California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes
Major Pediatrics Group Takes Stand in Support of Transgender Youth
California Ban on Kids' Football Sacked Early
Americans Are A Lonely Lot, And Young People Bear The Heaviest Burden
The Juul’s So Cool, Kids Smoke It in School
A Dietary Supplement Makes Old Mice Youthful. Will It Work in People?
Black And Latino Children Are Often Overlooked When It Comes To Autism
A Quarter of California Adolescents May Be 'Gender Nonconforming.' So What Does That Mean?
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FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_445076":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445076","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445076","score":null,"sort":[1539968992000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes","title":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes","publishDate":1539968992,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.[contextly_sidebar id=\"EK9hFqM2yZUTzSOgfHFT52apU2Vgh1xK\"]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.[contextly_sidebar id=\"o8Fym2tNlF7cBkD0KG2bbPnUmKXrgLdI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yBQAN1uArOrCWBWhXStG5szdMxIJkw7D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"U.S. youth are failing to appreciate the addiction potential of the e-cigarette, according to a new Stanford study. The way the products are marketed are partly to blame.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539990484,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":829},"headData":{"title":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes | KQED","description":"U.S. youth are failing to appreciate the addiction potential of the e-cigarette, according to a new Stanford study. The way the products are marketed are partly to blame.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes","datePublished":"2018-10-19T17:09:52.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-19T23:08:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445076 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445076","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/19/california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes/","disqusTitle":"California Youth Are Failing to Recognize Dangers of Juul E-Cigarettes","source":"Health","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2018/10/KlivansJuulAddiction.mp3","nprByline":"Laura Klivans and Amel Ahmed","path":"/futureofyou/445076/california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445076/california-youth-are-failing-to-recognize-dangers-of-juul-e-cigarettes","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445076"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1479","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1138","futureofyou_1478","futureofyou_1434"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445087","label":"source_futureofyou_445076"},"futureofyou_444450":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444450","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444450","score":null,"sort":[1537204210000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"doctors-group-recommends-support-for-transgender-children","title":"Major Pediatrics Group Takes Stand in Support of Transgender Youth","publishDate":1537204210,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A doctors group took a stand in support of transgender children Monday, offering advice in what it called “a rapidly evolving” field.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ew5jSTpxA05QNe71t6m93gcXN8jJWF5a\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended support for kids who change their names or hairstyles to affirm their chosen gender identity. The group said children are more likely to have better physical and mental health with such support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy describes interventions including hormones to suppress puberty and even surgery for teens on a case-by-case basis. It calls for advocacy in favor of laws protecting transgender youth from discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations, published in the journal Pediatrics, come at a time when the Trump \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7240e9d0bfa84ed08c17e8e02765258e/Struggle-for-transgender-rights-shifts-to-health-care\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administration\u003c/a> has put the brakes on such protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/02e14dcaba1f44af8202d390794f8717/Not-just-boy-and-girl;-more-teens-identify-as-transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> earlier this year found nearly 3 percent of U.S. youth identify as transgender or by other nontraditional gender terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors group, which represents 67,000 physicians who treat children and young adults, previously has made public statements in response to so-called bathroom legislation involving transgender people, but this is its first policy statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The recommendations come at a time when the Trump administration has put the brakes on such protections.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537556519,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":185},"headData":{"title":"Major Pediatrics Group Takes Stand in Support of Transgender Youth | KQED","description":"The recommendations come at a time when the Trump administration has put the brakes on such protections.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Major Pediatrics Group Takes Stand in Support of Transgender Youth","datePublished":"2018-09-17T17:10:10.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-21T19:01:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444450 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444450","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/17/doctors-group-recommends-support-for-transgender-children/","disqusTitle":"Major Pediatrics Group Takes Stand in Support of Transgender Youth","source":"Health","nprByline":"Carla K. Johnson \u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/444450/doctors-group-recommends-support-for-transgender-children","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A doctors group took a stand in support of transgender children Monday, offering advice in what it called “a rapidly evolving” field.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended support for kids who change their names or hairstyles to affirm their chosen gender identity. The group said children are more likely to have better physical and mental health with such support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy describes interventions including hormones to suppress puberty and even surgery for teens on a case-by-case basis. It calls for advocacy in favor of laws protecting transgender youth from discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations, published in the journal Pediatrics, come at a time when the Trump \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7240e9d0bfa84ed08c17e8e02765258e/Struggle-for-transgender-rights-shifts-to-health-care\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administration\u003c/a> has put the brakes on such protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/02e14dcaba1f44af8202d390794f8717/Not-just-boy-and-girl;-more-teens-identify-as-transgender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> earlier this year found nearly 3 percent of U.S. youth identify as transgender or by other nontraditional gender terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors group, which represents 67,000 physicians who treat children and young adults, previously has made public statements in response to so-called bathroom legislation involving transgender people, but this is its first policy statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444450/doctors-group-recommends-support-for-transgender-children","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444450"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1018","futureofyou_1434"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_370177","label":"source_futureofyou_444450"},"futureofyou_441252":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_441252","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"441252","score":null,"sort":[1525733717000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"proposed-california-ban-on-kids-football-sacked-early-and-hard","title":"California Ban on Kids' Football Sacked Early","publishDate":1525733717,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> that would have made California the first state to ban youth tackle football was shelved at the end of April, following major \u003ca href=\"https://www.ocregister.com/2018/04/27/law-to-ban-tackle-football-for-california-youth-falls-short-of-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pushback\u003c/a> from parents, coaches and football fans.[contextly_sidebar id=\"3BKDehAqDVxXqjXF1gjQRNg4qvtqDn2e\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers collected more than 45,000 signatures opposing the ban, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2018/04/27/lawmakers-sideline-bill-ban-preteen-tackle-football/560916002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ocregister.com/2018/04/27/law-to-ban-tackle-football-for-california-youth-falls-short-of-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Register\u003c/a> reported ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(T)he backlash was swift and unyielding. Coaches and parents flooded phone lines, email boxes and talk radio, condemning the bills and questioning the science behind them. Within weeks, three of five bills were dead or left in legislative purgatory, crushed under the weight of youth football’s influence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I have a problem with the idea that we're going to take kids that we already know are vulnerable, and we are gonna hit them in the head a few hundred times a year.' \u003ccite>Christopher Nowinski, co-founder of Boston University's CTE Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Safe Youth Football Act\u003c/a> would have barred children below age 12 from playing organized tackle football. The legislation was drafted in consultation with medical professionals who say the ban would protect youth from a degenerative brain disease known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370921\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those views were bolstered by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bumc.bu.edu/busm/2018/04/30/youth-tackle-football-linked-to-earlier-onset-of-cognitive-and-emotional-symptoms-in-athletes-diagnosed-with-cte-after-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study \u003c/a>published April 30 that found playing youth tackle football may lead to earlier onset of cognitive, behavioral and emotional symptoms in later life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Boston University School of Medicine conducted telephone interviews with the friends and relatives of 246 deceased football players and found that those who played tackle football before 12 experienced symptoms on average 13 years earlier than those who started playing at an older age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers took into account different styles of play and forms of protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took looking at 246 brains and seeing this in nearly 90 percent of them to say, 'Hey, you know what, the research is becoming very clear, that you hit someone in the head too much, you'll give them this disease,' \" Christopher Nowinski, co-founder of Boston University's \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/cte/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CTE Center\u003c/a>, said on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865041/after-california-ban-fails-controversy-persists-over-youth-tackle-football\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED's Forum program \u003c/a>last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Rafter, the president of Southern Marin Youth Football who started a group to oppose the ban, disputes those findings and says the sport is \"safer than its ever been.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"mIxCIh40B3GwZE3hvjgDhmoIUuc7rwZy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pointed to revised coaching methods and behavior modification techniques that he argues have made the sport safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The game that was played 40 to 50 years ago is no longer played now,\" he said. \"The techniques that are taught right now in youth football across America are to take the head out of the tackle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Health Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Nowinski, a former football player, says changes made in the sport are not enough to make it safe for youth. The problem is not the occasional major hit to the head, he said, but the repetitive tackling, hitting and blocking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the best data that we are going to have for decades, because we have taken the effort to actually build the world's largest brain bank of former football players, and we just really struggle to find football players who don't have CTE who've had long careers,\" he said. \"Even if we diagnose concussions, a concussion happens maybe once out of every couple thousand of times a child is hit in the head. CTE risk is related to those thousands of hits, not to that concussion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowinski says the issue is a matter of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is about protecting kids from degenerative brain disease. It's not unlike saying, 'Let's take the lead out of the paint in their home because it might rot their brain.' Let's not hit them in the head 500 times because it might rot their brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rafter says eliminating football will affect many children from undeserved communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[T]hey come together and experience different communities, different lifestyles through this sport,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rafter said he's received phone calls from coaches in poor neighborhoods thanking him for his efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can tell you I'm getting phone calls and emails from coaches in undeserved communities of Los Angeles thanking us,\" he said. \"Because if these boys don't have youth sports, they will get mixed into the wrong path.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowinski, however, says football is not the solution to poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a problem with the idea that we're going to take kids that we already know are vulnerable, and we are going to hit them in the head a few hundred times a year, and open them up to this door of concussions and long-term [brain] disease,\" he said. \"It's sort of doubling down on a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A bill that would have made California the first state to ban youth tackle football was shelved, following major pushback from parents, coaches and fans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1542403284,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":790},"headData":{"title":"California Ban on Kids' Football Sacked Early | KQED","description":"A bill that would have made California the first state to ban youth tackle football was shelved, following major pushback from parents, coaches and fans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Ban on Kids' Football Sacked Early","datePublished":"2018-05-07T22:55:17.000Z","dateModified":"2018-11-16T21:21:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"441252 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=441252","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/05/07/proposed-california-ban-on-kids-football-sacked-early-and-hard/","disqusTitle":"California Ban on Kids' Football Sacked Early","source":"Health Policy","path":"/futureofyou/441252/proposed-california-ban-on-kids-football-sacked-early-and-hard","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> that would have made California the first state to ban youth tackle football was shelved at the end of April, following major \u003ca href=\"https://www.ocregister.com/2018/04/27/law-to-ban-tackle-football-for-california-youth-falls-short-of-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pushback\u003c/a> from parents, coaches and football fans.