New Study Gives Broader Look Into How Police Killings Affect Black Americans’ Mental Health
Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers
Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism
Always Exhausted? How to Know When You Should Talk to Your Doctor
Mindfulness Meditation Cuts Worker Stress—And It’s Better in Groups
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Venkataramani, one of the study’s lead authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already studies that explore the adverse effects of police killings on the mental health of black Americans, including those that examine how police violence \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/the-fallout-of-police-violence-is-killing-black-women-like-erica-garner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">slowly kills black women\u003c/a> “through trauma pain and loss” in the years after an encounter with an officer. And activists have long voiced \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/black-pain-gone-viral-racism-graphic-videos-can-create-ptsd-like-trauma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns over black trauma\u003c/a> following the shooting deaths of Tamir Rice, Rekia Boyd and Freddie Gray, and from grisly images and live Facebook videos of fatal encounters that are widely shared on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/GettyImages-470484184-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. Photo by Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. (Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The Lancet study, however, aims for something broader: a better sense of how police violence is felt on a population level. Researchers used self-reported responses from a national mental health survey and data from a police shooting database to compare the effects on mental health of black adults months before and after a police killing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was a “substantial” impact of police killings on the mental well-being of black Americans in the states where the police violence happened, said Venkataramani, assistant professor of health policy at the University of Pennsylvania.[contextly_sidebar id=\"CukSratZqNZGRgp1O60xWYfk0A7Nq0ij\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows “that having a reminder of structural racism and its pervasiveness is something that gets under the skin to influence the mental health of black Americans,” Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor added that the team’s findings add to the growing body of evidence that policymakers should act accordingly to mitigate these harmful effects when police shootings occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Study Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani worked along with several other researchers to analyze the hundreds of thousands of self-reported responses from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/about/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System\u003c/a>, a national survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BRFSS is a telephone survey that randomly selects more than 400,000 U.S. adults each year to ask them a set of brief questions their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Lancet study looked at responses from black Americans about their mental health in states where a police killing of an unarmed black American had occurred up to three months before the survey. Those responses were then compared with the shootings collected by the national \u003ca href=\"https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mapping Police Violence database\u003c/a>. Here’s what they found:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Between 2013 and 2015, nearly 39 percent of more than 100,000 black adults were exposed to at least one police killing of an unarmed black American in the three-month period before the telephone survey. When adjusted to make the survey nationally representative of the country, the number jumps to 49 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When asked how many days in the last 30 days their mental health was “not good,” there was an increase in the number of black Americans reporting it was “not good.” The largest effects on mental well-being also occurred in those first two months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The study estimates that police killings could mean 1.7 additional poor mental health days per person per year. All together, that accounts for 55 million additional poor mental health days per year for black adults in the general U.S. population.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>White Americans And Other Key Findings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For white Americans, no negative health effects were found among the more than 950,000 adults who responded to the BRFSS survey. Researchers wanted to get a sense of whether white Americans were substantially affected by these incidents, but they did not find any impacts for that group, Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also found that the police killings of \u003ci>armed\u003c/i> black Americans had little effect on the mental health of black or white adults.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dkMYu9RaRLIyJvZCgk6D0dT7MXDcZNLE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani said police killings of unarmed black Americans has a “very specific interpretation” in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the victim was unarmed evokes a lack of justice, a sense of unfairness,” and the study’s results underlines the U.S. history of structural racism and state-sanctioned violence against black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it wasn’t so surprising to us as it was so striking,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this is a population-based study, there are some limitations to the data the researchers gathered. How exactly each person who responded to the survey was exposed to a police killing in their state — a news report, word of mouth, etc. — is not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The degree to which these killings hurt a person’s mental health was not specifically covered by the CDC survey questions. And the study also covers a short window of time after the shootings; more localized studies have looked into the long-term mental health effects of racism on a given group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/RTX11MZP-1024x683.jpg\" alt='A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York July 14, 2013. Thousands of protesters chanting \"No justice, no peace\" gathered in New York City on Sunday to protest the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of unarmed black teenager Trayvon Martin, which prompted rallies across the country. REUTERS/Eric Thayer (UNITED STATES - Tags: CRIME LAW CIVIL UNREST POLITICS TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY) - GM1E97F0R5Y01' width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a 2013 rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York. Photo by Eric Thayer/Reuters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t account for the amplification by news and social media of a specific incident. For instance, the data gleaned for this study may have given a look into the negative effects the 2015 death of Freddie Gray had on the state of Maryland, but isn’t able to account for the influence the 25-year-old’s death had on black adults elsewhere in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t measure the impact of police violence against Latinos and Native Americans, something Venkataramani said he hopes other studies look into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at one sliver of what might be an indication of structural racism, but we don’t know the totality of what structural racism influences help,” he said, adding that the team’s research may even underreport the effects racism has on the mental health of black Americans.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sjEURy1wKmqETe9ZuzIEgFuiEP6DBQtK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christen Smith, whose \u003ca href=\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/traa.12061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">work\u003c/a> has looked into the effects of policy violence on black people in Brazil and the U.S., said informal conversations among black Americans ever since the 2012 death of Trayvon Martin have indicated that police killings affect the black community writ large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whenever we see a study that confirms some of the suspicions and kind of colloquial information that we have from the black American community, then that’s something that tells us that we’re on a path toward healing and really trying to address this issue,” said Smith, associate professor of African and African diaspora studies and anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, who said she was “excited” by the study’s work, thinks it’s worth noting that the research was done at the height of news coverage of several high-profile police killings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the trickle-down effect from the national outcry around police violence and the black community is really just now getting to point where people are starting to be able to get the funding and set up the research in order to do this work,” Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now is the time to see similar studies start bubbling to the surface, she said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The report focused on the mental well-being of black adults who are not directly involved in acts of police violence, adding to a body of research that suggests the killings are “a public health issue.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529689705,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1311},"headData":{"title":"New Study Gives Broader Look Into How Police Killings Affect Black Americans’ Mental Health | KQED","description":"The report focused on the mental well-being of black adults who are not directly involved in acts of police violence, adding to a body of research that suggests the killings are “a public health issue."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Study Gives Broader Look Into How Police Killings Affect Black Americans’ Mental Health","datePublished":"2018-06-22T16:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-22T17:48:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442988 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442988","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/22/new-study-gives-broader-look-into-how-police-killings-affect-black-americans-mental-health/","disqusTitle":"New Study Gives Broader Look Into How Police Killings Affect Black Americans’ Mental Health","source":"Health","nprByline":"Joshua Barajas\u003cbr />PBS NewsHour","path":"/futureofyou/442988/new-study-gives-broader-look-into-how-police-killings-affect-black-americans-mental-health","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Police killings of unarmed black Americans negatively affect the mental health of black adults in the states where the fatal incidents occur, according to a study published Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, published today in British journal The Lancet, focused on the mental well-being of black adults who are not directly involved in acts of police violence, adding to a body of research that suggests the killings are “a public health issue,” said Dr. Atheendar S. Venkataramani, one of the study’s lead authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already studies that explore the adverse effects of police killings on the mental health of black Americans, including those that examine how police violence \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/the-fallout-of-police-violence-is-killing-black-women-like-erica-garner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">slowly kills black women\u003c/a> “through trauma pain and loss” in the years after an encounter with an officer. And activists have long voiced \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/black-pain-gone-viral-racism-graphic-videos-can-create-ptsd-like-trauma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">concerns over black trauma\u003c/a> following the shooting deaths of Tamir Rice, Rekia Boyd and Freddie Gray, and from grisly images and live Facebook videos of fatal encounters that are widely shared on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/GettyImages-470484184-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. Photo by Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Donald Lightfoot holds a sign in support of Rekia Boyd while joining other protesters in Chicago. Photo taken April 2015. (Nuccio DiNuzzo/Chicago Tribune/TNS via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The Lancet study, however, aims for something broader: a better sense of how police violence is felt on a population level. Researchers used self-reported responses from a national mental health survey and data from a police shooting database to compare the effects on mental health of black adults months before and after a police killing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was a “substantial” impact of police killings on the mental well-being of black Americans in the states where the police violence happened, said Venkataramani, assistant professor of health policy at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows “that having a reminder of structural racism and its pervasiveness is something that gets under the skin to influence the mental health of black Americans,” Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor added that the team’s findings add to the growing body of evidence that policymakers should act accordingly to mitigate these harmful effects when police shootings occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Study Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani worked along with several other researchers to analyze the hundreds of thousands of self-reported responses from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/about/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System\u003c/a>, a national survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BRFSS is a telephone survey that randomly selects more than 400,000 U.S. adults each year to ask them a set of brief questions their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Lancet study looked at responses from black Americans about their mental health in states where a police killing of an unarmed black American had occurred up to three months before the survey. Those responses were then compared with the shootings collected by the national \u003ca href=\"https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mapping Police Violence database\u003c/a>. Here’s what they found:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Between 2013 and 2015, nearly 39 percent of more than 100,000 black adults were exposed to at least one police killing of an unarmed black American in the three-month period before the telephone survey. When adjusted to make the survey nationally representative of the country, the number jumps to 49 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When asked how many days in the last 30 days their mental health was “not good,” there was an increase in the number of black Americans reporting it was “not good.” The largest effects on mental well-being also occurred in those first two months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The study estimates that police killings could mean 1.7 additional poor mental health days per person per year. All together, that accounts for 55 million additional poor mental health days per year for black adults in the general U.S. population.