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Mukwege, Nadia Murad For Fighting Sexual Violence","publishDate":1538748569,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 6:45 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2018 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Dr. Denis Mukwege, a Congolese gynecologist, and Nadia Murad, a Yazidi survivor of rape and captivity by ISIS, for their contributions toward combating wartime sexual assault.[contextly_sidebar id=\"NXJQbyDb7jC8ES9o3yGFx6gEvwbaL22U\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize was announced by the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway, on Friday morning. The committee praised the winners for being symbols in the fight to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mukwege has treated victims of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for most of his adult life. He founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panzifoundation.org/panzi-hospital/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panzi Hospital\u003c/a>, which supports survivors of sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He practices medicine in eastern Congo, which has been called the \u003ca href=\"https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/04/336662#.WWS7OGXqquc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"rape capital of the world\"\u003c/a> by U.N. officials. Nearly 50 women are raped there every hour, experts say. Mukwege has treated tens of thousands of women for rape since opening Panzi Hospital in the eastern Congo in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospital's original mission was to curb maternal mortality rates. \"But our first patient did not come to deliver a baby,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/06/496893413/doctor-who-helps-rape-survivors-is-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a 2016 speech\u003c/a>. \"She had been raped with extreme violence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mukwege developed a model of treatment that emphasizes both physical care and justice. The Panzi model's five pillars are medical treatment, psychosocial therapy, socioeconomic support and training, community reintegration and legal assistance — a healing process that allows survivors to process physical, emotional and spiritual trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mukwege has received multiple threats for carrying out his work. As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/06/496893413/doctor-who-helps-rape-survivors-is-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR reported\u003c/a> in a 2016 profile of the doctor:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In September 2012 he gave a speech decrying the horror of mass rape in Congo to the U.N. A month later, gunmen invaded his home and attempted to kill him, his wife and their two daughters. His guard intervened. During the ensuing shootout, the doctor and his family played dead. He left Congo shortly thereafter but the women of Eastern Congo sold their harvest to pay for his plane ticket home.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"His basic principle is that justice is everyone's business,\" the committee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murad herself is a victim of sexual war crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is a member of the Yazidi minority in northern Iraq and was taken captive by ISIS members who had launched an attack on her small village. She was held as a sex slave for three months before escaping from her captors. In 2016, she was named the U.N.'s first Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of Survivors of Human Trafficking.[contextly_sidebar id=\"tdvC6ca5g96PXhw4ZN6RW1SOjMwwwESF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/22/640956251/once-held-captive-by-isis-nadia-murad-is-now-engaged\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some 3,000 Yazidi women and girls\u003c/a> remain enslaved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murad, who is in her mid-20s, has spoken extensively about her experience, despite \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/12/10/369636434/for-yazidi-women-escaping-isis-doesnt-mean-the-ordeal-is-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the immense shame\u003c/a> her culture associates with rape — many Yazidi survivors refuse to be named. As NPR has reported, health authorities administer so-called virginity tests to some Yazidi women who return from captivity. Officials say they're voluntary and are done at the request of a victim or by the court, but some health groups call them traumatic and medically useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She refused to accept the social codes that require women to remain silent and ashamed of the abuses to which they have been subjected,\" the committee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the committee wanted to send \"a message of awareness that women who constitute half the population in most communities actually are used as a weapon of war,\" said Berit Reiss-Andersen, chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, during a news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss-Andersen said that while wartime sexual assault and the #MeToo movement in general are significantly different, their goals share key elements: They both aim to acknowledge the abuses of women, eliminate the victim shaming and support women who speak out about their sexual assaults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 331 candidates for the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize, the second-highest number of candidates ever. The peace prize is the only Nobel Prize awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.[contextly_sidebar id=\"pD6V5igb9NHYIEQ8EuhBT53l6Qlg4c0W\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year's prize \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/06/556047073/2017-nobel-peace-prize\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was awarded\u003c/a> to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, or ICAN, a global organization seeking to \"outlaw and eliminate all nuclear weapons\" under international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee praised ICAN for drawing attention to \"the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons.\" The world's nuclear powers have not committed to their treaty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year's Nobel Prizes in\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/01/653251667/james-p-allison-and-tasuku-honjo-win-2018-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> medicine\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/02/653576926/scientists-from-u-s-canada-france-split-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-laser-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/03/653915709/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-honors-the-power-of-evolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chemistry\u003c/a> were announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences earlier this week. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences will be awarded on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Nobel+Peace+Prize+Goes+To+Denis+Mukwege+And+Nadia+Murad+For+Fighting+Sexual+Violence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mukwege, a doctor, and Murad, a survivor of wartime sexual assault, have worked to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538752018,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":772},"headData":{"title":"Nobel Peace Prize Goes To Denis Mukwege, Nadia Murad For Fighting Sexual Violence | KQED","description":"Mukwege, a doctor, and Murad, a survivor of wartime sexual assault, have worked to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nobel Peace Prize Goes To Denis Mukwege, Nadia Murad For Fighting Sexual Violence","datePublished":"2018-10-05T14:09:29.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-05T15:06:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444852 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444852","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/05/nobel-peace-prize-goes-to-dr-denis-mukwege-nadia-murad-for-fighting-sexual-violence/","disqusTitle":"Nobel Peace Prize Goes To Denis Mukwege, Nadia Murad For Fighting Sexual Violence","source":"Health","nprImageCredit":"Christian Lutz","nprByline":"Emily Sullivan, NPR","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"654675123","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=654675123&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/05/654675123/denis-mukwege-and-nadia-murad-win-nobel-peace-prize-for-fighting-sexual-violence?ft=nprml&f=654675123","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 05 Oct 2018 08:03:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 05 Oct 2018 07:01:14 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 05 Oct 2018 08:03:38 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444852/nobel-peace-prize-goes-to-dr-denis-mukwege-nadia-murad-for-fighting-sexual-violence","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 6:45 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2018 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Dr. Denis Mukwege, a Congolese gynecologist, and Nadia Murad, a Yazidi survivor of rape and captivity by ISIS, for their contributions toward combating wartime sexual assault.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize was announced by the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway, on Friday morning. The committee praised the winners for being symbols in the fight to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mukwege has treated victims of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for most of his adult life. He founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panzifoundation.org/panzi-hospital/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panzi Hospital\u003c/a>, which supports survivors of sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He practices medicine in eastern Congo, which has been called the \u003ca href=\"https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/04/336662#.WWS7OGXqquc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"rape capital of the world\"\u003c/a> by U.N. officials. Nearly 50 women are raped there every hour, experts say. Mukwege has treated tens of thousands of women for rape since opening Panzi Hospital in the eastern Congo in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospital's original mission was to curb maternal mortality rates. \"But our first patient did not come to deliver a baby,\" he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/06/496893413/doctor-who-helps-rape-survivors-is-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a 2016 speech\u003c/a>. \"She had been raped with extreme violence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mukwege developed a model of treatment that emphasizes both physical care and justice. The Panzi model's five pillars are medical treatment, psychosocial therapy, socioeconomic support and training, community reintegration and legal assistance — a healing process that allows survivors to process physical, emotional and spiritual trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mukwege has received multiple threats for carrying out his work. As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/06/496893413/doctor-who-helps-rape-survivors-is-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR reported\u003c/a> in a 2016 profile of the doctor:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In September 2012 he gave a speech decrying the horror of mass rape in Congo to the U.N. A month later, gunmen invaded his home and attempted to kill him, his wife and their two daughters. His guard intervened. During the ensuing shootout, the doctor and his family played dead. He left Congo shortly thereafter but the women of Eastern Congo sold their harvest to pay for his plane ticket home.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"His basic principle is that justice is everyone's business,\" the committee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murad herself is a victim of sexual war crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is a member of the Yazidi minority in northern Iraq and was taken captive by ISIS members who had launched an attack on her small village. She was held as a sex slave for three months before escaping from her captors. In 2016, she was named the U.N.'s first Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of Survivors of Human Trafficking.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/22/640956251/once-held-captive-by-isis-nadia-murad-is-now-engaged\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some 3,000 Yazidi women and girls\u003c/a> remain enslaved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murad, who is in her mid-20s, has spoken extensively about her experience, despite \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/12/10/369636434/for-yazidi-women-escaping-isis-doesnt-mean-the-ordeal-is-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the immense shame\u003c/a> her culture associates with rape — many Yazidi survivors refuse to be named. As NPR has reported, health authorities administer so-called virginity tests to some Yazidi women who return from captivity. Officials say they're voluntary and are done at the request of a victim or by the court, but some health groups call them traumatic and medically useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She refused to accept the social codes that require women to remain silent and ashamed of the abuses to which they have been subjected,\" the committee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the committee wanted to send \"a message of awareness that women who constitute half the population in most communities actually are used as a weapon of war,\" said Berit Reiss-Andersen, chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, during a news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss-Andersen said that while wartime sexual assault and the #MeToo movement in general are significantly different, their goals share key elements: They both aim to acknowledge the abuses of women, eliminate the victim shaming and support women who speak out about their sexual assaults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 331 candidates for the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize, the second-highest number of candidates ever. The peace prize is the only Nobel Prize awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year's prize \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/06/556047073/2017-nobel-peace-prize\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was awarded\u003c/a> to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, or ICAN, a global organization seeking to \"outlaw and eliminate all nuclear weapons\" under international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee praised ICAN for drawing attention to \"the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons.\" The world's nuclear powers have not committed to their treaty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year's Nobel Prizes in\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/01/653251667/james-p-allison-and-tasuku-honjo-win-2018-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> medicine\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/02/653576926/scientists-from-u-s-canada-france-split-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-laser-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/03/653915709/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-honors-the-power-of-evolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chemistry\u003c/a> were announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences earlier this week. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences will be awarded on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Nobel+Peace+Prize+Goes+To+Denis+Mukwege+And+Nadia+Murad+For+Fighting+Sexual+Violence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444852/nobel-peace-prize-goes-to-dr-denis-mukwege-nadia-murad-for-fighting-sexual-violence","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444852"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_791","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1429","futureofyou_215"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444853","label":"source_futureofyou_444852"},"futureofyou_444575":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444575","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444575","score":null,"sort":[1537563631000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault","title":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault","publishDate":1537563631,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Politics aside, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-the-sexual-assault-accusation-against-kavanaugh-unfolded-in-one-timeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sexual assault allegation\u003c/a> against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh has raised questions — and misconceptions — about adolescent development, the teenage brain and how we remember traumatic events.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oVwS9sAVwJuJIuPB30rT7TxJBIWVcbC9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: “Boys will be boys,” or the idea that teenagers can’t help but follow their impulses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/09/16/what-kavanaugh-did-teen-irrelevant-so-whether-hes-nice/1328274002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In USA Today,\u003c/a> education professor Jonathan Zimmerman wrote that “Of course [Kavanaugh] was different then; he was a third of the age he is now. And teens do stupid, dangerous and destructive things.” Law journalist Emily Bazelon of New York Times Magazine \u003ca href=\"https://art19.com/shows/today-explained/episodes/29d28815-9a41-43af-9430-1d102f3f5920\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> that “we know the adolescent brain is still developing, and teenagers on average aren’t super good at impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another centers around what Christine Blasey Ford, who accused Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her while the two were teenagers, remembered. Fox News’ Tucker Carlson said Tuesday that “Human memory is notoriously unreliable, especially over time” and Vox’s Alvin Chang echoed “To be clear, Carlson’s point isn’t entirely off-base. Research shows that our \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/4/20/17109764/deepfake-ai-false-memory-psychology-mandela-effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory is pretty bad\u003c/a>, which is why most of us probably don’t remember a drunken night last month, much less 36 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These characterizations oversimplify how the teenage brain and memories work, particularly when it comes to sexual trauma, according to four neuroscientists and three criminologists who spoke with the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is tempting to write off sexual aggression as an unfortunate consequence of adolescent impulsivity, in reality, risky behaviors like sexual assault involve brain capabilities that are established before and after our teenage years. Moreover, the company we keep plays as big a role in sexual assault as impulses. And traumatic memories tend to last for the survivors, no matter the age they are when an incident occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what science tells us know about teenagers, sexual assault and remembering trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Only certain kinds of people commit sexual assault\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: There’s really no typical profile for a sexual assaulter because so few cases are reported.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 750,000 people \u003ca href=\"https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were raped and sexually assaulted in 2015 and 2016\u003c/a>, but only 37 percent of these cases were reported to the police, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey. This limits our understanding of who commits sexual assault and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unlike other types of criminal offenders, those who commit sexual offenses can be very varied,” said Elizabeth Jeglic, a clinical psychologist at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “We see people in the Catholic Church. We see doctors, we see lawyers but we also see people who have less education. It’s across the board, across socioeconomic status, across race and ethnicity.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"LN4oM3H9IgZZNB6Oa5vxQB6txCbEDXeZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General patterns do emerge:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Men commit \u003ca href=\"https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/SOO.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90 to 95 percent\u003c/a> of sexual assaults.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/sartkit/about/about-sa-notes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Most of the perpetrators are white \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The overwhelming majority of these cases involve men attacking women, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-understudied-female-sexual-predator/503492/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">male-on-male and female-on-male sex crimes\u003c/a> are common, too.