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers collected more than 45,000 signatures opposing the ban, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2018/04/27/lawmakers-sideline-bill-ban-preteen-tackle-football/560916002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ocregister.com/2018/04/27/law-to-ban-tackle-football-for-california-youth-falls-short-of-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Register\u003c/a> reported ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(T)he backlash was swift and unyielding. Coaches and parents flooded phone lines, email boxes and talk radio, condemning the bills and questioning the science behind them. Within weeks, three of five bills were dead or left in legislative purgatory, crushed under the weight of youth football’s influence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I have a problem with the idea that we're going to take kids that we already know are vulnerable, and we are gonna hit them in the head a few hundred times a year.' \u003ccite>Christopher Nowinski, co-founder of Boston University's CTE Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Safe Youth Football Act\u003c/a> would have barred children below age 12 from playing organized tackle football. The legislation was drafted in consultation with medical professionals who say the ban would protect youth from a degenerative brain disease known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370921\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those views were bolstered by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bumc.bu.edu/busm/2018/04/30/youth-tackle-football-linked-to-earlier-onset-of-cognitive-and-emotional-symptoms-in-athletes-diagnosed-with-cte-after-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study \u003c/a>published April 30 that found playing youth tackle football may lead to earlier onset of cognitive, behavioral and emotional symptoms in later life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Boston University School of Medicine conducted telephone interviews with the friends and relatives of 246 deceased football players and found that those who played tackle football before 12 experienced symptoms on average 13 years earlier than those who started playing at an older age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers took into account different styles of play and forms of protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took looking at 246 brains and seeing this in nearly 90 percent of them to say, 'Hey, you know what, the research is becoming very clear, that you hit someone in the head too much, you'll give them this disease,' \" Christopher Nowinski, co-founder of Boston University's \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/cte/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CTE Center\u003c/a>, said on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865041/after-california-ban-fails-controversy-persists-over-youth-tackle-football\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED's Forum program \u003c/a>last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Rafter, the president of Southern Marin Youth Football who started a group to oppose the ban, disputes those findings and says the sport is \"safer than its ever been.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pointed to revised coaching methods and behavior modification techniques that he argues have made the sport safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The game that was played 40 to 50 years ago is no longer played now,\" he said. \"The techniques that are taught right now in youth football across America are to take the head out of the tackle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Health Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Nowinski, a former football player, says changes made in the sport are not enough to make it safe for youth. The problem is not the occasional major hit to the head, he said, but the repetitive tackling, hitting and blocking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the best data that we are going to have for decades, because we have taken the effort to actually build the world's largest brain bank of former football players, and we just really struggle to find football players who don't have CTE who've had long careers,\" he said. \"Even if we diagnose concussions, a concussion happens maybe once out of every couple thousand of times a child is hit in the head. CTE risk is related to those thousands of hits, not to that concussion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowinski says the issue is a matter of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is about protecting kids from degenerative brain disease. It's not unlike saying, 'Let's take the lead out of the paint in their home because it might rot their brain.' Let's not hit them in the head 500 times because it might rot their brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rafter says eliminating football will affect many children from undeserved communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[T]hey come together and experience different communities, different lifestyles through this sport,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rafter said he's received phone calls from coaches in poor neighborhoods thanking him for his efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can tell you I'm getting phone calls and emails from coaches in undeserved communities of Los Angeles thanking us,\" he said. \"Because if these boys don't have youth sports, they will get mixed into the wrong path.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowinski, however, says football is not the solution to poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a problem with the idea that we're going to take kids that we already know are vulnerable, and we are going to hit them in the head a few hundred times a year, and open them up to this door of concussions and long-term [brain] disease,\" he said. \"It's sort of doubling down on a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/441252/proposed-california-ban-on-kids-football-sacked-early-and-hard","authors":["11428"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1358","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_599","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1497","futureofyou_1434"],"featImg":"futureofyou_441304","label":"source_futureofyou_441252"},"futureofyou_441207":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_441207","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"441207","score":null,"sort":[1525222852000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden","title":"Americans Are A Lonely Lot, And Young People Bear The Heaviest Burden","publishDate":1525222852,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Loneliness isn't just a fleeting feeling, leaving us sad for a few hours to a few days. Research in recent years suggests that for many people loneliness is more like a chronic ache, affecting their daily lives and sense of well-being.[contextly_sidebar id=\"e57r0FGqMOAZghsnjutzZT3UwHbqczQn\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a nationwide survey by the health insurer Cigna underscores that. It finds that loneliness is widespread in America, with nearly 50 percent of respondents reporting that they feel alone or left out always or sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using one of the best-known tools for measuring loneliness — \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.39.3.472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the UCLA Loneliness Scale\u003c/a> — Cigna surveyed 20,000 adults online across the country ages 18 and above. The UCLA tool uses a series of statements and a formula to calculate a loneliness score based on responses. People scoring between 20 and 80 on the UCLA scale are considered lonely, with a higher score suggesting a greater level of loneliness and social isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of survey respondents — 54 percent — said they always or sometimes feel that no one knows them well. Fifty-six percent reported they sometimes or always felt like the people around them \"are not necessarily \u003cem>with\u003c/em> them.\" And 2 in 5 felt like \"they lack companionship,\" that their \"relationships aren't meaningful\" and that they \"are isolated from others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that the average loneliness score in America is 44, which suggests that \"most Americans are considered lonely,\" according to the report released Tuesday by the health insurer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Half of Americans view themselves as lonely,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cigna.com/about-us/company-profile/cigna-leadership-team/david-cordani\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Cordani\u003c/a>, president and CEO of Cigna Corp. \"I can't help but be surprised [by that].\" (Cigna is an NPR sponsor and a major provider of health insurance for NPR employees.)[contextly_sidebar id=\"Pg3wtSaU0SsTMqBq28e6HhNtWmFiJO0m\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the results are consistent with other previous research, says\u003ca href=\"https://fhssfaculty.byu.edu/FacultyPage?id=jh67\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Julianne Holt-Lunstad\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Brigham Young University, who studies loneliness and its health effects. She wasn't involved in the Cigna survey. While it's difficult to compare the loneliness scores in different studies, she says, other nationally representative estimates have found between 20 and 43 percent of Americans report feeling lonely or socially isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loneliness has health consequences. \"There's a blurred line between mental and physical health,\" says Cordani. \"Often times, medical symptoms present themselves and they're correlated with mental, lifestyle, behavioral issues like loneliness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several studies in recent years, including ones by Holt-Lunstad, have documented the public health effect of loneliness. It has been linked with a higher risk of \u003ca href=\"http://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/102/13/1009.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coronary heart disease and stroke\u003c/a>. It has been shown to influence our \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/29/457255876/loneliness-may-warp-our-genes-and-our-immune-systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">genes and our immune systems\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/loneliness-may-sabotage-breast-cancer-survival-study-finds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recovery from breast cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's growing evidence that loneliness can kill. \"We have \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316\">robust evidence\u003c/a> that it increases risk for premature mortality,\" says Holt-Lunstad. Studies have found that it is a predictor of premature death, not just for the elderly, but \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691614568352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more\u003c/a> so for younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest survey also found something surprising about loneliness in the younger generation. \"Our survey found that actually the younger generation was lonelier than the older generations,\" says Dr. Douglas Nemecek, the chief medical officer for behavioral health at Cigna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of Generation Z, born between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, had an overall loneliness score of 48.3. Millennials, just a little bit older, scored 45.3. By comparison, baby boomers scored 42.4. The Greatest Generation, people ages 72 and above, had a score of 38.6 on the loneliness scale.[contextly_sidebar id=\"VPmLfKEsxWooY6XEkutLxN8Y5ABLBUmT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Too often people think that this [problem] is specific to older adults,\" says Holt-Lunstad. \"This report helps with the recognition that this can affect those at younger ages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702617723376\">research\u003c/a> published in 2017 by psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a> at San Diego State University suggests that more screen time and social media may have caused a rise in depression and suicide among American adolescents. The study also found that people who spend less time looking at screens and more time having face-to-face social interactions are less likely to be depressive or suicidal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Cigna survey didn't find a correlation between social media use and feelings of loneliness. This would on the surface contradict the new findings on screen time, but Holt-Lunstad says that previous research shows that how people use social media determine's its influence on one's sense of isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're passively using it, if you're just scrolling feeds, that's associated with more negative effects,\" she says. \"But if you're using it to reach out and connect to people to facilitate other kinds of [in-person] interactions, it's associated with more positive effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That last finding is also corroborated by the Cigna survey across all age groups. Respondents who said they have more in-person social interactions on a daily basis reported being less lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that working too little or too much is also associated with the experience of loneliness, suggesting that our workplaces are an important source of our social relationships and also that work-life balance is important for avoiding loneliness.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JkOKxwrLZLl4yCDVrNUiZCYxVTcUUSA6\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cigna wants to work with employers to \"help address loneliness in the workplace,\" says Nemecek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social connection or the lack of it is now considered a social determinant of health. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2014/EHR-Phase-1/EHRdomains.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 report\u003c/a>, the Institute of Medicine (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/About-HMD.