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Some 1.5 million blood tests were performed on 175,000 customers — and more than 10 percent were ultimately voided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal, made with the Arizona attorney general’s office, is Theranos’s second for the week: The Silicon Valley company also told the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services that it wouldn’t conduct any blood testing for at least two years, in exchange for pared-down penalties from federal health authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the new deal, Theranos also agreed to not operate a CLIA-certified lab in Arizona for two years, starting March 28, 2017. It will pay the attorney general’s office $200,000 in civil penalties, and $25,000 in legal fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos, launched in 2003 by CEO Elizabeth Holmes, once had grand plans to revolutionize the diagnostics industry. The company claimed that its technology could run hundreds of lab tests with a single drop of blood. It partnered with Walgreens to create a network of Wellness Centers across Arizona and California, aiming to expand the direct-to-consumer diagnostics market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of damning media reports, beginning in late 2015, reversed the course of the once-promising diagnostics startup — and last summer, CMS found that Theranos’s practices in its California lab led to “immediate jeopardy to patient health and safety.” Federal health authorities banned Holmes from owning or operating a lab for two years, and Walgreens ended its partnership with Theranos — closing down the 40 Wellness Centers in Arizona and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has since switched gears, and is developing a “miniLab” device that it claims will miniaturize the entire diagnostics process into a small, table-top device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the Arizona attorney general’s office began gearing up to launch a lawsuit against Theranos and its subsidiaries, alleging consumer fraud. It claimed that Theranos violated the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act, thanks to a “long-running scheme of deceptive acts and misrepresentations relating to the capabilities of Theranos blood testing equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/18/theranos-return-every-dollar-made-tests-arizona/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The diagnostics startup says it will return $4.65 million to Arizona residents for blood testing services. Theranos also cut a deal with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to settle the agency's case against the company.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492567921,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":414},"headData":{"title":"Theranos Will Pay Millions to Arizonans, Settles With Feds | KQED","description":"The diagnostics startup says it will return $4.65 million to Arizona residents for blood testing services. Theranos also cut a deal with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to settle the agency's case against the company.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"375728 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=375728","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/18/theranos-will-pay-millions-to-arizonans-settles-with-feds/","disqusTitle":"Theranos Will Pay Millions to Arizonans, Settles With Feds","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Meghana Keshavan\u003c/br >\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/375728/theranos-will-pay-millions-to-arizonans-settles-with-feds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Embattled diagnostics startup Theranos said it will return $4.65 million to Arizona residents for the blood testing services they received between 2013 and 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone who paid for a test will receive a full refund, period,” Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich said in a statement. Some 1.5 million blood tests were performed on 175,000 customers — and more than 10 percent were ultimately voided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal, made with the Arizona attorney general’s office, is Theranos’s second for the week: The Silicon Valley company also told the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services that it wouldn’t conduct any blood testing for at least two years, in exchange for pared-down penalties from federal health authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the new deal, Theranos also agreed to not operate a CLIA-certified lab in Arizona for two years, starting March 28, 2017. It will pay the attorney general’s office $200,000 in civil penalties, and $25,000 in legal fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos, launched in 2003 by CEO Elizabeth Holmes, once had grand plans to revolutionize the diagnostics industry. The company claimed that its technology could run hundreds of lab tests with a single drop of blood. It partnered with Walgreens to create a network of Wellness Centers across Arizona and California, aiming to expand the direct-to-consumer diagnostics market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of damning media reports, beginning in late 2015, reversed the course of the once-promising diagnostics startup — and last summer, CMS found that Theranos’s practices in its California lab led to “immediate jeopardy to patient health and safety.” Federal health authorities banned Holmes from owning or operating a lab for two years, and Walgreens ended its partnership with Theranos — closing down the 40 Wellness Centers in Arizona and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has since switched gears, and is developing a “miniLab” device that it claims will miniaturize the entire diagnostics process into a small, table-top device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the Arizona attorney general’s office began gearing up to launch a lawsuit against Theranos and its subsidiaries, alleging consumer fraud. It claimed that Theranos violated the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act, thanks to a “long-running scheme of deceptive acts and misrepresentations relating to the capabilities of Theranos blood testing equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/18/theranos-return-every-dollar-made-tests-arizona/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/375728/theranos-will-pay-millions-to-arizonans-settles-with-feds","authors":["byline_futureofyou_375728"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_814","futureofyou_724","futureofyou_617"],"featImg":"futureofyou_152361","label":"source_futureofyou_375728"},"futureofyou_368185":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_368185","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"368185","score":null,"sort":[1491585658000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant","title":"What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't","publishDate":1491585658,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The genetic testing company 23andMe received \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/06/genetic-test-alzheimers/\">approval\u003c/a> this week from regulators to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, most prominently Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Before you send in your saliva sample and $199, here’s what you should know:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What will a genetic test actually tell me?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">At most, that you carry a DNA variant that, according to research, is associated with a higher risk of a disease. For the rare clotting disorder hereditary thrombophilia, for instance, the report will say that you do or do not carry a variant called Factor V Leiden in the F5 gene and a variant called Prothrombin G20210A in the F2 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>23and me is still fine-tuning the reports, but its tests will also tell you how the presence (or absence) of variants affects risk. If there’s enough science to quantify that, the report will specify a percentage, like “your risk is 3 percent.” If not, it will just say there’s an (unspecified) increased risk. Of course, you can also look it up. For Alzheimer’s, carrying two copies of the Apoe4 variant (one from each parent), as \u003ca href=\"https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih9/bioethics/guide/pdf/Master_4-2.pdf\">1 to 2 percent\u003c/a> of the population does, raises the risk of the disease to as much as 87 percent, for instance, compared to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/21/dementia-rate-decline/\">9 percent\u003c/a> in the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What diseases can 23andMe tell me about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This month, late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, the clotting disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Gaucher disease. Soon — the company hasn’t said exactly when — it will also test for genetic variants linked to factor XI deficiency (excessive bleeding), celiac disease, anemia-causing G6PD deficiency, the movement disorder early-onset primary dystonia, and the blood illness hereditary hemochromatosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the test tell me if I’m doomed to get one of these terrible disorders?