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>White Americans And Other Key Findings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For white Americans, no negative health effects were found among the more than 950,000 adults who responded to the BRFSS survey. Researchers wanted to get a sense of whether white Americans were substantially affected by these incidents, but they did not find any impacts for that group, Venkataramani said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also found that the police killings of \u003ci>armed\u003c/i> black Americans had little effect on the mental health of black or white adults.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venkataramani said police killings of unarmed black Americans has a “very specific interpretation” in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the victim was unarmed evokes a lack of justice, a sense of unfairness,” and the study’s results underlines the U.S. history of structural racism and state-sanctioned violence against black people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it wasn’t so surprising to us as it was so striking,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this is a population-based study, there are some limitations to the data the researchers gathered. How exactly each person who responded to the survey was exposed to a police killing in their state — a news report, word of mouth, etc. — is not known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The degree to which these killings hurt a person’s mental health was not specifically covered by the CDC survey questions. And the study also covers a short window of time after the shootings; more localized studies have looked into the long-term mental health effects of racism on a given group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"auxiliary extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/06/RTX11MZP-1024x683.jpg\" alt='A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York July 14, 2013. Thousands of protesters chanting \"No justice, no peace\" gathered in New York City on Sunday to protest the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of unarmed black teenager Trayvon Martin, which prompted rallies across the country. REUTERS/Eric Thayer (UNITED STATES - Tags: CRIME LAW CIVIL UNREST POLITICS TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY) - GM1E97F0R5Y01' width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a cardboard cut out of Trayvon Martin at a 2013 rally in reaction to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in New York. Photo by Eric Thayer/Reuters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t account for the amplification by news and social media of a specific incident. For instance, the data gleaned for this study may have given a look into the negative effects the 2015 death of Freddie Gray had on the state of Maryland, but isn’t able to account for the influence the 25-year-old’s death had on black adults elsewhere in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also doesn’t measure the impact of police violence against Latinos and Native Americans, something Venkataramani said he hopes other studies look into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at one sliver of what might be an indication of structural racism, but we don’t know the totality of what structural racism influences help,” he said, adding that the team’s research may even underreport the effects racism has on the mental health of black Americans.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christen Smith, whose \u003ca href=\"https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/traa.12061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">work\u003c/a> has looked into the effects of policy violence on black people in Brazil and the U.S., said informal conversations among black Americans ever since the 2012 death of Trayvon Martin have indicated that police killings affect the black community writ large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whenever we see a study that confirms some of the suspicions and kind of colloquial information that we have from the black American community, then that’s something that tells us that we’re on a path toward healing and really trying to address this issue,” said Smith, associate professor of African and African diaspora studies and anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, who said she was “excited” by the study’s work, thinks it’s worth noting that the research was done at the height of news coverage of several high-profile police killings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the trickle-down effect from the national outcry around police violence and the black community is really just now getting to point where people are starting to be able to get the funding and set up the research in order to do this work,” Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now is the time to see similar studies start bubbling to the surface, she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442988/new-study-gives-broader-look-into-how-police-killings-affect-black-americans-mental-health","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442988"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_946","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_874","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1558","futureofyou_756","futureofyou_812"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442992","label":"source_futureofyou_442988"},"futureofyou_439223":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439223","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439223","score":null,"sort":[1518028224000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers","title":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers","publishDate":1518028224,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Humans have suffered from migraines for millennia. Yet, despite decades of research, there isn't a drug on the market today that prevents them by targeting the underlying cause. All of that could change in a few months when the FDA is expected to announce its decision about new therapies that have the potential to turn migraine treatment on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new therapies are based on research begun in the 1980s showing that people in the throes of a migraine attack have high levels of a protein called calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) in their blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ECfTe7PnuepSCIujv8538j2RQRMlQ2J6\"]Step by step, researchers tracked and studied this neurochemical's effects. They found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11993614\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">injecting\u003c/a> the peptide into the blood of people prone to migraines triggers migraine-like headaches, whereas people not prone to migraines experienced, at most, mild pain. Blocking transmission of\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.12686/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> CGRP in mice\u003c/a> appeared to prevent migraine-like symptoms. And so a few companies started developing a pill that might do the same in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials of the first pills were effective against migraine but halted in 2011 over concerns about potential liver damage. So, four pharmaceutical companies rejiggered their approach. To bypass the liver, all four instead looked to an injectable therapy called monoclonal antibodies — tiny immune molecules most commonly used to treat cancer. Not only do these bypass the liver to block CGRP, but one injection appears to be effective for up to three months with almost no noticeable side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two manufacturers, Amgen (in collaboration with Novartis) and Teva Pharmaceuticals, have completed clinical trials and expect to hear from the FDA by June whether the therapies have been approved. Two more companies, Eli Lilly and Alder Biopharmaceuticals, plan to file for FDA approval later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current treatments don't always work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. Right now, the only available preventive treatments are accidental discoveries: A number of people prescribed medications for depression, high blood pressure and epilepsy discovered migraine relief, too. Now, many of those drugs, including propranolol and topiramate, have been tested and approved for migraine. But no one drug works for everyone, and side effects can prove intolerable or downright unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migraines are throbbing, one-sided headaches that can be accompanied by nausea as well as sensitivity to light, sound, smell, and movement. At their best, the headaches are an annoyance. At their worst, they can be completely debilitating. So for those of us who get numerous migraines each month, the prospect of a new approach feels almost life-changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">“By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head.”\u003ccite>Lauren Gravitz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6624a8.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one recent survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 10 percent of men and 20 percent of women in the U.S. reported having had a migraine in the last three months. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21063918?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to two percent\u003c/a> of all Americans has at least 15 migraine days every single month. The toll such pain can take on health, morale, and productivity is substantial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own migraines started when I was 13. They struck a few times a week and I thought \u003ca href=\"https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/identifying-treating-migraine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they were normal headaches\u003c/a>. For a while, I tried the usual over the counter pain relievers but, one by one, they stopped working. By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head. My general practitioner diagnosed me with migraines, gave me my first preventive medication — an antidepressant — then sent me to see a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that day more than 17 years ago, I have tried six preventive prescription medications. Not one helped. I alternated among four different, neurologist-recommended supplements, all to no avail. I received bi-monthly injections of magnesium and participated in one of the first clinical trials of Botox. And while Botox seemed to decrease my migraines by one or two per month, it wasn't enough to bother fighting about it with a new insurance company. I exercised regularly. I experimented with an elimination diet that left me eating nothing but broccoli and white rice, but still the migraines came. I averaged about 15 to 20 each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, I considered myself lucky. The headaches almost never came with nausea, and I had medications that typically ousted them within an hour or two. All told, I usually lost only a few hours of productivity a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I grew older and had two children, my body changed and my migraines changed, too. I get them less frequently now, but when they come, they can stick around for a few days or even a week. Abortive medications still work, except when they don't. So when I heard about a new approach that was making its way through a number of pharmaceutical company pipelines, I began combing through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clinicaltrials.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national clinical trials database\u003c/a> to find a trial near me. I found one about 80 miles away, which didn't seem too far a trek considering the tantalizing reward of a migraine-free life. I made an appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clinical trials seem promising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/biographies/dodick-david-w-m-d/bio-20053142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Dodick\u003c/a>, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix, Ariz., has been involved in multiple clinical trials with each of the four anti-CGRP antibody treatments in development. And, he admits, he's optimistic. He has good reason to be: Each of the therapies decreases migraine frequency by at least one to two days per month. \"In a field where, over time, the progress and pace of research in understanding the underlying biology and mechanism of disease has been slow, this was very exciting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because migraines are not life-threatening, most drugs have to pass a pretty high bar to be approved. And so far, patients on the experimental treatments report limited side effects that consist mostly of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383797/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pain at the injection site\u003c/a>. Unlike the current preventive medications, there is no nausea, no fuzzy thinking, no nerve pain, no weight loss or gain. And instead of remembering to take a daily pill, there is just a once-monthly injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neurologists already have patients eager to test these therapies, especially when everything else they've tried hasn't worked. \"There's a big hole to fill, both in prevention and acute therapies,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://nyheadache.com/staff/alexander-mauskop/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alexander Mauskop\u003c/a>, director of the New York Headache Center in New York City. (Full disclosure: He's my former neurologist.) \"If I have someone who's really suffering and can't find a solution, I tell them that in June I might have something new for them to try.