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Data also shows sexual assault disproportionately affects youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Younger persons are more likely to be both offenders and victims of crime, including rape and sexual assault,” said Janet L. Lauritsen, a criminology and criminal justice professor at University of Missouri – St. Louis. “Adolescents — ages 12 to 17 — have slightly higher [sexual victimization] rates than 18 to 34 year old. The risks are about eight to nine times greater for women under age 34 than for women ages 50 and above.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sexual offenses begin to spike right as men head to college. Once puberty begins around the age of 10, the rate of arrests for rape begins to steadily rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, 18.5 per 100,000 males aged 10 to 17 are arrested for rape, according to data provided to the PBS NewsHour by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. For college-aged men, this figure nearly doubles to 32.9 per 100,000, but arrests drop off as males reach their mid- to late-20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trends in sexual offenses parallel key stages in mental development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: The teenage brain is underdeveloped and reckless\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Impulsivity is a tendency with adolescence, not an absolute. Young children and teenagers can make rational decisions and exhibit impulse control.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-control, regardless of age, involves a balance between rational decision-making and our desires for rewards like sex, food and emotional fulfillment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These exist in two separate parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primal part of the brain that handles emotions, impulses and aggression resides toward the back of our heads, near our ears. Our decision-making centers — for controlling impulses, planning and organization and judging consequences — live right behind the forehead in the frontal lobes, namely, the prefrontal cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How we balance the two depends on how our brains build their wiring. This happens as soon as we’re born and lasts through about age 30. When we’re born, our brains are messy. We have more neurons (nerve cells) than we need to survive and an overabundance of communication lines between those cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During childhood and adolescence, our minds constantly rewire — pruning and rebuilding connections — through a process called synaptic plasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the building blocks for synaptic plasticity are set at higher levels in the childhood and adolescent brain than they will be in adults,” said Frances Jensen, chair of neurology department at the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>. “That’s why adolescents and children can learn things much more rapidly than adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our primal areas become fully wired before the ones made for rational thinking. That’s because some of the messages sent between neurons must travel long distances across paths coated in a fatty substance called myelin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process starts in the back of the brain, with the emotions; myelin development here wraps up by early adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mapping-brain-maturation-and-cognitive-development-Paus/45c4a3f12f1bdceb150875be7a8c66488310cd32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frontal lobes lag behind\u003c/a>, which means the paths that carry decision-making skills don’t catch up until your late 20s. Some studies show the parts of the brain controlling emotionality, sexuality and risk-reward are turned on twice as much in teenagers compared to adults exposed to the same experience, Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, teenagers can be quick to react emotionally and to seek instant gratification — because those parts of their brains are operating at a faster speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why adolescents can become addicted to all manner of things — opioids, cannabis videogames,” Jensen said. “Addiction is just another form of plasticity, except with your reward circuit. They are more rapidly hardwiring themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tendency to overvalue rewards and emotions continues until the frontal lobes catch up, plug into the primal brain and suppress these reactions. Girls grow out of these habits about two years, on average, before boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that’s why teenagers often get cast as unruly louts, whose actions are ruled by their impulsive choices. But that’s not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People often talk about adolescence as if we do not have the cognitive ability to decide what is right and wrong or to control our behaviors. This is not true. It’s too simplistic,” said Tomas Paus, director of the population neuroscience and developmental neuroimaging program at the Bloorview Research Institute in Toronto. “By the age of 12 or 13, our brains are pretty mature. There is no hardcore evidence that young people completely lack impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Sexual assault is driven largely by impulses.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Peer pressure serves as one of the most powerful determinants of sexual assault, said Walter DeKeseredy, a sociologist and the director of the Research Center on Violence at West Virginia University.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find with college students is that those who are most likely to sexually assault women have friends who encourage that and friends who do it,” DeKeseredy said. “If men in these groups feel that they’re not getting as much sex as their friends, then they’re more likely to engage in sexual aggression so that they could live up to their peers’ expectations.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"UGfNM1LxoY5BttEBSH2MEuVdPGl56a1H\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This concept becomes apparent when you consider how teenagers behave under peer pressure. Our brains are continually shaped — from childhood to adulthood — by our social enclave, Paus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behavioral experiments show if a teenager is sitting alone in a room, they’re much less likely to take risks than if they are in the presence of their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something about being around your peers during adolescence that changes the way your brain works,” said Laurence Steinberg, a psychologist at Temple University who led the work behind this discovery. Using brain scans, his team found the sway of peer pressure fades as people age into adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pattern means the adolescent brain can decide between right and wrong. They can choose to suppress their impulses in the right context, Paus said. Teenage girls go through the same evolution of their primal brains, emotions and impulses as boys — but are far less likely to commit sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeKeseredy argued that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity. Psychological tests show individuals with histories of rape tend to struggle with impulse control, but not everybody who commits rape has an impulse control problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeglic and Steinberg agreed, citing that a large number of rapes are premeditated. About 90 percent of sexually assaults involve people who already knew each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Our memories are fickle, so we cannot trust ones from long ago.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Every time you recall a traumatic memory, its details get stronger.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our memories guide how we behave in the future. When we encounter a welcoming person or place, we build memories to lead us back there. In contrast, if something hurts us — like the first time we burn our hands on a stove — we remember to avoid it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traumatic experiences take normal memory formation to another level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any experience that threatens our survival is remembered and recorded very fast,” said Jacek Debiec, a psychiatrist and neuroscientist at the University of Michigan who studies traumatic memories and how their stored in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans typically need repetition to learn and remember. But traumatic memories can form after a single, life-threatening event because, from an evolutionary perspective, your brain may have only one chance to capture it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, traumatic memories last our whole lives and are vivid — filled with details like sounds, scents and sights. Traumatic memories are reinforced by our brain’s fear center — the amygdala — as well as by stress hormones like cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memories aren’t static — in the short-term or in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate hours after we make a memory, it is unstable and vulnerable to editing. Once this window of opportunity passes, our memories become more lasting and persistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling an event after days, months or years can also open the door to memory editing due to phenomena called reactivation and reconsolidation. Tucker Carlson and Alvin Chang hint at these processes in their commentaries — but leave out a crucial exception:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling a traumatic memory typically strengthens it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our experiments, when the traumatic memories are activated, there is an associated arousal and higher levels of norepinephrine, which mediates arousal,” Debiec said. “Then these traumatic memories are strengthened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When editing does occur, it tends to only influence peripheral details — like what an attacker was wearing. Central aspects surrounding an event, namely ones with emotional significance — like the people involved and the mode attack — stay consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens to memory formation when a person is drunk?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blasey Ford said she had one beer the night of incident but alleges that Kavanaugh and Judge were heavily intoxicated. (Kavanaugh has “categorically and unequivocally” denied the allegation of sexual assault altogether). Large amounts of alcohol can block memory formation, Debiec said, but if a person is able to remember details that accompany the event, then it’s likely the alcohol didn’t distort the original memory\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traumatic memories are biologically privileged,” Debiec said. “Unlearning trauma takes much more time and effort, and it probably never could be fully complete.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Experts argue that that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537548716,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":59,"wordCount":2103},"headData":{"title":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault | KQED","description":"Experts argue that that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault","datePublished":"2018-09-21T21:00:31.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-21T16:51:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444575 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444575","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/21/why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault/","disqusTitle":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault","nprByline":"Nsikan Akpan\u003cbr />PBS Newshour","path":"/futureofyou/444575/why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Politics aside, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-the-sexual-assault-accusation-against-kavanaugh-unfolded-in-one-timeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sexual assault allegation\u003c/a> against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh has raised questions — and misconceptions — about adolescent development, the teenage brain and how we remember traumatic events.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: “Boys will be boys,” or the idea that teenagers can’t help but follow their impulses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/09/16/what-kavanaugh-did-teen-irrelevant-so-whether-hes-nice/1328274002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In USA Today,\u003c/a> education professor Jonathan Zimmerman wrote that “Of course [Kavanaugh] was different then; he was a third of the age he is now. And teens do stupid, dangerous and destructive things.” Law journalist Emily Bazelon of New York Times Magazine \u003ca href=\"https://art19.com/shows/today-explained/episodes/29d28815-9a41-43af-9430-1d102f3f5920\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> that “we know the adolescent brain is still developing, and teenagers on average aren’t super good at impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another centers around what Christine Blasey Ford, who accused Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her while the two were teenagers, remembered. Fox News’ Tucker Carlson said Tuesday that “Human memory is notoriously unreliable, especially over time” and Vox’s Alvin Chang echoed “To be clear, Carlson’s point isn’t entirely off-base. Research shows that our \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/4/20/17109764/deepfake-ai-false-memory-psychology-mandela-effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory is pretty bad\u003c/a>, which is why most of us probably don’t remember a drunken night last month, much less 36 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These characterizations oversimplify how the teenage brain and memories work, particularly when it comes to sexual trauma, according to four neuroscientists and three criminologists who spoke with the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is tempting to write off sexual aggression as an unfortunate consequence of adolescent impulsivity, in reality, risky behaviors like sexual assault involve brain capabilities that are established before and after our teenage years. Moreover, the company we keep plays as big a role in sexual assault as impulses. And traumatic memories tend to last for the survivors, no matter the age they are when an incident occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what science tells us know about teenagers, sexual assault and remembering trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Only certain kinds of people commit sexual assault\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: There’s really no typical profile for a sexual assaulter because so few cases are reported.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 750,000 people \u003ca href=\"https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were raped and sexually assaulted in 2015 and 2016\u003c/a>, but only 37 percent of these cases were reported to the police, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey. This limits our understanding of who commits sexual assault and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unlike other types of criminal offenders, those who commit sexual offenses can be very varied,” said Elizabeth Jeglic, a clinical psychologist at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “We see people in the Catholic Church. We see doctors, we see lawyers but we also see people who have less education. It’s across the board, across socioeconomic status, across race and ethnicity.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General patterns do emerge:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Men commit \u003ca href=\"https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/SOO.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90 to 95 percent\u003c/a> of sexual assaults.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/sartkit/about/about-sa-notes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Most of the perpetrators are white \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The overwhelming majority of these cases involve men attacking women, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-understudied-female-sexual-predator/503492/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">male-on-male and female-on-male sex crimes\u003c/a> are common, too.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Data also shows sexual assault disproportionately affects youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Younger persons are more likely to be both offenders and victims of crime, including rape and sexual assault,” said Janet L. Lauritsen, a criminology and criminal justice professor at University of Missouri – St. Louis. “Adolescents — ages 12 to 17 — have slightly higher [sexual victimization] rates than 18 to 34 year old. The risks are about eight to nine times greater for women under age 34 than for women ages 50 and above.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sexual offenses begin to spike right as men head to college. Once puberty begins around the age of 10, the rate of arrests for rape begins to steadily rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, 18.5 per 100,000 males aged 10 to 17 are arrested for rape, according to data provided to the PBS NewsHour by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. For college-aged men, this figure nearly doubles to 32.9 per 100,000, but arrests drop off as males reach their mid- to late-20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trends in sexual offenses parallel key stages in mental development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: The teenage brain is underdeveloped and reckless\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Impulsivity is a tendency with adolescence, not an absolute. Young children and teenagers can make rational decisions and exhibit impulse control.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-control, regardless of age, involves a balance between rational decision-making and our desires for rewards like sex, food and emotional fulfillment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These exist in two separate parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primal part of the brain that handles emotions, impulses and aggression resides toward the back of our heads, near our ears. Our decision-making centers — for controlling impulses, planning and organization and judging consequences — live right behind the forehead in the frontal lobes, namely, the prefrontal cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How we balance the two depends on how our brains build their wiring. This happens as soon as we’re born and lasts through about age 30. When we’re born, our brains are messy. We have more neurons (nerve cells) than we need to survive and an overabundance of communication lines between those cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During childhood and adolescence, our minds constantly rewire — pruning and rebuilding connections — through a process called synaptic plasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the building blocks for synaptic plasticity are set at higher levels in the childhood and adolescent brain than they will be in adults,” said Frances Jensen, chair of neurology department at the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>. “That’s why adolescents and children can learn things much more rapidly than adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our primal areas become fully wired before the ones made for rational thinking. That’s because some of the messages sent between neurons must travel long distances across paths coated in a fatty substance called myelin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process starts in the back of the brain, with the emotions; myelin development here wraps up by early adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mapping-brain-maturation-and-cognitive-development-Paus/45c4a3f12f1bdceb150875be7a8c66488310cd32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frontal lobes lag behind\u003c/a>, which means the paths that carry decision-making skills don’t catch up until your late 20s. Some studies show the parts of the brain controlling emotionality, sexuality and risk-reward are turned on twice as much in teenagers compared to adults exposed to the same experience, Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, teenagers can be quick to react emotionally and to seek instant gratification — because those parts of their brains are operating at a faster speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why adolescents can become addicted to all manner of things — opioids, cannabis videogames,” Jensen said. “Addiction is just another form of plasticity, except with your reward circuit. They are more rapidly hardwiring themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tendency to overvalue rewards and emotions continues until the frontal lobes catch up, plug into the primal brain and suppress these reactions. Girls grow out of these habits about two years, on average, before boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that’s why teenagers often get cast as unruly louts, whose actions are ruled by their impulsive choices. But that’s not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People often talk about adolescence as if we do not have the cognitive ability to decide what is right and wrong or to control our behaviors. This is not true. It’s too simplistic,” said Tomas Paus, director of the population neuroscience and developmental neuroimaging program at the Bloorview Research Institute in Toronto. “By the age of 12 or 13, our brains are pretty mature. There is no hardcore evidence that young people completely lack impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Sexual assault is driven largely by impulses.