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. None of the genetic variants that 23andMe tests for is what’s called “fully penetrant,” meaning that 100 percent of those who carry the variant develop the disease. By not “fully,” we mean \u003cem>really\u003c/em> not fully, as in the risk might be measured in the single-digit percentages. “It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease,” said James Beck, chief scientific officer of the Parkinson’s Foundation. The N370S variant in the GBA gene, for instance, triples the risk of Parkinson’s, Beck said, but with a baseline risk of 0.3 percent that means about a 1 percent risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Do these tests work better for some ethnic groups than others?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geneticists have studied more people of European descent than other groups, so they have more data on white people. 23andMe knows this, so its reports will include warnings such as that the test results are “most relevant for people of European descent” (for Alzheimer’s), “. . . for people of European, Ashkenazi Jewish, and North African Berber descent” (for Parkinson’s), and “. . . for people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent” (Factor XI Deficiency). With Alzheimer’s, the effect of the ApoE4 variant is weaker in African-Americans, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/07/genetic-analysis-need-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The genetic testing company 23andMe has received FDA approval to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1491589649,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":638},"headData":{"title":"What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't | KQED","description":"The genetic testing company 23andMe has received FDA approval to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"368185 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=368185","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/07/what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant/","disqusTitle":"What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/368185/what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The genetic testing company 23andMe received \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/06/genetic-test-alzheimers/\">approval\u003c/a> this week from regulators to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, most prominently Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Before you send in your saliva sample and $199, here’s what you should know:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What will a genetic test actually tell me?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">At most, that you carry a DNA variant that, according to research, is associated with a higher risk of a disease. For the rare clotting disorder hereditary thrombophilia, for instance, the report will say that you do or do not carry a variant called Factor V Leiden in the F5 gene and a variant called Prothrombin G20210A in the F2 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>23and me is still fine-tuning the reports, but its tests will also tell you how the presence (or absence) of variants affects risk. If there’s enough science to quantify that, the report will specify a percentage, like “your risk is 3 percent.” If not, it will just say there’s an (unspecified) increased risk. Of course, you can also look it up. For Alzheimer’s, carrying two copies of the Apoe4 variant (one from each parent), as \u003ca href=\"https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih9/bioethics/guide/pdf/Master_4-2.pdf\">1 to 2 percent\u003c/a> of the population does, raises the risk of the disease to as much as 87 percent, for instance, compared to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/21/dementia-rate-decline/\">9 percent\u003c/a> in the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What diseases can 23andMe tell me about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This month, late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, the clotting disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Gaucher disease. Soon — the company hasn’t said exactly when — it will also test for genetic variants linked to factor XI deficiency (excessive bleeding), celiac disease, anemia-causing G6PD deficiency, the movement disorder early-onset primary dystonia, and the blood illness hereditary hemochromatosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the test tell me if I’m doomed to get one of these terrible disorders?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. None of the genetic variants that 23andMe tests for is what’s called “fully penetrant,” meaning that 100 percent of those who carry the variant develop the disease. By not “fully,” we mean \u003cem>really\u003c/em> not fully, as in the risk might be measured in the single-digit percentages. “It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease,” said James Beck, chief scientific officer of the Parkinson’s Foundation. The N370S variant in the GBA gene, for instance, triples the risk of Parkinson’s, Beck said, but with a baseline risk of 0.3 percent that means about a 1 percent risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Do these tests work better for some ethnic groups than others?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geneticists have studied more people of European descent than other groups, so they have more data on white people. 23andMe knows this, so its reports will include warnings such as that the test results are “most relevant for people of European descent” (for Alzheimer’s), “. . . for people of European, Ashkenazi Jewish, and North African Berber descent” (for Parkinson’s), and “. . . for people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent” (Factor XI Deficiency). With Alzheimer’s, the effect of the ApoE4 variant is weaker in African-Americans, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/07/genetic-analysis-need-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/368185/what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant","authors":["byline_futureofyou_368185"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_15","futureofyou_999","futureofyou_1243","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1242","futureofyou_724"],"featImg":"futureofyou_368188","label":"source_futureofyou_368185"},"futureofyou_359508":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_359508","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"359508","score":null,"sort":[1490724038000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"psychoanalysts-fight-to-stave-off-extinction-of-their-profession","title":"Psychoanalysts Fight to Stave Off Extinction","publishDate":1490724038,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>After more than a century mining the unconscious, psychoanalysis is really showing its age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But analysts aren’t ready to give up on Sigmund yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Determined to reinvigorate their profession, they’re seeking to train a new and more diverse generation of therapists. They’re introducing the concepts underlying analysis to schoolkids. They’re holding public talks, including \u003ca href=\"http://dasunbehagen.org/event/crazy-like-fox-evil-not-psychiatric-illness-talk-steven-reisner-new-school/\" target=\"_blank\">recent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nypsi.org/#Event/45565\" target=\"_blank\">ones\u003c/a> taking an analytical view of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/30/trump-mental-health/\" target=\"_blank\">President Trump\u003c/a>. They’re opening their field to more rigorous research, sometimes in collaboration with neuroscientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. will experience mental health issues, yet psychoanalysis is now rarely covered by insurance — or considered a viable treatment option.