\" Right now, he says, he has a list of about two dozen such patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High price tag\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the new therapies are approved, however, patients may still have to jump through a number of hoops to get them. Biologic therapies like these are expensive, and treatment could \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/24/11712554/migraine-drug-treatment-headache-cost-pharmaceutical-health-insurance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly range\u003c/a> anywhere from $8,000 to $18,000 a year. At that price, Mauskop and other neurologists expect insurance companies to require patients to have tried just about everything else first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other hitch at this stage is a lack of long-term safety data. \"If someone is well-controlled with Botox or another drug, I'd not suggest they switch,\" Mauskop says. \"With Vioxx, it took 10 years before they discovered that it increased the risk of heart problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side effects are a potential concern. \u003ca href=\"https://physiciandirectory.brighamandwomens.org/Details/124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elizabeth Loder\u003c/a>, chief of headache at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, points out that because CGRP constricts blood vessels, there may be potential long-term effects on blood pressure or other cardiovascular function. In women of childbearing age, who are the ones most prone to frequent migraines, \"you can imagine that might have effects on fertility or placental function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the longest patients have been on one of these new therapies is one to two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Mauskop whether he'd recommend I enroll in a clinical trial, given my failure to respond to most everything else. He pauses, noting that he's no longer my neurologist and that he can't really give me any suggestions. But then he says that, since I'd previously shown some response to Botox, perhaps I might want to give it another try. I think about my two young children and my risk tolerance. Perhaps in ten years I'll feel differently. For now, however, I pick up the phone and cancel my clinical trial appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren Gravitz is a science writer and editor in Hershey, Penn. Her work has appeared in \u003c/em>Nature\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Economist\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Aeon\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Oprah Magazine\u003cem>, and more. Find her at \u003ca href=\"http://www.laurengravitz.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.laurengravitz.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lyrebard\">@lyrebard\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Gone+With+A+Shot%3F+Hopeful+New+Signs+Of+Relief+For+Migraine+Sufferers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Novel migraine therapies could change how physicians treat these debilitating headaches. But they are likely to be expensive and the long-term side effects will not be known for some time.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518039302,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1459},"headData":{"title":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers | KQED","description":"Novel migraine therapies could change how physicians treat these debilitating headaches. But they are likely to be expensive and the long-term side effects will not be known for some time.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers","datePublished":"2018-02-07T18:30:24.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-07T21:35:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439223 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439223","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers/","disqusTitle":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers","nprImageCredit":"Photographer is my life","nprByline":"Lauren Gravitz\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"581092093","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=581092093&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/03/581092093/gone-with-a-shot-hopeful-new-signs-of-relief-for-migraine-sufferers?ft=nprml&f=581092093","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 03 Feb 2018 08:00:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 03 Feb 2018 08:00:21 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 03 Feb 2018 08:00:21 -0500","path":"/futureofyou/439223/migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humans have suffered from migraines for millennia. Yet, despite decades of research, there isn't a drug on the market today that prevents them by targeting the underlying cause. All of that could change in a few months when the FDA is expected to announce its decision about new therapies that have the potential to turn migraine treatment on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new therapies are based on research begun in the 1980s showing that people in the throes of a migraine attack have high levels of a protein called calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) in their blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Step by step, researchers tracked and studied this neurochemical's effects. They found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11993614\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">injecting\u003c/a> the peptide into the blood of people prone to migraines triggers migraine-like headaches, whereas people not prone to migraines experienced, at most, mild pain. Blocking transmission of\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.12686/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> CGRP in mice\u003c/a> appeared to prevent migraine-like symptoms. And so a few companies started developing a pill that might do the same in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials of the first pills were effective against migraine but halted in 2011 over concerns about potential liver damage. So, four pharmaceutical companies rejiggered their approach. To bypass the liver, all four instead looked to an injectable therapy called monoclonal antibodies — tiny immune molecules most commonly used to treat cancer. Not only do these bypass the liver to block CGRP, but one injection appears to be effective for up to three months with almost no noticeable side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two manufacturers, Amgen (in collaboration with Novartis) and Teva Pharmaceuticals, have completed clinical trials and expect to hear from the FDA by June whether the therapies have been approved. Two more companies, Eli Lilly and Alder Biopharmaceuticals, plan to file for FDA approval later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current treatments don't always work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. Right now, the only available preventive treatments are accidental discoveries: A number of people prescribed medications for depression, high blood pressure and epilepsy discovered migraine relief, too. Now, many of those drugs, including propranolol and topiramate, have been tested and approved for migraine. But no one drug works for everyone, and side effects can prove intolerable or downright unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migraines are throbbing, one-sided headaches that can be accompanied by nausea as well as sensitivity to light, sound, smell, and movement. At their best, the headaches are an annoyance. At their worst, they can be completely debilitating. So for those of us who get numerous migraines each month, the prospect of a new approach feels almost life-changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">“By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head.”\u003ccite>Lauren Gravitz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6624a8.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one recent survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 10 percent of men and 20 percent of women in the U.S. reported having had a migraine in the last three months. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21063918?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to two percent\u003c/a> of all Americans has at least 15 migraine days every single month. The toll such pain can take on health, morale, and productivity is substantial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own migraines started when I was 13. They struck a few times a week and I thought \u003ca href=\"https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/identifying-treating-migraine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they were normal headaches\u003c/a>. For a while, I tried the usual over the counter pain relievers but, one by one, they stopped working. By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head. My general practitioner diagnosed me with migraines, gave me my first preventive medication — an antidepressant — then sent me to see a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that day more than 17 years ago, I have tried six preventive prescription medications. Not one helped. I alternated among four different, neurologist-recommended supplements, all to no avail. I received bi-monthly injections of magnesium and participated in one of the first clinical trials of Botox. And while Botox seemed to decrease my migraines by one or two per month, it wasn't enough to bother fighting about it with a new insurance company. I exercised regularly. I experimented with an elimination diet that left me eating nothing but broccoli and white rice, but still the migraines came. I averaged about 15 to 20 each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, I considered myself lucky. The headaches almost never came with nausea, and I had medications that typically ousted them within an hour or two. All told, I usually lost only a few hours of productivity a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I grew older and had two children, my body changed and my migraines changed, too. I get them less frequently now, but when they come, they can stick around for a few days or even a week. Abortive medications still work, except when they don't. So when I heard about a new approach that was making its way through a number of pharmaceutical company pipelines, I began combing through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clinicaltrials.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national clinical trials database\u003c/a> to find a trial near me. I found one about 80 miles away, which didn't seem too far a trek considering the tantalizing reward of a migraine-free life. I made an appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clinical trials seem promising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/biographies/dodick-david-w-m-d/bio-20053142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Dodick\u003c/a>, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix, Ariz., has been involved in multiple clinical trials with each of the four anti-CGRP antibody treatments in development. And, he admits, he's optimistic. He has good reason to be: Each of the therapies decreases migraine frequency by at least one to two days per month. \"In a field where, over time, the progress and pace of research in understanding the underlying biology and mechanism of disease has been slow, this was very exciting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because migraines are not life-threatening, most drugs have to pass a pretty high bar to be approved. And so far, patients on the experimental treatments report limited side effects that consist mostly of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383797/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pain at the injection site\u003c/a>. Unlike the current preventive medications, there is no nausea, no fuzzy thinking, no nerve pain, no weight loss or gain. And instead of remembering to take a daily pill, there is just a once-monthly injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neurologists already have patients eager to test these therapies, especially when everything else they've tried hasn't worked. \"There's a big hole to fill, both in prevention and acute therapies,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://nyheadache.com/staff/alexander-mauskop/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alexander Mauskop\u003c/a>, director of the New York Headache Center in New York City. (Full disclosure: He's my former neurologist.) \"If I have someone who's really suffering and can't find a solution, I tell them that in June I might have something new for them to try.\" Right now, he says, he has a list of about two dozen such patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High price tag\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the new therapies are approved, however, patients may still have to jump through a number of hoops to get them. Biologic therapies like these are expensive, and treatment could \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/24/11712554/migraine-drug-treatment-headache-cost-pharmaceutical-health-insurance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly range\u003c/a> anywhere from $8,000 to $18,000 a year. At that price, Mauskop and other neurologists expect insurance companies to require patients to have tried just about everything else first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other hitch at this stage is a lack of long-term safety data. \"If someone is well-controlled with Botox or another drug, I'd not suggest they switch,\" Mauskop says. \"With Vioxx, it took 10 years before they discovered that it increased the risk of heart problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side effects are a potential concern. \u003ca href=\"https://physiciandirectory.brighamandwomens.org/Details/124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elizabeth Loder\u003c/a>, chief of headache at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, points out that because CGRP constricts blood vessels, there may be potential long-term effects on blood pressure or other cardiovascular function. In women of childbearing age, who are the ones most prone to frequent migraines, \"you can imagine that might have effects on fertility or placental function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the longest patients have been on one of these new therapies is one to two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Mauskop whether he'd recommend I enroll in a clinical trial, given my failure to respond to most everything else. He pauses, noting that he's no longer my neurologist and that he can't really give me any suggestions. But then he says that, since I'd previously shown some response to Botox, perhaps I might want to give it another try. I think about my two young children and my risk tolerance. Perhaps in ten years I'll feel differently. For now, however, I pick up the phone and cancel my clinical trial appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren Gravitz is a science writer and editor in Hershey, Penn. Her work has appeared in \u003c/em>Nature\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Economist\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Aeon\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Oprah Magazine\u003cem>, and more. Find her at \u003ca href=\"http://www.laurengravitz.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.laurengravitz.