the way with another mosquito-borne virus in that family, like dengue or West Nile — or even if they simply had been vaccinated against yellow fever — they could test positive in a Zika antibody test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a good example of where the devil is in the details,\" Pierson says, and those details are what he and his colleagues are delving into now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we, as a field, need to do is develop antigens that allow us to distinguish between the antibodies specific to Zika, versus those for other flaviviruses,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is essentially stripping down the virus to figure out what is unique to Zika — what distinguishes it from related viruses. The researchers are particularly interested in proteins, like the \"fusion loop,\" that lie on top of the virus and help it enter a human cell. Once those unique parts are identified, it might be possible to create a more specific test that has much lower odds of triggering false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could take days to figure out — or months, Pierson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You just can't predict,\" he says. \"This is science. We just have to do the experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, people across the country who have jobs like Cleveland Weeden's will be working long days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get physically tired,\" Weeden admits. \"We're not robots. Your hands cramp up after you pipette so much. But that's what we're here for. We're public health scientists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weather warms and mosquitoes start flying around, these scientists will keep on testing with — they hope — better and better tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Best+To+Test+For+Zika+Virus%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/126635/zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives","authors":["byline_futureofyou_126635"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_80","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_126636","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_125592":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_125592","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"125592","score":null,"sort":[1457719248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt","title":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t","publishDate":1457719248,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>The Zika virus is certainly worrying. On Feb. 1, the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/\" target=\"_blank\">declared the cluster\u003c/a> of infant brain disorders that health experts strongly suspect is linked to the virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern#History\" target=\"_blank\">rare designation\u003c/a> defined by WHO as \"an extraordinary event,\" constituting a transnational public health risk potentially requiring a coordinated international response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last event to receive that designation was the spread of the Ebola virus in 2014. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people in West Africa\u003c/a> died from the disease -- a terrible toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated.'\u003ccite>Stephen Gehlbach,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Massachusetts-Amherst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., however, the ratio of fatalities (2) to panic (a lot) was off the charts, driven in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2014/dec/15/2014-lie-year-exaggerations-about-ebola/\" target=\"_blank\">unfounded speculation and erroneous information\u003c/a>. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/10/ebola_panic_anniversary_predictions_of_a_u_s_epidemic_didn_t_come_true.html\" target=\"_blank\">hindsight\u003c/a> (and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ebola-panic-in-us-spreading-much-faster-than-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">at the time\u003c/a>), this was obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will concern over Zika follow a similar trajectory? Hopefully not, though the fact that \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">more than 4 in 10 Americans\u003c/a> think the disease is usually fatal (it's not) is probably not a good sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indication that interest in the virus has outpaced the risk is a comparision of the explosive growth and geographical expansion of Zika searches on Google versus the areas of actual active transmission. Here's a global CDC map showing the current areas of Zika transmission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125990\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-125990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-800x479.jpg\" alt=\"zikamap\" width=\"800\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-768x460.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's a widget created by Google showing the spread of, not the virus, but searches related to it since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003ca href=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" target=\"_blank\">Click here for a full-screen map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not necessarily unexpected or even unwarranted, considering the potential \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-grows-linking-zika-microcephaly-and-other-nerve-syndromes/\" target=\"_blank\">awful effects of the virus \u003c/a>and the lack of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the Ebola hysteria in the U.S. presents us with a cautionary tale, according to Stephen Gehlbach, dean emeritus of the School of Public Health at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. \u003ca href=\"http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2016/02/18/threats-of-zika-stephen-gelbach\" target=\"_blank\">Writing for WBUR\u003c/a> in Boston, he wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Such distressing history should warn that Zika could provoke similar behaviors. How should we react?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By reasoned response. The health concerns are real. But science should supplant our fear, and evidence not emotion be our guide. While we wait for clarity, we need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated. As we learn more about this disease and monitor its spread, rational strategies to minimize risk will emerge.