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Social Media: And Now For the Good Parts ...
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In the Era of Instagram, Narcissism as the New Norm
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But in addition to spreading false information and interfering in the election, a new study reports, a significant number of these malevolent actors tried to sow discord over vaccines.[contextly_sidebar id=\"U9m2Xosa038xtsfDSwPz5O7TUvqWe42O\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">An \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis of Twitter accounts\u003c/a> previously identified as having been operated by Russian bots and trolls found they dove into the vaccine debate as early as January 2015, the researchers reported. They did not take one side or the other, but seemed to tweet pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine messages in roughly equal measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">On a variety of issues, the overall aim of the Russian campaign appeared to be to erode social cohesion and generate confusion by amplifying the number of voices taking part in these debates on social media. But in the case of vaccines, that could have increased the misperception that the science on their safety and effectiveness isn’t settled — as is the case — but rather that it is still subject to debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We do have a very strong suspicion that these accounts were attempting to generate discord,” said David Broniatowski, assistant professor in George Washington University’s department of engineering management and systems engineering and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published Thursday in the American Journal of Public Health, Broniatowski and his co-authors focused on Twitter, analyzing tweets from accounts that had been identified as having been operated by Russian trolls, bots, and so-called content polluters whose aim is to disseminate spam and malware. The article is titled “Weaponized Health Communications: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"9QtW5fawtVoxY4YEBFmA2GatrjvQlfvd\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers compared tweets from the accounts to a selection of tweets from other users to see if the trolls and bots commented on vaccines more frequently than average Twitter accounts. They did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, yeah, indeed, this was something that does seem to be part of the lexicon of what some of these bots and trolls use,” Broniatowski told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the division of pro- and anti-vacccine tweets was roughly equal, that still skewed the picture of views on vaccines on Twitter, he noted, pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/02/02/vast-majority-of-americans-say-benefits-of-childhood-vaccines-outweigh-risks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data from the Pew Trust\u003c/a> that shows the vast majority of Americans support vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve always been a little puzzled why social media looks like there are so many anti-vaxxers,” said Broniatowski. “So even if somebody’s posting 50-50, compared to the Pew data, there are going to be more anti-vaxxers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Amesh Adalja, an infectious diseases physician and senior scholar at the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said any skepticism about the safety of vaccines risks feeding the concerns of parents who are worried about having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more the vaccine ‘debate’… is amplified it gains an undeserved sense of legitimacy and gives vaccine-hesitant individuals a pretense to forgo vaccination for themselves and their children,” said Adalja, who was harshly critical of the use of vaccinations in efforts to turn people against each other, calling it “overtly nihilistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for Twitter said that malicious accounts “are likely to target virtually any high profile conversation, since that’s where the views are.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"Q4N5GXoIo4iApYaASdjmnyeqp8POWr3L\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spokesman, Ian Plunkett, told STAT that Twitter has aggressively ramped up preventive measures to try to keep such content from general users. In May, he noted, the platform identified and challenged nearly 10 million potentially automated accounts. “We put preemptive measures in place to ensure automated content is filtered from discoverable areas of the services — like trends and search. It’s possible that may users did not see this content before it was suspended,” Plunkett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts, too, were unsurprised that Russian trolls and bots would delve into vaccines discussions, given the heat the topic can generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination links to deep values around protection, health, harm, and the social contract,” said Julie Leask, an associate professor at the University of Sydney’s Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery who researches vaccine refusal. “People become highly invested in the discussion, and highly reactive to the notion that people refuse vaccines. The expression of sentiment at the margins — very pro- and very anti-vaccine — generates emotional energy and clicks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Dunn, an associate professor in the Center for Health Informatics at Australia’s Macquarie University, said responding to this type of activity by internet bots and trolls would be challenging for public health authorities and may rely on the rooting out of the malicious accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The responsibility of managing the health of online conversations may … fall to Twitter itself, and work like this demonstrating the potential for real harm to human health provides a strong impetus for Twitter to act more often and more quickly to identify, isolate, or remove bots and trolls,” Dunn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the accounts Broniatowski’s group studied have since been shut down, he said. But freeing the Twitter platform of bots and trolls is like playing whack-a-mole, he suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Leask wasn’t certain how Twitter would have an outsized impact on vaccination decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When parents decide not to vaccinate, the decision isn’t usually taken lightly and a few tweets from bots are unlikely to change this trajectory,” she said. “The decision process is much more complex and centered on beliefs, experience and notions of what it means to be a ‘good parent’ held within that community. What we still need to establish is the relative role of social media independent of the influence of peer networks.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On a variety of issues, the overall aim of the Russian campaign appeared to be to erode social cohesion and generate confusion.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1535129333,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1009},"headData":{"title":"America's Vaccine Wars Stoked By Russian Bots and Troll Armies | KQED","description":"On a variety of issues, the overall aim of the Russian campaign appeared to be to erode social cohesion and generate confusion.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"America's Vaccine Wars Stoked By Russian Bots and Troll Armies","datePublished":"2018-08-24T16:48:53.000Z","dateModified":"2018-08-24T16:48:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444068 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444068","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/24/americas-vaccine-wars-stoked-by-russian-bots-and-troll-armies/","disqusTitle":"America's Vaccine Wars Stoked By Russian Bots and Troll Armies","source":"Health","nprByline":"Helen Branswell\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/444068/americas-vaccine-wars-stoked-by-russian-bots-and-troll-armies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">In the lead-up to the 2016 U.S. election, Russian bots and trolls took to Twitter and other social media platforms to try to turn Americans against one another. But in addition to spreading false information and interfering in the election, a new study reports, a significant number of these malevolent actors tried to sow discord over vaccines.