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"\">And they’re working to persuade a skeptical public that psychoanalysis is relevant. Yes, busts of Sigmund Freud stare down anyone who enters the New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute, the oldest training center in the United States. But analysts say they’re not unduly fixated on his stages of psychosexual development or his ideas on the id, ego, and superego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“People say, ‘Oh, does that mean you’re Freudian?’” said Adele Tutter, a psychoanalyst in Manhattan. “That’s kind of like asking a modern-day nuclear physicist whether he’s Copernican. Much of what Copernicus said was not true, but it helped. It was the foundation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_361679\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-361679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/Sigmund_Freud_Veranda-800x1034.jpg\" alt=\"Sigmund Freud on the patio of his apartment in Vienna, 1912.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sigmund Freud on the patio of his apartment in Vienna, 1912. \u003ccite>(Sigmund Freud Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The foundation for psychoanalysis starts with the unconscious. Freud theorized that humans act in order to satisfy needs they don’t know exist. If patients in therapy could speak whatever came to mind — a concept known as “free association” — he thought they’d eventually push to the surface subconscious feelings that can lead to self-destructive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, practitioners are trying to make the case that such ideas have power beyond the analyst’s couch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve started applying psychoanalytic ideas outside of our offices — in schools, in agencies, in business,” said Mark Smaller, the immediate past president of the American Psychoanalytic Association. “We’ve made social issues much more on the minds of our membership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller, for instance, has been bringing psychoanalysis to at-risk teenagers at Morton Alternative School in Cicero, Ill. Now in its 12th year, Project Realize has treated more than 400 students who were expelled from regular high school for aggressive and dysfunctional behavior. Smaller said the program has helped lower violence and improve graduation rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"People say, ‘Oh, does that mean you’re Freudian?' That’s kind of like asking a modern-day nuclear physicist whether he’s Copernican.\"\u003ccite>Psychoanalyst Adele Tutter, on the public's association of modern psychoanalysis with the ideas of its founder, Sigmund Freud\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Another form of public engagement comes from an experimental psychoanalytic group called \u003ca href=\"http://dasunbehagen.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Das Unbehagen\u003c/a>. It holds public readings and performances — often on edgy topics — in hopes of drawing an audience that may be receptive to Freudian ideas.“Talking about the arts or the occult is helpful,” said Vanessa Sinclair, a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst in New York and a cofounder of the group. “I get younger people who are interested, and then I can throw psychoanalysis at them. It makes sense intuitively to a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The struggle to get more patients on the couch\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is the outreach working?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps, if the goal is public awareness. In January, the Library of Congress unveiled a digitized archive of Freud’s psychoanalytic and personal papers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/01/cold-war-freud-an-intellectual-biography-dagmar-herzog-joel-whitebook\" target=\"_blank\">Two new books\u003c/a> on Freud — one a study, the other a biography — have been published within the past six months. Essays claiming to “psychoanalyze” figures like Kanye West and Donald Trump are routinely shared across social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But analysts acknowledge it will be an uphill battle to get more patients on their couches. Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. will \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-By-the-Numbers\" target=\"_blank\">experience mental health issues\u003c/a>, yet psychoanalysis is rarely covered by insurance — or considered a viable treatment option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more emphasis on medication,” said Lisa Deutscher, vice president of the 106-year-old New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute. “Even in a rather privileged stratum of society, there are shifts away from the idea that it would be useful to spend your time doing therapy. There are greater pressures, like the fact people are on call for their jobs 24/7. It makes other commitments in life that much harder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can even be hard for would-be analysts to find the time to train. They can’t start until they’ve earned an MD, a PhD, or a license to practice clinical social work. After that, they must complete four years of coursework in psychoanalysis and 200 hours of clinical training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of all that, they have to undergo analysis for at least two years — for at least four sessions per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re requirements that fit the 1950s, when every psychologist wanted to be an analyst,” said Jamieson Webster, a psychoanalyst with a private practice in downtown Manhattan. “If you’re doing a M.D. or a Ph.D. or an L.C.S.W, the conditions of starting a private practice and having a job don’t fit with analytic training anymore. Candidates find their analytic voice at 50. That’s nuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also help explain why 52 percent of members in the American Psychoanalytic Association are between 60 and 80 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are an aging organization,” said Smaller, who runs the school program in Illinois. “When I became president-elect at age 62, it was scary that I might have been considered a Young Turk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bring in a new generation of analysts, training centers have embraced a mode of treatment called “psychoanalytic psychotherapy.” It incorporates Freudian ideas about motivation and the unconscious, yet requires only two years to learn, making it an easier and cheaper route for new candidates to join the profession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last year for the first time, the American Psychoanalytic Association offered two “diversity grants” to help training institutes develop programs to encourage diversity among their students. (The grants, however, were tiny: Just $2,500 each to the St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute and the Psychoanalysis Institute at Emory University.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A tentative embrace of neuroscience\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most radical move for psychoanalysis is to actively embrace scientific research in a quest to see how applying Freud’s theory of the mind affects the physical brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis “needs to open these concepts up to new evidence, to new terminologies, to new methods,” said Mark Solms, chair of neuropsychology at the University of Cape Town and research chair of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Blending analysis with neuroscience, he said, “is the way forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept sparked considerable resistance when Solms first proposed it in the mid-’80s. Now, though, it’s gaining acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Psychoanalysis, as I see it over the last few years, is right back at the table of science,” said Smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2010 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp-65-2-98.