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you're a citizen of the United States, it's useful to note that officials here think widespread transmission in this country is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/26/464459350/big-zika-virus-outbreak-unlikely-in-the-u-s-officials-say\" target=\"_blank\">unlikely\u003c/a>, due to a climate that is mostly inhospitable to the species of mosquitoes spreading the virus, as well as the pervasive use of air conditioning and window screens. (Sexual transmission, however, is of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/03/08/who-tells-pregnant-women-not-visit-zika-affected-areas/81481592/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing concern\u003c/a>.) According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\">CDC\u003c/a>, there are currently 193 cases of people in the U.S. who acquired the disease while traveling internationally and zero cases of local transmission by mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while countries to our south are getting hard hit by the virus, an increase in microcephaly and other devastating neonatal malformations -- so widely publicized -- has been limited to Brazil and French Polynesia,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/10-march-2016/en/\" target=\"_blank\">current Zika situation report\u003c/a> from WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, high tech is on the case. Google has \u003ca href=\"https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/providing-support-to-combat-zika-in.html\" target=\"_blank\">put a volunteer team \u003c/a>of its engineers and data scientists to work in building a data platform to aid in the global effort to stop the spread of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ultimately, the goal of this open source platform is to identify the risk of Zika transmission for different regions and help UNICEF, governments and NGO’s decide how and where to focus their time and resources,\" Google said on its official blog last week. \"This set of tools is being prototyped for the Zika response, but will also be applicable to future emergencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a new, rapid test for the virus, which would allow health officials to better identify infection hot spots and intervene accordingly, is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/\" target=\"_blank\">being tested\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Google widget shows the spread of not the virus, but people around the world who are searching for it on the Internet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457722596,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t | KQED","description":"Google widget shows the spread of not the virus, but people around the world who are searching for it on the Internet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t","datePublished":"2016-03-11T18:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-11T18:56:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"125592 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=125592","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt/","disqusTitle":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t","path":"/futureofyou/125592/searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Zika virus is certainly worrying. On Feb. 1, the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/\" target=\"_blank\">declared the cluster\u003c/a> of infant brain disorders that health experts strongly suspect is linked to the virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern#History\" target=\"_blank\">rare designation\u003c/a> defined by WHO as \"an extraordinary event,\" constituting a transnational public health risk potentially requiring a coordinated international response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last event to receive that designation was the spread of the Ebola virus in 2014. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people in West Africa\u003c/a> died from the disease -- a terrible toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated.'\u003ccite>Stephen Gehlbach,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Massachusetts-Amherst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., however, the ratio of fatalities (2) to panic (a lot) was off the charts, driven in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2014/dec/15/2014-lie-year-exaggerations-about-ebola/\" target=\"_blank\">unfounded speculation and erroneous information\u003c/a>. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/10/ebola_panic_anniversary_predictions_of_a_u_s_epidemic_didn_t_come_true.html\" target=\"_blank\">hindsight\u003c/a> (and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ebola-panic-in-us-spreading-much-faster-than-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">at the time\u003c/a>), this was obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will concern over Zika follow a similar trajectory? Hopefully not, though the fact that \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">more than 4 in 10 Americans\u003c/a> think the disease is usually fatal (it's not) is probably not a good sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indication that interest in the virus has outpaced the risk is a comparision of the explosive growth and geographical expansion of Zika searches on Google versus the areas of actual active transmission. Here's a global CDC map showing the current areas of Zika transmission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125990\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-125990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-800x479.jpg\" alt=\"zikamap\" width=\"800\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-768x460.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's a widget created by Google showing the spread of, not the virus, but searches related to it since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003ca href=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" target=\"_blank\">Click here for a full-screen map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not necessarily unexpected or even unwarranted, considering the potential \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-grows-linking-zika-microcephaly-and-other-nerve-syndromes/\" target=\"_blank\">awful effects of the virus \u003c/a>and the lack of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the Ebola hysteria in the U.S. presents us with a cautionary tale, according to Stephen Gehlbach, dean emeritus of the School of Public Health at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. \u003ca href=\"http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2016/02/18/threats-of-zika-stephen-gelbach\" target=\"_blank\">Writing for WBUR\u003c/a> in Boston, he wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Such distressing history should warn that Zika could provoke similar behaviors. How should we react?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By reasoned response. The health concerns are real. But science should supplant our fear, and evidence not emotion be our guide. While we wait for clarity, we need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated. As we learn more about this disease and monitor its spread, rational strategies to minimize risk will emerge.