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lyrebard\">@lyrebard\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Gone+With+A+Shot%3F+Hopeful+New+Signs+Of+Relief+For+Migraine+Sufferers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439223/migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439223"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_61","futureofyou_173","futureofyou_1407","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_812"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439224","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_437213":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_437213","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"437213","score":null,"sort":[1510965733000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-look-at-the-chronic-stress-of-racism","title":"Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism","publishDate":1510965733,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>The day Dr. Roberto Montenegro finished his Ph.D. was memorable. But not for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still cringe when I think about it,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It had started well. His colleagues at UCLA had taken him and his girlfriend (now wife) out to a fancy restaurant to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was dressed up in the fanciest suit I had at the time and my wife looked beautiful, like always,\" he says. \"We laughed and we ate and we were excited we didn't have to pay for this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro was elated — celebrating a hard-won step toward his dream of becoming a physician-scientist. There had been so many late nights, so much work. But now, he had a Ph.D. in sociology and was headed to medical school at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt like a king,\" Montenegro \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2521973?resultClick=1\">wrote\u003c/a> in an article for the journal \u003cem>JAMA \u003c/em>last year. At the end of the evening, the couple got in line to pick up their car from the valet outside. They were third in line when a Jaguar pulled up to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And you see this woman get out of her car,\" says Montenegro. The woman must not have seen the valets, though they were wearing red vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She passes the first couple, she passes the second couple, she gets to me and she hands me her keys,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valets, Montenegro says, looked Latino — like him. The woman, who wasn't, assumed he was a valet, too. He was so shocked he just took the keys as she dropped them into his hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know what to say, what to do,\" Montenegro says. \"But I vividly remember turning red, and I don't often turn red. And I remember my heart pounding. I remember feeling really confused and hurt and angry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five minutes later, still standing in line waiting for his car, it happened again. Another person handed him their keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was at the pinnacle of my celebration, and with one swift action, I was dismissed, he wrote in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>. \"I was made invisible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't the first time that Montenegro had run into racist assumptions, and it wouldn't be the last. At various research conferences, academics he doesn't know have tried to order drinks from him. In medical school and during his medical residency, he was sometimes assumed to be a technician at the hospital — even when wearing his white doctor's coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes you question yourself and makes you feel confused and shocked,\" he says. \"It was a constant reminder of feeling like I would never fit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">Montenegro\u003c/a>, who now has an M.D. in addition to his Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow in child psychiatry at Seattle Children's Hospital. He is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">a growing group of scientists\u003c/a> who are trying to answer some big, complicated questions: What does the repeated experience of discrimination actually do to your body? And could such experiences be partially responsible for health disparities that exist among different groups in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individually these incidents seem benign,\" Montenegro says. \"But cumulatively I believe that they act like sort of low-grade microtraumas that can that end up hurting you and your biology. It's not just having your feelings hurt. It's having your biology hurt as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A poll recently released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that roughly a third of Latinos in America report they've experienced various kinds of discrimination in their lives based on ethnicity — including when applying for jobs, being paid or promoted equally, seeking housing or experiencing ethnic slurs or offensive comments or assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/amani-nuru-jeter\">Amani Nuru-Jeter\u003c/a>, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is another researcher working to find out how, as she puts it, racism gets under the skin. \"How does the lived and social experience of race turn into racial differences in health — into higher levels of Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease or higher rates of infant mortality?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, black children are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm\">twice as likely\u003c/a> as white children to develop asthma, health statistics suggest. And racial and ethnic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.pdf\">gaps in infant mortality\u003c/a> have persisted for as long as researchers have been collecting data. People with diabetes who are members of racial and ethnic minorities are \u003ca href=\"http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/advocacy-priorities/health-disparities.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">more likely\u003c/a> to have complications like kidney failure, or to require amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics might partially explain some of the differences, Nuru-Jeter says. Research has suggested that different populations may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/481092103/scientsts-seek-genetic-clues-to-why-asthma-is-deadlier-in-blacks\">respond differently to some asthma drugs\u003c/a>, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's not an adequate explanation for the very persistent dramatic differences we see in health outcomes between racial groups,\" she says. And public health researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442603/\">have found\u003c/a> that health disparities remain even after they take into account any differences in income and education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuru-Jeter and others hypothesize that chronic stress might be a key way racism contributes to health disparities. The idea is that the stress of experiencing discrimination over and over might wear you down physically over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's go back to how Montenegro remembers feeling that night when strangers assumed he was a valet. He said he was \"turning red,\" his heart was \"pounding.\" Those are signs his body was feeling acutely stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you start to worry about something, whether that's race or something else, then that initiates a biological stress response,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol shoot up, readying your body to flee or fight. Those hormones can help you kick into action to escape a wild animal, for example, or to run after a bus. Under such circumstances, the ability to experience stress and quickly respond can be benign — and valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source of the perceived threat, the physical response — higher levels of stress hormones, a faster heart rate — usually subside once the threat has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what we expect to happen,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research suggests bad things happen when your body has to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444451363/childhood-stress-may-prime-pump-for-chronic-disease-later\">gear up for threats too often\u003c/a>, consistently washing itself in stress hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prolonged elevation [and] circulation of the stress hormones in our bodies can be very toxic and compromise our body's ability to regulate key biological systems like our cardiovascular system, our inflammatory system, our neuroendocrine system,\" Nuru-Jeter says. \"It just gets us really out of whack and leaves us susceptible to a bunch of poor health outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763623/\">documented\u003c/a> similar stress reactions in response to racism, and even in response to \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">the mere \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">expectation\u003c/a> of a racist encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying black women, for example, she has found that chronic stress from frequent racist encounters is associated with \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/Suppl_22/A9550.short\">chronic low-grade inflammation\u003c/a> — a little like having a low fever all the time. Nuru-Jeter thinks it might be a sign that experiencing discrimination might dysregulate the body in a way that, over time, could put someone at a higher risk for a condition like heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this kind of research is complicated. There's no thermometer that measures degrees of racism, and it's not like scientists can take a group of people, expose some of them to discrimination, and then see how they fare compared with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless we could experimentally assign people to racist or nonracist experiences over a life course, we can't make causal connections,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.dartmouth.edu/people/zaneta-m-thayer\">Zaneta Thayer\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist at Dartmouth, who is currently looking into how discrimination experiences might influence multiple aspects of stress physiology, including cortisol and heart rate variability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers find \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/racial-discrimination-may-aggravate-asthma-study-finds\">correlations\u003c/a>, not causal links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Thayer studied 55 pregnant women in Auckland, New Zealand, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615000040\">found that\u003c/a> women who said they experienced discrimination had higher evening stress hormone levels late in pregnancy than other women who didn't cite frequent discrimination. Another study, at Duke University, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12160-007-9013-8\">found that\u003c/a> black students had higher levels of stress hormones after they heard reports of a violent, racist crime on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection isn't just with hormones. Other scientists have found correlations between discrimination and various measures of accelerated aging, including the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01596.x\">tips of people's chromosomes\u003c/a> and subtle \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/epigenetics-the-controversial-science-behind-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities/430749/\">alterations\u003c/a> in gene activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individually, such studies are rarely conclusive, Thayer says. \"There are always more questions to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collectively, she says, they form a compelling picture of how discrimination, stress and poor health might be related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes, in rare situations, researchers do get a slightly sharper glimpse of how such a connection may be playing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 12, 2008, about 900 agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — including some who arrived in a couple of Black Hawk helicopters — raided a meat processing plant in Postville, Iowa. They were looking for people who were working illegally in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/people/profile/35/Arline_T_Geronimus\">Arline T. Geronimus\u003c/a>, a behavioral scientist at the University of Michigan who has studied the event. \"It was a surprise, and it was quite extreme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some witnesses, the \u003ca href=\"http://wcfcourier.com/news/metro/in-postville-shock-but-no-surprise/article_205edba8-a0e1-59be-a16b-13ceae6628d6.html\">agents handcuffed\u003c/a> almost everyone they encountered who looked Latino. They ended up arresting more than a tenth of the town's population, detaining many for days at a fairground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zoe Lofgren, a California representative who chaired \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43682/content-detail.html\">a congressional hearing\u003c/a> on the Postville raid, detainees were treated \"like cattle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The information suggests that the people charged were rounded up, herded into a cattle arena, prodded down a cattle chute, coerced into guilty pleas and then [sent] to federal prison,\" Lofgren said at the hearing. \"This looks and feels like a cattle auction, not a criminal prosecution in the United States of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people arrested were charged with criminal fraud for knowingly working under false Social Security numbers, despite allegations of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2017/08/a-federal-judge-put-hundreds-of-immigrants-behind-bars-while-her-husband-invested-in-private-prisons/\">judicial misconduct\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/us/11immig.html\">reports\u003c/a> that few of the employees were actually guilty of that crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People lost their jobs,\" Geronimus says. \"People were afraid to go home in case there would be raids in their homes. They were sleeping in church pews. Some fled the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all accounts, it was an extremely stressful event for the approximately 400 people who were arrested and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the event also sent ripples throughout the state. Apparently, as Geronimus and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/46/3/839/2936776/Change-in-birth-outcomes-among-infants-born-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">reporte\u003c/a>d this year in the \u003cem>International Journal of Epidemiology, \u003c/em>it may even have affected the unborn children of some Iowa residents who were pregnant at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months after the raid, Geronimus says, some Latina women living in Iowa started giving birth to slightly smaller babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at birth certificates of more than 52,000 babies born in Iowa, including those born in the nine months following the raid, and in the same nine-month period one and two years earlier. They found a small but noticeable increase in the percentage of babies who weighed less than 5 1/2 pounds — the definition of what pediatricians term \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=low-birthweight-90-P02382\">low birth weight\u003c/a> — born to Latina moms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pregnant women of Latino descent throughout the state of Iowa — including those who were U.S. citizens, including those who were not right at Postville — experienced, on average, about a 24 percent greater risk of their babies having a low birth weight than they had in that very same period of time the previous year,\" Geronimus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the raid, 4.7 percent of babies born to white moms were low birth weight. After the raid, that number dropped to 4.4 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of babies with a low birth weight born to foreign-born Latina moms went up from 4.5 percent (76 babies) to 5.6 percent (98 babies). And it went up for the babies of U.S.