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">meta-analysis\u003c/a> assessing the recent body of research found that psychoanalysis is more powerful for some patients than medication and about as effective as cognitive behavior therapy, a short-term course of therapy that seeks to give patients practical tools to control conditions such as anxiety. But analysts say more rigorous research is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be open to the fact that undoubtedly some of the things we think work don’t work,” Deutscher said. “We have to know that if we’re testing our ideas, some will be proven and some will be disproven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key side effect of research: banishing a reputation that analysts are arrogant and aloof — and not willing to partner with other health care professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only in recent years that psychoanalysts started being willing to do randomized control trials and actually measure the outcomes of their treatments,” Solms said. “As that information is accumulating, it’s up to us to advertise. You must remember what we’re up against. The pharmaceutical industry is enormous and has enormous resources. It’s going to be an uphill battle, but the evidence speaks for itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/15/psychoanalyst-freud-relevant/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery\u003c/em>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Traditional Freudian analysis — lying on a couch, talking about your childhood — is now widely seen as a relic, and only 15 percent of American Psychoanalytic Association members are under 50. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1490742857,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1461},"headData":{"title":"Psychoanalysts Fight to Stave Off Extinction | KQED","description":"Traditional Freudian analysis — lying on a couch, talking about your childhood — is now widely seen as a relic, and only 15 percent of American Psychoanalytic Association members are under 50. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"359508 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=359508","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/28/psychoanalysts-fight-to-stave-off-extinction-of-their-profession/","disqusTitle":"Psychoanalysts Fight to Stave Off Extinction","customPermalink":"2017/03/27/psychoanalysis/","nprByline":"Carter Maness\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/359508/psychoanalysts-fight-to-stave-off-extinction-of-their-profession","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After more than a century mining the unconscious, psychoanalysis is really showing its age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But analysts aren’t ready to give up on Sigmund yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Determined to reinvigorate their profession, they’re seeking to train a new and more diverse generation of therapists. They’re introducing the concepts underlying analysis to schoolkids. They’re holding public talks, including \u003ca href=\"http://dasunbehagen.org/event/crazy-like-fox-evil-not-psychiatric-illness-talk-steven-reisner-new-school/\" target=\"_blank\">recent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nypsi.org/#Event/45565\" target=\"_blank\">ones\u003c/a> taking an analytical view of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/30/trump-mental-health/\" target=\"_blank\">President Trump\u003c/a>. They’re opening their field to more rigorous research, sometimes in collaboration with neuroscientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. will experience mental health issues, yet psychoanalysis is now rarely covered by insurance — or considered a viable treatment option.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"\">And they’re working to persuade a skeptical public that psychoanalysis is relevant. Yes, busts of Sigmund Freud stare down anyone who enters the New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute, the oldest training center in the United States. But analysts say they’re not unduly fixated on his stages of psychosexual development or his ideas on the id, ego, and superego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“People say, ‘Oh, does that mean you’re Freudian?’” said Adele Tutter, a psychoanalyst in Manhattan. “That’s kind of like asking a modern-day nuclear physicist whether he’s Copernican. Much of what Copernicus said was not true, but it helped. It was the foundation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_361679\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-361679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/Sigmund_Freud_Veranda-800x1034.jpg\" alt=\"Sigmund Freud on the patio of his apartment in Vienna, 1912.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1034\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sigmund Freud on the patio of his apartment in Vienna, 1912. \u003ccite>(Sigmund Freud Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The foundation for psychoanalysis starts with the unconscious. Freud theorized that humans act in order to satisfy needs they don’t know exist. If patients in therapy could speak whatever came to mind — a concept known as “free association” — he thought they’d eventually push to the surface subconscious feelings that can lead to self-destructive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, practitioners are trying to make the case that such ideas have power beyond the analyst’s couch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve started applying psychoanalytic ideas outside of our offices — in schools, in agencies, in business,” said Mark Smaller, the immediate past president of the American Psychoanalytic Association. “We’ve made social issues much more on the minds of our membership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller, for instance, has been bringing psychoanalysis to at-risk teenagers at Morton Alternative School in Cicero, Ill. Now in its 12th year, Project Realize has treated more than 400 students who were expelled from regular high school for aggressive and dysfunctional behavior. Smaller said the program has helped lower violence and improve graduation rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"People say, ‘Oh, does that mean you’re Freudian?' That’s kind of like asking a modern-day nuclear physicist whether he’s Copernican.\"\u003ccite>Psychoanalyst Adele Tutter, on the public's association of modern psychoanalysis with the ideas of its founder, Sigmund Freud\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Another form of public engagement comes from an experimental psychoanalytic group called \u003ca href=\"http://dasunbehagen.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Das Unbehagen\u003c/a>. It holds public readings and performances — often on edgy topics — in hopes of drawing an audience that may be receptive to Freudian ideas.“Talking about the arts or the occult is helpful,” said Vanessa Sinclair, a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst in New York and a cofounder of the group. “I get younger people who are interested, and then I can throw psychoanalysis at them. It makes sense intuitively to a lot of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The struggle to get more patients on the couch\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Is the outreach working?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps, if the goal is public awareness. In January, the Library of Congress unveiled a digitized archive of Freud’s psychoanalytic and personal papers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/01/cold-war-freud-an-intellectual-biography-dagmar-herzog-joel-whitebook\" target=\"_blank\">Two new books\u003c/a> on Freud — one a study, the other a biography — have been published within the past six months. Essays claiming to “psychoanalyze” figures like Kanye West and Donald Trump are routinely shared across social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But analysts acknowledge it will be an uphill battle to get more patients on their couches. Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. will \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-By-the-Numbers\" target=\"_blank\">experience mental health issues\u003c/a>, yet psychoanalysis is rarely covered by insurance — or considered a viable treatment option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more emphasis on medication,” said Lisa Deutscher, vice president of the 106-year-old New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute. “Even in a rather privileged stratum of society, there are shifts away from the idea that it would be useful to spend your time doing therapy. There are greater pressures, like the fact people are on call for their jobs 24/7. It makes other commitments in life that much harder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can even be hard for would-be analysts to find the time to train. They can’t start until they’ve earned an MD, a PhD, or a license to practice clinical social work. After that, they must complete four years of coursework in psychoanalysis and 200 hours of clinical training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of all that, they have to undergo analysis for at least two years — for at least four sessions per week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re requirements that fit the 1950s, when every psychologist wanted to be an analyst,” said Jamieson Webster, a psychoanalyst with a private practice in downtown Manhattan. “If you’re doing a M.D. or a Ph.D. or an L.C.S.W, the conditions of starting a private practice and having a job don’t fit with analytic training anymore. Candidates find their analytic voice at 50. That’s nuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also help explain why 52 percent of members in the American Psychoanalytic Association are between 60 and 80 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are an aging organization,” said Smaller, who runs the school program in Illinois. “When I became president-elect at age 62, it was scary that I might have been considered a Young Turk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To bring in a new generation of analysts, training centers have embraced a mode of treatment called “psychoanalytic psychotherapy.” It incorporates Freudian ideas about motivation and the unconscious, yet requires only two years to learn, making it an easier and cheaper route for new candidates to join the profession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last year for the first time, the American Psychoanalytic Association offered two “diversity grants” to help training institutes develop programs to encourage diversity among their students. (The grants, however, were tiny: Just $2,500 each to the St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute and the Psychoanalysis Institute at Emory University.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A tentative embrace of neuroscience\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most radical move for psychoanalysis is to actively embrace scientific research in a quest to see how applying Freud’s theory of the mind affects the physical brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis “needs to open these concepts up to new evidence, to new terminologies, to new methods,” said Mark Solms, chair of neuropsychology at the University of Cape Town and research chair of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Blending analysis with neuroscience, he said, “is the way forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept sparked considerable resistance when Solms first proposed it in the mid-’80s. Now, though, it’s gaining acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Psychoanalysis, as I see it over the last few years, is right back at the table of science,” said Smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2010 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp-65-2-98.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">meta-analysis\u003c/a> assessing the recent body of research found that psychoanalysis is more powerful for some patients than medication and about as effective as cognitive behavior therapy, a short-term course of therapy that seeks to give patients practical tools to control conditions such as anxiety. But analysts say more rigorous research is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be open to the fact that undoubtedly some of the things we think work don’t work,” Deutscher said. “We have to know that if we’re testing our ideas, some will be proven and some will be disproven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key side effect of research: banishing a reputation that analysts are arrogant and aloof — and not willing to partner with other health care professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only in recent years that psychoanalysts started being willing to do randomized control trials and actually measure the outcomes of their treatments,” Solms said. “As that information is accumulating, it’s up to us to advertise. You must remember what we’re up against. The pharmaceutical industry is enormous and has enormous resources. It’s going to be an uphill battle, but the evidence speaks for itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/15/psychoanalyst-freud-relevant/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery\u003c/em>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/359508/psychoanalysts-fight-to-stave-off-extinction-of-their-profession","authors":["byline_futureofyou_359508"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1223","futureofyou_1224","futureofyou_724"],"featImg":"futureofyou_361701","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_333254":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_333254","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"333254","score":null,"sort":[1487698776000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-we-compulsively-check-our-phones","title":"Why We Compulsively Check Our Phones","publishDate":1487698776,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It was not psychiatry’s finest hour. Just over 20 years ago a psychotherapist claimed he had discovered a new mental illness, which he named Internet Abuse Disorder. He saw it all around him: people compulsively reading websites and sending email and feeling anxious if they couldn’t. Psychiatrists and laypeople alike flocked to a listserv to share their experience with this supposed affliction, and the American Psychiatric Association appointed a task force to explore whether there was sufficient evidence to support recognizing internet “abuse” as a mental disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">An existential dread engulfs some people who are cut off from the online world.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Verdict: There wasn’t then and there isn’t now. Spending hours each day online via either mobile devices or the stationary kind is not a mental illness. In fact, the original proposal, by the late Dr. Ivan Goldberg, was meant as a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"v1Vm2rYzINUSkLHhmrEoRc3mBkYRkZme\"]More than any other behavior that people engage in compulsively, the digital version — from checking Facebook to texting — shows that just because you’re compulsive about something doesn’t mean you have a broken brain. To the contrary. As with other compulsions that fall well short of pathology, the allure of being online sheds light on some of the mind’s most salient, and utterly normal, operations, according to the latest research. From our desire to connect to the way we respond to unpredictable rewards, our minds are wired in a way that lets digital technology sink its hooks into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, a definition. A compulsive behavior is one that is repeated and chronic, and arises from a feeling of anxiety. Just as someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compulsively and repeatedly washes her hands, for instance, to alleviate the anxiety that comes from believing she is covered with germs, so mentally healthy people who behave compulsively are also driven by anxiety. (Checking one’s phone repeatedly is not considered a disorder, however, because the behavior is grounded in reality, not a delusion, and it usually doesn’t get in the way of living a normal life.