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you're a citizen of the United States, it's useful to note that officials here think widespread transmission in this country is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/26/464459350/big-zika-virus-outbreak-unlikely-in-the-u-s-officials-say\" target=\"_blank\">unlikely\u003c/a>, due to a climate that is mostly inhospitable to the species of mosquitoes spreading the virus, as well as the pervasive use of air conditioning and window screens. (Sexual transmission, however, is of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/03/08/who-tells-pregnant-women-not-visit-zika-affected-areas/81481592/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing concern\u003c/a>.) According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\">CDC\u003c/a>, there are currently 193 cases of people in the U.S. who acquired the disease while traveling internationally and zero cases of local transmission by mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while countries to our south are getting hard hit by the virus, an increase in microcephaly and other devastating neonatal malformations -- so widely publicized -- has been limited to Brazil and French Polynesia,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/10-march-2016/en/\" target=\"_blank\">current Zika situation report\u003c/a> from WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, high tech is on the case. Google has \u003ca href=\"https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/providing-support-to-combat-zika-in.html\" target=\"_blank\">put a volunteer team \u003c/a>of its engineers and data scientists to work in building a data platform to aid in the global effort to stop the spread of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ultimately, the goal of this open source platform is to identify the risk of Zika transmission for different regions and help UNICEF, governments and NGO’s decide how and where to focus their time and resources,\" Google said on its official blog last week. \"This set of tools is being prototyped for the Zika response, but will also be applicable to future emergencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a new, rapid test for the virus, which would allow health officials to better identify infection hot spots and intervene accordingly, is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/\" target=\"_blank\">being tested\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/125592/searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt","authors":["80"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_131","futureofyou_799","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_125990","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_125438":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_125438","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"125438","score":null,"sort":[1457547168000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"defying-norm-scientist-reports-zika-research-in-real-time","title":"Defying Norm, Scientist Reports Zika Research in Real Time","publishDate":1457547168,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Anyone can follow the pregnancy of a monkey infected with Zika virus in real time, thanks to an experiment in data sharing that's unusual for biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Wisconsin injected Zika virus into a pregnant rhesus macaque monkey on Monday, to start exploring how this virus can affect the brain of a developing fetus. Over the course of the coming weeks, the team will be \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">posting\u003c/a> the infected monkey's ultrasounds and blood tests, as well as other data such as the amount of virus in the amniotic fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study is being led by \u003ca href=\"http://labs.pathology.wisc.edu/oconnor/staff/index_files/page7-1000-full.html\">Dave O'Connor\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who is also writing a \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">running commentary\u003c/a> on the laboratory's website that frankly discusses things like the emotional impact of looking at this primate's ultrasounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor says that he can feel a moral need to do this kind of animal research and at the same time feel \"sad and heartbroken\" at what the work entails. \"I don't think those two are mutually exclusive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues have been planning these monkey experiments for months. A couple of weeks ago, when he was in Rio de Janeiro, he kept seeing pregnant women on the street. It really hit him that all of them were potentially at risk of Zika, which is suspected of causing microcephaly and other devastating birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've come to the conclusion that there is an ethical and a moral imperative to study the most relevant animal model to get the most impactful and valuable data,\" says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And making sure that the data has the biggest impact is why he's releasing it right away, letting strangers follow the experiment as it happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of openness is not the norm in biology. Usually researchers would collect data, analyze it, maybe present it at a conference, and eventually submit a manuscript to a scientific journal. The findings might not get published for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the case of a public health emergency like Zika virus, the journals are \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/02/10/science.aaf4545\">aware\u003c/a> that there is certain urgency to communicating the results,\" says O'Connor, \"but that process can still take weeks to months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't want to wait. Doing the experiment publicly means that other experts can contact him and suggest changes or offer help. Plus the early results could maybe help other groups better plan their own Zika studies, so they could get results faster and use fewer animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments. I think that's great. That's certainly new to me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://andersen-lab.com/people/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, a biologist at The Scripps Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, Andersen and his colleagues sequenced Ebola viruses taken from patients and made that genetic information public unusually fast — within 48 hours of generating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take on it is that for public health emergencies like Ebola, like Zika, it's really a no-brainer,\" says Andersen. \"The data has to be made publicly available as soon as possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, this kind of rapid data sharing is so new, there's a lot that