-born Latina moms, too — from 5.3 percent (42 babies) to 6.4 percent (55 babies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that's a difference of just a few dozen children, each probably born just a few ounces underweight. But at that stage of life, a few ounces can make \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/5882\">a difference\u003c/a>, Geronimus says. Babies born small are at higher risk of dying in infancy and of having health and developmental problems later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Low birth weight in general is not higher in the Latino population than in the white population,\" Geronimus says. \"And in Iowa it was not higher before the raid, and it was not higher years after the raid. But there is a spike that happens to be exactly when the raid was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's worth noting, she says, that the effect even occurred among babies born to Latina moms who were U.S. citizens — people who shouldn't have been worried about being arrested or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So why did it suddenly spike?\" Geronimus asks. \"Well, there's a lot of research that suggests that stressful events during pregnancy can result in some complex immune, inflammatory and endocrine pathways and can increase the risk of low birth weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues think the poor treatment of people who \"looked Latino\" to the immigration agents might have caused additional stress among women outside the immediate area of the raid who were pregnant around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People could begin to worry this could happen to them or to people they know or in their communities,\" she says. \"And those worries alone can activate these physiological stress responses, even if they never did have a raid in their own hometown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, other researchers have noticed similar connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the six months following the Sept. 11 attacks in the Eastern U.S., babies born in California to moms with Arabic-sounding names had \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2006.0008\">a higher risk\u003c/a> of being born small or preterm than observed in that group during the same time period the year before — a change that didn't apply to other babies born in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both studies investigated the impacts of specific, dramatic events — and the results were consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says Geronimus. \"We could measure before and after.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she views such events as merely slivers of insight into patterns that may quietly be happening on a much larger scale among many populations. Patterns that are harder to tease out and measure — like the effects of centuries of racism against black Americans, or a persistent series of incidents involving police brutality against minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, Geronimus says, the cascade of stress that such events initiate sets the stage for health disparities in a generation of children — before they even enter the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rae Ellen Bichell is a science journalist based in Colorado. She previously covered general science and biomedical research for NPR. You can find her on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/raelnb?lang=en\">\u003cem>@raelnb\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Start+To+Tease+Out+The+Subtler+Ways+Racism+Hurts+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The biological effects of lifelong exposure to racism or other sorts of discrimination can be complicated, scientists say, but likely tap into the same mechanisms as other types of chronic stress.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1510965733,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2479},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism | KQED","description":"The biological effects of lifelong exposure to racism or other sorts of discrimination can be complicated, scientists say, but likely tap into the same mechanisms as other types of chronic stress.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism","datePublished":"2017-11-18T00:42:13.000Z","dateModified":"2017-11-18T00:42:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"437213 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437213","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/17/scientists-look-at-the-chronic-stress-of-racism/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Kim Ryu for NPR","nprStoryId":"562623815","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=562623815&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/11/562623815/scientists-start-to-tease-out-the-subtler-ways-racism-hurts-health?ft=nprml&f=562623815","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 11 Nov 2017 10:29:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 11 Nov 2017 08:07:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 11 Nov 2017 10:29:04 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2017/11/20171111_wesat_scientists_start_to_tease_out_the_subtler_ways_racism_hurts_health.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=559149737&d=349&p=7&story=562623815&ft=nprml&f=562623815","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1563475818-205d0a.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=559149737&d=349&p=7&story=562623815&ft=nprml&f=562623815","path":"/futureofyou/437213/scientists-look-at-the-chronic-stress-of-racism","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2017/11/20171111_wesat_scientists_start_to_tease_out_the_subtler_ways_racism_hurts_health.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=559149737&d=349&p=7&story=562623815&ft=nprml&f=562623815","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The day Dr. Roberto Montenegro finished his Ph.D. was memorable. But not for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still cringe when I think about it,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It had started well. His colleagues at UCLA had taken him and his girlfriend (now wife) out to a fancy restaurant to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was dressed up in the fanciest suit I had at the time and my wife looked beautiful, like always,\" he says. \"We laughed and we ate and we were excited we didn't have to pay for this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro was elated — celebrating a hard-won step toward his dream of becoming a physician-scientist. There had been so many late nights, so much work. But now, he had a Ph.D. in sociology and was headed to medical school at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt like a king,\" Montenegro \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2521973?resultClick=1\">wrote\u003c/a> in an article for the journal \u003cem>JAMA \u003c/em>last year. At the end of the evening, the couple got in line to pick up their car from the valet outside. They were third in line when a Jaguar pulled up to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And you see this woman get out of her car,\" says Montenegro. The woman must not have seen the valets, though they were wearing red vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She passes the first couple, she passes the second couple, she gets to me and she hands me her keys,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valets, Montenegro says, looked Latino — like him. The woman, who wasn't, assumed he was a valet, too. He was so shocked he just took the keys as she dropped them into his hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know what to say, what to do,\" Montenegro says. \"But I vividly remember turning red, and I don't often turn red. And I remember my heart pounding. I remember feeling really confused and hurt and angry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five minutes later, still standing in line waiting for his car, it happened again. Another person handed him their keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was at the pinnacle of my celebration, and with one swift action, I was dismissed, he wrote in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>. \"I was made invisible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't the first time that Montenegro had run into racist assumptions, and it wouldn't be the last. At various research conferences, academics he doesn't know have tried to order drinks from him. In medical school and during his medical residency, he was sometimes assumed to be a technician at the hospital — even when wearing his white doctor's coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes you question yourself and makes you feel confused and shocked,\" he says. \"It was a constant reminder of feeling like I would never fit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">Montenegro\u003c/a>, who now has an M.D. in addition to his Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow in child psychiatry at Seattle Children's Hospital. He is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">a growing group of scientists\u003c/a> who are trying to answer some big, complicated questions: What does the repeated experience of discrimination actually do to your body? And could such experiences be partially responsible for health disparities that exist among different groups in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individually these incidents seem benign,\" Montenegro says. \"But cumulatively I believe that they act like sort of low-grade microtraumas that can that end up hurting you and your biology. It's not just having your feelings hurt. It's having your biology hurt as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A poll recently released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that roughly a third of Latinos in America report they've experienced various kinds of discrimination in their lives based on ethnicity — including when applying for jobs, being paid or promoted equally, seeking housing or experiencing ethnic slurs or offensive comments or assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/amani-nuru-jeter\">Amani Nuru-Jeter\u003c/a>, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is another researcher working to find out how, as she puts it, racism gets under the skin. \"How does the lived and social experience of race turn into racial differences in health — into higher levels of Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease or higher rates of infant mortality?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, black children are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm\">twice as likely\u003c/a> as white children to develop asthma, health statistics suggest. And racial and ethnic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.pdf\">gaps in infant mortality\u003c/a> have persisted for as long as researchers have been collecting data. People with diabetes who are members of racial and ethnic minorities are \u003ca href=\"http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/advocacy-priorities/health-disparities.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">more likely\u003c/a> to have complications like kidney failure, or to require amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics might partially explain some of the differences, Nuru-Jeter says. Research has suggested that different populations may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/481092103/scientsts-seek-genetic-clues-to-why-asthma-is-deadlier-in-blacks\">respond differently to some asthma drugs\u003c/a>, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's not an adequate explanation for the very persistent dramatic differences we see in health outcomes between racial groups,\" she says. And public health researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442603/\">have found\u003c/a> that health disparities remain even after they take into account any differences in income and education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuru-Jeter and others hypothesize that chronic stress might be a key way racism contributes to health disparities. The idea is that the stress of experiencing discrimination over and over might wear you down physically over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's go back to how Montenegro remembers feeling that night when strangers assumed he was a valet. He said he was \"turning red,\" his heart was \"pounding.