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">An \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis of Twitter accounts\u003c/a> previously identified as having been operated by Russian bots and trolls found they dove into the vaccine debate as early as January 2015, the researchers reported. They did not take one side or the other, but seemed to tweet pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine messages in roughly equal measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">On a variety of issues, the overall aim of the Russian campaign appeared to be to erode social cohesion and generate confusion by amplifying the number of voices taking part in these debates on social media. But in the case of vaccines, that could have increased the misperception that the science on their safety and effectiveness isn’t settled — as is the case — but rather that it is still subject to debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We do have a very strong suspicion that these accounts were attempting to generate discord,” said David Broniatowski, assistant professor in George Washington University’s department of engineering management and systems engineering and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published Thursday in the American Journal of Public Health, Broniatowski and his co-authors focused on Twitter, analyzing tweets from accounts that had been identified as having been operated by Russian trolls, bots, and so-called content polluters whose aim is to disseminate spam and malware. The article is titled “Weaponized Health Communications: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers compared tweets from the accounts to a selection of tweets from other users to see if the trolls and bots commented on vaccines more frequently than average Twitter accounts. They did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, yeah, indeed, this was something that does seem to be part of the lexicon of what some of these bots and trolls use,” Broniatowski told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the division of pro- and anti-vacccine tweets was roughly equal, that still skewed the picture of views on vaccines on Twitter, he noted, pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/02/02/vast-majority-of-americans-say-benefits-of-childhood-vaccines-outweigh-risks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data from the Pew Trust\u003c/a> that shows the vast majority of Americans support vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve always been a little puzzled why social media looks like there are so many anti-vaxxers,” said Broniatowski. “So even if somebody’s posting 50-50, compared to the Pew data, there are going to be more anti-vaxxers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Amesh Adalja, an infectious diseases physician and senior scholar at the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said any skepticism about the safety of vaccines risks feeding the concerns of parents who are worried about having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more the vaccine ‘debate’… is amplified it gains an undeserved sense of legitimacy and gives vaccine-hesitant individuals a pretense to forgo vaccination for themselves and their children,” said Adalja, who was harshly critical of the use of vaccinations in efforts to turn people against each other, calling it “overtly nihilistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for Twitter said that malicious accounts “are likely to target virtually any high profile conversation, since that’s where the views are.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spokesman, Ian Plunkett, told STAT that Twitter has aggressively ramped up preventive measures to try to keep such content from general users. In May, he noted, the platform identified and challenged nearly 10 million potentially automated accounts. “We put preemptive measures in place to ensure automated content is filtered from discoverable areas of the services — like trends and search. It’s possible that may users did not see this content before it was suspended,” Plunkett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts, too, were unsurprised that Russian trolls and bots would delve into vaccines discussions, given the heat the topic can generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination links to deep values around protection, health, harm, and the social contract,” said Julie Leask, an associate professor at the University of Sydney’s Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery who researches vaccine refusal. “People become highly invested in the discussion, and highly reactive to the notion that people refuse vaccines. The expression of sentiment at the margins — very pro- and very anti-vaccine — generates emotional energy and clicks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Dunn, an associate professor in the Center for Health Informatics at Australia’s Macquarie University, said responding to this type of activity by internet bots and trolls would be challenging for public health authorities and may rely on the rooting out of the malicious accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The responsibility of managing the health of online conversations may … fall to Twitter itself, and work like this demonstrating the potential for real harm to human health provides a strong impetus for Twitter to act more often and more quickly to identify, isolate, or remove bots and trolls,” Dunn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the accounts Broniatowski’s group studied have since been shut down, he said. But freeing the Twitter platform of bots and trolls is like playing whack-a-mole, he suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Leask wasn’t certain how Twitter would have an outsized impact on vaccination decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When parents decide not to vaccinate, the decision isn’t usually taken lightly and a few tweets from bots are unlikely to change this trajectory,” she said. “The decision process is much more complex and centered on beliefs, experience and notions of what it means to be a ‘good parent’ held within that community. What we still need to establish is the relative role of social media independent of the influence of peer networks.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444068/americas-vaccine-wars-stoked-by-russian-bots-and-troll-armies","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444068"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1598","futureofyou_1593","futureofyou_174","futureofyou_1527"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444070","label":"source_futureofyou_444068"},"futureofyou_442069":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442069","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442069","score":null,"sort":[1527267600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"zeynep-tufekci-how-is-our-attention-packaged-and-sold-as-a-commodity","title":"How Is Our Attention Packaged And Sold As A Commodity?","publishDate":1527267600,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.ted.com/talks/zeynep_tufekci_we_re_building_a_dystopia_just_to_make_people_click_on_ads\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Part 1 of the \u003c/em>TED Radio Hour \u003cem>episode \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/614007696/attention-please\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Attention Please\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Zeynep Tufekci's TED Talk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is it so easy to burn through an hour on YouTube or Facebook? Sociologist Zeynep Tufekci explains how advertising algorithms have turned our attention into a valuable commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Zeynep Tufekci\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://technosociology.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zeynep Tufekci\u003c/a> is a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times, writing about the Internet, technology, politics and society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is also an \u003ca href=\"https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/zeynep-tufekci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">assistant professor\u003c/a> at the University of North Carolina, a faculty associate at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard, and a former fellow at the Center for Internet Technology Policy at Princeton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was a computer programmer by profession before turning her attention to the social sciences, focusing on the impact of technology. She calls herself a \"techno-sociologist.