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Peer pressure serves as one of the most powerful determinants of sexual assault, said Walter DeKeseredy, a sociologist and the director of the Research Center on Violence at West Virginia University.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find with college students is that those who are most likely to sexually assault women have friends who encourage that and friends who do it,” DeKeseredy said. “If men in these groups feel that they’re not getting as much sex as their friends, then they’re more likely to engage in sexual aggression so that they could live up to their peers’ expectations.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This concept becomes apparent when you consider how teenagers behave under peer pressure. Our brains are continually shaped — from childhood to adulthood — by our social enclave, Paus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behavioral experiments show if a teenager is sitting alone in a room, they’re much less likely to take risks than if they are in the presence of their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something about being around your peers during adolescence that changes the way your brain works,” said Laurence Steinberg, a psychologist at Temple University who led the work behind this discovery. Using brain scans, his team found the sway of peer pressure fades as people age into adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pattern means the adolescent brain can decide between right and wrong. They can choose to suppress their impulses in the right context, Paus said. Teenage girls go through the same evolution of their primal brains, emotions and impulses as boys — but are far less likely to commit sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeKeseredy argued that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity. Psychological tests show individuals with histories of rape tend to struggle with impulse control, but not everybody who commits rape has an impulse control problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeglic and Steinberg agreed, citing that a large number of rapes are premeditated. About 90 percent of sexually assaults involve people who already knew each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Our memories are fickle, so we cannot trust ones from long ago.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Every time you recall a traumatic memory, its details get stronger.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our memories guide how we behave in the future. When we encounter a welcoming person or place, we build memories to lead us back there. In contrast, if something hurts us — like the first time we burn our hands on a stove — we remember to avoid it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traumatic experiences take normal memory formation to another level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any experience that threatens our survival is remembered and recorded very fast,” said Jacek Debiec, a psychiatrist and neuroscientist at the University of Michigan who studies traumatic memories and how their stored in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans typically need repetition to learn and remember. But traumatic memories can form after a single, life-threatening event because, from an evolutionary perspective, your brain may have only one chance to capture it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, traumatic memories last our whole lives and are vivid — filled with details like sounds, scents and sights. Traumatic memories are reinforced by our brain’s fear center — the amygdala — as well as by stress hormones like cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memories aren’t static — in the short-term or in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate hours after we make a memory, it is unstable and vulnerable to editing. Once this window of opportunity passes, our memories become more lasting and persistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling an event after days, months or years can also open the door to memory editing due to phenomena called reactivation and reconsolidation. Tucker Carlson and Alvin Chang hint at these processes in their commentaries — but leave out a crucial exception:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling a traumatic memory typically strengthens it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our experiments, when the traumatic memories are activated, there is an associated arousal and higher levels of norepinephrine, which mediates arousal,” Debiec said. “Then these traumatic memories are strengthened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When editing does occur, it tends to only influence peripheral details — like what an attacker was wearing. Central aspects surrounding an event, namely ones with emotional significance — like the people involved and the mode attack — stay consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens to memory formation when a person is drunk?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blasey Ford said she had one beer the night of incident but alleges that Kavanaugh and Judge were heavily intoxicated. (Kavanaugh has “categorically and unequivocally” denied the allegation of sexual assault altogether). Large amounts of alcohol can block memory formation, Debiec said, but if a person is able to remember details that accompany the event, then it’s likely the alcohol didn’t distort the original memory\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traumatic memories are biologically privileged,” Debiec said. “Unlearning trauma takes much more time and effort, and it probably never could be fully complete.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444575/why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444575"],"categories":["futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_818","futureofyou_1429","futureofyou_215"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444578","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_444536":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444536","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444536","score":null,"sort":[1537457413000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ivf-and-infertility-tech-may-lead-to-health-risks-for-the-baby","title":"IVF And Infertility Tech May Lead To Health Risks For The Baby","publishDate":1537457413,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When patients come to Dr. Molly Quinn for infertility treatments, they usually aren't too interested in hearing about the possible downsides, she says. They just want to get pregnant.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ey0hWotixUsdyo0wQnYUMCoyOptxLTRK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she always discusses the risks. For example, there's an increased likelihood of twins or triplets — which increases the chances of \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medical complications\u003c/a> for both moms and babies. And stimulating the ovaries to ripen extra eggs can, in a small number of cases, cause the ovaries to rupture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/molly-quinn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quinn\u003c/a>, an infertility specialist and assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, Los Angeles, now has a new hazard to consider. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718354809?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> published this month in the \u003cem>Journal of the American College of Cardiology\u003c/em>, children conceived through certain infertility treatments may be at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents shouldn't panic, the study's authors say: The findings are preliminary, and the study cohort was fairly small. Still, they say, it means that families who used infertility treatments should be particularly vigilant about screening for high blood pressure in their children and help them avoid other cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fertility clinics should really ... counsel about potential risks for their kids,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dbmr.unibe.ch/research/research_groups/personenpool/cardiology/prof_dr_med_scherrer_urs/index_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Urs Scherrer\u003c/a>, a visiting professor at the University of Bern in Switzerland and a senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scherrer and his colleagues followed the health of children conceived through assisted reproductive technology for more than a decade. \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/assistedreproductivetechnology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ART\u003c/a> is an umbrella term that covers a number of different types of procedures, including in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and eggs are mixed in a lab dish, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in which sperm are inserted directly into eggs. Today, roughly 2 percent of all births in the U.S are conceived via ART.[contextly_sidebar id=\"QmmfxSiEfwbF2B1GB9guL21XilL52eqX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the same team of scientists published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major paper\u003c/a> showing that 65 healthy kids born with the help of ART were more likely than their peers to have early signs of problematic blood vessels. The current study, comparing 54 of those original children with 43 age- and sex-matched peers, shows those early irregularities — signs of \"premature vascular aging\", the scientists say — persist into adolescence and young adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids in the study who were conceived via ART are now 16 years old, on average, but have blood vessels resembling those of middle-aged adults, the scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those differences seemed to be enough to boost the teens' blood pressure. Everyone in the study underwent round-the-clock blood pressure monitoring for 24 hours, and the differences between a group conceived by ART and teens in the control group were significant. The ART group had markedly higher blood pressure; about 15 percent met the criteria for hypertension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a small but \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growing\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27420642\">body\u003c/a> of research suggesting that children conceived this way may have an elevated risk of hypertension and its health complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say they don't yet know why that would be true, but they hypothesize that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392256/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">epigenetics\u003c/a> — the interplay of environment and genes — plays a role. Something about the manipulation of the eggs and sperm in the lab might affect which genes are turned on or off as embryos develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical specialists who study high blood pressure in kids called the research striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these kids already have abnormal vasculature is quite concerning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/joseph-t-flynn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joseph Flynn\u003c/a>, a pediatrician who helped write the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines about blood pressure management. \"I think the fact that they saw these changes at an early age and that they're still persisting into adolescence is worrisome for these kids.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"85O7WjzrUHwoOFYBW2OgPx9FMGcZx2CI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, it's unclear what the long-term effects on their cardiovascular health will be. Conception through ART, Flynn says, may confer the same amount of risk as, say, teenage smoking or alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinn says she would like to see more longitudinal research that tracks long-term consequences of infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to connect these kinds of studies,\" she says. Such research can be more difficult to do in the United States, she notes, because there is no unified medical record, so it's hard to track the babies who are conceived through ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she says, it's important for all doctors working in the infertility field to acknowledge that the techniques they use are still evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We appreciate that there is quite a bit unknown about we do on a day-to-day basis,\" says Quinn. \"We have to be humble.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/08/21/peds.2017-1904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends\u003c/a> that every child over the age of 3 get a yearly blood pressure test at the doctor's office — whether or not their parents underwent infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mara Gordon is a family physician in Washington, D.C., and a health and media fellow at NPR and Georgetown University School of Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+IVF+And+Other+Infertility+Tech+Lead+To+Health+Risks+For+The+Baby%3F+Maybe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A small study of teens who were conceived via assisted reproductive technology finds a significant number already have hypertension and premature \"age-related changes\" in their blood vessels.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537434891,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"IVF And Infertility Tech May Lead To Health Risks For The Baby | KQED","description":"A small study of teens who were conceived via assisted reproductive technology finds a significant number already have hypertension and premature "age-related changes" in their blood vessels.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"IVF And Infertility Tech May Lead To Health Risks For The Baby","datePublished":"2018-09-20T15:30:13.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-20T09:14:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444536 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444536","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/20/ivf-and-infertility-tech-may-lead-to-health-risks-for-the-baby/","disqusTitle":"IVF And Infertility Tech May Lead To Health Risks For The Baby","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Mara Gordon, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Steve Debenport/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"648923906","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=648923906&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/19/648923906/do-ivf-and-other-infertility-tech-lead-to-health-risks-for-the-baby-maybe?ft=nprml&f=648923906","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 19 Sep 2018 17:02:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 19 Sep 2018 12:25:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 19 Sep 2018 17:02:26 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444536/ivf-and-infertility-tech-may-lead-to-health-risks-for-the-baby","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When patients come to Dr. Molly Quinn for infertility treatments, they usually aren't too interested in hearing about the possible downsides, she says. They just want to get pregnant.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she always discusses the risks. For example, there's an increased likelihood of twins or triplets — which increases the chances of \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P08021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medical complications\u003c/a> for both moms and babies. And stimulating the ovaries to ripen extra eggs can, in a small number of cases, cause the ovaries to rupture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/molly-quinn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quinn\u003c/a>, an infertility specialist and assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, Los Angeles, now has a new hazard to consider. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718354809?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> published this month in the \u003cem>Journal of the American College of Cardiology\u003c/em>, children conceived through certain infertility treatments may be at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents shouldn't panic, the study's authors say: The findings are preliminary, and the study cohort was fairly small. Still, they say, it means that families who used infertility treatments should be particularly vigilant about screening for high blood pressure in their children and help them avoid other cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fertility clinics should really ... counsel about potential risks for their kids,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dbmr.unibe.ch/research/research_groups/personenpool/cardiology/prof_dr_med_scherrer_urs/index_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Urs Scherrer\u003c/a>, a visiting professor at the University of Bern in Switzerland and a senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scherrer and his colleagues followed the health of children conceived through assisted reproductive technology for more than a decade. \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/assistedreproductivetechnology.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ART\u003c/a> is an umbrella term that covers a number of different types of procedures, including in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and eggs are mixed in a lab dish, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in which sperm are inserted directly into eggs. Today, roughly 2 percent of all births in the U.S are conceived via ART.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the same team of scientists published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major paper\u003c/a> showing that 65 healthy kids born with the help of ART were more likely than their peers to have early signs of problematic blood vessels. The current study, comparing 54 of those original children with 43 age- and sex-matched peers, shows those early irregularities — signs of \"premature vascular aging\", the scientists say — persist into adolescence and young adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids in the study who were conceived via ART are now 16 years old, on average, but have blood vessels resembling those of middle-aged adults, the scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those differences seemed to be enough to boost the teens' blood pressure. Everyone in the study underwent round-the-clock blood pressure monitoring for 24 hours, and the differences between a group conceived by ART and teens in the control group were significant. The ART group had markedly higher blood pressure; about 15 percent met the criteria for hypertension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a small but \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24270419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">growing\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27420642\">body\u003c/a> of research suggesting that children conceived this way may have an elevated risk of hypertension and its health complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say they don't yet know why that would be true, but they hypothesize that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392256/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">epigenetics\u003c/a> — the interplay of environment and genes — plays a role. Something about the manipulation of the eggs and sperm in the lab might affect which genes are turned on or off as embryos develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical specialists who study high blood pressure in kids called the research striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these kids already have abnormal vasculature is quite concerning,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-staff/joseph-t-flynn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joseph Flynn\u003c/a>, a pediatrician who helped write the American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines about blood pressure management. \"I think the fact that they saw these changes at an early age and that they're still persisting into adolescence is worrisome for these kids.