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, said Moez Limayem, of the University of South Florida, who led a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/isj.12065/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">2015 study\u003c/a> on mobile use, “The underlying motivation to use a mobile phone is not pleasure,” but is instead “a response to heightened stress and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Start with the fact that many of us feel anxious if we’re not making use of every tiny slice of time. The effort required for a single online “transaction” — a click, a view, checking Instagram or Facebook — is minuscule, so much so that not texting or reading your smartphone screen feels like a greater burden than doing so. “The timescale on which you work with online technology is central to making it compelling,” said psychologist Tom Stafford of the University of Sheffield in England. “What else can you do in five seconds that’s interesting? Why not check your phone?” This is a large part of why “using the internet can be compulsive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason we often feel anxious if we’re not using every tiny slice of time is that we find it hard—even unpleasant and anxiety-producing to be alone with our thoughts, as a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/75\" target=\"_blank\">2014 study\u003c/a> showed. Researchers led by social psychologist Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia gave volunteers two options: do “nothing” for 15 minutes or give themselves a small electric shock (which three-quarters had previously told the researchers they’d pay money not to experience). Two-thirds of the men and one-quarter of the women chose the latter, so anxious were they for “something to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The untutored mind does not like to be alone with itself,” Wilson concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially when the mind encounters payoffs structured like a slot machine’s. Like those one-armed bandits, the digital world offers what are called intermittent/variable rewards: An action — pulling the slot machine’s arm, checking for texts — can bring either a payoff or nothing. Most of what fills your Twitter feed or Facebook updates is digital dross. (“Barbara changed her Facebook picture!”) Payoff: zero. But every so often, you find a gem — a friend offering Bruce Springsteen tickets, an acquaintance posting a link to the morning’s must-read Trump story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I give you a treat sometimes, you have to keep checking all the time: You don’t know when it will come,” said Stafford. “No matter how frequently you check, even if you checked only a second ago, a brilliant email might have just come in. You feel anxiety about possibly missing something.” Such low-cost, occasionally high-reward activities are catnip to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re prevented from compulsively checking for texts, the anxiety that the compulsive behavior alleviates comes roaring back. Psychologists have found that people who are separated from their smartphone experience an elevated heart rate and other signs of anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563215303332\" target=\"_blank\">2016 study\u003c/a>, volunteers who filled out a standard questionnaire about their smartphone use and emotions told researchers that they turn to their phones “to avoid negative experiences or feelings” and “to cope [with] or escape from feelings related to an anxiety-inducing situation.” Psychologist Alejandro Lleras, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who led the study, described it as a security-blanket effect, absorbing our bubbling-over anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits with studies finding that people text as a way to escape anxiety; something like 70 percent of study participants say smartphones and texting help them overcome anxiety and other negative moods. It’s become a stereotype that people in awkward (read: anxiety-provoking) situations “turn to their mobile phones as a way to disengage,” the Illinois researchers wrote, especially “during times of more intense distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lleras and a colleague gave volunteers a short writing assignment that, they explained (falsely), would be evaluated by two experts. To ratchet up the stress further, the researchers said the experts would also interview them about their essay. While waiting for that, half the volunteers had access to their mobile phones and half didn’t. Among those who were able to text and surf to their anxiety-ridden-heart’s content, half felt intense anxiety. In comparison, three-quarters of those who were deprived of their phones did, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By giving in to a compulsion to use their phone, many of the study volunteers were able to defuse much of their anxiety. “People seem to be less vulnerable to becoming stressed in anxiety-provoking situations when they have access” to their mobile phone, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only being deprived of those variable-interval rewards that makes ditching their smartphone unthinkable for many people. Because it has become our main connection to other people and the world at large, the anxiety that comes from not being able to check it arises, too, from the feeling of missing something, as if everyone else is plugged in, connected, on top of things, and you aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are people who feel, if I’m not there, if I’m not on that site, I’m missing something — something about my friends, or my health, or anything else,” said psychiatrist Dr. David Reiss, who practices in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internet exploits this FOMO, or fear of missing out. Being disconnected is synonymous with missing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making us feel we are always connected to the world, smartphones also alleviate the anxiety that otherwise floods into us from feeling alone and untethered. A character in the 2014 New York City production of Laura Eason’s play “Sex with Strangers,” learning there’s no cellphone service at a bed-and-breakfast, says, “People will think I’m dead.” People don’t like feeling dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://withoutmedia.wordpress.com/\" target=\"_blank\">2010 study\u003c/a> by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda at the University of Maryland showed how profound an existential dread engulfs people cut off from the online world. The researchers asked 200 students to abstain from using their phones and computers (and all other media) for 24 hours. Describing their experience, the students said they felt disconnected and anxious that they were missing out on something, using terms evoking compulsion: \u003cem>Frantically craving. Very anxious. Extremely antsy. Miserable. Jittery. Crazy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth reading some of their comments:“Texting and IM’ing my friends gives me a constant feeling of comfort … the fact that I was not able to communicate with anyone via technology was almost unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel so disconnected from all the people who I think are calling me, but really they aren’t half the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t take it anymore being in my room … alone … with nothing to occupy my mind so I gave up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we do miss out? If we’re not connected? If existence is defined these days by an online presence, then not being online is not to exist. Human history knows no greater motivation for action than the existential one of raging against the dying of the light. When we are not online, when we are not connected, when we miss out, we do not exist, and that causes the most unbearable and existential anxiety there is.That is how we should understand the digital compulsion: not as a pathology, but as the result of the online world’s ability to tap into something deep in the human psyche and make many of us digital casualties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/08/social-media-compulsion-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It has been adapted from Sharon Begley’s book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Cant-Just-Stop-Investigation-Compulsions/dp/1476725829\">Can’t. Just. Stop\u003c/a>.: An Investigation of Compulsions,” published by Simon & Schuster on Feb. 7.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sharon Begley can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:sharon.begley@statnews.com\">sharon.begley@statnews.com\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Sharon on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sxbegle\" target=\"_blank\">@sxbegle\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From our desire to connect to the way we respond to unpredictable rewards, our minds are wired in a way that lets digital technology sink its hooks into us.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1487719660,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1741},"headData":{"title":"Why We Compulsively Check Our Phones | KQED","description":"From our desire to connect to the way we respond to unpredictable rewards, our minds are wired in a way that lets digital technology sink its hooks into us.