\" She is also the author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.twitterandteargas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Zeynep+Tufekci%3A+How+Is+Our+Attention+Packaged+And+Sold+As+A+Commodity%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why is it so easy to burn through an hour on YouTube or Facebook? Sociologist Zeynep Tufekci explains how advertisting algorithms have turned our attention into a valuable commodity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1527291868,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":164},"headData":{"title":"How Is Our Attention Packaged And Sold As A Commodity? | KQED","description":"Why is it so easy to burn through an hour on YouTube or Facebook? Sociologist Zeynep Tufekci explains how advertisting algorithms have turned our attention into a valuable commodity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Is Our Attention Packaged And Sold As A Commodity?","datePublished":"2018-05-25T17:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2018-05-25T23:44:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442069 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442069","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/05/25/zeynep-tufekci-how-is-our-attention-packaged-and-sold-as-a-commodity/","disqusTitle":"How Is Our Attention Packaged And Sold As A Commodity?","source":"Technology","nprImageCredit":"Ryan Lash","nprByline":"NPR/TED Staff","nprImageAgency":"TED","nprStoryId":"614007959","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=614007959&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/25/614007959/zeynep-tufekci-how-is-our-attention-packaged-and-sold-as-a-commodity?ft=nprml&f=614007959","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 25 May 2018 10:28:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 25 May 2018 10:28:14 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 25 May 2018 10:28:14 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/ted/2018/05/20180524_ted_01.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1008&d=439&p=57&story=614007959&ft=nprml&f=614007959","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1614124613-d93771.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1008&d=439&p=57&story=614007959&ft=nprml&f=614007959","path":"/futureofyou/442069/zeynep-tufekci-how-is-our-attention-packaged-and-sold-as-a-commodity","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/ted/2018/05/20180524_ted_01.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1008&d=439&p=57&story=614007959&ft=nprml&f=614007959","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.ted.com/talks/zeynep_tufekci_we_re_building_a_dystopia_just_to_make_people_click_on_ads\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Part 1 of the \u003c/em>TED Radio Hour \u003cem>episode \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/614007696/attention-please\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Attention Please\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Zeynep Tufekci's TED Talk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is it so easy to burn through an hour on YouTube or Facebook? Sociologist Zeynep Tufekci explains how advertising algorithms have turned our attention into a valuable commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About Zeynep Tufekci\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://technosociology.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zeynep Tufekci\u003c/a> is a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times, writing about the Internet, technology, politics and society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is also an \u003ca href=\"https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/zeynep-tufekci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">assistant professor\u003c/a> at the University of North Carolina, a faculty associate at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard, and a former fellow at the Center for Internet Technology Policy at Princeton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was a computer programmer by profession before turning her attention to the social sciences, focusing on the impact of technology. She calls herself a \"techno-sociologist.\" She is also the author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.twitterandteargas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Zeynep+Tufekci%3A+How+Is+Our+Attention+Packaged+And+Sold+As+A+Commodity%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442069/zeynep-tufekci-how-is-our-attention-packaged-and-sold-as-a-commodity","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442069"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_1506","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_174","futureofyou_35"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442070","label":"source_futureofyou_442069"},"futureofyou_440409":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440409","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440409","score":null,"sort":[1521829213000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"doctors-and-drugmakers-may-be-looking-at-your-social-media","title":"Doctors and Drugmakers May Be Looking at Your Social Media","publishDate":1521829213,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When Allison Ruddick was diagnosed with stage 3 colorectal cancer in October 2014, she turned to the world of hashtags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her initial diagnosis it wasn't clear if the cancer had metastasized, so she was in for a nerve-wracking wait, she says. She wanted outside advice. \"But they don't really give you a handbook, so you search kind of anywhere for answers,\" Ruddick says. \"Social media was one of the first places I went.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the hashtags #colorectalcancer and #nevertooyoung on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, other patients were sharing a fuller picture of their experience with cancer treatments.[contextly_sidebar id=\"cdQjHydnnhf1qm80VAQ5VOhZ1zDgEbZ8\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later she found even more advice on specialized message boards. Patients posted everything from the details of their surgeries to the ice packs they liked best as they recovered. \"These weren't things that my doctor could tell me, and as much as I appreciate their expertise, it's also really limited by the fact that they've never really experienced any of this themselves,\" Ruddick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because of that experience gap, doctors and drug companies are keen to learn from online communities, too. They're analyzing social networks to get a faster, wider look into how patients react to drugs, sometimes picking up information about side effects that clinical trials missed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rule of Three\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University dermatologist \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/bernice-kwong\">Bernice Kwong\u003c/a> specializes in skin conditions that tag along with cancer treatments. In her practice and on patient message boards, she's constantly on the lookout for symptoms that could be drug reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2017, a patient came to Kwong's office with an unusual complaint\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\"I've noticed that when I work out, I just get really hot,\" he told Kwong. \"I don't sweat anymore, and I used to sweat so much.\" He was taking a drug called Tarceva, or erlotinib, that's used against lung cancer.