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a>) suggested that health providers should collect information about patients' \"social connections and social isolation\" along with information on education, employment, lifestyle (diet, exercise, smoking etc) and psychological health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But this hasn't happened,\" says Holt-Lunstad. \"I would hope that with a large insurer like Cigna [releasing a report on loneliness], that it would start to be more on the radar of major health organizations but also actual health care providers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Americans+Are+A+Lonely+Lot%2C+And+Young+People+Bear+The+Heaviest+Burden&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A nationwide survey by health insurer Cigna finds that loneliness is widespread in America. Millennials and people in Generation Z tend to feel lonelier than retirees.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1525178164,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":997},"headData":{"title":"Americans Are A Lonely Lot, And Young People Bear The Heaviest Burden | KQED","description":"A nationwide survey by health insurer Cigna finds that loneliness is widespread in America. Millennials and people in Generation Z tend to feel lonelier than retirees.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Americans Are A Lonely Lot, And Young People Bear The Heaviest Burden","datePublished":"2018-05-02T01:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2018-05-01T12:36:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"441207 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=441207","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/05/01/americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden/","disqusTitle":"Americans Are A Lonely Lot, And Young People Bear The Heaviest Burden","source":"Health","nprImageCredit":"Tara Moore","nprByline":"Rhitu Chatterjee, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"606588504","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=606588504&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/01/606588504/americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden?ft=nprml&f=606588504","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 01 May 2018 06:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 01 May 2018 06:01:28 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 01 May 2018 06:01:28 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/441207/americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Loneliness isn't just a fleeting feeling, leaving us sad for a few hours to a few days. Research in recent years suggests that for many people loneliness is more like a chronic ache, affecting their daily lives and sense of well-being.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a nationwide survey by the health insurer Cigna underscores that. It finds that loneliness is widespread in America, with nearly 50 percent of respondents reporting that they feel alone or left out always or sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using one of the best-known tools for measuring loneliness — \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.39.3.472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the UCLA Loneliness Scale\u003c/a> — Cigna surveyed 20,000 adults online across the country ages 18 and above. The UCLA tool uses a series of statements and a formula to calculate a loneliness score based on responses. People scoring between 20 and 80 on the UCLA scale are considered lonely, with a higher score suggesting a greater level of loneliness and social isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of survey respondents — 54 percent — said they always or sometimes feel that no one knows them well. Fifty-six percent reported they sometimes or always felt like the people around them \"are not necessarily \u003cem>with\u003c/em> them.\" And 2 in 5 felt like \"they lack companionship,\" that their \"relationships aren't meaningful\" and that they \"are isolated from others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that the average loneliness score in America is 44, which suggests that \"most Americans are considered lonely,\" according to the report released Tuesday by the health insurer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Half of Americans view themselves as lonely,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.cigna.com/about-us/company-profile/cigna-leadership-team/david-cordani\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Cordani\u003c/a>, president and CEO of Cigna Corp. \"I can't help but be surprised [by that].\" (Cigna is an NPR sponsor and a major provider of health insurance for NPR employees.)\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the results are consistent with other previous research, says\u003ca href=\"https://fhssfaculty.byu.edu/FacultyPage?id=jh67\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Julianne Holt-Lunstad\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Brigham Young University, who studies loneliness and its health effects. She wasn't involved in the Cigna survey. While it's difficult to compare the loneliness scores in different studies, she says, other nationally representative estimates have found between 20 and 43 percent of Americans report feeling lonely or socially isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loneliness has health consequences. \"There's a blurred line between mental and physical health,\" says Cordani. \"Often times, medical symptoms present themselves and they're correlated with mental, lifestyle, behavioral issues like loneliness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several studies in recent years, including ones by Holt-Lunstad, have documented the public health effect of loneliness. It has been linked with a higher risk of \u003ca href=\"http://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/102/13/1009.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coronary heart disease and stroke\u003c/a>. It has been shown to influence our \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/29/457255876/loneliness-may-warp-our-genes-and-our-immune-systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">genes and our immune systems\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/loneliness-may-sabotage-breast-cancer-survival-study-finds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recovery from breast cancer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's growing evidence that loneliness can kill. \"We have \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316\">robust evidence\u003c/a> that it increases risk for premature mortality,\" says Holt-Lunstad. Studies have found that it is a predictor of premature death, not just for the elderly, but \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691614568352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even more\u003c/a> so for younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest survey also found something surprising about loneliness in the younger generation. \"Our survey found that actually the younger generation was lonelier than the older generations,\" says Dr. Douglas Nemecek, the chief medical officer for behavioral health at Cigna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of Generation Z, born between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, had an overall loneliness score of 48.3. Millennials, just a little bit older, scored 45.3. By comparison, baby boomers scored 42.4. The Greatest Generation, people ages 72 and above, had a score of 38.6 on the loneliness scale.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Too often people think that this [problem] is specific to older adults,\" says Holt-Lunstad. \"This report helps with the recognition that this can affect those at younger ages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702617723376\">research\u003c/a> published in 2017 by psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a> at San Diego State University suggests that more screen time and social media may have caused a rise in depression and suicide among American adolescents. The study also found that people who spend less time looking at screens and more time having face-to-face social interactions are less likely to be depressive or suicidal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Cigna survey didn't find a correlation between social media use and feelings of loneliness. This would on the surface contradict the new findings on screen time, but Holt-Lunstad says that previous research shows that how people use social media determine's its influence on one's sense of isolation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're passively using it, if you're just scrolling feeds, that's associated with more negative effects,\" she says. \"But if you're using it to reach out and connect to people to facilitate other kinds of [in-person] interactions, it's associated with more positive effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That last finding is also corroborated by the Cigna survey across all age groups. Respondents who said they have more in-person social interactions on a daily basis reported being less lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that working too little or too much is also associated with the experience of loneliness, suggesting that our workplaces are an important source of our social relationships and also that work-life balance is important for avoiding loneliness.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cigna wants to work with employers to \"help address loneliness in the workplace,\" says Nemecek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social connection or the lack of it is now considered a social determinant of health. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2014/EHR-Phase-1/EHRdomains.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 report\u003c/a>, the Institute of Medicine (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/About-HMD.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a>) suggested that health providers should collect information about patients' \"social connections and social isolation\" along with information on education, employment, lifestyle (diet, exercise, smoking etc) and psychological health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But this hasn't happened,\" says Holt-Lunstad. \"I would hope that with a large insurer like Cigna [releasing a report on loneliness], that it would start to be more on the radar of major health organizations but also actual health care providers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Americans+Are+A+Lonely+Lot%2C+And+Young+People+Bear+The+Heaviest+Burden&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/441207/americans-are-a-lonely-lot-and-young-people-bear-the-heaviest-burden","authors":["byline_futureofyou_441207"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_61","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1224","futureofyou_1434"],"featImg":"futureofyou_441208","label":"source_futureofyou_441207"},"futureofyou_440486":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440486","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440486","score":null,"sort":[1522112446000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-juuls-so-cool-kids-smoke-it-in-school","title":"The Juul’s So Cool, Kids Smoke It in School","publishDate":1522112446,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The students wait eagerly for their teachers to turn their backs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s their cue to reach quietly for a small, sleek device they can easily conceal in their palms. It resembles a flash drive, but instead of computer files, this device stores nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They take a hit, sucking on the device as they would a cigarette. Then, “they blow into their backpacks … or into their sweater when the teacher isn’t looking,” said Elijah Luna, 16, a sophomore at Vista del Lago High School in Folsom, Calif., about 30 miles east of Sacramento.[contextly_sidebar id=\"djx30e7WNNg22Lzan6ALRB7cB9P9wBw0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vapor cloud is so small and dissipates so quickly that teachers are usually none the wiser, said Luna, who added he’s never tried it himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device is a \u003ca href=\"https://support.juulvapor.com/learn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juul\u003c/a>, a popular electronic cigarette that’s a sensation among teens, especially in wealthier neighborhoods — and a nightmare for school administrators and public health advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is going to be the health problem of the decade,” said Milagros Vascones-Gatski, a substance abuse counselor at Yorktown High School in Arlington, Va. In nearly 17 years working with teens, she said, she’s never seen a tobacco product become so popular so quickly. Three to four students are caught smoking e-cigs on campus each week, usually Juuls, and some are suspended, she said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"V3e6sXL3LUlq4wqn0XrGQuq8Gylvns1F\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vascones-Gatski, along with other concerned educators and health care experts, consider “Juuling” more than youthful rebellion. Because it is high in nicotine, they fear the devices are extremely addictive for this vulnerable population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To combat the spread of the devices, some schools have banned \u003ca href=\"http://www.fox29.com/news/upper-dublin-school-district-bans-flash-drives-over-confusion-with-e-cigarette-brand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flash drives\u003c/a> as well, to avoid any confusion between the items. Yorktown High even removed the main entrance doors from student bathrooms at the beginning of the school year to dissuade students from vaping inside. Despite these efforts, teens across America continue smoking the stuff in class, in hallways, in restrooms and at school sporting events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it’s referred to as Juuling, not smoking or vaping, some students may think what they’re doing is harmless, said Pamela Ling, a professor at the University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine. “They may not even know it contains nicotine.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"sjPlnDQM2v8meizeQlSVKNclM0AfKBCv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it does — and a significant amount. One Juul “pod,” the nicotine cartridge inserted into the smoking device and heated, delivers about 200 puffs, about as much nicotine as a pack of cigarettes, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://support.juulvapor.com/home/learn/faqs/juulpods-juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">product website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming a teen smokes one pod a week, “in five weeks, that’s like 100 cigarettes,” Ling said. “By that point, you’re considered an established smoker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarettes, also known as vapes, are battery-operated devices that heat up liquid nicotine to generate an aerosol that users inhale. Smoking e-cigs is more discreet and easier to get away with than traditional cigarettes.[contextly_sidebar id=\"j9qNeDkmKq8G2NE1y8iaUVGnDMNiBfb3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, California increased the minimum age to purchase tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, from 18 to 21. Experts predicted the change would make it harder for teens to get tobacco products from their slightly older friends, and it seems to be working, \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/after-raising-age-for-tobacco-purchases-state-sees-decreased-sales-to-minors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a recent report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440500\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-440500\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-800x593.