\" Those are signs his body was feeling acutely stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you start to worry about something, whether that's race or something else, then that initiates a biological stress response,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol shoot up, readying your body to flee or fight. Those hormones can help you kick into action to escape a wild animal, for example, or to run after a bus. Under such circumstances, the ability to experience stress and quickly respond can be benign — and valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source of the perceived threat, the physical response — higher levels of stress hormones, a faster heart rate — usually subside once the threat has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what we expect to happen,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research suggests bad things happen when your body has to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444451363/childhood-stress-may-prime-pump-for-chronic-disease-later\">gear up for threats too often\u003c/a>, consistently washing itself in stress hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prolonged elevation [and] circulation of the stress hormones in our bodies can be very toxic and compromise our body's ability to regulate key biological systems like our cardiovascular system, our inflammatory system, our neuroendocrine system,\" Nuru-Jeter says. \"It just gets us really out of whack and leaves us susceptible to a bunch of poor health outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763623/\">documented\u003c/a> similar stress reactions in response to racism, and even in response to \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">the mere \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">expectation\u003c/a> of a racist encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying black women, for example, she has found that chronic stress from frequent racist encounters is associated with \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/Suppl_22/A9550.short\">chronic low-grade inflammation\u003c/a> — a little like having a low fever all the time. Nuru-Jeter thinks it might be a sign that experiencing discrimination might dysregulate the body in a way that, over time, could put someone at a higher risk for a condition like heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this kind of research is complicated. There's no thermometer that measures degrees of racism, and it's not like scientists can take a group of people, expose some of them to discrimination, and then see how they fare compared with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless we could experimentally assign people to racist or nonracist experiences over a life course, we can't make causal connections,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.dartmouth.edu/people/zaneta-m-thayer\">Zaneta Thayer\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist at Dartmouth, who is currently looking into how discrimination experiences might influence multiple aspects of stress physiology, including cortisol and heart rate variability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers find \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/racial-discrimination-may-aggravate-asthma-study-finds\">correlations\u003c/a>, not causal links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Thayer studied 55 pregnant women in Auckland, New Zealand, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615000040\">found that\u003c/a> women who said they experienced discrimination had higher evening stress hormone levels late in pregnancy than other women who didn't cite frequent discrimination. Another study, at Duke University, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12160-007-9013-8\">found that\u003c/a> black students had higher levels of stress hormones after they heard reports of a violent, racist crime on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection isn't just with hormones. Other scientists have found correlations between discrimination and various measures of accelerated aging, including the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01596.x\">tips of people's chromosomes\u003c/a> and subtle \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/epigenetics-the-controversial-science-behind-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities/430749/\">alterations\u003c/a> in gene activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individually, such studies are rarely conclusive, Thayer says. \"There are always more questions to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collectively, she says, they form a compelling picture of how discrimination, stress and poor health might be related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes, in rare situations, researchers do get a slightly sharper glimpse of how such a connection may be playing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 12, 2008, about 900 agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — including some who arrived in a couple of Black Hawk helicopters — raided a meat processing plant in Postville, Iowa. They were looking for people who were working illegally in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/people/profile/35/Arline_T_Geronimus\">Arline T. Geronimus\u003c/a>, a behavioral scientist at the University of Michigan who has studied the event. \"It was a surprise, and it was quite extreme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some witnesses, the \u003ca href=\"http://wcfcourier.com/news/metro/in-postville-shock-but-no-surprise/article_205edba8-a0e1-59be-a16b-13ceae6628d6.html\">agents handcuffed\u003c/a> almost everyone they encountered who looked Latino. They ended up arresting more than a tenth of the town's population, detaining many for days at a fairground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zoe Lofgren, a California representative who chaired \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43682/content-detail.html\">a congressional hearing\u003c/a> on the Postville raid, detainees were treated \"like cattle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The information suggests that the people charged were rounded up, herded into a cattle arena, prodded down a cattle chute, coerced into guilty pleas and then [sent] to federal prison,\" Lofgren said at the hearing. \"This looks and feels like a cattle auction, not a criminal prosecution in the United States of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people arrested were charged with criminal fraud for knowingly working under false Social Security numbers, despite allegations of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2017/08/a-federal-judge-put-hundreds-of-immigrants-behind-bars-while-her-husband-invested-in-private-prisons/\">judicial misconduct\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/us/11immig.html\">reports\u003c/a> that few of the employees were actually guilty of that crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People lost their jobs,\" Geronimus says. \"People were afraid to go home in case there would be raids in their homes. They were sleeping in church pews. Some fled the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all accounts, it was an extremely stressful event for the approximately 400 people who were arrested and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the event also sent ripples throughout the state. Apparently, as Geronimus and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/46/3/839/2936776/Change-in-birth-outcomes-among-infants-born-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">reporte\u003c/a>d this year in the \u003cem>International Journal of Epidemiology, \u003c/em>it may even have affected the unborn children of some Iowa residents who were pregnant at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months after the raid, Geronimus says, some Latina women living in Iowa started giving birth to slightly smaller babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at birth certificates of more than 52,000 babies born in Iowa, including those born in the nine months following the raid, and in the same nine-month period one and two years earlier. They found a small but noticeable increase in the percentage of babies who weighed less than 5 1/2 pounds — the definition of what pediatricians term \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=low-birthweight-90-P02382\">low birth weight\u003c/a> — born to Latina moms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pregnant women of Latino descent throughout the state of Iowa — including those who were U.S. citizens, including those who were not right at Postville — experienced, on average, about a 24 percent greater risk of their babies having a low birth weight than they had in that very same period of time the previous year,\" Geronimus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the raid, 4.7 percent of babies born to white moms were low birth weight. After the raid, that number dropped to 4.4 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of babies with a low birth weight born to foreign-born Latina moms went up from 4.5 percent (76 babies) to 5.6 percent (98 babies). And it went up for the babies of U.S.-born Latina moms, too — from 5.3 percent (42 babies) to 6.4 percent (55 babies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that's a difference of just a few dozen children, each probably born just a few ounces underweight. But at that stage of life, a few ounces can make \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/5882\">a difference\u003c/a>, Geronimus says. Babies born small are at higher risk of dying in infancy and of having health and developmental problems later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Low birth weight in general is not higher in the Latino population than in the white population,\" Geronimus says. \"And in Iowa it was not higher before the raid, and it was not higher years after the raid. But there is a spike that happens to be exactly when the raid was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's worth noting, she says, that the effect even occurred among babies born to Latina moms who were U.S. citizens — people who shouldn't have been worried about being arrested or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So why did it suddenly spike?\" Geronimus asks. \"Well, there's a lot of research that suggests that stressful events during pregnancy can result in some complex immune, inflammatory and endocrine pathways and can increase the risk of low birth weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues think the poor treatment of people who \"looked Latino\" to the immigration agents might have caused additional stress among women outside the immediate area of the raid who were pregnant around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People could begin to worry this could happen to them or to people they know or in their communities,\" she says. \"And those worries alone can activate these physiological stress responses, even if they never did have a raid in their own hometown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, other researchers have noticed similar connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the six months following the Sept. 11 attacks in the Eastern U.S., babies born in California to moms with Arabic-sounding names had \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2006.0008\">a higher risk\u003c/a> of being born small or preterm than observed in that group during the same time period the year before — a change that didn't apply to other babies born in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both studies investigated the impacts of specific, dramatic events — and the results were consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says Geronimus. \"We could measure before and after.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she views such events as merely slivers of insight into patterns that may quietly be happening on a much larger scale among many populations. Patterns that are harder to tease out and measure — like the effects of centuries of racism against black Americans, or a persistent series of incidents involving police brutality against minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, Geronimus says, the cascade of stress that such events initiate sets the stage for health disparities in a generation of children — before they even enter the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rae Ellen Bichell is a science journalist based in Colorado. She previously covered general science and biomedical research for NPR. You can find her on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/raelnb?lang=en\">\u003cem>@raelnb\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Start+To+Tease+Out+The+Subtler+Ways+Racism+Hurts+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437213/scientists-look-at-the-chronic-stress-of-racism","authors":["byline_futureofyou_437213"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1339","futureofyou_812"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437214","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_378771":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_378771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"378771","score":null,"sort":[1493138699000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"always-exhausted-how-to-know-when-you-should-talk-to-your-doctor","title":"Always Exhausted? How to Know When You Should Talk to Your Doctor","publishDate":1493138699,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>When I ask friends how they're doing, \"tired\" is often part of the response. A 2015 YouGov.com poll \u003ca href=\"https://today.yougov.com/news/2015/06/02/sleep-and-dreams/\">found\u003c/a> 38 percent of Americans were poorly rested at least four days of the week. Research from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from a few years earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6214a5.htm\">found\u003c/a> that 15 percent of women and 10 percent of men said they were \"very tired or exhausted\" most days or every day of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very, very common,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.siuhealthcare.org/doctor/susan-t-hingle.html\">Susan Hingle\u003c/a>, chair of the board of regents for the American College of Physicians and an internist at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're tired all the time, should you worry? It can be hard not to, since a Google search will show you that fatigue can be a symptom of a host of diseases, including serious ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you go there, consider the most obvious problem, especially if you're young and otherwise healthy: Maybe you're not sleeping enough. The CDC \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0215-enough-sleep.html\">reported last year\u003c/a> that one-third of Americans aren't getting seven or more hours of sleep per day. Some studies put that percentage \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/26/475287202/many-grouchy-error-prone-workers-just-need-more-sleep\">even higher\u003c/a>. If you are a woman with children, each kid increases the odds of insufficient sleep by 50 percent, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/GetDigitalAsset/12346\">study presented\u003c/a> at the recent meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. The study did not find the same result for men with kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Feeling exhausted all the time? Don't blow it off.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It doesn't mean you should blow off your tiredness, but it does mean it might be helped by what sleep experts call \"\u003ca href=\"https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/sleep-hygiene\">sleep hygiene\u003c/a>.\" That means working backwards from the time you need to wake up and setting a bedtime so you get sufficient sleep, then sticking to it. Limit daytime napping if you don't fall asleep until late at night. Cut out the caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime. Exercise regularly. And keep screens — televisions, smartphones and tablets — out of the bedroom if possible, and stop using them an hour or two before bedtime. The light they emit and the stimulation they provide may contribute to sleep problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it doesn't seem to just be a matter of getting an hour or so more of sleep, talk to your doctor. There are a wide range of medical conditions associated with feeling tired all the time, some more serious than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We try to get [people] to define what they mean by 'tired',\" says Hingle. For example, are you sleepy during the day? Or has your ability to get around and exercise without becoming exhausted or out of breath changed? \u003ca href=\"http://www.aafp.org/about/governance/board-directors/john-meigs1.html\">John Meigs Jr.\u003c/a> a family physician in Centreville, Ala. and president of the American Academy of Family Physicians, says he has a patient who reported a decline in his stamina for turkey hunting from last season to this one. \"He couldn't walk,\" he says. \"That's a pretty big change in a year.