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YV4ALpzrjOrylquldVmESZ1WsJYER2Bg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Kwong thought the problem might be hormonal. But soon after, two more of her patients at Stanford on the same drug reported that they'd also stopped sweating. \"Anytime something hits three, I think, OK, I gotta look into this a little bit more,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she hadn't seen any reports before of a lack of sweating — hypohidrosis — as a side effect for Tarceva. Her sample size of three patients was small. She'd need more data to figure things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From talking with patients and perusing online forums, Kwong knew people discussed their treatments and side effects online. In fact, hundreds of thousands of people participate in support groups and communities she'd looked at on the website \u003ca href=\"https://www.inspire.com/\">Inspire\u003c/a>. She partnered with the site with the idea that its trove of patient reports could connect more dots between hypohidrosis and Tarceva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Sharper Data Set\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspire's focused groups are filled with patients' experiences with diseases and treatment, so analyzing posts requires less filtering than Facebook or Twitter data would, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/nigam-shah\">Nigam Shah\u003c/a>, a Stanford University bioinformatics specialist who collaborated with Kwong. It also helped that the skin reactions they were interested in are relatively easy for patients to describe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the posts on Inspire's boards are less precise than insurance claims and health records typically used for studies on side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take loss of sweating. Most doctors would refer to that as hypohidrosis, so a records-based study could focus on that phrase. In online message boards there's a lot of variety. One person's \"I can't sweat anymore\" might be another's \"I'm overheating.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"b60xAgKbNdenisEddidkCVcmMXTjd0Aj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kwong, Shah and their colleagues used a deep learning algorithm to process the phrases surrounding reports of symptoms, basically finding contextual clues to identify the different ways patients referred to side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 8 million posts on Inspire from a 10-year period, 4,909 users mentioned Tarceva, or erlotinib generically. Although clinical reports don't link the drug and hypohidrosis, 23 patients wrote about the medicine and loss of sweating in the same post — a statistically significant connection, Kwong says. The research group's findings \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2673831?redirect=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>JAMA Oncology\u003c/em> in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the same approach to monitor posts about a different class of immunotherapy cancer drugs, the researchers found mentions of autoimmune blistering that also predated the clinical reports of the side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the stakes of cancer treatment, Kwong says she's inclined to help patients manage side effects instead of stopping a given drug. But earlier alerts from systems like this could have made a difference in her practice. \"If we had had this program already, I would've been looking out for [blistering] sooner and maybe I would've noticed it earlier in some patients,\" Kwong says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Clinical Trials Miss Side Effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From numbers alone, it's no surprise that clinical trials for drugs don't pick up every side effect. The Food and Drug Administration first \u003ca href=\"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/21-743_Tarceva_StatR.PDF\">approved\u003c/a> Tarceva in 2004 on the basis of a trial that enrolled 731 patients, 488 of whom received the drug. Uncommon effects might not show up in a group that size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Inspire's message boards, more than 10 times as many patients reported using Tarceva, so it's reasonable to imagine that online posts could include reports of rarer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while drug trials do collect data on side effects, their overriding goal is to find out whether or not a drug works, says \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.hms.harvard.edu/person/faculty-members/aaron-kesselheim\">Dr. Aaron Kesselheim\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at Harvard University. \"After a drug is approved, it is absolutely essential to continue to observe, follow and study the drug rigorously as it's used in a larger population to try to really get a handle on the safety of the drug,\" he says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JGYGYdpwADzgX2U5wdZePXnIkUOkoc8q\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collecting data about a drug from insurance claims and health records typically happens with quite a time lag. So mining the Internet and social media for casual patient reports is tempting, Kesselheim says, because of its potential scale and speed. But the approach also has drawbacks. \"You just get this tidal wave of data, and it's hard to know how to assess it in a rigorous and thoughtful fashion,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn't stopped drug companies from wading in. Roche has \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29446035\">sampled\u003c/a> mentions of their products from Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook and blogs to learn more about drug safety. GlaxoSmithKline has tried it too, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26798054\">analyzing\u003c/a> millions of mentions of drugs from Twitter and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the work published so far has focused on drug reactions. But scraping public social media data isn't just a matter of product safety. The company \u003ca href=\"https://www.synthesio.com/social-listening-pharma-healthcare/\">Synthesio\u003c/a> touts its social data services for drugmakers as a way to answer customer questions, conduct market research and influence purchasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surfing Responsibly\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of extending studies to mine even bigger networks, like Twitter or Facebook, for potential side effects, Kesselheim points to issues of representation and privacy. As with any analysis, a deep learning model like the one Shah used on the Inspire message boards can only make conclusions about the information it \u003cem>sees\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's hard to guarantee that message boards and social media represent all patients. In 2012, researchers gave 231 breast cancer patients in rural Michigan and Wisconsin computers, Internet access and training to use an online cancer support group. The researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556823/\">found\u003c/a> that white women were much more likely to log on and post in the group than black women. Younger women were also more likely to post information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the long-standing approach to post-approval drug studies — using health records and claims data — may be slower, Kesselheim says, they're more established. \"There are methodologies and tools that you can use in claims data to try to make sure that you are making conclusions that can be generalizable across different races and ethnicity and genders and parts of America,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the issue of privacy — patients' health records are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, whereas public data online aren't, Kesselheim says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Stanford researcher Shah, this wasn't an issue. Inspire's privacy statement tells patients their posts may be used for research if they're not private, and Shah feels comfortable following common sense rules when using public data. \"As in, if somebody did [something] with my data and I would be upset, don't do that with someone else's data,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the newness of social media makes Kesselheim wary. \"There are big questions that remain about how patient privacy is upheld in those social media contexts, and I think that's a really big issue to think about moving forward as people are trying to use those outlets to provide insight into drug safety and side effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a patient, Ruddick isn't bothered by the idea of researchers and pharmaceutical companies studying data from social media and patient message boards, as long as the data are public or there's mention of data sharing in a privacy statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She works as a communications director in New York City, so she's thought a lot about the nature of information online. \"If I'm putting something out there on the Internet, it's for the Internet. I know the world is going to see it,\" Ruddick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She knows other patients might feel differently, but she's optimistic that analyzing patients' interactions online could improve the treatments available. \"It's one thing, being in a lab and developing these drugs,\" she says. \"But it's a completely different thing to see how they're being used out there in the world, and to see how they're affecting somebody's life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Social+Media+Can+Reveal+Overlooked+Drug+Reactions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Doctors and drugmakers are looking at patients' experiences on social media for clues on problems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521829246,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1644},"headData":{"title":"Doctors and Drugmakers May Be Looking at Your Social Media | KQED","description":"Doctors and drugmakers are looking at patients' experiences on social media for clues on problems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Doctors and Drugmakers May Be Looking at Your Social Media","datePublished":"2018-03-23T18:20:13.