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"593\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-800x593.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-160x119.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-768x569.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-1020x756.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-1920x1424.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-1180x875.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-960x712.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-240x178.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-375x278.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-520x386.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A teenage boy smoking an electronic cigarette. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But some health care advocates now worry that devices like the Juul could reverse that progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although its manufacturer, Juul Labs, said the device is intended exclusively for adult use, it is appealing to youth because it can be easily charged on a laptop, its decal covers come in colorful designs, and the pods are available in flavors such as mango, mint and crème brûlée.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The odor Juuls produce is subtle and could easily be mistaken for a lotion or body spray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s stinky and fruity,” said Luna’s friend Cody Maratas, of the smell he encounters inside school restrooms when others are Juuling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/juul/comments/7xnhzm/juuling_in_school/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reddit forum\u003c/a> dedicated to Juuling in schools, some users who identify themselves as students say school restrooms smell much nicer now as a result.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qf3M4b2Qh9DR7UrVTICkmbOlum92hcXb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other online users describe “craving nicotine” and complain about “fiends” who ask to borrow their Juuls at school. One has solved this by charging freshmen $3 for a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An article from Berkeley High School’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyhighjacket.com/juuling-popularizes-e-cigarette-use-at-bhs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">student newspaper\u003c/a> described students who seek Juuls from others because they “love the head rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a symptom of nicotine addiction,” Ling said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul Labs said it wants to help schools get its products off their campuses. Spokeswoman Christine Castro said the company has created a curriculum to educate youth about Juul and nicotine addiction, with input from academics. It’s available for any school that is interested, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This product is solely for adult smokers,” said Castro. “We absolutely condemn kids using our products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castro said the company limits online purchases to individuals 21 or older. To browse the site, you need only click on a box pledging you’re of age. But to buy, you must create a profile. Customer information is verified through multiple databases and, if that fails, customers must upload a photo identification, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Castro conceded that it is harder to control sales on third-party sites like eBay or Craigslist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged consumers to report suspicious sales to the company’s \u003ca href=\"mailto:youthprevention@juul.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">youthprevention@juul.com\u003c/a> email address. Juul Labs may follow up with secret shopper visits to stores suspected of selling the product to underage customers, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If users get through the age-verification process online, they can buy a Juul starter kit, which includes the vaping pen and four pods, for $50. That’s expensive for most high school students — which is why Juuling might be more prevalent in affluent communities. “In order to vape, you need money,” said Vascones-Gatski, noting that most students at her high school either work or receive big allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vince Willmore, vice president of communications at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids\u003c/a>, applauds efforts taken by schools, but he thinks the burden shouldn’t fall solely on educators and parents. The Food and Drug Administration “regulates tobacco products … and we think it’s important that the FDA take action to protect kids from Juul and other e-cigarettes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/health/electronic-cigarette-tobacco-nicotine-fda.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the agency delayed regulations\u003c/a> that could have yanked many e-cigarette products from the market, possibly including the Juul, while it studies whether these devices might actually help longtime smokers wean off traditional cigarettes. “That basically locked in the products that are in the market for another four years,” Willmore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, schools continue the battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Needham High School in Massachusetts, Principal Aaron Sicotte said e-cigarettes started appearing on his campus last school year, and soon Juul became the most popular brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school has alerted staff “so that when these fall out of students’ bags, teachers don’t hand them back,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the hype surrounding Juul might die down, Sicotte doesn’t expect vaping to go away. “I think this is something that will remain in the fabric of adolescence,” he said. “The access is too easy, the draw is too great, and the push through advertising is too significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kaiser Health News is an editorially independent news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+You+Need+A+Mammogram%2C+Should+You+Get+One+In+%273-D%27%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How a popular electronic cigarette became a nightmare for school administrators.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1522108328,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1302},"headData":{"title":"The Juul’s So Cool, Kids Smoke It in School | KQED","description":"How a popular electronic cigarette became a nightmare for school administrators.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Juul’s So Cool, Kids Smoke It in School","datePublished":"2018-03-27T01:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-26T23:52:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440486 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440486","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/26/the-juuls-so-cool-kids-smoke-it-in-school/","disqusTitle":"The Juul’s So Cool, Kids Smoke It in School","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Ana B. Ibarra\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News","path":"/futureofyou/440486/the-juuls-so-cool-kids-smoke-it-in-school","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The students wait eagerly for their teachers to turn their backs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s their cue to reach quietly for a small, sleek device they can easily conceal in their palms. It resembles a flash drive, but instead of computer files, this device stores nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They take a hit, sucking on the device as they would a cigarette. Then, “they blow into their backpacks … or into their sweater when the teacher isn’t looking,” said Elijah Luna, 16, a sophomore at Vista del Lago High School in Folsom, Calif., about 30 miles east of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vapor cloud is so small and dissipates so quickly that teachers are usually none the wiser, said Luna, who added he’s never tried it himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device is a \u003ca href=\"https://support.juulvapor.com/learn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Juul\u003c/a>, a popular electronic cigarette that’s a sensation among teens, especially in wealthier neighborhoods — and a nightmare for school administrators and public health advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is going to be the health problem of the decade,” said Milagros Vascones-Gatski, a substance abuse counselor at Yorktown High School in Arlington, Va. In nearly 17 years working with teens, she said, she’s never seen a tobacco product become so popular so quickly. Three to four students are caught smoking e-cigs on campus each week, usually Juuls, and some are suspended, she said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vascones-Gatski, along with other concerned educators and health care experts, consider “Juuling” more than youthful rebellion. Because it is high in nicotine, they fear the devices are extremely addictive for this vulnerable population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To combat the spread of the devices, some schools have banned \u003ca href=\"http://www.fox29.com/news/upper-dublin-school-district-bans-flash-drives-over-confusion-with-e-cigarette-brand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flash drives\u003c/a> as well, to avoid any confusion between the items. Yorktown High even removed the main entrance doors from student bathrooms at the beginning of the school year to dissuade students from vaping inside. Despite these efforts, teens across America continue smoking the stuff in class, in hallways, in restrooms and at school sporting events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it’s referred to as Juuling, not smoking or vaping, some students may think what they’re doing is harmless, said Pamela Ling, a professor at the University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine. “They may not even know it contains nicotine.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it does — and a significant amount. One Juul “pod,” the nicotine cartridge inserted into the smoking device and heated, delivers about 200 puffs, about as much nicotine as a pack of cigarettes, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://support.juulvapor.com/home/learn/faqs/juulpods-juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">product website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming a teen smokes one pod a week, “in five weeks, that’s like 100 cigarettes,” Ling said. “By that point, you’re considered an established smoker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarettes, also known as vapes, are battery-operated devices that heat up liquid nicotine to generate an aerosol that users inhale. Smoking e-cigs is more discreet and easier to get away with than traditional cigarettes.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, California increased the minimum age to purchase tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, from 18 to 21. Experts predicted the change would make it harder for teens to get tobacco products from their slightly older friends, and it seems to be working, \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/after-raising-age-for-tobacco-purchases-state-sees-decreased-sales-to-minors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a recent report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440500\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-440500\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-800x593.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"593\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-800x593.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-160x119.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-768x569.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-1020x756.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-1920x1424.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-1180x875.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-960x712.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-240x178.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-375x278.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-180088674-520x386.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A teenage boy smoking an electronic cigarette. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But some health care advocates now worry that devices like the Juul could reverse that progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although its manufacturer, Juul Labs, said the device is intended exclusively for adult use, it is appealing to youth because it can be easily charged on a laptop, its decal covers come in colorful designs, and the pods are available in flavors such as mango, mint and crème brûlée.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The odor Juuls produce is subtle and could easily be mistaken for a lotion or body spray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s stinky and fruity,” said Luna’s friend Cody Maratas, of the smell he encounters inside school restrooms when others are Juuling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/juul/comments/7xnhzm/juuling_in_school/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reddit forum\u003c/a> dedicated to Juuling in schools, some users who identify themselves as students say school restrooms smell much nicer now as a result.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other online users describe “craving nicotine” and complain about “fiends” who ask to borrow their Juuls at school. One has solved this by charging freshmen $3 for a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An article from Berkeley High School’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyhighjacket.com/juuling-popularizes-e-cigarette-use-at-bhs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">student newspaper\u003c/a> described students who seek Juuls from others because they “love the head rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a symptom of nicotine addiction,” Ling said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul Labs said it wants to help schools get its products off their campuses. Spokeswoman Christine Castro said the company has created a curriculum to educate youth about Juul and nicotine addiction, with input from academics. It’s available for any school that is interested, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This product is solely for adult smokers,” said Castro. “We absolutely condemn kids using our products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castro said the company limits online purchases to individuals 21 or older. To browse the site, you need only click on a box pledging you’re of age. But to buy, you must create a profile. Customer information is verified through multiple databases and, if that fails, customers must upload a photo identification, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Castro conceded that it is harder to control sales on third-party sites like eBay or Craigslist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She urged consumers to report suspicious sales to the company’s \u003ca href=\"mailto:youthprevention@juul.