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, it's unclear what the long-term effects on their cardiovascular health will be. Conception through ART, Flynn says, may confer the same amount of risk as, say, teenage smoking or alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinn says she would like to see more longitudinal research that tracks long-term consequences of infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to connect these kinds of studies,\" she says. Such research can be more difficult to do in the United States, she notes, because there is no unified medical record, so it's hard to track the babies who are conceived through ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she says, it's important for all doctors working in the infertility field to acknowledge that the techniques they use are still evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We appreciate that there is quite a bit unknown about we do on a day-to-day basis,\" says Quinn. \"We have to be humble.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/08/21/peds.2017-1904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends\u003c/a> that every child over the age of 3 get a yearly blood pressure test at the doctor's office — whether or not their parents underwent infertility treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mara Gordon is a family physician in Washington, D.C., and a health and media fellow at NPR and Georgetown University School of Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+IVF+And+Other+Infertility+Tech+Lead+To+Health+Risks+For+The+Baby%3F+Maybe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444536/ivf-and-infertility-tech-may-lead-to-health-risks-for-the-baby","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444536"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_221","futureofyou_1021","futureofyou_287","futureofyou_215"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444537","label":"source_futureofyou_444536"},"futureofyou_443813":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443813","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443813","score":null,"sort":[1533668439000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"women-survive-heart-attack-more-often-when-doctor-is-female-study-finds","title":"Women Survive Heart Attack More Often When Doctor is Female, Study Finds","publishDate":1533668439,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Much like shoes or skinny jeans, heart attacks can fit women a little differently than men. Their symptoms don’t always look the same, and for a meshwork of reasons, physicians all too often fail to diagnose heart attacks in women with enough time to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence: Women are more likely to die from heart attacks than men are. But, according to a new study, not if they’re treated by female doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1800097115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a>, published Monday in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that female patients are two to three times more likely to survive a heart attack when the doctor overseeing their care is also a woman. But the difference diminished when male doctors worked in emergency rooms with a higher percentage of female physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, both men and women suffering heart attacks fared better when treated by female doctors or when treated by men working alongside more female clinicians, the authors reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings raise an unavoidable question: Are women better doctors? And, does rubbing elbows with women physicians help men become better clinicians? The answers are more convoluted than the questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has found better outcomes among hospitalized Medicare patients treated by women, but the underlying reasons remain murky at best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to not get caught up in the idea that women are better doctors,” said Dr. Klea Bertakis, a physician and researcher at the University of California, Davis, who studies gender dynamics in health care. “It’s not a men-against-women kind of thing, it’s what are the best practice styles and how can we teach them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertakis pointed to specific practice behaviors – female physicians tend to share more information with patients and to focus more on partnership and patient participation. Male physicians, on the other hand, tend to stick to “the facts,” emphasizing the patient history and physical exam, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sharonne Hayes, a cardiologist at the Mayo Women’s Heart Clinic, broke down one common explanation for the differences in outcomes for male and female heart attack patients — the symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, women are less likely to experience chest pain, and are more likely to present with nausea and vomiting. But Hayes pointed out that there are more similarities than differences: 30 percent of both men and women won’t experience chest pain, and men can have nausea, too. The symptom hypothesis doesn’t fully explain the different rates of diagnosis and survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes suggested that part of the problem is that physicians and people in general are “still stuck with some confirmation bias about who gets a heart attack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study, conducted by three business school professors at the University of Minnesota, Washington University in St. Louis, and Harvard, started by looking at whether gender concordance between patients and the attending physicians in the emergency department influenced survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s relatively deep streams of literature in economics, political science, and sociology that suggest when advocates differ from the people they advocate for, there are often penalties,” said lead author Brad Greenwood of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Penalties” are business-speak that, when applied in an emergency room, refer to mortality. And “advocacy,” in this case, translates to physician care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a census of heart attack patients admitted to Florida hospitals between 1991 and 2010, Greenwood and his colleagues found that when the gender of the patient matched the gender of the physician, both male and female patients were more likely to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking more closely at the data revealed that female patients treated by male physicians were the least likely to survive a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The magnitude of the difference impressed Greenwood, but he was not surprised by its existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenwood and his co-authors took their research one step further, studying not only the physicians’ gender, but their environment. They found that patients were more likely to survive heart attacks when treated in emergency departments with higher percentages of female physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenwood and co-author Seth Carnahan, of Washington University, were both hesitant to speculate about the reasons underlying their observations. Carnahan — who compared the patient-physician relationship to an employee-customer one — acknowledged that, as business professors, he and his colleagues lack the perspective of clinicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have expertise in analyzing data like this and thinking about organizational problems, but we don’t have the firsthand experience and knowledge that doctors have,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes said their statistical analysis went beyond what most doctors could even “conceptualize,” but she and Bertakis expressed some concern over the study’s methods and conclusions. The data, now eight years old, might miss the impact of recent efforts to educate physicians and the public about gender differences in cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both physicians also noted that the attending doctor used in the data analysis was likely the physician that discharged the patient — or signed their death certificate — which might not be the same doctor who treated the patient in the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertakis took issue with the the study’s recommendation that one way to improve outcomes would be to increase the number of female physicians in the emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These approaches are not likely to be feasible,” she said. Instead, she would focus on continuing to improve the curriculum in medical schools and in residency programs to teach physicians about gender differences — both at the patient and physician level — in cardiovascular care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes would like future research to focus on understanding why male physicians who work among more female doctors have better patient survival rates. “Where’s the education coming from? Is it in the hallways and at the watercooler?” she asked. “Or are there policy changes and practice changes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is a launchpad to address these questions, she said: “Understanding differences in how we need to care for men and women — particularly with heart disease, but for many other conditions — is something we should all be teaching our medical students, and learning, and incorporating in our daily practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/06/heart-attacks-women-female-doctors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The difference diminishes when male doctors worked in emergency rooms with a higher percentage of female physicians.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1533600421,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1083},"headData":{"title":"Women Survive Heart Attack More Often When Doctor is Female, Study Finds | KQED","description":"The difference diminishes when male doctors worked in emergency rooms with a higher percentage of female physicians.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Women Survive Heart Attack More Often When Doctor is Female, Study Finds","datePublished":"2018-08-07T19:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2018-08-07T00:07:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443813 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443813","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/07/women-survive-heart-attack-more-often-when-doctor-is-female-study-finds/","disqusTitle":"Women Survive Heart Attack More Often When Doctor is Female, Study Finds","source":"Health","nprByline":"Orly Nadell Farber\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/443813/women-survive-heart-attack-more-often-when-doctor-is-female-study-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Much like shoes or skinny jeans, heart attacks can fit women a little differently than men. Their symptoms don’t always look the same, and for a meshwork of reasons, physicians all too often fail to diagnose heart attacks in women with enough time to intervene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence: Women are more likely to die from heart attacks than men are. But, according to a new study, not if they’re treated by female doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1800097115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a>, published Monday in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that female patients are two to three times more likely to survive a heart attack when the doctor overseeing their care is also a woman. But the difference diminished when male doctors worked in emergency rooms with a higher percentage of female physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, both men and women suffering heart attacks fared better when treated by female doctors or when treated by men working alongside more female clinicians, the authors reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings raise an unavoidable question: Are women better doctors? And, does rubbing elbows with women physicians help men become better clinicians? The answers are more convoluted than the questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research has found better outcomes among hospitalized Medicare patients treated by women, but the underlying reasons remain murky at best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to not get caught up in the idea that women are better doctors,” said Dr. Klea Bertakis, a physician and researcher at the University of California, Davis, who studies gender dynamics in health care. “It’s not a men-against-women kind of thing, it’s what are the best practice styles and how can we teach them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertakis pointed to specific practice behaviors – female physicians tend to share more information with patients and to focus more on partnership and patient participation. Male physicians, on the other hand, tend to stick to “the facts,” emphasizing the patient history and physical exam, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sharonne Hayes, a cardiologist at the Mayo Women’s Heart Clinic, broke down one common explanation for the differences in outcomes for male and female heart attack patients — the symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heart attack, women are less likely to experience chest pain, and are more likely to present with nausea and vomiting. But Hayes pointed out that there are more similarities than differences: 30 percent of both men and women won’t experience chest pain, and men can have nausea, too. The symptom hypothesis doesn’t fully explain the different rates of diagnosis and survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes suggested that part of the problem is that physicians and people in general are “still stuck with some confirmation bias about who gets a heart attack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study, conducted by three business school professors at the University of Minnesota, Washington University in St. Louis, and Harvard, started by looking at whether gender concordance between patients and the attending physicians in the emergency department influenced survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s relatively deep streams of literature in economics, political science, and sociology that suggest when advocates differ from the people they advocate for, there are often penalties,” said lead author Brad Greenwood of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Penalties” are business-speak that, when applied in an emergency room, refer to mortality. And “advocacy,” in this case, translates to physician care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a census of heart attack patients admitted to Florida hospitals between 1991 and 2010, Greenwood and his colleagues found that when the gender of the patient matched the gender of the physician, both male and female patients were more likely to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking more closely at the data revealed that female patients treated by male physicians were the least likely to survive a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The magnitude of the difference impressed Greenwood, but he was not surprised by its existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenwood and his co-authors took their research one step further, studying not only the physicians’ gender, but their environment. They found that patients were more likely to survive heart attacks when treated in emergency departments with higher percentages of female physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenwood and co-author Seth Carnahan, of Washington University, were both hesitant to speculate about the reasons underlying their observations. Carnahan — who compared the patient-physician relationship to an employee-customer one — acknowledged that, as business professors, he and his colleagues lack the perspective of clinicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have expertise in analyzing data like this and thinking about organizational problems, but we don’t have the firsthand experience and knowledge that doctors have,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes said their statistical analysis went beyond what most doctors could even “conceptualize,” but she and Bertakis expressed some concern over the study’s methods and conclusions. The data, now eight years old, might miss the impact of recent efforts to educate physicians and the public about gender differences in cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both physicians also noted that the attending doctor used in the data analysis was likely the physician that discharged the patient — or signed their death certificate — which might not be the same doctor who treated the patient in the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertakis took issue with the the study’s recommendation that one way to improve outcomes would be to increase the number of female physicians in the emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These approaches are not likely to be feasible,” she said. Instead, she would focus on continuing to improve the curriculum in medical schools and in residency programs to teach physicians about gender differences — both at the patient and physician level — in cardiovascular care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes would like future research to focus on understanding why male physicians who work among more female doctors have better patient survival rates. “Where’s the education coming from? Is it in the hallways and at the watercooler?” she asked. “Or are there policy changes and practice changes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is a launchpad to address these questions, she said: “Understanding differences in how we need to care for men and women — particularly with heart disease, but for many other conditions — is something we should all be teaching our medical students, and learning, and incorporating in our daily practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/06/heart-attacks-women-female-doctors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443813/women-survive-heart-attack-more-often-when-doctor-is-female-study-finds","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443813"],"series":["futureofyou_219"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1592","futureofyou_190","futureofyou_279","futureofyou_215"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443817","label":"source_futureofyou_443813"},"futureofyou_443567":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443567","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443567","score":null,"sort":[1532448707000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hospitals-gear-up-for-new-diagnosis-human-trafficking","title":"Hospitals Gear Up For New Diagnosis: Human Trafficking","publishDate":1532448707,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The woman arrived at the emergency department at Huntington Hospital on New York's Long Island after she was hit by her boyfriend during an argument. Her situation raised concerns among the medical staff, which had recently been trained to be on the lookout for signs of sex trafficking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An undocumented immigrant from El Salvador, she worked at a local cantina frequented by immigrants. Her job was to get patrons drinks and to dance with them, but many workers in those jobs are expected to offer sex, too. Her boyfriend didn't want her to work there, and that led to the fight, one doctor recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the intake process, the emergency staff asked the 36-year-old woman a series of questions about whether she'd ever had sex for money, or whether she had to give someone else part of what she earns, among other things. The screening questions were part of a new program at Northwell Health, a 23-hospital system in the New York metro area that includes Huntington Hospital, to train staff and provide them with \u003ca href=\"https://www.northwell.edu/about/news/press-releases/training-staff-identify-help-human-trafficking-victims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tools to identify and support victims of human trafficking\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are few hard figures for how many people are harmed by human trafficking, the term used when individuals are forced to work or have sex for someone else's commercial benefit. Polaris, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit that \u003ca href=\"https://humantraffickinghotline.org/type-trafficking/human-trafficking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advocates for these people and runs help lines\u003c/a> for them, says calls and texts to its national hotlines have\u003ca href=\"http://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/2017NHTHStats%20%281%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> steadily ticked up in recent years\u003c/a>, increasing the number of cases 13 percent to 8,759 between 2016 and 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But health care providers frequently fail to recognize these patients' situation. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalcenturion.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Health-Consequences-of-Sex-Trafficking.