\" That kind of exhaustion is a common sign of heart disease, he says, so it's important to get it checked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other potentially serious ailments include sleep apnea, which can cause people to feel tired all the time even if they're getting the recommended number of sleep hours per day, says Hingle. In addition to not feeling rested despite sufficient sleep, symptoms include snoring or gasping for air at night. Sleep apnea can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/06/462152276/cholesterol-provide-a-clue-about-heart-risks-from-sleep-apnea\">increase the risk of heart disease\u003c/a> and needs to be taken seriously, so bring it up with your doctor. According to the American College of Physicians, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/american-college-of-physicians-releases-new-recommendations-for-treating-obstructive-sleep-apnea\">treatments for sleep apnea\u003c/a> can include weight loss, if appropriate, or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm330932.htm\">CPAP device\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One condition many people have heard of is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/04/454335755/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-research-gains-funding-and-controversy\">chronic fatigue syndrome\u003c/a>, which is a serious disease that leads to more than everyday tiredness. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/02/11/385465667/panel-says-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-is-a-disease-and-renames-it\">According to the latest definition\u003c/a>, it includes profound fatigue that lasts for at least six months, cognitive impairment and total exhaustion after even minor exertion. Those symptoms require medical attention. The Institute of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2015/ME-CFS.aspx\">estimates\u003c/a> between 836,000 and 2.5 million Americans suffer from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people may be tired because they're anemic from losing blood, says Hingle. That might happen in women who have heavy menstrual periods, which can occur around menopause. A physician may advise you to take \u003ca href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0115/p98-s1.html\">iron supplements\u003c/a>, but you should be checked out to rule out any other causes of anemia. Colon cancer can also produce blood loss in the stool that leads to anemia, so for some people the resulting tiredness can be an early indication that they need to be tested for the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no medical evidence supporting a diagnosis of \"adrenal fatigue,\" a term that has been used to describe a group of symptoms including tiredness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hormone.org/diseases-and-conditions/adrenal/adrenal-fatigue\">according to the Endocrine Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 2 diabetes can also produce fatigue, though it would be unusual for that to be the only symptom, says Hingle. (You'd likely also be peeing a lot and thirsty all the time.) Same with hypothyroidism; it may make you tired, but you'd also probably notice changes in your skin and hair, as well as constipation, she says. Fatigue is also linked to depression and anxiety, so if you're experiencing signs of those, or have noticed your sleepiness comes on the heels of stressful life events, talk to a physician, says Meigs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/katherinehobson\">\u003cem>@katherinehobson\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=We%27re+All+Tired.+But+When+Could+Fatigue+Mean+a+Medical+Problem%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Avoiding your phone and TV at night and setting a firm bedtime might solve your problem if you feel tired a lot. But fatigue can also be a sign of disease.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1493140226,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":928},"headData":{"title":"Always Exhausted? How to Know When You Should Talk to Your Doctor | KQED","description":"Avoiding your phone and TV at night and setting a firm bedtime might solve your problem if you feel tired a lot. But fatigue can also be a sign of disease.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Always Exhausted? How to Know When You Should Talk to Your Doctor","datePublished":"2017-04-25T16:44:59.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-25T17:10:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"378771 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=378771","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/25/always-exhausted-how-to-know-when-you-should-talk-to-your-doctor/","disqusTitle":"Always Exhausted? How to Know When You Should Talk to Your Doctor","nprImageCredit":"Paul Bradbury","nprByline":"Katherine Hobson\u003cbr/>NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images/Caiaimage","nprStoryId":"525385610","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=525385610&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/04/24/525385610/we-re-all-tired-but-when-could-fatigue-mean-a-medical-problem?ft=nprml&f=525385610","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 24 Apr 2017 14:03:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 24 Apr 2017 14:03:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 24 Apr 2017 14:05:43 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/378771/always-exhausted-how-to-know-when-you-should-talk-to-your-doctor","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When I ask friends how they're doing, \"tired\" is often part of the response. A 2015 YouGov.com poll \u003ca href=\"https://today.yougov.com/news/2015/06/02/sleep-and-dreams/\">found\u003c/a> 38 percent of Americans were poorly rested at least four days of the week. Research from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from a few years earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6214a5.htm\">found\u003c/a> that 15 percent of women and 10 percent of men said they were \"very tired or exhausted\" most days or every day of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very, very common,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.siuhealthcare.org/doctor/susan-t-hingle.html\">Susan Hingle\u003c/a>, chair of the board of regents for the American College of Physicians and an internist at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're tired all the time, should you worry? It can be hard not to, since a Google search will show you that fatigue can be a symptom of a host of diseases, including serious ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you go there, consider the most obvious problem, especially if you're young and otherwise healthy: Maybe you're not sleeping enough. The CDC \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0215-enough-sleep.html\">reported last year\u003c/a> that one-third of Americans aren't getting seven or more hours of sleep per day. Some studies put that percentage \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/26/475287202/many-grouchy-error-prone-workers-just-need-more-sleep\">even higher\u003c/a>. If you are a woman with children, each kid increases the odds of insufficient sleep by 50 percent, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/GetDigitalAsset/12346\">study presented\u003c/a> at the recent meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. The study did not find the same result for men with kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Feeling exhausted all the time? Don't blow it off.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It doesn't mean you should blow off your tiredness, but it does mean it might be helped by what sleep experts call \"\u003ca href=\"https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/sleep-hygiene\">sleep hygiene\u003c/a>.\" That means working backwards from the time you need to wake up and setting a bedtime so you get sufficient sleep, then sticking to it. Limit daytime napping if you don't fall asleep until late at night. Cut out the caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime. Exercise regularly. And keep screens — televisions, smartphones and tablets — out of the bedroom if possible, and stop using them an hour or two before bedtime. The light they emit and the stimulation they provide may contribute to sleep problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it doesn't seem to just be a matter of getting an hour or so more of sleep, talk to your doctor. There are a wide range of medical conditions associated with feeling tired all the time, some more serious than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We try to get [people] to define what they mean by 'tired',\" says Hingle. For example, are you sleepy during the day? Or has your ability to get around and exercise without becoming exhausted or out of breath changed? \u003ca href=\"http://www.aafp.org/about/governance/board-directors/john-meigs1.html\">John Meigs Jr.\u003c/a> a family physician in Centreville, Ala. and president of the American Academy of Family Physicians, says he has a patient who reported a decline in his stamina for turkey hunting from last season to this one. \"He couldn't walk,\" he says. \"That's a pretty big change in a year.\" That kind of exhaustion is a common sign of heart disease, he says, so it's important to get it checked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other potentially serious ailments include sleep apnea, which can cause people to feel tired all the time even if they're getting the recommended number of sleep hours per day, says Hingle. In addition to not feeling rested despite sufficient sleep, symptoms include snoring or gasping for air at night. Sleep apnea can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/06/462152276/cholesterol-provide-a-clue-about-heart-risks-from-sleep-apnea\">increase the risk of heart disease\u003c/a> and needs to be taken seriously, so bring it up with your doctor. According to the American College of Physicians, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/american-college-of-physicians-releases-new-recommendations-for-treating-obstructive-sleep-apnea\">treatments for sleep apnea\u003c/a> can include weight loss, if appropriate, or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm330932.htm\">CPAP device\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One condition many people have heard of is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/04/454335755/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-research-gains-funding-and-controversy\">chronic fatigue syndrome\u003c/a>, which is a serious disease that leads to more than everyday tiredness. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/02/11/385465667/panel-says-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-is-a-disease-and-renames-it\">According to the latest definition\u003c/a>, it includes profound fatigue that lasts for at least six months, cognitive impairment and total exhaustion after even minor exertion. Those symptoms require medical attention. The Institute of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2015/ME-CFS.aspx\">estimates\u003c/a> between 836,000 and 2.5 million Americans suffer from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people may be tired because they're anemic from losing blood, says Hingle. That might happen in women who have heavy menstrual periods, which can occur around menopause. A physician may advise you to take \u003ca href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0115/p98-s1.html\">iron supplements\u003c/a>, but you should be checked out to rule out any other causes of anemia. Colon cancer can also produce blood loss in the stool that leads to anemia, so for some people the resulting tiredness can be an early indication that they need to be tested for the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no medical evidence supporting a diagnosis of \"adrenal fatigue,\" a term that has been used to describe a group of symptoms including tiredness, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hormone.org/diseases-and-conditions/adrenal/adrenal-fatigue\">according to the Endocrine Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 2 diabetes can also produce fatigue, though it would be unusual for that to be the only symptom, says Hingle. (You'd likely also be peeing a lot and thirsty all the time.) Same with hypothyroidism; it may make you tired, but you'd also probably notice changes in your skin and hair, as well as constipation, she says. Fatigue is also linked to depression and anxiety, so if you're experiencing signs of those, or have noticed your sleepiness comes on the heels of stressful life events, talk to a physician, says Meigs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/katherinehobson\">\u003cem>@katherinehobson\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=We%27re+All+Tired.+But+When+Could+Fatigue+Mean+a+Medical+Problem%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/378771/always-exhausted-how-to-know-when-you-should-talk-to-your-doctor","authors":["byline_futureofyou_378771"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_180","futureofyou_812"],"featImg":"futureofyou_378772","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_126729":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_126729","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"126729","score":null,"sort":[1458166619000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mindfulness-meditation-cuts-worker-stress-better-in-groups-study-says","title":"Mindfulness Meditation Cuts Worker Stress—And It’s Better in Groups","publishDate":1458166619,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Work-related stress has become a huge problem in the U.S., taking its toll on both companies and workers. A stressed-out employee is not the most productive worker, and certainly not the happiest, yet stressed-out seems to be the norm. A 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/04/09/536945/10027728/en/Workplace-Stress-on-the-Rise-With-83-of-Americans-Frazzled-by-Something-at-Work.html\" target=\"_blank\">work stress survey\u003c/a> by Harris Interactive found a whopping 83 percent of Americans said they were stressed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that some employees have gotten relief from a regular meditation practice. But a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/joem/Fulltext/2016/03000/A_Web_Based_Mindfulness_Stress_Management_Program.6.aspx#P80\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a>, from the \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/wellness\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute\u003c/a>, finds that workers get an even greater benefit if they have support \u003cem>in\u003c/em> the workplace for meditating.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We've got the best treatment outcomes in medicine. The issue is as a society we don't value being. We are a society of doers, we don't value spending time in being.