isn't yet sorted out — like how to make sure scientists get proper credit for their work, even if it's not formally published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're seeing a shift, as you are in many other aspects of culture, where information can be shared much more broadly and much more quickly than it ever could before,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/friedrichlab/\">Thomas Friedrich\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin, Madison who is collaborating with O'Connor on the Zika experiments in monkeys. \"Part of what we're testing here is the viability of real-time public data sharing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that one recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> used unpublished data on Zika virus genetic sequences that had been deposited in a publicly available database. Some felt that the group in Brazil that originally obtained those sequences was not given enough credit in that publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's caused a bit of controversy within the field, partially because there are no rules about how to do that,\" Friedrich says. \"By the kind of standard rules, the researchers who wrote the paper didn't do anything wrong in taking publicly available data and doing their own analysis with it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, he says, there's a growing appreciation for how researchers in developing countries may not get enough credit for their contributions, and there's an obvious need to make sure that these scientists can contribute to rapidly moving science without the fear of being shortchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich says he wouldn't want to rush into recommending that everyone go public with their experiments, but doing this monkey study out in the open seemed right to him — at least in the urgent context of the Zika outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I understand that not everyone in science is going to feel the same way,\" says Friedrich, \"and because we don't have codified rules and because we don't have established norms, the level of data sharing that each individual scientist thinks is appropriate is going to vary widely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But O'Connor hopes that if this experiment in transparency goes well, it might embolden others to follow their lead. \"We don't know how it's going to be received,\" says O'Connor, \"but trying new things and seeing what happens is important in its own right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright NPR.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's rare for researchers to share data as they work, but scientists in Wisconsin are reporting on their Zika virus experiments in real time. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476935019,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":939},"headData":{"title":"Defying Norm, Scientist Reports Zika Research in Real Time | KQED","description":"It's rare for researchers to share data as they work, but scientists in Wisconsin are reporting on their Zika virus experiments in real time. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Defying Norm, Scientist Reports Zika Research in Real Time","datePublished":"2016-03-09T18:12:48.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-20T03:43:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"125438 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=125438","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/09/defying-norm-scientist-reports-zika-research-in-real-time/","disqusTitle":"Defying Norm, Scientist Reports Zika Research in Real Time","nprByline":"Nell Greenfieldboyce\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy of Kristi L. Hall","nprStoryId":"469653715","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=469653715&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/08/469653715/scientists-report-in-real-time-on-challenging-zika-research?ft=nprml&f=469653715","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 08 Mar 2016 23:28:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 08 Mar 2016 17:00:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 08 Mar 2016 19:31:14 -0500","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/03/20160308_atc_nell_on_zika_monkeys.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=464842698&d=227&p=2&story=469653715&t=progseg&e=469610288&seg=17&ft=nprml&f=469653715","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1469692294-0dc026.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=464842698&d=227&p=2&story=469653715&t=progseg&e=469610288&seg=17&ft=nprml&f=469653715","path":"/futureofyou/125438/defying-norm-scientist-reports-zika-research-in-real-time","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/03/20160308_atc_nell_on_zika_monkeys.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=464842698&d=227&p=2&story=469653715&t=progseg&e=469610288&seg=17&ft=nprml&f=469653715","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anyone can follow the pregnancy of a monkey infected with Zika virus in real time, thanks to an experiment in data sharing that's unusual for biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Wisconsin injected Zika virus into a pregnant rhesus macaque monkey on Monday, to start exploring how this virus can affect the brain of a developing fetus. Over the course of the coming weeks, the team will be \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">posting\u003c/a> the infected monkey's ultrasounds and blood tests, as well as other data such as the amount of virus in the amniotic fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study is being led by \u003ca href=\"http://labs.pathology.wisc.edu/oconnor/staff/index_files/page7-1000-full.html\">Dave O'Connor\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who is also writing a \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">running commentary\u003c/a> on the laboratory's website that frankly discusses things like the emotional impact of looking at this primate's ultrasounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor says that he can feel a moral need to do this kind of animal research and at the same time feel \"sad and heartbroken\" at what the work entails. \"I don't think those two are mutually exclusive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues have been planning these monkey experiments for months. A couple of weeks ago, when he was in Rio de Janeiro, he kept seeing pregnant women on the street. It really hit him that all of them were potentially at risk of Zika, which is suspected of causing microcephaly and other devastating birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've come to the conclusion that there is an ethical and a moral imperative to study the most relevant animal model to get the most impactful and valuable data,\" says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And making sure that the data