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 survey of about 100 survivors of sex trafficking\u003c/a>, 88 percent said that while they were being trafficked they had contact with a health care provider, typically someone in an emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When trafficking victims come through the health care system but we don't identify them, it's a big missed opportunity,\" says Dr. Santhosh Paulus, a family physician who is the site director of the Huntington Hospital's family medicine residency program and who started the program at Northwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwell is one of a growing number of hospitals and health care systems that are putting such programs in place. They want to alert staff to be on the lookout for trafficking, much as they watch for signs of child abuse, domestic violence and elder abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since last spring, nearly 300 staff members at Huntington Hospital and a family clinic have received training in how to spot trafficking victims and how to help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Training is given not only to doctors and nurses but also to registration and reception staff, social workers and security guards. Restore NYC, an organization that assists people caught up in sex trafficking, provided the initial training to key staff, and a hospital task force trains the others. During the next few years, similar efforts will be rolled out at all of Northwell's 23 hospitals, Paulus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identifying victims of trafficking is not unlike identifying victims of other forms of violence, says Dr. Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.massgeneral.org/emergencymedicineglobalhealth/initiatives/Human-Trafficking-Initiative.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Trafficking Initiative\u003c/a> at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big red flags is when people delay coming in for medical care, such as waiting weeks to come in to get an injured ankle or sexually transmitted infection checked out, Macias-Konstantopoulos says. Or it may be a pattern of injuries that don't make sense. Sometimes people are reluctant to explain their injury, or they come in with someone who seems overbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having a high index of suspicion is the first step,\" she says. \"If we're not asking about it, we're just not going to see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in October, health care providers can also start \u003ca href=\"https://www.aha.org/system/files/2018-07/icd-10-code-human-trafficking_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">using new diagnosis codes\u003c/a> in their records to differentiate trafficking from other types of abuse. This will help track the number of victims and provide appropriate treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asking may not be enough, however. Depending on what's going on in their lives, these patients may not be willing or ready to acknowledge that they need help, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.traffickinginstitute.org/holly-austin-gibbs-joins-the-human-trafficking-institute/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Gibbs\u003c/a>, human trafficking response program director for Dignity Health, a health care system with nearly 40 hospitals in California, Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gibbs knows the issue well. She was forced briefly into prostitution in Atlantic City, N.J., after meeting a man at a shopping mall as a 14-year-old and running away with him. The man persuaded Gibbs to go with him with promises of a new, glamorous life as a musician or model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Gibbs says, she thought that what happened to her was her own fault, a result of choices she made. No health care or law enforcement professional connected her to social services that could have helped her understand otherwise. She was reunited with her family by law enforcement personnel, who arrested the man, who was later convicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dignity Health has implemented a human trafficking response program in the emergency departments and labor and delivery areas of each of its hospitals. Now it's rolling out the program at clinics and physicians' offices as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key priority is to help clinicians know how to talk to patients about any violence they may be facing and to connect the patients with outside sources of help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the end, if these patients don't want assistance, \"you respect their wishes,\" Gibbs says. \"They may not be ready to accept help now, but you may plant seeds so they'll be able to accept it later on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation that isn't affiliated with Kaiser Permanente. You can follow Michelle Andrews on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mandrews110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mandrews110\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hospitals+Gear+Up+For+New+Diagnosis%3A+Human+Trafficking+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many people forced into labor or the sex trade seek medical help at some point, and health care workers are being trained to identify them and to offer assistance. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1532448813,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"Hospitals Gear Up For New Diagnosis: Human Trafficking | KQED","description":"Many people forced into labor or the sex trade seek medical help at some point, and health care workers are being trained to identify them and to offer assistance. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Hospitals Gear Up For New Diagnosis: Human Trafficking","datePublished":"2018-07-24T16:11:47.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-24T16:13:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443567 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443567","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/24/hospitals-gear-up-for-new-diagnosis-human-trafficking/","disqusTitle":"Hospitals Gear Up For New Diagnosis: Human Trafficking","source":"Health","nprImageCredit":"A-Digit","nprByline":"Michelle Andrews, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"631517533","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=631517533&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/24/631517533/hospitals-gear-up-for-new-diagnosis-human-trafficking?ft=nprml&f=631517533","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 24 Jul 2018 05:00:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 24 Jul 2018 05:00:48 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 24 Jul 2018 05:00:48 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/443567/hospitals-gear-up-for-new-diagnosis-human-trafficking","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The woman arrived at the emergency department at Huntington Hospital on New York's Long Island after she was hit by her boyfriend during an argument. Her situation raised concerns among the medical staff, which had recently been trained to be on the lookout for signs of sex trafficking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An undocumented immigrant from El Salvador, she worked at a local cantina frequented by immigrants. Her job was to get patrons drinks and to dance with them, but many workers in those jobs are expected to offer sex, too. Her boyfriend didn't want her to work there, and that led to the fight, one doctor recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the intake process, the emergency staff asked the 36-year-old woman a series of questions about whether she'd ever had sex for money, or whether she had to give someone else part of what she earns, among other things. The screening questions were part of a new program at Northwell Health, a 23-hospital system in the New York metro area that includes Huntington Hospital, to train staff and provide them with \u003ca href=\"https://www.northwell.edu/about/news/press-releases/training-staff-identify-help-human-trafficking-victims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tools to identify and support victims of human trafficking\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are few hard figures for how many people are harmed by human trafficking, the term used when individuals are forced to work or have sex for someone else's commercial benefit. Polaris, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit that \u003ca href=\"https://humantraffickinghotline.org/type-trafficking/human-trafficking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advocates for these people and runs help lines\u003c/a> for them, says calls and texts to its national hotlines have\u003ca href=\"http://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/2017NHTHStats%20%281%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> steadily ticked up in recent years\u003c/a>, increasing the number of cases 13 percent to 8,759 between 2016 and 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But health care providers frequently fail to recognize these patients' situation. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalcenturion.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Health-Consequences-of-Sex-Trafficking.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2014 survey of about 100 survivors of sex trafficking\u003c/a>, 88 percent said that while they were being trafficked they had contact with a health care provider, typically someone in an emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When trafficking victims come through the health care system but we don't identify them, it's a big missed opportunity,\" says Dr. Santhosh Paulus, a family physician who is the site director of the Huntington Hospital's family medicine residency program and who started the program at Northwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwell is one of a growing number of hospitals and health care systems that are putting such programs in place. They want to alert staff to be on the lookout for trafficking, much as they watch for signs of child abuse, domestic violence and elder abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since last spring, nearly 300 staff members at Huntington Hospital and a family clinic have received training in how to spot trafficking victims and how to help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Training is given not only to doctors and nurses but also to registration and reception staff, social workers and security guards. Restore NYC, an organization that assists people caught up in sex trafficking, provided the initial training to key staff, and a hospital task force trains the others. During the next few years, similar efforts will be rolled out at all of Northwell's 23 hospitals, Paulus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identifying victims of trafficking is not unlike identifying victims of other forms of violence, says Dr. Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.massgeneral.org/emergencymedicineglobalhealth/initiatives/Human-Trafficking-Initiative.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Trafficking Initiative\u003c/a> at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big red flags is when people delay coming in for medical care, such as waiting weeks to come in to get an injured ankle or sexually transmitted infection checked out, Macias-Konstantopoulos says. Or it may be a pattern of injuries that don't make sense. Sometimes people are reluctant to explain their injury, or they come in with someone who seems overbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having a high index of suspicion is the first step,\" she says. \"If we're not asking about it, we're just not going to see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in October, health care providers can also start \u003ca href=\"https://www.aha.org/system/files/2018-07/icd-10-code-human-trafficking_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">using new diagnosis codes\u003c/a> in their records to differentiate trafficking from other types of abuse. This will help track the number of victims and provide appropriate treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asking may not be enough, however. Depending on what's going on in their lives, these patients may not be willing or ready to acknowledge that they need help, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.traffickinginstitute.org/holly-austin-gibbs-joins-the-human-trafficking-institute/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Gibbs\u003c/a>, human trafficking response program director for Dignity Health, a health care system with nearly 40 hospitals in California, Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gibbs knows the issue well. She was forced briefly into prostitution in Atlantic City, N.J., after meeting a man at a shopping mall as a 14-year-old and running away with him. The man persuaded Gibbs to go with him with promises of a new, glamorous life as a musician or model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Gibbs says, she thought that what happened to her was her own fault, a result of choices she made. No health care or law enforcement professional connected her to social services that could have helped her understand otherwise. She was reunited with her family by law enforcement personnel, who arrested the man, who was later convicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dignity Health has implemented a human trafficking response program in the emergency departments and labor and delivery areas of each of its hospitals. Now it's rolling out the program at clinics and physicians' offices as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key priority is to help clinicians know how to talk to patients about any violence they may be facing and to connect the patients with outside sources of help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the end, if these patients don't want assistance, \"you respect their wishes,\" Gibbs says. \"They may not be ready to accept help now, but you may plant seeds so they'll be able to accept it later on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the Kaiser Family Foundation that isn't affiliated with Kaiser Permanente. You can follow Michelle Andrews on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mandrews110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mandrews110\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hospitals+Gear+Up+For+New+Diagnosis%3A+Human+Trafficking+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443567/hospitals-gear-up-for-new-diagnosis-human-trafficking","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443567"],"series":["futureofyou_219"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_61","futureofyou_177","futureofyou_1429","futureofyou_215"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443568","label":"source_futureofyou_443567"},"futureofyou_442755":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442755","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442755","score":null,"sort":[1529098053000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-legislature-may-create-new-harassment-unit","title":"California Legislature May Create New Harassment Unit","publishDate":1529098053,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The California Legislature may create a new investigative unit to focus solely on harassment and discrimination complaints and hire an outside panel of experts to recommend discipline for perpetrators.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gygDT1q9e2GXTpIUvnzOlJzHxf7Un2mj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are key pieces of a sweeping policy overhaul proposed Friday by two lawmakers tasked with revamping the Capitol’s sexual misconduct policies after several lawmakers and high-level staffers were accused of groping and other inappropriate conduct. The policy could be edited before an approval vote June 25, but Assembly and Senate leaders offered their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critical details are still lacking, such as how much the new unit would cost, how many employees it would include and how members of the independent review panel would be selected. But Assemblywoman Laura Friedman and Sen. Holly Mitchell, who drove the new proposal, called it a major step toward improving the Capitol culture to better protect employees from harassment and discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sea change,” Friedman said, a Glendale Democrat. “I think (it’s) very, very different from what other government entities have done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the #MeToo movement, statehouses across the country are grappling with how best to handle inappropriate workplace culture and conduct by lawmakers who can only be removed by voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly proposed “Workplace Conduct Unit” would operate within the Legislative Counsel’s office. Friedman said it would operate independently, but a policy outline shared with reports said the Legislative Counsel would oversee the unit.[contextly_sidebar id=\"NvLxTNw55pZieA3bpNA5g1Yv3c3lysMm\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislature would also appoint five outside experts to a panel tasked with reviewing the facts discovered by investigators, determining whether the accusations have merit and recommending how the Legislature should respond. Discipline options could range from requiring an employee or lawmaker to undergo more bias training to termination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Assembly and Senate would still have the ultimate say on how to discipline employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the Legislature’s existing policy have said it’s unfair because it is not truly independent. Friedman and Mitchell said it hasn’t been determined whether now-active investigations would be re-routed through the new process if it is adopted. The Assembly just resumed an investigation into a groping allegation against Democratic Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia after determining last month it couldn’t be substantiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed policy also aims to spur a shift in how people in the Capitol community speak and act toward each other. It encourages people to report minor incidents such as insensitive comments all the way through more aggressive acts of misconduct.[contextly_sidebar id=\"o7tnf7HZ8VgExXfhk7wX49GBtlwjq3re\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every complaint would go through the full investigative process, but the policy is designed to clamp down on any type of behavior that contributes to a toxic culture. It would revamp the Legislature’s training process to be more hands on and include sessions on implicit bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have the best policy on paper but until the culture of your organization really embodies that culture you want to have, those policies can only go so far,” Friedman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new investigative unit and panel system would handle any type of harassment or discrimination complaints, including those based on race or sexual orientation. Other complaints would go through the normal human resources process.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the wake of the #MeToo movement, statehouses across the country are grappling with how best to handle inappropriate conduct by lawmakers who can only be removed by voters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529098053,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":554},"headData":{"title":"California Legislature May Create New Harassment Unit | KQED","description":"In the wake of the #MeToo movement, statehouses across the country are grappling with how best to handle inappropriate conduct by lawmakers who can only be removed by voters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Legislature May Create New Harassment Unit","datePublished":"2018-06-15T21:27:33.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-15T21:27:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442755 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442755","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/15/california-legislature-may-create-new-harassment-unit/","disqusTitle":"California Legislature May Create New Harassment Unit","source":"Health","nprByline":"Kathleen Ronayne\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/442755/california-legislature-may-create-new-harassment-unit","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Legislature may create a new investigative unit to focus solely on harassment and discrimination complaints and hire an outside panel of experts to recommend discipline for perpetrators.