\u003ccite>Jennifer Hunter,\u003cbr>\nCleveland Clinic Wellness Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Cleveland Clinic study tested how workers' stress, emotional well-being and other markers changed, after participating in the clinic's 8-week mindfulness meditation program, called \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/mobile-apps/cleveland-clinic-stress-free-healer-app\" target=\"_blank\">Stress Free Now\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers conducted the study at what has to be one of the worst possible workplaces for stress: a call center where the mostly female workforce spent all day attempting to collect debts. On tests of their psycho-emotional health, these workers had scores similar to patients with depression, and their stress levels clocked in at \"very high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At those levels, says Cleveland Clinic Director of Wellness Jennifer Hunter, life feels unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloaded, fairly constantly and without relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You almost always feel you cannot control the important things in your life,\" she says, \"that difficulties are piling up so high you cannot overcome them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers separated the workers into four groups: a control group, a group using only Stress Free Now online or on a CD, and two groups that also had a one-hour meditation and discussion group in the workplace, based on material provided in the program. One of these groups had a peer leader; the other had an outside expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that, in the group using only the Cleveland Clinic's mindfulness program online or on a CD, workers had much lower stress and much higher vitality and emotional well-being, compared to the control group. They were also less emotionally exhausted, but only slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups that participated in weekly meetings at work saw the most dramatic change. Their perceived stress dropped from very high to the national average. (While trying to collect debt, remember.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results of the study suggest these groups did better because their participation rates were higher; each week they meditated more than twice as often as the group that used the program only online or on a CD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-129591\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-129591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"iStock_000078920461_Large\" width=\"396\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\">\u003c/a>\"It's difficult for people who are highly stressed,\" says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://kesslerfoundation.org/aboutus/Allexandre%20Didier\" target=\"_blank\">Didier Allexandre\u003c/a>, a biomedical engineer with the \u003ca href=\"https://kesslerfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kessler Foundation\u003c/a>. \"They're under a lot of commitments at home, at work; it's difficult for them to take time away. So if you're providing a way for them to practice without taking time away, such as practicing during work time, it helps.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular for the workers who participated in group practice, the benefits continued after the 8-week program, so that one year later, workers' perceived stress and emotional exhaustion were still lower than at the beginning of the program (though stress did rise above the national average again), and vitality and emotional well-being were higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this paper taught me,\" Hunter says, \"is if an employer is willing to invest and give employees time to engage in a program that’s substantive, not only does it work, but you get sustained benefit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question of how to get people engaged is a big one for digital therapeutics, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/About-Us/people/Meet-Our-Research-Team/Brewer-Judson/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Judson Brewer\u003c/a>, director of research at the University of Massachusetts Medical School's \u003ca href=\"http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Mindfulness\u003c/a>. For 30 years, he says, mindfulness training has been offered in 8-week sessions with 2.5 hour weekly meetings and an all-day silent retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now there's an explosion of mindfulness apps offering to lower your stress in short sessions, even down to zero minutes of meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People call it McMindfulness,\" Brewer says. \"There's a lot of hype.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewer says it's critical that medical research develop treatments based on what kinds of digital mindfulness programs actually have a therapeutic benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question for bosses who may be considering trying a mindfulness program for employees is whether it's worth it to invest in an online/CD program alone, given that workers in the Cleveland Clinic study got such lower stress levels with the support of a weekly group meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can organize group support I would definitely encourage an employer to do this,\" Allexandre says. \"That said, they still, all of them, improved.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly American workers need something to help lower stress. Hunter says the vast majority of employees she's worked with on training -- roughly 8,000 workers in a wide range of industries -- score high or very high on stress. And fully 95 percent say they don't know what to do to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While salaries and workloads are \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2013/03/employee-needs.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">at the top\u003c/a> of workers' lists of stressful conditions, the useful thing about mindfulness, Hunter says, is it can help people respond to a bad situation with less stress, even if the situation doesn't change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've got the best treatment outcomes in medicine,\" she says. \"The issue is as a society we don't value 'being.' We are a society of doers, we don't value spending time in 'being.'\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How worker stress, emotional well-being and other markers changed after participating in 8-week mindfulness meditation program.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476934623,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":940},"headData":{"title":"Mindfulness Meditation Cuts Worker Stress—And It’s Better in Groups | KQED","description":"How worker stress, emotional well-being and other markers changed after participating in 8-week mindfulness meditation program.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mindfulness Meditation Cuts Worker Stress—And It’s Better in Groups","datePublished":"2016-03-16T22:16:59.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-20T03:37:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"126729 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=126729","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/16/mindfulness-meditation-cuts-worker-stress-better-in-groups-study-says/","disqusTitle":"Mindfulness Meditation Cuts Worker Stress—And It’s Better in Groups","path":"/futureofyou/126729/mindfulness-meditation-cuts-worker-stress-better-in-groups-study-says","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Work-related stress has become a huge problem in the U.S., taking its toll on both companies and workers. A stressed-out employee is not the most productive worker, and certainly not the happiest, yet stressed-out seems to be the norm. A 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/04/09/536945/10027728/en/Workplace-Stress-on-the-Rise-With-83-of-Americans-Frazzled-by-Something-at-Work.html\" target=\"_blank\">work stress survey\u003c/a> by Harris Interactive found a whopping 83 percent of Americans said they were stressed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that some employees have gotten relief from a regular meditation practice. But a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/joem/Fulltext/2016/03000/A_Web_Based_Mindfulness_Stress_Management_Program.6.aspx#P80\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a>, from the \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/wellness\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute\u003c/a>, finds that workers get an even greater benefit if they have support \u003cem>in\u003c/em> the workplace for meditating.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We've got the best treatment outcomes in medicine. The issue is as a society we don't value being. We are a society of doers, we don't value spending time in being.\u003ccite>Jennifer Hunter,\u003cbr>\nCleveland Clinic Wellness Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Cleveland Clinic study tested how workers' stress, emotional well-being and other markers changed, after participating in the clinic's 8-week mindfulness meditation program, called \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/mobile-apps/cleveland-clinic-stress-free-healer-app\" target=\"_blank\">Stress Free Now\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers conducted the study at what has to be one of the worst possible workplaces for stress: a call center where the mostly female workforce spent all day attempting to collect debts. On tests of their psycho-emotional health, these workers had scores similar to patients with depression, and their stress levels clocked in at \"very high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At those levels, says Cleveland Clinic Director of Wellness Jennifer Hunter, life feels unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloaded, fairly constantly and without relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You almost always feel you cannot control the important things in your life,\" she says, \"that difficulties are piling up so high you cannot overcome them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers separated the workers into four groups: a control group, a group using only Stress Free Now online or on a CD, and two groups that also had a one-hour meditation and discussion group in the workplace, based on material provided in the program. One of these groups had a peer leader; the other had an outside expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that, in the group using only the Cleveland Clinic's mindfulness program online or on a CD, workers had much lower stress and much higher vitality and emotional well-being, compared to the control group. They were also less emotionally exhausted, but only slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two groups that participated in weekly meetings at work saw the most dramatic change. Their perceived stress dropped from very high to the national average. (While trying to collect debt, remember.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results of the study suggest these groups did better because their participation rates were higher; each week they meditated more than twice as often as the group that used the program only online or on a CD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-129591\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-129591\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"iStock_000078920461_Large\" width=\"396\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/iStock_000078920461_Large-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\">\u003c/a>\"It's difficult for people who are highly stressed,\" says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://kesslerfoundation.org/aboutus/Allexandre%20Didier\" target=\"_blank\">Didier Allexandre\u003c/a>, a biomedical engineer with the \u003ca href=\"https://kesslerfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kessler Foundation\u003c/a>. \"They're under a lot of commitments at home, at work; it's difficult for them to take time away. So if you're providing a way for them to practice without taking time away, such as practicing during work time, it helps.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular for the workers who participated in group practice, the benefits continued after the 8-week program, so that one year later, workers' perceived stress and emotional exhaustion were still lower than at the beginning of the program (though stress did rise above the national average again), and vitality and emotional well-being were higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this paper taught me,\" Hunter says, \"is if an employer is willing to invest and give employees time to engage in a program that’s substantive, not only does it work, but you get sustained benefit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question of how to get people engaged is a big one for digital therapeutics, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/About-Us/people/Meet-Our-Research-Team/Brewer-Judson/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Judson Brewer\u003c/a>, director of research at the University of Massachusetts Medical School's \u003ca href=\"http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Mindfulness\u003c/a>. For 30 years, he says, mindfulness training has been offered in 8-week sessions with 2.5 hour weekly meetings and an all-day silent retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now there's an explosion of mindfulness apps offering to lower your stress in short sessions, even down to zero minutes of meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People call it McMindfulness,\" Brewer says. \"There's a lot of hype.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewer says it's critical that medical research develop treatments based on what kinds of digital mindfulness programs actually have a therapeutic benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question for bosses who may be considering trying a mindfulness program for employees is whether it's worth it to invest in an online/CD program alone, given that workers in the Cleveland Clinic study got such lower stress levels with the support of a weekly group meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can organize group support I would definitely encourage an employer to do this,\" Allexandre says. \"That said, they still, all of them, improved.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly American workers need something to help lower stress. Hunter says the vast majority of employees she's worked with on training -- roughly 8,000 workers in a wide range of industries -- score high or very high on stress. And fully 95 percent say they don't know what to do to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While salaries and workloads are \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2013/03/employee-needs.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">at the top\u003c/a> of workers' lists of stressful conditions, the useful thing about mindfulness, Hunter says, is it can help people respond to a bad situation with less stress, even if the situation doesn't change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've got the best treatment outcomes in medicine,\" she says. \"The issue is as a society we don't value 'being.' We are a society of doers, we don't value spending time in 'being.'\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/126729/mindfulness-meditation-cuts-worker-stress-better-in-groups-study-says","authors":["235"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_811","futureofyou_812","futureofyou_813"],"featImg":"futureofyou_129586","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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