has the biggest impact is why he's releasing it right away, letting strangers follow the experiment as it happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of openness is not the norm in biology. Usually researchers would collect data, analyze it, maybe present it at a conference, and eventually submit a manuscript to a scientific journal. The findings might not get published for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the case of a public health emergency like Zika virus, the journals are \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/02/10/science.aaf4545\">aware\u003c/a> that there is certain urgency to communicating the results,\" says O'Connor, \"but that process can still take weeks to months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't want to wait. Doing the experiment publicly means that other experts can contact him and suggest changes or offer help. Plus the early results could maybe help other groups better plan their own Zika studies, so they could get results faster and use fewer animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments. I think that's great. That's certainly new to me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://andersen-lab.com/people/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, a biologist at The Scripps Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, Andersen and his colleagues sequenced Ebola viruses taken from patients and made that genetic information public unusually fast — within 48 hours of generating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take on it is that for public health emergencies like Ebola, like Zika, it's really a no-brainer,\" says Andersen. \"The data has to be made publicly available as soon as possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, this kind of rapid data sharing is so new, there's a lot that isn't yet sorted out — like how to make sure scientists get proper credit for their work, even if it's not formally published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're seeing a shift, as you are in many other aspects of culture, where information can be shared much more broadly and much more quickly than it ever could before,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/friedrichlab/\">Thomas Friedrich\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin, Madison who is collaborating with O'Connor on the Zika experiments in monkeys. \"Part of what we're testing here is the viability of real-time public data sharing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that one recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> used unpublished data on Zika virus genetic sequences that had been deposited in a publicly available database. Some felt that the group in Brazil that originally obtained those sequences was not given enough credit in that publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's caused a bit of controversy within the field, partially because there are no rules about how to do that,\" Friedrich says. \"By the kind of standard rules, the researchers who wrote the paper didn't do anything wrong in taking publicly available data and doing their own analysis with it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, he says, there's a growing appreciation for how researchers in developing countries may not get enough credit for their contributions, and there's an obvious need to make sure that these scientists can contribute to rapidly moving science without the fear of being shortchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich says he wouldn't want to rush into recommending that everyone go public with their experiments, but doing this monkey study out in the open seemed right to him — at least in the urgent context of the Zika outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I understand that not everyone in science is going to feel the same way,\" says Friedrich, \"and because we don't have codified rules and because we don't have established norms, the level of data sharing that each individual scientist thinks is appropriate is going to vary widely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But O'Connor hopes that if this experiment in transparency goes well, it might embolden others to follow their lead. \"We don't know how it's going to be received,\" says O'Connor, \"but trying new things and seeing what happens is important in its own right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright NPR.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/125438/defying-norm-scientist-reports-zika-research-in-real-time","authors":["byline_futureofyou_125438"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_80","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_125439","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_107964":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_107964","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"107964","score":null,"sort":[1457478030000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon","title":"New, Rapid Zika Test Has Been Working, UCSF Researcher Says","publishDate":1457478030,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update March 8, 2016:\u003c/strong> As you can read in our original post below, we reported in February that Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious disease at the University of California, San Francisco, has been testing a new genetic device that he hoped would diagnose the Zika virus in under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be significant because a faster diagnosis could help health officials better contain the spread of the virus, aid in identifying infection hot spots, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women they've been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Chiu gave us an update on the test's progress. Speaking with KQED's Lesley McClurg at the University of California, San Francisco symposium on preparing for Zika, Chiu said he's been using the test on samples from patients in South America and the Caribbean who were suspected of having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu said the test, which uses a technique called nanopore sequencing, has been working well to not only identify Zika, but also co-infections, found in those who have, for example, both the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Currently, there are separate tests for infectious agents like the malaria or chikungunya viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu's hope is the diagnostic test will be deployed in Barbados in the next month or two. A clinical microbiologist from Barbados will be coming to UCSF in the next two weeks to be trained on using the test, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 30 countries have reported outbreaks of the Zika virus, and the World Health Organization estimates that 3 to 4 million people may be infected by year's end. Transmitted by mosquito bites and -- in at least one case -- sexually, the virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly, a condition in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"In a few months, we could use the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it's in a few weeks.