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are key pieces of a sweeping policy overhaul proposed Friday by two lawmakers tasked with revamping the Capitol’s sexual misconduct policies after several lawmakers and high-level staffers were accused of groping and other inappropriate conduct. The policy could be edited before an approval vote June 25, but Assembly and Senate leaders offered their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critical details are still lacking, such as how much the new unit would cost, how many employees it would include and how members of the independent review panel would be selected. But Assemblywoman Laura Friedman and Sen. Holly Mitchell, who drove the new proposal, called it a major step toward improving the Capitol culture to better protect employees from harassment and discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sea change,” Friedman said, a Glendale Democrat. “I think (it’s) very, very different from what other government entities have done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the #MeToo movement, statehouses across the country are grappling with how best to handle inappropriate workplace culture and conduct by lawmakers who can only be removed by voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly proposed “Workplace Conduct Unit” would operate within the Legislative Counsel’s office. Friedman said it would operate independently, but a policy outline shared with reports said the Legislative Counsel would oversee the unit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Legislature would also appoint five outside experts to a panel tasked with reviewing the facts discovered by investigators, determining whether the accusations have merit and recommending how the Legislature should respond. Discipline options could range from requiring an employee or lawmaker to undergo more bias training to termination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Assembly and Senate would still have the ultimate say on how to discipline employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the Legislature’s existing policy have said it’s unfair because it is not truly independent. Friedman and Mitchell said it hasn’t been determined whether now-active investigations would be re-routed through the new process if it is adopted. The Assembly just resumed an investigation into a groping allegation against Democratic Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia after determining last month it couldn’t be substantiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed policy also aims to spur a shift in how people in the Capitol community speak and act toward each other. It encourages people to report minor incidents such as insensitive comments all the way through more aggressive acts of misconduct.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every complaint would go through the full investigative process, but the policy is designed to clamp down on any type of behavior that contributes to a toxic culture. It would revamp the Legislature’s training process to be more hands on and include sessions on implicit bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have the best policy on paper but until the culture of your organization really embodies that culture you want to have, those policies can only go so far,” Friedman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new investigative unit and panel system would handle any type of harassment or discrimination complaints, including those based on race or sexual orientation. Other complaints would go through the normal human resources process.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442755/california-legislature-may-create-new-harassment-unit","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442755"],"series":["futureofyou_219"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1421","futureofyou_1312","futureofyou_215"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442758","label":"source_futureofyou_442755"},"futureofyou_442703":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442703","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442703","score":null,"sort":[1529076814000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-suicide-rates-are-rising-faster-among-women-than-men","title":"U.S. Suicide Rates Are Rising Faster Among Women Than Men","publishDate":1529076814,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The number of people dying by suicide in the United States has risen by about 30 percent in the past two decades. And while the majority of suicide-related deaths today are among boys and men, a study published Thursday by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a> finds that the number of girls and women taking their own lives is rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically there's between three and four times as many suicides among males as among females,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/injury/ice/steering_committee.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Holly Hedegaard\u003c/a>, a medical epidemiologist at the NCHS and the main author of the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db309.htm\">study\u003c/a>. In 2016, about 21 boys or men out of 100,000 took their own lives. On the other hand, just six girls or women out of 100,000 died by suicide that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Hedegaard and her colleagues compared the rise in the rates of death by suicide from 2000 to 2016, the increase was significantly larger for females — increasing by 21 percent for boys and men, compared with 50 percent for girls and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's \"sort of a narrowing of the [gender] gap in rates,\" Hedegaard notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest change was seen among women in late middle age. \"For females between the ages of 45 and 64, the suicide rate increased by 60 percent,\" she says. \"That's a pretty large increase in a relatively short period of time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the increase for women was more than double the increase for men \"did indeed surprise me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.emory.edu/grady/emory-at-grady/doctors/kaslow.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nadine Kaslow\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Emory University and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.emory.edu/stories/2012/11/psych_kaslow_apa_president/campus.html\">past president\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/\">American Psychological Association\u003c/a>, who was not involved in the study. She says she finds the overall trends for both men and women \"disturbing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't yet know the reasons behind the steeper rise in the number of girls and women taking their own lives, says Kaslow. \"We're really just beginning to see these differences, and so people are just now beginning to look at this.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"k6MDe9evjHueopXOQ84nJ1lOI9jYSpJm\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there are different factors at play in each case, excessive stress is a known risk factor for suicide overall, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People often die by suicide when they just feel totally overwhelmed,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Psychological Association, women say their \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stress levels have risen\u003c/a> in recent years. And middle-aged women belonging to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/30/170694962/middle-aged-breadwinners-become-part-of-the-sandwich-generation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sandwich generation\u003c/a> are especially feeling the pressure of their many responsibilities at home and at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So they may be taking care of children, of parents, have work demands and then more responsibilities,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also been \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-192.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a rise\u003c/a> in the last few decades in the number of single-parent households headed by women. That means more women trying to do everything alone, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so there's, sort of, stress everywhere,\" she says. \"They may not have time to take care of themselves, to be kind to themselves, to get the social support they need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report also shows that more adolescent girls are choosing to end their lives, notes Kaslow. So the problem is not specific to middle-aged women, but across all age groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Suicide is a public health concern,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://afsp.org/about-afsp/jill-harkavy-friedman-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jill Harkavy-Friedman\u003c/a>, the vice president of research at the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. The statistics published Thursday underscore the need for a national prevention effort, she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also looked at the means of suicide, as recorded in death certificates, and found that firearms remain an important method, particularly for boys and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For males, pretty much from age 15 and older, the majority of the suicides [involved] firearms,\" says Hedegaard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that limiting access to lethal-means of any kind can reduce suicide,\" Harkavy-Friedman says, \"especially if you limit access during a crisis moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help prevent suicide, society needs to offer better access to mental health care, she says. And each one of us can do our bit, too, by watching out for the warnings signs among friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be aware, she says, if you notice something's changing in a loved one, friend or colleague. For example, if their mood is changing, she says, \"maybe they're more irritable, or withdrawn. Maybe they're talking about being a burden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times like these, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is important\u003c/a> to let people know they're not alone. \"It sounds simple,\" she says. \"But it does make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Suicide+Rates+Are+Rising+Faster+Among+Women+Than+Men&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You can help prevent suicide, researchers say, by knowing the signs and reaching out. More boys and men in the U.S. take their own lives than women and girls, but that difference has narrowed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529077837,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":742},"headData":{"title":"U.S. Suicide Rates Are Rising Faster Among Women Than Men | KQED","description":"You can help prevent suicide, researchers say, by knowing the signs and reaching out. More boys and men in the U.S. take their own lives than women and girls, but that difference has narrowed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"U.S. Suicide Rates Are Rising Faster Among Women Than Men","datePublished":"2018-06-15T15:33:34.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-15T15:50:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442703 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442703","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/15/u-s-suicide-rates-are-rising-faster-among-women-than-men/","disqusTitle":"U.S. Suicide Rates Are Rising Faster Among Women Than Men","source":"Health","nprByline":"Rhitu Chatterjee, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Veronica Grech/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"619338703","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=619338703&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/14/619338703/u-s-suicides-rates-are-rising-faster-among-women-than-men?ft=nprml&f=619338703","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 14 Jun 2018 14:38:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 14 Jun 2018 00:01:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 14 Jun 2018 14:39:01 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/06/20180614_me_us_suicides_rates_are_rising_faster_among_women_than_men.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=173&p=3&story=619338703&ft=nprml&f=619338703","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1619853422-c93c36.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=173&p=3&story=619338703&ft=nprml&f=619338703","path":"/futureofyou/442703/u-s-suicide-rates-are-rising-faster-among-women-than-men","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/06/20180614_me_us_suicides_rates_are_rising_faster_among_women_than_men.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=173&p=3&story=619338703&ft=nprml&f=619338703","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The number of people dying by suicide in the United States has risen by about 30 percent in the past two decades. And while the majority of suicide-related deaths today are among boys and men, a study published Thursday by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Health Statistics\u003c/a> finds that the number of girls and women taking their own lives is rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Typically there's between three and four times as many suicides among males as among females,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/injury/ice/steering_committee.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Holly Hedegaard\u003c/a>, a medical epidemiologist at the NCHS and the main author of the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db309.htm\">study\u003c/a>. In 2016, about 21 boys or men out of 100,000 took their own lives. On the other hand, just six girls or women out of 100,000 died by suicide that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Hedegaard and her colleagues compared the rise in the rates of death by suicide from 2000 to 2016, the increase was significantly larger for females — increasing by 21 percent for boys and men, compared with 50 percent for girls and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's \"sort of a narrowing of the [gender] gap in rates,\" Hedegaard notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest change was seen among women in late middle age. \"For females between the ages of 45 and 64, the suicide rate increased by 60 percent,\" she says. \"That's a pretty large increase in a relatively short period of time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the increase for women was more than double the increase for men \"did indeed surprise me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.emory.edu/grady/emory-at-grady/doctors/kaslow.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nadine Kaslow\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Emory University and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.emory.edu/stories/2012/11/psych_kaslow_apa_president/campus.html\">past president\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/\">American Psychological Association\u003c/a>, who was not involved in the study. She says she finds the overall trends for both men and women \"disturbing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't yet know the reasons behind the steeper rise in the number of girls and women taking their own lives, says Kaslow. \"We're really just beginning to see these differences, and so people are just now beginning to look at this.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there are different factors at play in each case, excessive stress is a known risk factor for suicide overall, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People often die by suicide when they just feel totally overwhelmed,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Psychological Association, women say their \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stress levels have risen\u003c/a> in recent years. And middle-aged women belonging to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/01/30/170694962/middle-aged-breadwinners-become-part-of-the-sandwich-generation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sandwich generation\u003c/a> are especially feeling the pressure of their many responsibilities at home and at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So they may be taking care of children, of parents, have work demands and then more responsibilities,\" Kaslow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also been \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-192.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a rise\u003c/a> in the last few decades in the number of single-parent households headed by women. That means more women trying to do everything alone, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so there's, sort of, stress everywhere,\" she says. \"They may not have time to take care of themselves, to be kind to themselves, to get the social support they need.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report also shows that more adolescent girls are choosing to end their lives, notes Kaslow. So the problem is not specific to middle-aged women, but across all age groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Suicide is a public health concern,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://afsp.org/about-afsp/jill-harkavy-friedman-ph-d/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jill Harkavy-Friedman\u003c/a>, the vice president of research at the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. The statistics published Thursday underscore the need for a national prevention effort, she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also looked at the means of suicide, as recorded in death certificates, and found that firearms remain an important method, particularly for boys and men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For males, pretty much from age 15 and older, the majority of the suicides [involved] firearms,\" says Hedegaard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that limiting access to lethal-means of any kind can reduce suicide,\" Harkavy-Friedman says, \"especially if you limit access during a crisis moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help prevent suicide, society needs to offer better access to mental health care, she says. And each one of us can do our bit, too, by watching out for the warnings signs among friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be aware, she says, if you notice something's changing in a loved one, friend or colleague. For example, if their mood is changing, she says, \"maybe they're more irritable, or withdrawn. Maybe they're talking about being a burden.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times like these, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it is important\u003c/a> to let people know they're not alone. \"It sounds simple,\" she says. \"But it does make a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Suicide+Rates+Are+Rising+Faster+Among+Women+Than+Men&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442703/u-s-suicide-rates-are-rising-faster-among-women-than-men","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442703"],"series":["futureofyou_219"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_592","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1258","futureofyou_215"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442705","label":"source_futureofyou_442703"},"futureofyou_442343":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442343","score":null,"sort":[1528298279000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"clinic-claims-success-in-making-babies-with-3-parents-dna","title":"Clinic Claims Success In Making Babies With 3 Parents' DNA","publishDate":1528298279,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In a clinic on a side street in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, doctors are doing something that, as far as is publicly known, is being done nowhere else in the world: using DNA from three different people to create babies for women who are infertile.[contextly_sidebar id=\"hJp3PK3nX6Xp23jBK7povAqNM584M314\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can help these families to achieve their own babies, why it must be forbidden?\" \u003ca href=\"http://nadiyaclinic.com/about-the-clinic/our-team/valery-zukin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Valery Zukin\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nadiyaclinic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nadiya Clinic\u003c/a>, asks as he peers over his glasses. \"It is a dream to want to have a genetic connection with a baby.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I traveled to Ukraine because Zukin promised unusual access to his private fertility clinic, including the first demonstration for a U.S. journalist of how scientists create \"three-parent\" babies — a procedure prohibited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin also arranged the first-ever interview with a mother of a 15-month-old boy who is one of the four children he says he has produced this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three more of his patients are pregnant, Zukin says, including a woman from Sweden. Women from several other countries including Britain, Brazil and Israel are going through the process, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading ethicists and genetics researchers criticize the clinic for rushing ahead to use this method for infertility. No one knows whether children produced this way will be healthy, they say. And some worry the procedure may open the door to \"designer babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is pretty troubling,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/user/25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who heads the Center for Genetics and Society, a U.S.-based watchdog group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zukin dismisses those criticisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a doctor I understand only one thing: We have parents who couldn't have children and now they have their own biological child. That's all,\" Zukin says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"e9qixdqsJYlqHyn9aCm0jBm9SiC8DfaI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin has helped form a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dl-nadiya.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">company\u003c/a>, Darwin Life-Nadiya, with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.newhopefertility.