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"333254 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=333254","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/21/why-we-compulsively-check-our-phones/","disqusTitle":"Why We Compulsively Check Our Phones","source":"STAT","customPermalink":"2017/02/13/why-we-compulsively-check-our-phones/","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/333254/why-we-compulsively-check-our-phones","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It was not psychiatry’s finest hour. Just over 20 years ago a psychotherapist claimed he had discovered a new mental illness, which he named Internet Abuse Disorder. He saw it all around him: people compulsively reading websites and sending email and feeling anxious if they couldn’t. Psychiatrists and laypeople alike flocked to a listserv to share their experience with this supposed affliction, and the American Psychiatric Association appointed a task force to explore whether there was sufficient evidence to support recognizing internet “abuse” as a mental disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">An existential dread engulfs some people who are cut off from the online world.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Verdict: There wasn’t then and there isn’t now. Spending hours each day online via either mobile devices or the stationary kind is not a mental illness. In fact, the original proposal, by the late Dr. Ivan Goldberg, was meant as a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>More than any other behavior that people engage in compulsively, the digital version — from checking Facebook to texting — shows that just because you’re compulsive about something doesn’t mean you have a broken brain. To the contrary. As with other compulsions that fall well short of pathology, the allure of being online sheds light on some of the mind’s most salient, and utterly normal, operations, according to the latest research. From our desire to connect to the way we respond to unpredictable rewards, our minds are wired in a way that lets digital technology sink its hooks into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, a definition. A compulsive behavior is one that is repeated and chronic, and arises from a feeling of anxiety. Just as someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compulsively and repeatedly washes her hands, for instance, to alleviate the anxiety that comes from believing she is covered with germs, so mentally healthy people who behave compulsively are also driven by anxiety. (Checking one’s phone repeatedly is not considered a disorder, however, because the behavior is grounded in reality, not a delusion, and it usually doesn’t get in the way of living a normal life.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, said Moez Limayem, of the University of South Florida, who led a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/isj.12065/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">2015 study\u003c/a> on mobile use, “The underlying motivation to use a mobile phone is not pleasure,” but is instead “a response to heightened stress and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Start with the fact that many of us feel anxious if we’re not making use of every tiny slice of time. The effort required for a single online “transaction” — a click, a view, checking Instagram or Facebook — is minuscule, so much so that not texting or reading your smartphone screen feels like a greater burden than doing so. “The timescale on which you work with online technology is central to making it compelling,” said psychologist Tom Stafford of the University of Sheffield in England. “What else can you do in five seconds that’s interesting? Why not check your phone?” This is a large part of why “using the internet can be compulsive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason we often feel anxious if we’re not using every tiny slice of time is that we find it hard—even unpleasant and anxiety-producing to be alone with our thoughts, as a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/75\" target=\"_blank\">2014 study\u003c/a> showed. Researchers led by social psychologist Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia gave volunteers two options: do “nothing” for 15 minutes or give themselves a small electric shock (which three-quarters had previously told the researchers they’d pay money not to experience). Two-thirds of the men and one-quarter of the women chose the latter, so anxious were they for “something to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The untutored mind does not like to be alone with itself,” Wilson concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially when the mind encounters payoffs structured like a slot machine’s. Like those one-armed bandits, the digital world offers what are called intermittent/variable rewards: An action — pulling the slot machine’s arm, checking for texts — can bring either a payoff or nothing. Most of what fills your Twitter feed or Facebook updates is digital dross. (“Barbara changed her Facebook picture!”) Payoff: zero. But every so often, you find a gem — a friend offering Bruce Springsteen tickets, an acquaintance posting a link to the morning’s must-read Trump story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I give you a treat sometimes, you have to keep checking all the time: You don’t know when it will come,” said Stafford. “No matter how frequently you check, even if you checked only a second ago, a brilliant email might have just come in. You feel anxiety about possibly missing something.” Such low-cost, occasionally high-reward activities are catnip to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re prevented from compulsively checking for texts, the anxiety that the compulsive behavior alleviates comes roaring back. Psychologists have found that people who are separated from their smartphone experience an elevated heart rate and other signs of anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563215303332\" target=\"_blank\">2016 study\u003c/a>, volunteers who filled out a standard questionnaire about their smartphone use and emotions told researchers that they turn to their phones “to avoid negative experiences or feelings” and “to cope [with] or escape from feelings related to an anxiety-inducing situation.” Psychologist Alejandro Lleras, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who led the study, described it as a security-blanket effect, absorbing our bubbling-over anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits with studies finding that people text as a way to escape anxiety; something like 70 percent of study participants say smartphones and texting help them overcome anxiety and other negative moods. It’s become a stereotype that people in awkward (read: anxiety-provoking) situations “turn to their mobile phones as a way to disengage,” the Illinois researchers wrote, especially “during times of more intense distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lleras and a colleague gave volunteers a short writing assignment that, they explained (falsely), would be evaluated by two experts. To ratchet up the stress further, the researchers said the experts would also interview them about their essay. While waiting for that, half the volunteers had access to their mobile phones and half didn’t. Among those who were able to text and surf to their anxiety-ridden-heart’s content, half felt intense anxiety. In comparison, three-quarters of those who were deprived of their phones did, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By giving in to a compulsion to use their phone, many of the study volunteers were able to defuse much of their anxiety. “People seem to be less vulnerable to becoming stressed in anxiety-provoking situations when they have access” to their mobile phone, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only being deprived of those variable-interval rewards that makes ditching their smartphone unthinkable for many people. Because it has become our main connection to other people and the world at large, the anxiety that comes from not being able to check it arises, too, from the feeling of missing something, as if everyone else is plugged in, connected, on top of things, and you aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are people who feel, if I’m not there, if I’m not on that site, I’m missing something — something about my friends, or my health, or anything else,” said psychiatrist Dr. David Reiss, who practices