\"\u003cbr>\n--\u003ccite>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No commercially available test for Zika virus exists. In the U.S., blood samples must be sent to the Centers for Disease Control, and it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for the test results to arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials better contain the disease's spread, identify hot spots for infection, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they've been exposed to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/charles.chiu\">Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/a>, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that he hopes will diagnose Zika, and other mosquito-borne infections like dengue, in under six hours. If the technique proves successful, he hopes to send it to Brazil, ground zero for the virus, by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed Dr. Chiu on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This transcript has been edited for length and clarity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Can you describe this new technology that you're testing in your lab to see if it can quickly detect the Zika virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/strong>: It’s a technique called nanopore sequencing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/\">Oxford Nanopore\u003c/a>, a biotech company from the UK, is the only company that provides it as a commercial product. It's a portable sequencer a bit larger than a USB stick, which can be powered by a USB connection on a laptop and can perform rapid sequencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-108058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/OxfordNanoporeTechnologies_MinION-hand-e1454691575840.jpg\" alt=\"This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections. \u003ccite>(Oxford Nanopore Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have one specific test for every infectious agent. So there’s now a test for Zika, for malaria, and for dengue. But this new technique allows us to use a single test to detect any bacteria, virus or parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're planning on testing Zika virus-positive and Zika virus-negative blood samples in my lab next week. If the tests are promising, we will then deploy the technology to affected countries for use in local clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With our tool, the turnaround time for test results can be under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Did you create this USB-sized sequencing device?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: No, but we are implementing and validating the technology for use with clinical specimens, and we are hoping to develop it into a clinical assay, so that you could also do the analysis in the cloud or on your laptop, to rapidly analyze hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences and give you an answer within minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/09/131806/portable-rapid-dna-test-can-detect-ebola-and-other-pathogens\">a study\u003c/a> showing that we can identify Ebola or Chikungunya virus infection within 10 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to rapidly test and deploy this in other countries. In a few months, we could be using the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it's more like a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-108366 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D..Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Medicine / Infectious Diseases at UCSF School of Medicine. \" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-768x433.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1920x1082.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D., is a professor at UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: How long do you think it will take before a vaccine could be developed for the virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: I think typically the turnaround time for a vaccine is 10 years. Fortunately, we have a vaccine for one member of the mosquito-borne viruses - the yellow fever virus. And there’s discussion about how to modify this into a vaccine for Zika virus, and also test novel vaccine candidates for Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Ebola, there had been candidate vaccines available at various stages of development at the beginning of the outbreak, but with Zika there has been no development to date. So I think with Zika, it will probably be at least three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the San Francisco Bay Area, for a full report on the Zika virus, watch Newsroom on Friday, Feb. 5, 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=21782\">\u003cstrong>Repeat television broadcasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> can be seen on KQED's digital channels.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Or -- from anywhere -- you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\">watch on demand\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that could rapidly diagnose the Zika virus.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457482830,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1049},"headData":{"title":"New, Rapid Zika Test Has Been Working, UCSF Researcher Says | KQED","description":"Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that could rapidly diagnose the Zika virus.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New, Rapid Zika Test Has Been Working, UCSF Researcher Says","datePublished":"2016-03-08T23:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T00:20:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"107964 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=107964","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/08/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/","disqusTitle":"New, Rapid Zika Test Has Been Working, UCSF Researcher Says","customPermalink":"2016/02/04/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/","path":"/futureofyou/107964/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update March 8, 2016:\u003c/strong> As you can read in our original post below, we reported in February that Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious disease at the University of California, San Francisco, has been testing a new genetic device that he hoped would diagnose the Zika virus in under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be significant because a faster diagnosis could help health officials better contain the spread of the virus, aid in identifying infection hot spots, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women they've