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">youthprevention@juul.com\u003c/a> email address. Juul Labs may follow up with secret shopper visits to stores suspected of selling the product to underage customers, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If users get through the age-verification process online, they can buy a Juul starter kit, which includes the vaping pen and four pods, for $50. That’s expensive for most high school students — which is why Juuling might be more prevalent in affluent communities. “In order to vape, you need money,” said Vascones-Gatski, noting that most students at her high school either work or receive big allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vince Willmore, vice president of communications at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids\u003c/a>, applauds efforts taken by schools, but he thinks the burden shouldn’t fall solely on educators and parents. The Food and Drug Administration “regulates tobacco products … and we think it’s important that the FDA take action to protect kids from Juul and other e-cigarettes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/health/electronic-cigarette-tobacco-nicotine-fda.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the agency delayed regulations\u003c/a> that could have yanked many e-cigarette products from the market, possibly including the Juul, while it studies whether these devices might actually help longtime smokers wean off traditional cigarettes. “That basically locked in the products that are in the market for another four years,” Willmore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, schools continue the battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Needham High School in Massachusetts, Principal Aaron Sicotte said e-cigarettes started appearing on his campus last school year, and soon Juul became the most popular brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school has alerted staff “so that when these fall out of students’ bags, teachers don’t hand them back,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the hype surrounding Juul might die down, Sicotte doesn’t expect vaping to go away. “I think this is something that will remain in the fabric of adolescence,” he said. “The access is too easy, the draw is too great, and the push through advertising is too significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kaiser Health News is an editorially independent news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+You+Need+A+Mammogram%2C+Should+You+Get+One+In+%273-D%27%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440486/the-juuls-so-cool-kids-smoke-it-in-school","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440486"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1479","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1477","futureofyou_1136","futureofyou_1478","futureofyou_1434"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440488","label":"source_futureofyou_440486"},"futureofyou_440367":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440367","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440367","score":null,"sort":[1521748381000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-dietary-supplement-makes-old-mice-youthful-will-it-work-in-people","title":"A Dietary Supplement Makes Old Mice Youthful. Will It Work in People?","publishDate":1521748381,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Transfusing \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/02/young-blood-anti-aging-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">young blood\u003c/a> and freezing heads may get most of the anti-aging and life-extension buzz, but don’t count out the molecule hunters: After setbacks and stumbles and what critics called \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2010/01/12/the_sirtris_compounds_worthless_really\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debacles\u003c/a>, these scientists are figuring out which biochemicals might potentially, possibly be fountains of youth in pill form.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YaFBEqHshnjDvp4XR5pAEiDxJjAI7Fx4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latest advance, biologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30152-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> on Thursday that a molecule already sold by supplement makers (even as scientists scramble to understand it) restored youthfulness to blood vessels in 20-month-old mice, an age comparable to 70 years in people. The research supports the idea that boosting certain genes and molecules that fade with age could keep people functional, resilient, and even spry well into their 80s, even without living longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s quite an important paper,” said Dr. Eric Verdin, of the California-based Buck Institute for Research on Aging, who was not involved in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439750/superagers-maintain-memory-into-80s-and-90s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a>. “It’s probably not the magic pill everyone is looking for, but it’s one more brick in our efforts to understand aging and healthspan,” or how long people can stay biologically young(ish) even as their birthday candles proliferate.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Vl0Meh1Zh9UAHnk3RIGR5S5B5rBQ0sSW\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others were more skeptical, calling the advance at best “incremental” (and asking to remain anonymous so as not to antagonize colleagues). And science is littered with examples of compounds that worked in mice but not people. “It’s hard to tell how significant any contribution is until it has been replicated and extended” by other labs, said David Harrison of the Jackson Lab, an expert on the molecular \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/440080/hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mechanisms of aging.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new study, in Cell, found that boosting mice’s levels of the naturally occurring molecule NMN, which humans also have, increased levels of another called NAD+. That, in turn, raised levels of a famous anti-aging enzyme called SIRT1, which has been the focus of nearly 30 years of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two months of NMN, more blood vessels sprouted in the old mice’s muscles. The density of the smallest vessels — capillaries — became comparable to that of young mice. Blood flow increased, and the animals’ endurance, measured by how long they could run on a treadmill before becoming exhausted, was 56 percent to 80 percent greater than that of untreated old mice: 1,400 feet compared to 780 feet.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8Tmsn0Ufo1g8AeUi0b3OJ5Td2G7sq49c\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treated mice also benefitted from exercise like mice half their age. In young animals, exercise spurs the creation of new blood vessels and boosts muscle mass, but that effect weakens with age in both people and mice. NMN restored the blood-vessel- and muscle-boosting effects of a good treadmill run, basically “reversing vascular aging in the mice,” said study co-leader David Sinclair of Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-440373 size-medium\" title=\"iStock\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-800x588.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-800x588.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-768x564.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-1920x1411.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-1180x867.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-960x705.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-240x176.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-375x275.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-520x382.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opinions differed on how important that is. One expert on the biology of aging said, “So David’s found another molecule that prevents aging?” (Sinclair was a prominent exponent of resveratrol, a compound that slowed aging in mice but proved disappointing in people.) The Jax’s Harrison questioned whether the inbred mice used in the study were representative of humans, who are genetically diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New blood vessels could also be a mixed blessing. They support the growth of tumors, which is why anti-angiogenesis molecules have become cancer drugs. The scientists found no excess cancers in the mice given NMR, but “more study is warranted,” they wrote.[contextly_sidebar id=\"EmvIbKqj3sGiXrLYKODcw1UEPJNlCkZr\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blood-vessel benefits of NMN didn’t happen if the mice lacked the SIRT1 gene, probably the brightest star in the anti-aging firmament. In the 1990s, it and the six other genes belonging to the family called sirtuins took aging research by storm, as biologists showed that increasing the genes’ activity extended lifespan in yeast, roundworms, and fruit flies by up to 30 percent. When Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Leonard Guarente, whose lab was sirtuin central, found that the lifespan-extending effect of drastic caloric restriction works by turning up sirtuin genes, it seemed to point the way to slowing aging: Activate sirtuins with a molecule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proved easier said than done. Some studies, especially in higher animals, contradicted the simple notion that overexpression of sirtuins translated into longer life. The biggest setback involved resveratrol, a compound found in grapes and wine, which activates the SIRT1 gene. After years of hyperbolic headlines and soaring sales, the resveratrol bubble burst. GlaxoSmithKline bought Cambridge, Mass.-based Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, which Sinclair co-founded in 2004 to develop sirtuin-boosting compounds, for $720 million, but within five years essentially shut it down.[contextly_sidebar id=\"FSd7BTxFEMjJhm2kkUJ0cTaJQITZc3CT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Resveratrol is very, very good [at activating SIRT1 and extending lifespan] if you’re a mouse,” said Guarente, who cheerfully acknowledges buying a 10-year supply of micronized resveratrol. Most of it is still in his basement. “But the human trials were all over the place, which was unsettling,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those failures led scientists to search for other sirtuin-boosting molecules. In 2014, Guarente co-founded Elysium Health, which, for $40 to $60 per month, sells a dietary supplement that boosts NAD+ levels and activates SIRT1. Since levels of NAD+ fall as people age, the hope is that providing the raw material for it will raise those levels, slowing aging. The pills seem to be safe, Guarente and colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-017-0016-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> last year, and additional human studies are underway to test whether they benefit health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188402/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">negative studies\u003c/a>, the jury is still out on whether anything related to sirtuins will extend lifespan, but the Cell study offers some hope for extending healthspan. If boosting NAD+ promotes blood vessel formation via SIRT1, it might “rescue muscle mass” that otherwise decreases as blood vessels atrophy, Guarente said. That could prevent the bone loss, frailty, and falls that can be fatal in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that contributes to muscle health through vascular health is likely to be quite important,” said the Buck Institute’s Verdin, who takes a daily NAD+ precursor.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sinclair and his team are now studying whether raising NAD+ might also spur the creation of blood vessels in the brain. There and in other organs, said Sinclair, “the lack of oxygen and buildup of waste products” that results from loss of small blood vessels “sets off a downward spiral of disease and disability.” In the brain, that would include vascular dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sinclair takes NMN to boost NAD+ levels. “In someone my age [49], it’s probably harder to see immediate benefits,” he said, though he said he feels sharper and younger on it. After his 78-year-old father began taking NMN “he started climbing mountains and going whitewater rafting and looking forward to the next five years,” Sinclair said. “It might be psychological, but it isn’t hurting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only rigorous human research can determine that. Metro International Biotech, a Michigan-based startup for which Sinclair consults, just finished a clinical trial of the safety of a proprietary version of NMN and hopes to start a trial of the molecule’s efficacy this year, Sinclair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One concern is that boosting sirtuins could backfire. An excess of the molecules, Verdin said, can promote autoimmunity, which causes diseases such as Crohn’s and rheumatoid arthritis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That should give us pause about broad claims of what they can do,” he cautioned. “I worry sometimes that [with NAD+-boosting pills already on the market] the field is getting ahead of itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biologists found that a supplement already sold in stores restored youthfulness to blood vessels in mice.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521748407,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1324},"headData":{"title":"A Dietary Supplement Makes Old Mice Youthful. Will It Work in People? | KQED","description":"Biologists found that a supplement already sold in stores restored youthfulness to blood vessels in mice.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Dietary Supplement Makes Old Mice Youthful. Will It Work in People?","datePublished":"2018-03-22T19:53:01.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-22T19:53:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440367 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440367","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/22/a-dietary-supplement-makes-old-mice-youthful-will-it-work-in-people/","disqusTitle":"A Dietary Supplement Makes Old Mice Youthful. Will It Work in People?","source":"Hope/Hype","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003c/BR>\u003cstrong>STAT\u003c/strong>","path":"/futureofyou/440367/a-dietary-supplement-makes-old-mice-youthful-will-it-work-in-people","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Transfusing \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/02/young-blood-anti-aging-study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">young blood\u003c/a> and freezing heads may get most of the anti-aging and life-extension buzz, but don’t count out the molecule hunters: After setbacks and stumbles and what critics called \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2010/01/12/the_sirtris_compounds_worthless_really\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debacles\u003c/a>, these scientists are figuring out which biochemicals might potentially, possibly be fountains of youth in pill form.