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-23T18:20:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440409 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440409","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/23/doctors-and-drugmakers-may-be-looking-at-your-social-media/","disqusTitle":"Doctors and Drugmakers May Be Looking at Your Social Media","source":"DIY Health","nprImageCredit":"Roy Scott","nprByline":"Menaka Wilhelm\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images/Ikon Images","nprStoryId":"593914075","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=593914075&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/23/593914075/how-social-media-can-reveal-overlooked-drug-reactions?ft=nprml&f=593914075","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 23 Mar 2018 11:28:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 23 Mar 2018 11:28:32 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 23 Mar 2018 11:28:32 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/440409/doctors-and-drugmakers-may-be-looking-at-your-social-media","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Allison Ruddick was diagnosed with stage 3 colorectal cancer in October 2014, she turned to the world of hashtags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her initial diagnosis it wasn't clear if the cancer had metastasized, so she was in for a nerve-wracking wait, she says. She wanted outside advice. \"But they don't really give you a handbook, so you search kind of anywhere for answers,\" Ruddick says. \"Social media was one of the first places I went.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the hashtags #colorectalcancer and #nevertooyoung on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, other patients were sharing a fuller picture of their experience with cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later she found even more advice on specialized message boards. Patients posted everything from the details of their surgeries to the ice packs they liked best as they recovered. \"These weren't things that my doctor could tell me, and as much as I appreciate their expertise, it's also really limited by the fact that they've never really experienced any of this themselves,\" Ruddick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because of that experience gap, doctors and drug companies are keen to learn from online communities, too. They're analyzing social networks to get a faster, wider look into how patients react to drugs, sometimes picking up information about side effects that clinical trials missed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rule of Three\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University dermatologist \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/bernice-kwong\">Bernice Kwong\u003c/a> specializes in skin conditions that tag along with cancer treatments. In her practice and on patient message boards, she's constantly on the lookout for symptoms that could be drug reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2017, a patient came to Kwong's office with an unusual complaint\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\"I've noticed that when I work out, I just get really hot,\" he told Kwong. \"I don't sweat anymore, and I used to sweat so much.\" He was taking a drug called Tarceva, or erlotinib, that's used against lung cancer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Kwong thought the problem might be hormonal. But soon after, two more of her patients at Stanford on the same drug reported that they'd also stopped sweating. \"Anytime something hits three, I think, OK, I gotta look into this a little bit more,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she hadn't seen any reports before of a lack of sweating — hypohidrosis — as a side effect for Tarceva. Her sample size of three patients was small. She'd need more data to figure things out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From talking with patients and perusing online forums, Kwong knew people discussed their treatments and side effects online. In fact, hundreds of thousands of people participate in support groups and communities she'd looked at on the website \u003ca href=\"https://www.inspire.com/\">Inspire\u003c/a>. She partnered with the site with the idea that its trove of patient reports could connect more dots between hypohidrosis and Tarceva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Sharper Data Set\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspire's focused groups are filled with patients' experiences with diseases and treatment, so analyzing posts requires less filtering than Facebook or Twitter data would, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/nigam-shah\">Nigam Shah\u003c/a>, a Stanford University bioinformatics specialist who collaborated with Kwong. It also helped that the skin reactions they were interested in are relatively easy for patients to describe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the posts on Inspire's boards are less precise than insurance claims and health records typically used for studies on side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take loss of sweating. Most doctors would refer to that as hypohidrosis, so a records-based study could focus on that phrase. In online message boards there's a lot of variety. One person's \"I can't sweat anymore\" might be another's \"I'm overheating.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kwong, Shah and their colleagues used a deep learning algorithm to process the phrases surrounding reports of symptoms, basically finding contextual clues to identify the different ways patients referred to side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 8 million posts on Inspire from a 10-year period, 4,909 users mentioned Tarceva, or erlotinib generically. Although clinical reports don't link the drug and hypohidrosis, 23 patients wrote about the medicine and loss of sweating in the same post — a statistically significant connection, Kwong says. The research group's findings \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2673831?redirect=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>JAMA Oncology\u003c/em> in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the same approach to monitor posts about a different class of immunotherapy cancer drugs, the researchers found mentions of autoimmune blistering that also predated the clinical reports of the side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the stakes of cancer treatment, Kwong says she's inclined to help patients manage side effects instead of stopping a given drug. But earlier alerts from systems like this could have made a difference in her practice. \"If we had had this program already, I would've been looking out for [blistering] sooner and maybe I would've noticed it earlier in some patients,\" Kwong says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Clinical Trials Miss Side Effects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From numbers alone, it's no surprise that clinical trials for drugs don't pick up every side effect. The Food and Drug Administration first \u003ca href=\"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/21-743_Tarceva_StatR.PDF\">approved\u003c/a> Tarceva in 2004 on the basis of a trial that enrolled 731 patients, 488 of whom received the drug. Uncommon effects might not show up in a group that size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Inspire's message boards, more than 10 times as many patients reported using Tarceva, so it's reasonable to imagine that online posts could include reports of rarer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while drug trials do collect data on side effects, their overriding goal is to find out whether or not a drug works, says \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.hms.harvard.edu/person/faculty-members/aaron-kesselheim\">Dr. Aaron Kesselheim\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at Harvard University. \"After a drug is approved, it is absolutely essential to continue to observe, follow and study the drug rigorously as it's used in a larger population to try to really get a handle on the safety of the drug,\" he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collecting data about a drug from insurance claims and health records typically happens with quite a time lag. So mining the Internet and social media for casual patient reports is tempting, Kesselheim says, because of its potential scale and speed. But the approach also has drawbacks. \"You just get this tidal wave of data, and it's hard to know how to assess it in a rigorous and thoughtful fashion,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn't stopped drug companies from wading in. Roche has \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29446035\">sampled\u003c/a> mentions of their products from Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook and blogs to learn more about drug safety. GlaxoSmithKline has tried it too, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26798054\">analyzing\u003c/a> millions of mentions of drugs from Twitter and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the work published so far has focused on drug reactions. But scraping public social media data isn't just a matter of product safety. The company \u003ca href=\"https://www.synthesio.com/social-listening-pharma-healthcare/\">Synthesio\u003c/a> touts its social data services for drugmakers as a way to answer customer questions, conduct market research and influence purchasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surfing Responsibly\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of extending studies to mine even bigger networks, like Twitter or Facebook, for potential side effects, Kesselheim points to issues of representation and privacy. As with any analysis, a deep learning model like the one Shah used on the Inspire message boards can only make conclusions about the information it \u003cem>sees\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's hard to guarantee that message boards and social media represent all patients. In 2012, researchers gave 231 breast cancer patients in rural Michigan and Wisconsin computers, Internet access and training to use an online cancer support group. The researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556823/\">found\u003c/a> that white women were much more likely to log on and post in the group than black women. Younger women were also more likely to post information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the long-standing approach to post-approval drug studies — using health records and claims data — may be slower, Kesselheim says, they're more established. \"There are methodologies and tools that you can use in claims data to try to make sure that you are making conclusions that can be generalizable across different races and ethnicity and genders and parts of America,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the issue of privacy — patients' health records are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, whereas public data online aren't, Kesselheim says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Stanford researcher Shah, this wasn't an issue. Inspire's privacy statement tells patients their posts may be used for research if they're not private, and Shah feels comfortable following common sense rules when using public data. \"As in, if somebody did [something] with my data and I would be upset, don't do that with someone else's data,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the newness of social media makes Kesselheim wary. \"There are big questions that remain about how patient privacy is upheld in those social media contexts, and I think that's a really big issue to think about moving forward as people are trying to use those outlets to provide insight into drug safety and side effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a patient, Ruddick isn't bothered by the idea of researchers and pharmaceutical companies studying data from social media and patient message boards, as long as the data are public or there's mention of data sharing in a privacy statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She works as a communications director in New York City, so she's thought a lot about the nature of information online. \"If I'm putting something out there on the Internet, it's for the Internet. I know the world is going to see it,\" Ruddick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She knows other patients might feel differently, but she's optimistic that analyzing patients' interactions online could improve the treatments available. \"It's one thing, being in a lab and developing these drugs,\" she says. \"But it's a completely different thing to see how they're being used out there in the world, and to see how they're affecting somebody's life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Social+Media+Can+Reveal+Overlooked+Drug+Reactions&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440409/doctors-and-drugmakers-may-be-looking-at-your-social-media","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440409"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_952","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_173","futureofyou_931","futureofyou_174","futureofyou_198"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440410","label":"source_futureofyou_440409"},"futureofyou_438097":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_438097","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"438097","score":null,"sort":[1517332181000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-its-like-for-a-woman-to-be-targeted-by-an-online-mob","title":"What It's Like to Be Targeted by an Online Mob","publishDate":1517332181,"format":"image","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Zoë Quinn is a video game developer who was one of several women in the industry targeted by online harassment campaigns using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_controversy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#Gamergate\u003c/a>. The harassment started after an ex-boyfriend published a disparaging blog post about Quinn, and as it spread online, her detractors multiplied, leading to the public posting of her address, the hacking of her internet accounts, and numerous rape and death threats. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This edited excerpt is from Quinn's book \"CRASH OVERRIDE: How Gamergate (Nearly) Destroyed My Life, and How We Can Win the Fight Against Online Hate,\" published in September 2017 by PublicAffairs, an imprint of the Hachette Book Group. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They were highly organized, discussing how to divide their ranks into specialized groups: one dedicated to getting me in legal trouble, one dedicated to turning all of my friends against me, and another dedicated to pushing me to kill myself.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As anyone who has ever expressed an opinion on the internet knows, it’s not all sunshine and rainbows. Every rose has its thorn, and every news story has its comments section. As the internet has graduated out of nerds’ basements and into the mainstream, its formerly separate communities have come in closer and closer contact. For years, the people who preferred hanging out in small subcultural message boards and interest-based communities stayed pretty isolated, but with the advent of social media, the people who wind up on \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Catch_a_Predator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">To Catch a Predator\u003c/a>\" now have accounts on Twitter, Facebook et al., alongside your sweet grandma — assuming your grandmother hasn’t been caught trying to lure kids into a van.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you stick mainly to mainstream sites, you’ve probably seen glimpses of the internet’s underbelly in the notorious comments sections at the bottom of news articles. The article could be about a local man saving a box of kittens from a burning building, but no matter: The comments will accuse him of hating dogs, setting the building on fire in the first place, and secretly being Barack Obama’s Kenyan uncle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably wondered two things: Who are these people, and what the hell is going on here?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.crashoverridenetwork.