been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Chiu gave us an update on the test's progress. Speaking with KQED's Lesley McClurg at the University of California, San Francisco symposium on preparing for Zika, Chiu said he's been using the test on samples from patients in South America and the Caribbean who were suspected of having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu said the test, which uses a technique called nanopore sequencing, has been working well to not only identify Zika, but also co-infections, found in those who have, for example, both the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Currently, there are separate tests for infectious agents like the malaria or chikungunya viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu's hope is the diagnostic test will be deployed in Barbados in the next month or two. A clinical microbiologist from Barbados will be coming to UCSF in the next two weeks to be trained on using the test, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 30 countries have reported outbreaks of the Zika virus, and the World Health Organization estimates that 3 to 4 million people may be infected by year's end. Transmitted by mosquito bites and -- in at least one case -- sexually, the virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly, a condition in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"In a few months, we could use the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it's in a few weeks.\"\u003cbr>\n--\u003ccite>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No commercially available test for Zika virus exists. In the U.S., blood samples must be sent to the Centers for Disease Control, and it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for the test results to arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials better contain the disease's spread, identify hot spots for infection, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they've been exposed to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/charles.chiu\">Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/a>, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that he hopes will diagnose Zika, and other mosquito-borne infections like dengue, in under six hours. If the technique proves successful, he hopes to send it to Brazil, ground zero for the virus, by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed Dr. Chiu on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This transcript has been edited for length and clarity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Can you describe this new technology that you're testing in your lab to see if it can quickly detect the Zika virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/strong>: It’s a technique called nanopore sequencing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/\">Oxford Nanopore\u003c/a>, a biotech company from the UK, is the only company that provides it as a commercial product. It's a portable sequencer a bit larger than a USB stick, which can be powered by a USB connection on a laptop and can perform rapid sequencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-108058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/OxfordNanoporeTechnologies_MinION-hand-e1454691575840.jpg\" alt=\"This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections. \u003ccite>(Oxford Nanopore Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have one specific test for every infectious agent. So there’s now a test for Zika, for malaria, and for dengue. But this new technique allows us to use a single test to detect any bacteria, virus or parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're planning on testing Zika virus-positive and Zika virus-negative blood samples in my lab next week. If the tests are promising, we will then deploy the technology to affected countries for use in local clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With our tool, the turnaround time for test results can be under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Did you create this USB-sized sequencing device?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: No, but we are implementing and validating the technology for use with clinical specimens, and we are hoping to develop it into a clinical assay, so that you could also do the analysis in the cloud or on your laptop, to rapidly analyze hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences and give you an answer within minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/09/131806/portable-rapid-dna-test-can-detect-ebola-and-other-pathogens\">a study\u003c/a> showing that we can identify Ebola or Chikungunya virus infection within 10 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to rapidly test and deploy this in other countries. In a few months, we could be using the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it's more like a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-108366 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D..Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Medicine / Infectious Diseases at UCSF School of Medicine. \" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-768x433.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1920x1082.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D., is a professor at UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: How long do you think it will take before a vaccine could be developed for the virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: I think typically the turnaround time for a vaccine is 10 years. Fortunately, we have a vaccine for one member of the mosquito-borne viruses - the yellow fever virus. And there’s discussion about how to modify this into a vaccine for Zika virus, and also test novel vaccine candidates for Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Ebola, there had been candidate vaccines available at various stages of development at the beginning of the outbreak, but with Zika there has been no development to date. So I think with Zika, it will probably be at least three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the San Francisco Bay Area, for a full report on the Zika virus, watch Newsroom on Friday, Feb. 5, 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=21782\">\u003cstrong>Repeat television broadcasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> can be seen on KQED's digital channels.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Or -- from anywhere -- you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\">watch on demand\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/107964/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon","authors":["3249","80"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_755","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_754","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_108315","label":"futureofyou_54"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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