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latest advance, biologists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30152-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> on Thursday that a molecule already sold by supplement makers (even as scientists scramble to understand it) restored youthfulness to blood vessels in 20-month-old mice, an age comparable to 70 years in people. The research supports the idea that boosting certain genes and molecules that fade with age could keep people functional, resilient, and even spry well into their 80s, even without living longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s quite an important paper,” said Dr. Eric Verdin, of the California-based Buck Institute for Research on Aging, who was not involved in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439750/superagers-maintain-memory-into-80s-and-90s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a>. “It’s probably not the magic pill everyone is looking for, but it’s one more brick in our efforts to understand aging and healthspan,” or how long people can stay biologically young(ish) even as their birthday candles proliferate.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others were more skeptical, calling the advance at best “incremental” (and asking to remain anonymous so as not to antagonize colleagues). And science is littered with examples of compounds that worked in mice but not people. “It’s hard to tell how significant any contribution is until it has been replicated and extended” by other labs, said David Harrison of the Jackson Lab, an expert on the molecular \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/440080/hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mechanisms of aging.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new study, in Cell, found that boosting mice’s levels of the naturally occurring molecule NMN, which humans also have, increased levels of another called NAD+. That, in turn, raised levels of a famous anti-aging enzyme called SIRT1, which has been the focus of nearly 30 years of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two months of NMN, more blood vessels sprouted in the old mice’s muscles. The density of the smallest vessels — capillaries — became comparable to that of young mice. Blood flow increased, and the animals’ endurance, measured by how long they could run on a treadmill before becoming exhausted, was 56 percent to 80 percent greater than that of untreated old mice: 1,400 feet compared to 780 feet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treated mice also benefitted from exercise like mice half their age. In young animals, exercise spurs the creation of new blood vessels and boosts muscle mass, but that effect weakens with age in both people and mice. NMN restored the blood-vessel- and muscle-boosting effects of a good treadmill run, basically “reversing vascular aging in the mice,” said study co-leader David Sinclair of Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-440373 size-medium\" title=\"iStock\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-800x588.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-800x588.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-768x564.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-1020x749.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-1920x1411.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-1180x867.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-960x705.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-240x176.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-375x275.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-639071970-520x382.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opinions differed on how important that is. One expert on the biology of aging said, “So David’s found another molecule that prevents aging?” (Sinclair was a prominent exponent of resveratrol, a compound that slowed aging in mice but proved disappointing in people.) The Jax’s Harrison questioned whether the inbred mice used in the study were representative of humans, who are genetically diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New blood vessels could also be a mixed blessing. They support the growth of tumors, which is why anti-angiogenesis molecules have become cancer drugs. The scientists found no excess cancers in the mice given NMR, but “more study is warranted,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blood-vessel benefits of NMN didn’t happen if the mice lacked the SIRT1 gene, probably the brightest star in the anti-aging firmament. In the 1990s, it and the six other genes belonging to the family called sirtuins took aging research by storm, as biologists showed that increasing the genes’ activity extended lifespan in yeast, roundworms, and fruit flies by up to 30 percent. When Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Leonard Guarente, whose lab was sirtuin central, found that the lifespan-extending effect of drastic caloric restriction works by turning up sirtuin genes, it seemed to point the way to slowing aging: Activate sirtuins with a molecule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proved easier said than done. Some studies, especially in higher animals, contradicted the simple notion that overexpression of sirtuins translated into longer life. The biggest setback involved resveratrol, a compound found in grapes and wine, which activates the SIRT1 gene. After years of hyperbolic headlines and soaring sales, the resveratrol bubble burst. GlaxoSmithKline bought Cambridge, Mass.-based Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, which Sinclair co-founded in 2004 to develop sirtuin-boosting compounds, for $720 million, but within five years essentially shut it down.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Resveratrol is very, very good [at activating SIRT1 and extending lifespan] if you’re a mouse,” said Guarente, who cheerfully acknowledges buying a 10-year supply of micronized resveratrol. Most of it is still in his basement. “But the human trials were all over the place, which was unsettling,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those failures led scientists to search for other sirtuin-boosting molecules. In 2014, Guarente co-founded Elysium Health, which, for $40 to $60 per month, sells a dietary supplement that boosts NAD+ levels and activates SIRT1. Since levels of NAD+ fall as people age, the hope is that providing the raw material for it will raise those levels, slowing aging. The pills seem to be safe, Guarente and colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-017-0016-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> last year, and additional human studies are underway to test whether they benefit health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188402/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">negative studies\u003c/a>, the jury is still out on whether anything related to sirtuins will extend lifespan, but the Cell study offers some hope for extending healthspan. If boosting NAD+ promotes blood vessel formation via SIRT1, it might “rescue muscle mass” that otherwise decreases as blood vessels atrophy, Guarente said. That could prevent the bone loss, frailty, and falls that can be fatal in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that contributes to muscle health through vascular health is likely to be quite important,” said the Buck Institute’s Verdin, who takes a daily NAD+ precursor.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sinclair and his team are now studying whether raising NAD+ might also spur the creation of blood vessels in the brain. There and in other organs, said Sinclair, “the lack of oxygen and buildup of waste products” that results from loss of small blood vessels “sets off a downward spiral of disease and disability.” In the brain, that would include vascular dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sinclair takes NMN to boost NAD+ levels. “In someone my age [49], it’s probably harder to see immediate benefits,” he said, though he said he feels sharper and younger on it. After his 78-year-old father began taking NMN “he started climbing mountains and going whitewater rafting and looking forward to the next five years,” Sinclair said. “It might be psychological, but it isn’t hurting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only rigorous human research can determine that. Metro International Biotech, a Michigan-based startup for which Sinclair consults, just finished a clinical trial of the safety of a proprietary version of NMN and hopes to start a trial of the molecule’s efficacy this year, Sinclair said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One concern is that boosting sirtuins could backfire. An excess of the molecules, Verdin said, can promote autoimmunity, which causes diseases such as Crohn’s and rheumatoid arthritis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That should give us pause about broad claims of what they can do,” he cautioned. “I worry sometimes that [with NAD+-boosting pills already on the market] the field is getting ahead of itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440367/a-dietary-supplement-makes-old-mice-youthful-will-it-work-in-people","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440367"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1144","futureofyou_978","futureofyou_294","futureofyou_1434"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440369","label":"source_futureofyou_440367"},"futureofyou_440335":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440335","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440335","score":null,"sort":[1521569436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"black-and-latino-children-are-often-overlooked-when-it-comes-to-autism","title":"Black And Latino Children Are Often Overlooked When It Comes To Autism","publishDate":1521569436,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Sherry Alvarez says she knew there was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/357617/sesame-street-to-introduce-muppet-with-autism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">something different\u003c/a> about her son since he was about 9 months old. Back then Sherry says his pediatrician told her there was nothing to worry about, \" 'Boys are a little slower than girls, so let's just wait until his second birthday.' \" We aren't using Sherry's son's name to protect his privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By her son's second birthday, Sherry says she was getting desperate. She didn't know why he wasn't talking yet or showing affection like other kids. At 2 1/2, he was referred to Children's Hospital Los Angeles.[contextly_sidebar id=\"HF94QtAhJ0QaonfGcwoc1BDmUjMCZqvd\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, after four hours of tests, Sherry says the doctor handed her a 20-page report explaining his autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, among others. She says she was paralyzed by emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ASD is a disease that affects people of all races and ethnicities, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(09)60739-5/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>shows that African-American and Latino children with autism are diagnosed at older ages than white children, giving them less of an opportunity for proper intervention and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is especially true of minimally verbal kids like Sherry's son and there are many possible reasons for a late diagnosis. Some families face healthcare access issues and prohibitive costs for treatment, and some families just don't know how important it is to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436442/cdc-app-tells-parents-when-to-be-concerned-about-child-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">get diagnosed to move on\u003c/a> to the treatment phase. The dialog between doctors and minority families during the diagnosis process is critical.[contextly_sidebar id=\"i6RhCi4DH3w2V0Rp0zM5OR4cXRLu6ZFc\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29100475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A recent study\u003c/a> from Georgia State University found that African-American parents reported fewer concerns about behaviors like delayed speech and repetitive behaviors, even though their children showed a greater severity with these symptoms, overall. But, of course, it isn't all up to parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very likely parent aspects of this and very likely clinician aspects of this,\" says Meghan Rose Donohue, a lead researcher on the study. Perhaps families, like Sherry's, don't have the information necessary to really push physicians, but it is also possible that doctors don't take these cases seriously enough from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Misdiagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFamilies and doctors, alike, can mistake ASD for simple bad behavior, especially in boys, as research has shown over the past couple of decades. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11575603\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2001 study\u003c/a> at McGill University in Montreal found that doctors were more hesitant to diagnose ASD in minority families.[contextly_sidebar id=\"z5QvKJ1QNa5Nn1EGXEj633LNkljonhOJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17160456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a> by a team at the Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Research and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, found that African-American children were 5.1 times more likely to be misdiagnosed with conduct disorders before being diagnosed with ASD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Sherry was growing up, she had a cousin who the family thought of as \"different,\" she says. \"He was basically hidden. We didn't talk about it as a community.\" He had autism. \"We have to retrain ourselves. It's not OK to hide our kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dds.ca.gov/RC/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regional Centers\u003c/a> in Los Angeles, which offer services to the developmentally disabled, are now starting to look at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/245794/researchers-hunt-for-the-microbiome-of-autism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diagnosis disparity problem\u003c/a>. Westside Regional Center in Culver City just received a grant from the state to look at how autism diagnosis disparities manifest within their intake and treatment programs.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nMqm3DUyCpzzodOPiyxyxYVgb9M171ki\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've implemented a series of trainings with intake counselors on cultural awareness and sensitivity, and we're starting to have a lot of conversations about biases,\" says Tom Kelly, Westside's chief psychologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the apparent biases among intake counselors at the center stems from the difference in the documentation that arrives with each new child. African-American families tend to arrive at the center with lots of documentation detailing behavior issues from their child's school or social services. With all those official papers sitting in front of them, it's much easier for a counselor to think \"behavior disease\" rather than \"autism,\" says Kelly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Disparities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAnd that disparity exists in dollars spent, as well. As reported in \u003ca href=\"https://issuu.com/publiccounsel/docs/assuring_equitable_funding_of_servi?e=29495352/49041713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2017 survey\u003c/a>, South Central Regional Center spends $8,000 less per client than the Westside location and the racial disparity \u003ca href=\"http://www.calhealthreport.org/2016/12/12/marked-racial-disparities-in-money-spent-to-help-disabled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">persists statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are more resources for minority families today than compared to when Sherry's son was young. The Autism Society of Los Angeles runs a hotline to help parents navigate the diagnosis and healthcare landscape and Children's Hospital Los Angeles now employs liaisons to help families connect with the right resources. But, the spending gap persists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Sherry says her now 15-year-old son is happy. He attends Hamilton High School and communicates almost solely through a typing device. \"This is the time in his life where those early treatments could have made a difference,\" she laments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Black+And+Latino+Children+Are+Often+Overlooked+When+It+Comes+To+Autism&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Research suggests that minority youth are poorly diagnosed because of healthcare bias and lack of access.