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York clinic\u003c/a> to market the service to U.S. women willing to travel to Ukraine. Ukrainian women pay about $8,000 for the procedure; for foreigners, it's about $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transferring DNA From Egg to Egg\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show how the procedure works, Zukin sends me upstairs to the embryo lab. After putting on a sterile blue gown and booties, I meet Pavlo Mazur, a clinic embryo scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will begin,\" Mazur says, as he takes a clear plastic dish out of an incubator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dish contains a 1-day-old embryo. It was created by fertilizing the egg of a woman with sperm from her male partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dish also holds a second embryo. This was made using the same man's sperm to fertilize an egg from another woman, who was paid to donate eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After sliding the embryos under a large microscope, Mazur starts a timer. He has only 15 minutes to complete the delicate procedure without risking damage to the embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A monitor nearby displays what Mazur sees through the microscope. A round structure comes into focus on the screen. It's one of the embryos.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lH4aHr8bWw920dNDT3zPx9BxxYAHoA23\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You see?\" Mazur says, pointing to two smaller round structures inside. They contain the DNA of the man and woman trying to have a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is from sperm. It's paternal,\" Mazur says. \"And the second one is maternal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur slowly inserts a tiny, hollow glass needle into the fertilized egg. Even though Mazur is under pressure to work fast, he can't move too quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Very steady and slow,\" Mazur says. \"We don't want to damage it, right? We want it to survive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses the needle to extract the would-be parents' DNA. Mazur does the same thing with the second fertilized egg, removing all the DNA — except for 37 genes known as \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mitochondrial DNA\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria provide energy for eggs. A defect in the patient's mitochondrial DNA might be what's preventing her from getting pregnant. So using the donor's mitochondrial DNA may be what enables the patient to produce healthy embryos and babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like an universal currency for a cell,\" Mazur says. \"It helps for all processes within the cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to transfer the DNA of the woman and man trying to have a child into the donor's mostly gutted embryo — empty except for the other woman's mitochondrial DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And now we will just try to put the genetic material of our patient inside,\" Mazur says as he gently inserts the needle holding the couple's DNA and injects the genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's it,\" he says, glancing at his timer to see there are still two minutes left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, you see? It's inside,\" Mazur says, pointing to the couple's DNA. \"It will develop into embryo.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nadiya clinic is transferring embryos reconstructed this way into the wombs of women trying to become pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the clinic has tried the procedure on 21 women. Fourteen attempts failed, probably because the women were older, the clinic staffers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the other women either had babies or are pregnant. They were younger, but could never produce viable embryos on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I adore that such technology exists. I adore that it can help some people,\" says Mazur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These babies end up with DNA from three different people: the woman trying to have a baby; her male partner; and the egg donor who has provided 37 mitochondrial genes. That's why they're called three-parent babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mazur says that label is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These babies — they have DNA from mother and from father. So they are genetically related to their parents,\" Mazur says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"epZCsHoOtfaC0xfJUpdgovxcZOsKlTBF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overwhelming majority of the baby's DNA comes from the nucleus of the cell. And those are the genes responsible for the traits that most people consider their genetic inheritance, such as their eye and hair color, height, weight and personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bit of mitochondrial DNA is \"incomparable,\" Mazur says. \"These children are more like their parents — not donor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur will present the clinic's latest results at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eshre.eu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology\u003c/a>'s annual meeting in Barcelona in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moving too fast?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are welcoming this as a potentially exciting new option for some women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is pioneering work,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cumc.p.cumcweb.org/mdphd/profile/degli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dietrich Egli\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of developmental biology at Columbia University Medical Center in New York. The procedure is technically known as \"pronuclear transfer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we can learn from their work is that pronuclear transfer may be useful for some cases of infertility,\" says Egli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say it's far too soon to be attempting this procedure to create children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really an irresponsible kind of human experimentation,\" Darnovsky of the Center for Genetics and Society says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not nearly enough laboratory and animal research has been done to know if the procedure is safe, Darnovsky and others say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We just don't know what's going to happen to these children,\" Darnovsky says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, a doctor in New Jersey injected fluid from healthy eggs into the eggs of infertile women, and some babies were born with mitochondrial DNA from three people. But that was discontinued after the FDA intervened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only one other baby is known to have been produced using a technique similar to the one being used by Zukin. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newhopefertility.com/about-us/fertility-doctor/john-zhang/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Zhang\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newhopefertility.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Hope Fertility Center\u003c/a> in New York performed a related procedure for a Jordanian couple to try to prevent their child from having \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leigh-syndrome\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leigh syndrome\u003c/a>, a disorder caused by defects in mitochondrial DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the procedure was developed — to help women carrying \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mitochondrialdiseases.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mitochondrial disorders\u003c/a> have healthy children. In severe cases, these disorders can be fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. National Academy of Sciences panel \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/03/465319186/babies-with-genes-from-three-people-could-be-ethical-panel-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concluded\u003c/a> it could be ethical to attempt the procedure for this purpose. But because the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ucm570185.htm\">won't allow\u003c/a> it at all in the United States, the baby of the Jordanian couple whom \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/27/495668299/new-york-fertility-doctor-says-he-created-baby-with-3-genetic-parents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zhang helped was born in Mexico in 2016.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in the United Kingdom have started trying the technique to prevent mitochondrial disorders. But the British doctors are being \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">allowed\u003c/a> to try to make only one baby at a time as part of a tightly regulated \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/11/10/360342623/combining-the-dna-of-three-people-raises-ethical-questions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research program\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2QVJm0WQxeuB5lotTMLysQyqrPHpvncJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin says he received approval for a five-year research program from the Ukrainian Postgraduate Medical Academy, which is under the auspices of the Ukrainian Ministry of Public Health. But Zukin concedes the procedure is far less regulated in his country. Nevertheless, he makes sure all the women understand they are undergoing an experimental procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We explain everything to the families. And not all families give permission for providing this experimental procedure,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because mitochondrial DNA can be inherited, Darnovsky worries the procedure is crossing a line that long has been considered taboo: making changes in human DNA that can be passed down to future generations. One fear is that a mistake could create a new disease that could be inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother. Zukin already has used the procedure to produce one baby girl — a girl who could one day pass the mitochondrial DNA to her own children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky worries the procedure could also open the door to creating babies who are genetically modified for other reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're seeing is a fast slide down a very slippery slope toward designer babies,\" Darnovsky says. \"We could see parents feeling eager to give their children traits like greater strength, needs less sleep. Some people are saying that, 'Yes, there are genes for IQ and we could have smarter babies.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin dismisses speculation about designer babies. He says he's interested only in helping women who are infertile have genetically related children or prevent mitochondrial diseases. And so far, all the babies he has created appear to be perfectly healthy, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know whether the procedure works and is safe is to try it, he argues. He hopes to figure out how to make the procedure work for women suffering from age-related infertility as well, which would help far more women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you would like to swim,\" he says, \"then, first of all, you must jump in the water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A second story on Wednesday afternoon features an exclusive interview with a mother and her three-parent son.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Clinic+Claims+Success+In+Making+Babies+With+3+Parents%27+DNA+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A clinic in Kiev, Ukraine, stirs controversy by making babies with DNA from three different people to help women who are infertile bear children. It's the only clinic known to be doing this right now.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1528298279,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":63,"wordCount":1731},"headData":{"title":"Clinic Claims Success In Making Babies With 3 Parents' DNA | KQED","description":"A clinic in Kiev, Ukraine, stirs controversy by making babies with DNA from three different people to help women who are infertile bear children. It's the only clinic known to be doing this right now.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Clinic Claims Success In Making Babies With 3 Parents' DNA","datePublished":"2018-06-06T15:17:59.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-06T15:17:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442343 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/06/clinic-claims-success-in-making-babies-with-3-parents-dna/","disqusTitle":"Clinic Claims Success In Making Babies With 3 Parents' DNA","source":"Health","nprByline":"Rob Stein, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Rob Stein/NPR","nprStoryId":"615909572","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=615909572&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/06/615909572/inside-the-ukrainian-clinic-making-3-parent-babies-for-women-who-are-infertile?ft=nprml&f=615909572","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 06 Jun 2018 11:02:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 06 Jun 2018 05:11:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 06 Jun 2018 11:02:46 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/06/20180606_me_inside_the_ukrainian_clinic_making_3-parent_babies_for_women_who_are_infertile.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=398&p=3&story=615909572&ft=nprml&f=615909572","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1617422957-21e5db.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=398&p=3&story=615909572&ft=nprml&f=615909572","path":"/futureofyou/442343/clinic-claims-success-in-making-babies-with-3-parents-dna","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/06/20180606_me_inside_the_ukrainian_clinic_making_3-parent_babies_for_women_who_are_infertile.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=398&p=3&story=615909572&ft=nprml&f=615909572","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a clinic on a side street in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, doctors are doing something that, as far as is publicly known, is being done nowhere else in the world: using DNA from three different people to create babies for women who are infertile.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can help these families to achieve their own babies, why it must be forbidden?\" \u003ca href=\"http://nadiyaclinic.com/about-the-clinic/our-team/valery-zukin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Valery Zukin\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nadiyaclinic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nadiya Clinic\u003c/a>, asks as he peers over his glasses. \"It is a dream to want to have a genetic connection with a baby.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I traveled to Ukraine because Zukin promised unusual access to his private fertility clinic, including the first demonstration for a U.S. journalist of how scientists create \"three-parent\" babies — a procedure prohibited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin also arranged the first-ever interview with a mother of a 15-month-old boy who is one of the four children he says he has produced this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three more of his patients are pregnant, Zukin says, including a woman from Sweden. Women from several other countries including Britain, Brazil and Israel are going through the process, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading ethicists and genetics researchers criticize the clinic for rushing ahead to use this method for infertility. No one knows whether children produced this way will be healthy, they say. And some worry the procedure may open the door to \"designer babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is pretty troubling,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/user/25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who heads the Center for Genetics and Society, a U.S.-based watchdog group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zukin dismisses those criticisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a doctor I understand only one thing: We have parents who couldn't have children and now they have their own biological child. That's all,\" Zukin says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin has helped form a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dl-nadiya.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">company\u003c/a>, Darwin Life-Nadiya, with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.newhopefertility.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York clinic\u003c/a> to market the service to U.S. women willing to travel to Ukraine. Ukrainian women pay about $8,000 for the procedure; for foreigners, it's about $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transferring DNA From Egg to Egg\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show how the procedure works, Zukin sends me upstairs to the embryo lab. After putting on a sterile blue gown and booties, I meet Pavlo Mazur, a clinic embryo scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will begin,\" Mazur says, as he takes a clear plastic dish out of an incubator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dish contains a 1-day-old embryo. It was created by fertilizing the egg of a woman with sperm from her male partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dish also holds a second embryo. This was made using the same man's sperm to fertilize an egg from another woman, who was paid to donate eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After sliding the embryos under a large microscope, Mazur starts a timer. He has only 15 minutes to complete the delicate procedure without risking damage to the embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A monitor nearby displays what Mazur sees through the microscope. A round structure comes into focus on the screen. It's one of the embryos.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You see?\" Mazur says, pointing to two smaller round structures inside. They contain the DNA of the man and woman trying to have a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is from sperm. It's paternal,\" Mazur says. \"And the second one is maternal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur slowly inserts a tiny, hollow glass needle into the fertilized egg. Even though Mazur is under pressure to work fast, he can't move too quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Very steady and slow,\" Mazur says. \"We don't want to damage it, right? We want it to survive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses the needle to extract the would-be parents' DNA. Mazur does the same thing with the second fertilized egg, removing all the DNA — except for 37 genes known as \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mitochondrial DNA\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria provide energy for eggs. A defect in the patient's mitochondrial DNA might be what's preventing her from getting pregnant. So using the donor's mitochondrial DNA may be what enables the patient to produce healthy embryos and babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like an universal currency for a cell,\" Mazur says. \"It helps for all processes within the cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to transfer the DNA of the woman and man trying to have a child into the donor's mostly gutted embryo — empty except for the other woman's mitochondrial DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And now we will just try to put the genetic material of our patient inside,\" Mazur says as he gently inserts the needle holding the couple's DNA and injects the genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's it,\" he says, glancing at his timer to see there are still two minutes left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, you see? It's inside,\" Mazur says, pointing to the couple's DNA. \"It will develop into embryo.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nadiya clinic is transferring embryos reconstructed this way into the wombs of women trying to become pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the clinic has tried the procedure on 21 women. Fourteen attempts failed, probably because the women were older, the clinic staffers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the other women either had babies or are pregnant. They were younger, but could never produce viable embryos on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I adore that such technology exists. I adore that it can help some people,\" says Mazur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These babies end up with DNA from three different people: the woman trying to have a baby; her male partner; and the egg donor who has provided 37 mitochondrial genes. That's why they're called three-parent babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mazur says that label is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These babies — they have DNA from mother and from father. So they are genetically related to their parents,\" Mazur says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overwhelming majority of the baby's DNA comes from the nucleus of the cell. And those are the genes responsible for the traits that most people consider their genetic inheritance, such as their eye and hair color, height, weight and personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bit of mitochondrial DNA is \"incomparable,\" Mazur says. \"These children are more like their parents — not donor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur will present the clinic's latest results at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eshre.eu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology\u003c/a>'s annual meeting in Barcelona in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moving too fast?