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crash Override Network\u003c/a> -- organization dedicated to fighting online abuse and providing assistance to victims, co-founded by Zoë Quinn. Includes automated \u003ca href=\"http://www.crashoverridenetwork.com/coach.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cybersecurity helper\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>My teenaged obsession with shock sites like \u003ca href=\"https://theoutline.com/post/2549/rotten-com-is-offline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rotten.com\u003c/a> started a lifelong hobby of spelunking through the weird pockets of the internet. This exploration taught me a lot (and, uh . . . showed me a lot) and exposed the fact that internet culture is essentially a magnificent patchwork of specific subcultures — good, bad and strange as hell. For every harmless community of users into really specific sexual kinks, there is a place like Bareback Exchange, a forum for people who get off on transmitting STDs to as many people as possible, often without consent. For every community of angsty kids who pretend they are secretly vampires, there are seven different forums of white nationalists who sincerely believe that Jewish people are secretly vampires. For every geeky and silly toy collector’s community, there are forums full of dudes collecting upskirt photos of random women and girls who had no idea they were about to become porn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-438546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"352\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-160x243.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-240x365.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-375x570.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-520x790.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\">\u003c/a>Attempting to explain anonymous message-board culture to the uninitiated is a lot like trying to explain an inside joke — you can lay out the particulars, but it won’t carry the same weight or meaning. It’s complicated and difficult to parse, like most things about internet culture, but here’s a brief overview. Opened in 1999, a Japanese site called 2channel was the first board in this genre. An anonymous board where admins are virtually nonexistent, this site has enabled corporate whistleblowing as well as frank, open exchanges about taboo subjects like mental health and sexuality. Alongside these generally positive discussions, the boards are teeming with slander, hate speech, porn, nationalism, and general unchecked terribleness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2channel’s American counterpart is 4chan, an image board launched by a 15-year-old boy in 2003. Fourteen years later, 4chan is a hugely influential force on the internet: “the ground zero of Western web culture,” as one journalist put it. Most of the memes you see on social media were invented there — everything from \u003ca href=\"http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/lolcats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LOLCats\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/rickroll\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rickrolling\u003c/a>. It’s also a breeding ground for not-so-cute things, including a hoax hashtag with the goal of getting young girls to #CutForBieber, campaigns to troll the social media of dead teenagers, and murderers occasionally posting pictures of their victims.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Pretty much everything we’ve been told about dealing with online abuse is wrong, but the misconception that \"trolls\" will just go away if they’re ignored is possibly the most damaging.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reddit has an even larger version of this problem, in both size and scope. Calling itself the “front page of the internet” and clocking in at 36 million user accounts, Reddit allows anyone to create a “subreddit,” a discussion area dedicated to any subculture or interest on its site. This model has allowed mentally ill people to find community without stigma, locals to exchange highly specific information about what’s good in their neighborhoods, and even President Obama to hop online and answer readers’ questions. But, like 4chan, it’s also been a hotbed for communities founded on hatred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reddit isn’t as anonymous as 4chan — users must create accounts and can be banned — but the site was created with a sort of free-speech absolutism in mind. Before it was shut down, the subreddit /r/Jailbait was a board for sharing sexualized pictures of underaged girls, and “jailbait” was the second-most-popular search term leading people to Reddit. Reddit users voted Jailbait the Best Subreddit of 2008, with double the number of votes received by the runner-up. It took six years and multiple public scandals to finally \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/society/reddit-r-jailbait-shutdown-controversy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">close it\u003c/a>. Reddit has only recently started banning other repugnant subreddits, including hateful and blatantly racist forums, though many of them live on and new ones spring up constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/10/04/zoe-quinn-on-gamergate-fighting-online-harassment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zoë Quinn on KQED Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Poorly moderated anonymous communities can have the capricious morality of any mob. In 2009, when two videos featuring the physical abuse of a domestic cat named Dusty by a person calling himself “Timmy” were posted on YouTube, the 4chan community tracked down the originator of the videos and passed his details on to the local police department. The suspect was arrested, and the cat was treated by a veterinarian and taken to a safe place. This kind of “internet detectivery” has been banned from many traditional online forums outside 4chan. It’s invasive, it’s sometimes used simply to intimidate or harass people, and the mob is often wrong, with very real consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider how a tendency for vigilante action might manifest itself in a community founded on hating people together, you can see how the results might turn scary. Stormfront, a message board for white supremacists, was founded by former Ku Klux Klan leader Don Black in 1995 and had more than 300,000 users as of May 2015. Calling it “the Web’s first and best-known hate site,” the Southern Poverty Law Center’s March 2014 intelligence report stated, “Stormfront users have been disproportionately responsible for some of the most lethal hate crimes and mass killings since the site was put up in 1995. In the past five years alone, Stormfront members have murdered close to 100 people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This escalation from hate speech to real action isn’t unique to Stormfront’s user base. Before embarking on a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/05/26/amid-multiple-warning-signs-alleged-isla-vista-killer-slipped-through-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shooting spree\u003c/a> that killed six and injured 14, Elliot Rodger posted a video on several internet forums dedicated to hating women, discussing the deeply misogynist and racist motives for his rampage. He namechecked one of these sites in his manifesto, saying he had discovered “a forum full of men who are starved of sex, just like me.” The forum had “confirmed many of the theories I had about how wicked and degenerate women really are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_438515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/zoequinn-e1516148809366.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-438515\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/zoequinn-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zoe Quinn (right), with Anita Sarkeesian, also a #Gamergate target, were guest speakers at the introduction of a UN report called '\u003ca href=\"http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2015/cyber_violence_gender%20report.pdf?v=1&d=20150924T154259\">Cyber Violence Against Women and Girls: A World-Wide Wake-Up Call\u003c/a>.' \u003ccite>(UN Women/Ryan Brown)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one piece of advice that most often gets passed around to anyone who experiences harassment or abuse on the internet: “Don’t feed the trolls.” This maxim is passed off as gospel and is applied across the board, whether you’re a kid getting into your very first Facebook argument or an experienced developer dealing with death threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This advice is wrong. Pretty much everything we’ve been told about dealing with online abuse is wrong, but the misconception that \"trolls\" will just go away if they’re ignored is possibly the most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of behavior is not just about terrorizing you; it’s about control. It’s about making you want to disappear, instilling fear and limiting your possibilities. It’s about punishing you for stepping out of line. It’s about isolating and hurting you in specific ways to provoke a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Anyone to whom I had public ties began to receive nude photos of me and pressure to publicly denounce me or become their next target.