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521569436,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":799},"headData":{"title":"Black And Latino Children Are Often Overlooked When It Comes To Autism | KQED","description":"Research suggests that minority youth are poorly diagnosed because of healthcare bias and lack of access.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Black And Latino Children Are Often Overlooked When It Comes To Autism","datePublished":"2018-03-20T18:10:36.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-20T18:10:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440335 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440335","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/20/black-and-latino-children-are-often-overlooked-when-it-comes-to-autism/","disqusTitle":"Black And Latino Children Are Often Overlooked When It Comes To Autism","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Casey Rentz\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Shannon Wright for NPR","nprStoryId":"587249339","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=587249339&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/19/587249339/black-and-latino-children-are-often-overlooked-when-it-comes-to-autism?ft=nprml&f=587249339","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 19 Mar 2018 16:42:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 19 Mar 2018 15:24:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 19 Mar 2018 16:42:27 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/440335/black-and-latino-children-are-often-overlooked-when-it-comes-to-autism","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sherry Alvarez says she knew there was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/357617/sesame-street-to-introduce-muppet-with-autism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">something different\u003c/a> about her son since he was about 9 months old. Back then Sherry says his pediatrician told her there was nothing to worry about, \" 'Boys are a little slower than girls, so let's just wait until his second birthday.' \" We aren't using Sherry's son's name to protect his privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By her son's second birthday, Sherry says she was getting desperate. She didn't know why he wasn't talking yet or showing affection like other kids. At 2 1/2, he was referred to Children's Hospital Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, after four hours of tests, Sherry says the doctor handed her a 20-page report explaining his autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, among others. She says she was paralyzed by emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ASD is a disease that affects people of all races and ethnicities, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(09)60739-5/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>shows that African-American and Latino children with autism are diagnosed at older ages than white children, giving them less of an opportunity for proper intervention and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is especially true of minimally verbal kids like Sherry's son and there are many possible reasons for a late diagnosis. Some families face healthcare access issues and prohibitive costs for treatment, and some families just don't know how important it is to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436442/cdc-app-tells-parents-when-to-be-concerned-about-child-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">get diagnosed to move on\u003c/a> to the treatment phase. The dialog between doctors and minority families during the diagnosis process is critical.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29100475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A recent study\u003c/a> from Georgia State University found that African-American parents reported fewer concerns about behaviors like delayed speech and repetitive behaviors, even though their children showed a greater severity with these symptoms, overall. But, of course, it isn't all up to parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very likely parent aspects of this and very likely clinician aspects of this,\" says Meghan Rose Donohue, a lead researcher on the study. Perhaps families, like Sherry's, don't have the information necessary to really push physicians, but it is also possible that doctors don't take these cases seriously enough from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Misdiagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFamilies and doctors, alike, can mistake ASD for simple bad behavior, especially in boys, as research has shown over the past couple of decades. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11575603\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2001 study\u003c/a> at McGill University in Montreal found that doctors were more hesitant to diagnose ASD in minority families.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17160456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a> by a team at the Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities Research and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, found that African-American children were 5.1 times more likely to be misdiagnosed with conduct disorders before being diagnosed with ASD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Sherry was growing up, she had a cousin who the family thought of as \"different,\" she says. \"He was basically hidden. We didn't talk about it as a community.\" He had autism. \"We have to retrain ourselves. It's not OK to hide our kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dds.ca.gov/RC/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regional Centers\u003c/a> in Los Angeles, which offer services to the developmentally disabled, are now starting to look at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/245794/researchers-hunt-for-the-microbiome-of-autism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">diagnosis disparity problem\u003c/a>. Westside Regional Center in Culver City just received a grant from the state to look at how autism diagnosis disparities manifest within their intake and treatment programs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've implemented a series of trainings with intake counselors on cultural awareness and sensitivity, and we're starting to have a lot of conversations about biases,\" says Tom Kelly, Westside's chief psychologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the apparent biases among intake counselors at the center stems from the difference in the documentation that arrives with each new child. African-American families tend to arrive at the center with lots of documentation detailing behavior issues from their child's school or social services. With all those official papers sitting in front of them, it's much easier for a counselor to think \"behavior disease\" rather than \"autism,\" says Kelly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Disparities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAnd that disparity exists in dollars spent, as well. As reported in \u003ca href=\"https://issuu.com/publiccounsel/docs/assuring_equitable_funding_of_servi?e=29495352/49041713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2017 survey\u003c/a>, South Central Regional Center spends $8,000 less per client than the Westside location and the racial disparity \u003ca href=\"http://www.calhealthreport.org/2016/12/12/marked-racial-disparities-in-money-spent-to-help-disabled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">persists statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are more resources for minority families today than compared to when Sherry's son was young. The Autism Society of Los Angeles runs a hotline to help parents navigate the diagnosis and healthcare landscape and Children's Hospital Los Angeles now employs liaisons to help families connect with the right resources. But, the spending gap persists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Sherry says her now 15-year-old son is happy. He attends Hamilton High School and communicates almost solely through a typing device. \"This is the time in his life where those early treatments could have made a difference,\" she laments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Black+And+Latino+Children+Are+Often+Overlooked+When+It+Comes+To+Autism&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440335/black-and-latino-children-are-often-overlooked-when-it-comes-to-autism","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440335"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_555","futureofyou_537","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_756","futureofyou_198","futureofyou_1434"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440336","label":"source_futureofyou_440335"},"futureofyou_437981":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_437981","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"437981","score":null,"sort":[1514052354000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-quarter-of-california-adolescents-may-be-gender-nonconforming-so-what-does-that-mean","title":"A Quarter of California Adolescents May Be 'Gender Nonconforming.' So What Does That Mean?","publishDate":1514052354,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>You may have seen recent news of a survey finding that 27 percent of California youth ages 12 to 17 are \"gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Gender nonconforming is not a synonym for transgender. Rather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example.'\u003ccite>Kristina Olson, University of Washington.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That sounds pretty high. I might even put the word \"whopping\" before \"27 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I have to say, I've been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gender story\u003c/a> for more than a year, and when I saw the headlines, I wasn't \u003cem>quite\u003c/em> sure what gender nonconforming meant. Gender terminology, like gender itself these days, can be fairly fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here is the exact question that was asked of California adolescents:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A person’s appearance, style, dress, or the way they walk or talk may affect how people describe them. How do you think other people at school would describe you? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equally feminine and masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very masculine\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This is a measure of what gender researchers call \"gender expression,\" or the way individuals manifest what you might call the trappings of masculinity and femininity: clothes, hair, makeup, posture. As some of the UCLA researchers involved in the survey put it, those who are \"seen as resisting dominant expectations around gender expression\" are considered gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype.”\u003ccite>Alison Gill, Advocates for Youth\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>You might think that someone who is gender nonconforming is necessarily transgender. But that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“ ‘Gender nonconforming' \" is not a synonym for transgender,” says Kristina Olson, d\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">irector of the TransYouth Project at the University of Washington. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“R\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people may also confound gender nonconformity with being lesbian, gay or bisexual. But Alison Gill, a consultant on gender for the nonprofit Advocates for Youth, says \u003ca href=\"http://advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/YRBSS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows most gender nonconforming kids are actually heterosexual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, you can be gender nonconforming without being L, G, B or T.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender expression question was included on the recent \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/chis/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Health Interview Survey\u003c/a>, conducted by UCLA on a continuous basis. The telephone survey covers dozens of health topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CHIS has been going strong since 2001, but this was the first time a question on either youth gender identity or gender expression had been included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why now?