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are welcoming this as a potentially exciting new option for some women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is pioneering work,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cumc.p.cumcweb.org/mdphd/profile/degli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dietrich Egli\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of developmental biology at Columbia University Medical Center in New York. The procedure is technically known as \"pronuclear transfer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we can learn from their work is that pronuclear transfer may be useful for some cases of infertility,\" says Egli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say it's far too soon to be attempting this procedure to create children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really an irresponsible kind of human experimentation,\" Darnovsky of the Center for Genetics and Society says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not nearly enough laboratory and animal research has been done to know if the procedure is safe, Darnovsky and others say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We just don't know what's going to happen to these children,\" Darnovsky says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, a doctor in New Jersey injected fluid from healthy eggs into the eggs of infertile women, and some babies were born with mitochondrial DNA from three people. But that was discontinued after the FDA intervened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only one other baby is known to have been produced using a technique similar to the one being used by Zukin. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newhopefertility.com/about-us/fertility-doctor/john-zhang/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Zhang\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newhopefertility.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Hope Fertility Center\u003c/a> in New York performed a related procedure for a Jordanian couple to try to prevent their child from having \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leigh-syndrome\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leigh syndrome\u003c/a>, a disorder caused by defects in mitochondrial DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the procedure was developed — to help women carrying \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mitochondrialdiseases.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mitochondrial disorders\u003c/a> have healthy children. In severe cases, these disorders can be fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. National Academy of Sciences panel \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/03/465319186/babies-with-genes-from-three-people-could-be-ethical-panel-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concluded\u003c/a> it could be ethical to attempt the procedure for this purpose. But because the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ucm570185.htm\">won't allow\u003c/a> it at all in the United States, the baby of the Jordanian couple whom \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/27/495668299/new-york-fertility-doctor-says-he-created-baby-with-3-genetic-parents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zhang helped was born in Mexico in 2016.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in the United Kingdom have started trying the technique to prevent mitochondrial disorders. But the British doctors are being \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">allowed\u003c/a> to try to make only one baby at a time as part of a tightly regulated \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/11/10/360342623/combining-the-dna-of-three-people-raises-ethical-questions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research program\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin says he received approval for a five-year research program from the Ukrainian Postgraduate Medical Academy, which is under the auspices of the Ukrainian Ministry of Public Health. But Zukin concedes the procedure is far less regulated in his country. Nevertheless, he makes sure all the women understand they are undergoing an experimental procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We explain everything to the families. And not all families give permission for providing this experimental procedure,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because mitochondrial DNA can be inherited, Darnovsky worries the procedure is crossing a line that long has been considered taboo: making changes in human DNA that can be passed down to future generations. One fear is that a mistake could create a new disease that could be inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother. Zukin already has used the procedure to produce one baby girl — a girl who could one day pass the mitochondrial DNA to her own children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky worries the procedure could also open the door to creating babies who are genetically modified for other reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're seeing is a fast slide down a very slippery slope toward designer babies,\" Darnovsky says. \"We could see parents feeling eager to give their children traits like greater strength, needs less sleep. Some people are saying that, 'Yes, there are genes for IQ and we could have smarter babies.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zukin dismisses speculation about designer babies. He says he's interested only in helping women who are infertile have genetically related children or prevent mitochondrial diseases. And so far, all the babies he has created appear to be perfectly healthy, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to know whether the procedure works and is safe is to try it, he argues. He hopes to figure out how to make the procedure work for women suffering from age-related infertility as well, which would help far more women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you would like to swim,\" he says, \"then, first of all, you must jump in the water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A second story on Wednesday afternoon features an exclusive interview with a mother and her three-parent son.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Clinic+Claims+Success+In+Making+Babies+With+3+Parents%27+DNA+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442343/clinic-claims-success-in-making-babies-with-3-parents-dna","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442343"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_631","futureofyou_17","futureofyou_283","futureofyou_347","futureofyou_215"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442344","label":"source_futureofyou_442343"},"futureofyou_442317":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442317","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442317","score":null,"sort":[1528218044000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"many-breast-cancer-patients-can-skip-chemo-study-finds","title":"Many Breast Cancer Patients Can Skip Chemo, Study Finds","publishDate":1528218044,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Most women with the most common form of early-stage breast cancer can safely skip chemotherapy without hurting their chances of beating the disease, doctors are reporting from a landmark study that used genetic testing to gauge each patient’s risk.[contextly_sidebar id=\"BFMet48xKrp1h6NyWt3K8Xsz7gIOPSeq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the largest ever done of breast cancer treatment, and the results are expected to spare up to 70,000 patients a year in the United States and many more elsewhere the ordeal and expense of these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The impact is tremendous,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Sparano of Montefiore Medical Center in New York. Most women in this situation don’t need treatment beyond surgery and hormone therapy, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute, some foundations and proceeds from the U.S. breast cancer postage stamp. Results were discussed Sunday at an American Society of Clinical Oncology conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. Some study leaders consult for breast cancer drugmakers or for the company that makes the gene test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moving Away From Chemo\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer care has been evolving away from chemotherapy — older drugs with harsh side effects — in favor of gene-targeting therapies, hormone blockers and immune system treatments. When chemo is used now, it’s sometimes for shorter periods or lower doses than it once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, another study at the conference found that Merck’s immunotherapy drug Keytruda worked better than chemo as initial treatment for most people with the most common type of lung cancer, and with far fewer side effects.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sLig6uVQeZQDplnvMdLRkmGUnVlPvI7v\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breast cancer study focused on cases where chemo’s value increasingly is in doubt: women with early-stage disease that has not spread to lymph nodes, is hormone-positive (meaning its growth is fueled by estrogen or progesterone) and is not the type that the drug Herceptin targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usual treatment is surgery followed by years of a hormone-blocking drug. But many women also are urged to have chemo to help kill any stray cancer cells. Doctors know that most don’t need it, but evidence is thin on who can forgo it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study gave 10,273 patients a test called Oncotype DX, which uses a biopsy sample to measure the activity of genes involved in cell growth and response to hormone therapy, to estimate the risk that a cancer will recur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Study Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17 percent of women had high-risk scores and were advised to have chemo. The 16 percent with low-risk scores now know they can skip chemo, based on earlier results from this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new results are on the 67 percent of women at intermediate risk. All had surgery and hormone therapy, and half also got chemo.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TPjTNdjmhxB5MX6ZoUQCtfkvBdzmJm43\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nine years, 94 percent of both groups were still alive, and about 84 percent were alive without signs of cancer, so adding chemo made no difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain women 50 or younger did benefit from chemo; slightly fewer cases of cancer spreading far beyond the breast occurred among some of them given chemo, depending on their risk scores on the gene test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will People Trust the Results?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All women like those in the study should get gene testing to guide their care, said Dr. Richard Schilsky, chief medical officer of the oncology society. Oncotype DX costs around $4,000, which Medicare and many insurers cover. Similar tests including one called MammaPrint also are widely used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing solved a big problem of figuring out who needs chemo, said Dr. Harold Burstein of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. Many women think “if I don’t get chemotherapy I’m going to die, and if I get chemo I’m going to be cured,” but the results show there’s a sliding scale of benefit and sometimes none, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lisa Carey, a breast specialist at the University of North Carolina’s Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, said she would be very comfortable advising patients to skip chemo if they were like those in the study who did not benefit from it.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2pkXhBlSu04mLyMby8g8IUTSIxIwtjpB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jennifer Litton at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, agreed, but said: “Risk to one person is not the same thing as risk to another. There are some people who say, ’I don’t care what you say, I’m never going to do chemo,’” and won’t even have the gene test, she said. Others want chemo for even the smallest chance of benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adine Usher, 78, who lives in Hartsdale, New York, joined the study 10 years ago at Montefiore and was randomly assigned to the group given chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little relieved. I sort of viewed chemo as extra insurance,” she said. The treatments “weren’t pleasant,” she concedes. Her hair fell out, she developed an infection and was hospitalized for a low white blood count, “but it was over fairly quickly and I’m really glad I had it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors had recommended she skip chemo based on the gene test, “I would have accepted that,” she said. “I’m a firm believer in medical research.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cancer care has been evolving away from chemotherapy — older drugs with harsh side effects — in favor of gene-targeting therapies, hormone blockers and immune system treatments. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1528211669,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":904},"headData":{"title":"Many Breast Cancer Patients Can Skip Chemo, Study Finds | KQED","description":"Cancer care has been evolving away from chemotherapy — older drugs with harsh side effects — in favor of gene-targeting therapies, hormone blockers and immune system treatments. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Many Breast Cancer Patients Can Skip Chemo, Study Finds","datePublished":"2018-06-05T17:00:44.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-05T15:14:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442317 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442317","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/05/many-breast-cancer-patients-can-skip-chemo-study-finds/","disqusTitle":"Many Breast Cancer Patients Can Skip Chemo, Study Finds","source":"Health","nprByline":"Marilynn Marchione\u003cbr />Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/442317/many-breast-cancer-patients-can-skip-chemo-study-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most women with the most common form of early-stage breast cancer can safely skip chemotherapy without hurting their chances of beating the disease, doctors are reporting from a landmark study that used genetic testing to gauge each patient’s risk.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the largest ever done of breast cancer treatment, and the results are expected to spare up to 70,000 patients a year in the United States and many more elsewhere the ordeal and expense of these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The impact is tremendous,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Sparano of Montefiore Medical Center in New York. Most women in this situation don’t need treatment beyond surgery and hormone therapy, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute, some foundations and proceeds from the U.S. breast cancer postage stamp. Results were discussed Sunday at an American Society of Clinical Oncology conference in Chicago and published by the New England Journal of Medicine. Some study leaders consult for breast cancer drugmakers or for the company that makes the gene test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moving Away From Chemo\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer care has been evolving away from chemotherapy — older drugs with harsh side effects — in favor of gene-targeting therapies, hormone blockers and immune system treatments. When chemo is used now, it’s sometimes for shorter periods or lower doses than it once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, another study at the conference found that Merck’s immunotherapy drug Keytruda worked better than chemo as initial treatment for most people with the most common type of lung cancer, and with far fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breast cancer study focused on cases where chemo’s value increasingly is in doubt: women with early-stage disease that has not spread to lymph nodes, is hormone-positive (meaning its growth is fueled by estrogen or progesterone) and is not the type that the drug Herceptin targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usual treatment is surgery followed by years of a hormone-blocking drug. But many women also are urged to have chemo to help kill any stray cancer cells. Doctors know that most don’t need it, but evidence is thin on who can forgo it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study gave 10,273 patients a test called Oncotype DX, which uses a biopsy sample to measure the activity of genes involved in cell growth and response to hormone therapy, to estimate the risk that a cancer will recur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Study Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 17 percent of women had high-risk scores and were advised to have chemo. The 16 percent with low-risk scores now know they can skip chemo, based on earlier results from this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new results are on the 67 percent of women at intermediate risk. All had surgery and hormone therapy, and half also got chemo.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nine years, 94 percent of both groups were still alive, and about 84 percent were alive without signs of cancer, so adding chemo made no difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain women 50 or younger did benefit from chemo; slightly fewer cases of cancer spreading far beyond the breast occurred among some of them given chemo, depending on their risk scores on the gene test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will People Trust the Results?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All women like those in the study should get gene testing to guide their care, said Dr. Richard Schilsky, chief medical officer of the oncology society. Oncotype DX costs around $4,000, which Medicare and many insurers cover. Similar tests including one called MammaPrint also are widely used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing solved a big problem of figuring out who needs chemo, said Dr. Harold Burstein of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. Many women think “if I don’t get chemotherapy I’m going to die, and if I get chemo I’m going to be cured,” but the results show there’s a sliding scale of benefit and sometimes none, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lisa Carey, a breast specialist at the University of North Carolina’s Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, said she would be very comfortable advising patients to skip chemo if they were like those in the study who did not benefit from it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jennifer Litton at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, agreed, but said: “Risk to one person is not the same thing as risk to another. There are some people who say, ’I don’t care what you say, I’m never going to do chemo,’” and won’t even have the gene test, she said. Others want chemo for even the smallest chance of benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adine Usher, 78, who lives in Hartsdale, New York, joined the study 10 years ago at Montefiore and was randomly assigned to the group given chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a little relieved. I sort of viewed chemo as extra insurance,” she said. The treatments “weren’t pleasant,” she concedes. Her hair fell out, she developed an infection and was hospitalized for a low white blood count, “but it was over fairly quickly and I’m really glad I had it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors had recommended she skip chemo based on the gene test, “I would have accepted that,” she said. “I’m a firm believer in medical research.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442317/many-breast-cancer-patients-can-skip-chemo-study-finds","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442317"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_264","futureofyou_1077","futureofyou_1189","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_215"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_365499","label":"source_futureofyou_442317"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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