in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internet exploits this FOMO, or fear of missing out. Being disconnected is synonymous with missing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making us feel we are always connected to the world, smartphones also alleviate the anxiety that otherwise floods into us from feeling alone and untethered. A character in the 2014 New York City production of Laura Eason’s play “Sex with Strangers,” learning there’s no cellphone service at a bed-and-breakfast, says, “People will think I’m dead.” People don’t like feeling dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://withoutmedia.wordpress.com/\" target=\"_blank\">2010 study\u003c/a> by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda at the University of Maryland showed how profound an existential dread engulfs people cut off from the online world. The researchers asked 200 students to abstain from using their phones and computers (and all other media) for 24 hours. Describing their experience, the students said they felt disconnected and anxious that they were missing out on something, using terms evoking compulsion: \u003cem>Frantically craving. Very anxious. Extremely antsy. Miserable. Jittery. Crazy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth reading some of their comments:“Texting and IM’ing my friends gives me a constant feeling of comfort … the fact that I was not able to communicate with anyone via technology was almost unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel so disconnected from all the people who I think are calling me, but really they aren’t half the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t take it anymore being in my room … alone … with nothing to occupy my mind so I gave up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we do miss out? If we’re not connected? If existence is defined these days by an online presence, then not being online is not to exist. Human history knows no greater motivation for action than the existential one of raging against the dying of the light. When we are not online, when we are not connected, when we miss out, we do not exist, and that causes the most unbearable and existential anxiety there is.That is how we should understand the digital compulsion: not as a pathology, but as the result of the online world’s ability to tap into something deep in the human psyche and make many of us digital casualties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/08/social-media-compulsion-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It has been adapted from Sharon Begley’s book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Cant-Just-Stop-Investigation-Compulsions/dp/1476725829\">Can’t. Just. Stop\u003c/a>.: An Investigation of Compulsions,” published by Simon & Schuster on Feb. 7.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sharon Begley can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:sharon.begley@statnews.com\">sharon.begley@statnews.com\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Sharon on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sxbegle\" target=\"_blank\">@sxbegle\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/333254/why-we-compulsively-check-our-phones","authors":["byline_futureofyou_333254"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_1183","futureofyou_724"],"featImg":"futureofyou_336284","label":"source_futureofyou_333254"},"futureofyou_101078":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_101078","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"101078","score":null,"sort":[1453490335000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-how-scientists-grow-mini-brains","title":"Watch How Scientists Grow Mini-Brains","publishDate":1453490335,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//players.brightcove.net/245991542/344c319b-6d23-4cbc-975e-c8530534af8a_default/index.html?videoId=4714066937001\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time for another \"science-is-awesome-yet-freaks-me-out\" moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this may not surprise anyone who has recently been following politics, apparently we are now in the era of the mini-brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Courtesy of the Boston Globe's Stat, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com/2016/01/21/mini-brains-science-happens/\" target=\"_blank\">video\u003c/a> about Tufts University researchers who have concocted a way to create a tiny brain using mice neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \"have perfected a recipe for growing millions of neurons inside a scaffolding of pure silk,\" Stat says. \"The neurons, drawn from mice, join together and send signals to each other, like real brains do. And they can survive in these brain-like webs for months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brains are about a centimeter long, and the webs that hold them are shaped into a doughnut-shaped cocoon made of silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It must be cool when someone asks, \"So what do you do?\" you can answer, \"I grow brains.\" But the real reason behind the project: a better understanding of how the human brain works. Currently, researchers are studying how the mini-brains respond to drugs and concussion-like injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's just hope the famous \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/21/can-a-thousand-tiny-swarming-robots-outsmart-nature/\" target=\"_blank\">tiny swarming robots\u003c/a> do not get a hold of these, lest we give up our role as the pre-eminent species on planet earth.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Time for another\"science-is-awesome-yet-freaks-me-out\" moment.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1453490410,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":221},"headData":{"title":"Watch How Scientists Grow Mini-Brains | KQED","description":"Time for another"science-is-awesome-yet-freaks-me-out" moment.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"101078 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=101078","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/22/watch-how-scientists-grow-mini-brains/","disqusTitle":"Watch How Scientists Grow Mini-Brains","path":"/futureofyou/101078/watch-how-scientists-grow-mini-brains","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//players.brightcove.net/245991542/344c319b-6d23-4cbc-975e-c8530534af8a_default/index.html?videoId=4714066937001\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time for another \"science-is-awesome-yet-freaks-me-out\" moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this may not surprise anyone who has recently been following politics, apparently we are now in the era of the mini-brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Courtesy of the Boston Globe's Stat, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com/2016/01/21/mini-brains-science-happens/\" target=\"_blank\">video\u003c/a> about Tufts University researchers who have concocted a way to create a tiny brain using mice neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \"have perfected a recipe for growing millions of neurons inside a scaffolding of pure silk,\" Stat says. \"The neurons, drawn from mice, join together and send signals to each other, like real brains do. And they can survive in these brain-like webs for months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brains are about a centimeter long, and the webs that hold them are shaped into a doughnut-shaped cocoon made of silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It must be cool when someone asks, \"So what do you do?\" you can answer, \"I grow brains.\" But the real reason behind the project: a better understanding of how the human brain works. Currently, researchers are studying how the mini-brains respond to drugs and concussion-like injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's just hope the famous \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/21/can-a-thousand-tiny-swarming-robots-outsmart-nature/\" target=\"_blank\">tiny swarming robots\u003c/a> do not get a hold of these, lest we give up our role as the pre-eminent species on planet earth.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/101078/watch-how-scientists-grow-mini-brains","authors":["80"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_80","futureofyou_723","futureofyou_724"],"featImg":"futureofyou_101506","label":"futureofyou_54"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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