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality. A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.' \u003ccite>Phil Hammack, University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UCLA's Center for Health Policy Research and The Williams Institute, which conducts research on sexual orientation and gender identity law, said in a health policy \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/Documents/PDF/2017/gncadolescents-factsheet-dec2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a> that levels of gender conformity are \"known to be a particularly salient factor in the safety and well-being of youth. Yet, data about gender nonconforming youth remain rare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question was asked of 1,594 adolescents, ages 12 to 17, across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were two categories for respondents coded as gender nonconforming. One was \"highly gender nonconforming\" and the other was \"androgynous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male respondents who answered \"very feminine\" or \"mostly feminine,\" and female respondents who answered \"very masculine\" or \"mostly masculine,\" were categorized as \"highly gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who answered \"equally feminine and masculine\" were coded as “androgynous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The androgynous outnumbered those who were highly gender nonconforming by more than 3 to 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Total nonconforming youth came out to 27 percent of all the adolescents queried. That \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">would equate to 796,000 gender nonconforming youth in the state of California today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The margin of error was about 6 percent, so that number could be substantially greater or fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California and Gender\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined surveys asking the same question in L.A., San Diego, Chicago and Florida’s Broward County provide a larger population of 9,265 youth, and that data shows high health risks associated with gender nonconformity. For example, GNC males were between two and three times more likely to attempt suicide than conforming males, and for females the rate was 1 1/2 times greater for those who were GNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the California survey showed nonconforming youth reporting more than twice the level of severe psychological distress as their conforming peers, it showed no statistically significant difference when it came to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the big difference related to suicide between nonconforming and conforming youth in the larger sample, and hardly any in the Californian-only data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California researchers speculated that the state's social environment may be contributing to better mental health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(H)igher levels of social acceptance and the presence of protective policies in California may impact rates of victimization and bullying, which, in turn, may confer some protection for gender minority youth in the state,\" reads the fact sheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Next Frontier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phil Hammack is a professor of psychology and researcher at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who specializes in sexual and gender identity. He thinks that when it comes to bullying, gender expression is the new sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality,” he said. “A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there is much greater visibility for gender nonconforming youth, Hammack said, “the culture is in a state of anxiety around this revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the next frontier for us to address among people who care about young people’s well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender researchers I spoke to agreed that gender nonconformity often causes bullying and mental health distress independent of sexual orientation and gender identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Quarrel With the Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One gender researcher who doesn’t think the question resulted in precise enough data is Charlotte Tate, from San Francisco State. Tate said that because there was no question about sexual orientation on the survey, it's impossible to tease apart how much of the mental distress exhibited by GNC youth stems from being lesbian, gay or bisexual and how much from an unconventional gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So [the researchers] haven’t sufficiently demonstrated that the stress is linked to gender; it could be about sexual orientation,\" Tate said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianca Wilson, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a senior public policy scholar at The Williams Institute, \u003c/span>agrees inserting a sexual orientation question would be useful to understand the \"unique and compounding levels of distress\" by non-heterosexual youth who also do differ in their gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, there will be more data. Gill says the number of sites that have now asked the gender nonconforming question has increased to 16, and that the results will start coming in during the first half of 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammack, the researcher from UC Santa Cruz, says it's obvious that gender nonconformity is booming. He recently completed a study of teen LGBT youth in the Central Valley and the Bay Area, and he was surprised to find how easy it was to sign up those who were nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had to cap the number of gender nonconforming youth who participated to make sure we got enough gender conforming youth,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A recent survey shows 27 percent of 12- to 17-year-olds in California thought they were perceived as more or equally like the opposite sex.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1514511502,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":49,"wordCount":1292},"headData":{"title":"A Quarter of California Adolescents May Be 'Gender Nonconforming.' So What Does That Mean? | KQED","description":"A recent survey shows 27 percent of 12- to 17-year-olds in California thought they were perceived as more or equally like the opposite sex.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Quarter of California Adolescents May Be 'Gender Nonconforming.' So What Does That Mean?","datePublished":"2017-12-23T18:05:54.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-29T01:38:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"437981 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437981","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/12/23/a-quarter-of-california-adolescents-may-be-gender-nonconforming-so-what-does-that-mean/","disqusTitle":"A Quarter of California Adolescents May Be 'Gender Nonconforming.' So What Does That Mean?","source":"KQED Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/437981/a-quarter-of-california-adolescents-may-be-gender-nonconforming-so-what-does-that-mean","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You may have seen recent news of a survey finding that 27 percent of California youth ages 12 to 17 are \"gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Gender nonconforming is not a synonym for transgender. Rather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example.'\u003ccite>Kristina Olson, University of Washington.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That sounds pretty high. I might even put the word \"whopping\" before \"27 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I have to say, I've been covering the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gender story\u003c/a> for more than a year, and when I saw the headlines, I wasn't \u003cem>quite\u003c/em> sure what gender nonconforming meant. Gender terminology, like gender itself these days, can be fairly fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here is the exact question that was asked of California adolescents:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A person’s appearance, style, dress, or the way they walk or talk may affect how people describe them. How do you think other people at school would describe you? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly feminine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equally feminine and masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly masculine\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very masculine\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This is a measure of what gender researchers call \"gender expression,\" or the way individuals manifest what you might call the trappings of masculinity and femininity: clothes, hair, makeup, posture. As some of the UCLA researchers involved in the survey put it, those who are \"seen as resisting dominant expectations around gender expression\" are considered gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype.”\u003ccite>Alison Gill, Advocates for Youth\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>You might think that someone who is gender nonconforming is necessarily transgender. But that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“ ‘Gender nonconforming' \" is not a synonym for transgender,” says Kristina Olson, d\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">irector of the TransYouth Project at the University of Washington. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“R\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ather it typically refers to a much greater number of people who defy stereotypes of their sex. This term can include tomboys, for example\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people may also confound gender nonconformity with being lesbian, gay or bisexual. But Alison Gill, a consultant on gender for the nonprofit Advocates for Youth, says \u003ca href=\"http://advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/YRBSS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows most gender nonconforming kids are actually heterosexual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s been an assumption that gender nonconforming people are gay or lesbian, but that’s not the case. It’s a stereotype,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, you can be gender nonconforming without being L, G, B or T.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender expression question was included on the recent \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/chis/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Health Interview Survey\u003c/a>, conducted by UCLA on a continuous basis. The telephone survey covers dozens of health topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CHIS has been going strong since 2001, but this was the first time a question on either youth gender identity or gender expression had been included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why now?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality. A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.' \u003ccite>Phil Hammack, University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UCLA's Center for Health Policy Research and The Williams Institute, which conducts research on sexual orientation and gender identity law, said in a health policy \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/Documents/PDF/2017/gncadolescents-factsheet-dec2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a> that levels of gender conformity are \"known to be a particularly salient factor in the safety and well-being of youth. Yet, data about gender nonconforming youth remain rare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question was asked of 1,594 adolescents, ages 12 to 17, across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were two categories for respondents coded as gender nonconforming. One was \"highly gender nonconforming\" and the other was \"androgynous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male respondents who answered \"very feminine\" or \"mostly feminine,\" and female respondents who answered \"very masculine\" or \"mostly masculine,\" were categorized as \"highly gender nonconforming.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who answered \"equally feminine and masculine\" were coded as “androgynous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The androgynous outnumbered those who were highly gender nonconforming by more than 3 to 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Total nonconforming youth came out to 27 percent of all the adolescents queried. That \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">would equate to 796,000 gender nonconforming youth in the state of California today.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The margin of error was about 6 percent, so that number could be substantially greater or fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California and Gender\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined surveys asking the same question in L.A., San Diego, Chicago and Florida’s Broward County provide a larger population of 9,265 youth, and that data shows high health risks associated with gender nonconformity. For example, GNC males were between two and three times more likely to attempt suicide than conforming males, and for females the rate was 1 1/2 times greater for those who were GNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the California survey showed nonconforming youth reporting more than twice the level of severe psychological distress as their conforming peers, it showed no statistically significant difference when it came to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the big difference related to suicide between nonconforming and conforming youth in the larger sample, and hardly any in the Californian-only data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California researchers speculated that the state's social environment may be contributing to better mental health outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(H)igher levels of social acceptance and the presence of protective policies in California may impact rates of victimization and bullying, which, in turn, may confer some protection for gender minority youth in the state,\" reads the fact sheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Next Frontier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phil Hammack is a professor of psychology and researcher at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who specializes in sexual and gender identity. He thinks that when it comes to bullying, gender expression is the new sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of bullying is around expression and not sexuality,” he said. “A gay boy who is considered totally masculine is considered fine by his peers. But nonconforming people are getting bullied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there is much greater visibility for gender nonconforming youth, Hammack said, “the culture is in a state of anxiety around this revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the next frontier for us to address among people who care about young people’s well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender researchers I spoke to agreed that gender nonconformity often causes bullying and mental health distress independent of sexual orientation and gender identities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Quarrel With the Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One gender researcher who doesn’t think the question resulted in precise enough data is Charlotte Tate, from San Francisco State. Tate said that because there was no question about sexual orientation on the survey, it's impossible to tease apart how much of the mental distress exhibited by GNC youth stems from being lesbian, gay or bisexual and how much from an unconventional gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So [the researchers] haven’t sufficiently demonstrated that the stress is linked to gender; it could be about sexual orientation,\" Tate said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianca Wilson, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a senior public policy scholar at The Williams Institute, \u003c/span>agrees inserting a sexual orientation question would be useful to understand the \"unique and compounding levels of distress\" by non-heterosexual youth who also do differ in their gender expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, there will be more data. Gill says the number of sites that have now asked the gender nonconforming question has increased to 16, and that the results will start coming in during the first half of 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammack, the researcher from UC Santa Cruz, says it's obvious that gender nonconformity is booming. He recently completed a study of teen LGBT youth in the Central Valley and the Bay Area, and he was surprised to find how easy it was to sign up those who were nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had to cap the number of gender nonconforming youth who participated to make sure we got enough gender conforming youth,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437981/a-quarter-of-california-adolescents-may-be-gender-nonconforming-so-what-does-that-mean","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1182","futureofyou_1433","futureofyou_1018","futureofyou_1434"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437990","label":"source_futureofyou_437981"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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