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In my case, it became obvious that my attackers’ dream was to get me to stop “feeding the trolls” and shut up. They didn’t want to tease me; they wanted me gone. There were countless forms of harassment — the same channels that I had used to talk with friends, grow my business, and share weird videos were now full of threats, slurs, and all manner of nastiness. It escalated to include sexual or violent images with my face Photoshopped into them. My inbox started to fill up with pictures of women being raped. As strangers stalked through everything I had said or done online since I was 12, looking for more ammo, lies and conspiracy theories about me snowballed into weirder and more extreme accusations. These would then be blasted out widely, and also directly to my colleagues in games. Anyone to whom I had public ties began to receive nude photos of me and pressure to publicly denounce me or become their next target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tools of Abuse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one thing to have a single person going after you with all of the above tactics; it’s something else entirely when a community forms around doing so. The networked nature of the internet doesn’t just make it easier for stalkers to find you; it also makes it easier for them to find each other. These tools of abuse serve both as an attack in and of themselves and as a rallying cry. They’re meant to be shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you’re the target of abuse like this, you’re basically screwed. Not only does the scope of abuse that you face increase exponentially with every single signal boost from a new member of the mob, but all of the good things about the web’s ability to bring people together are turned against you. The same techniques that people have used to organize important grassroots movements can be used by people trying to destroy someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"mlpZZdvOLAdS7bEg7MHbtPNH4WgpVTAX\"]Attacking you becomes a participatory game in which people try to one-up each other in terms of who can get to you the most. In my case, I was struck by how many of the threats or disgusting remarks sent my way were made so publicly, usually while tagging other people. The ones that were especially vicious were rewarded with likes, shares, and people joining in on the abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This phenomenon is often referred to as “dogpiling.” The cool remix culture that facilitates the spread of fanart and memes suddenly becomes a powerful tool to hurt someone. Photos and videos of you are Photoshopped to label you a whore or to make you look uglier or fatter and then shared the same way cute pictures of cats are. Memes are easily co-opted by other people, who made reams of almost propaganda-like images with my face Photoshopped onto them. It wasn’t really about me anymore. The mob was engaging in a performative group activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of community building is quite deliberate and direct. As the 4chan threads kept growing in size and the mob gained momentum, I noticed that a chatroom had sprung up in the original posts. The chatroom participants worked as a team to try to discover personal information about everyone connected to me, referring to it as “digging” and sharing form letters and tactics on how to best alert anyone in my life that I was a horrible slut. They were highly organized, discussing how to divide their ranks into specialized groups: one dedicated to getting me in legal trouble, one dedicated to turning all of my friends against me, and another dedicated to pushing me to kill myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They shared elaborate fantasies about raping and murdering me, discussing the pros and cons of each. They talked about how to break into all of my accounts to try to find more ways to invade my privacy. They bragged about victories like flooding my game’s page with hatred and nude photos of me and went so far as to create guides to share tactics on how best to ruin my life. They even orchestrated plans to donate to various charities specifically to make themselves look like concerned citizens and not a mob of people trying to get me killed. They built friendships and bonded with each other by reinforcing their dedication to the righteous cause of taking me down, reminding themselves at every turn that they were the good guys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'For every harmless community of users into really specific sexual kinks, there is a place like Bareback Exchange, a forum for people who get off on transmitting STDs to as many people as possible.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A mob has more tools at its disposal than individual actors do. Popularity — the quantity of clicks or views on any given page — is tracked and exploited by algorithms online, and a mob is a critical mass. If thousands of people are linking to something about you, that will quickly become the first thing people see when they Google your name, regardless of whether it’s a fact-checked news article or a video about what a bitch you are. Many sites allow their user base to vote on what is good content and what’s garbage, and mobs manipulate these systems to their targets’ detriment. There are also services that direct people away from sketchy websites that contain viruses, and the mob had flooded such services with false reports to make my websites and social media accounts inaccessible. My cohorts and I call this “brigading” — when people manipulate online systems to force their target into silence or hurt the person. Mass false reporting is a common tool to try to make the legitimate sites belonging to targets of online abuse vanish, as many systems are automated to react to a large volume of reports. Law enforcement agencies and government bodies like the IRS have online reporting systems that can also be manipulated this way by a mob.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a game designer, I can spot a game being played. And the more people who join in on the “fun,” the faster you become an abstract concept for your aggressors to hate. This might sound sort of comforting or like a way to defang the attacks, but in reality, it’s the opposite — this “game” is another way that you are dehumanized, and it makes it easier for a mob to grow its ranks and escalate its attacks. You’re just data, and data doesn’t bleed. You’re a symbol, and hating you can become part of someone’s identity, just as any other hobby might. Just as they would in a game, they are always trying to make their numbers go up. And plenty of the witch hunters advance from amateur to professional.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After an ex-boyfriend published a disparaging blog post about game designer Zoë Quinn, it rapidly metastasized into a mass campaign of abuse.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1517510528,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":2792},"headData":{"title":"What It's Like to Be Targeted by an Online Mob | KQED","description":"After an ex-boyfriend published a disparaging blog post about game designer Zoë Quinn, it rapidly metastasized into a mass campaign of abuse.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What It's Like to Be Targeted by an Online Mob","datePublished":"2018-01-30T17:09:41.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-01T18:42:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"438097 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=438097","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/01/30/what-its-like-for-a-woman-to-be-targeted-by-an-online-mob/","disqusTitle":"What It's Like to Be Targeted by an Online Mob","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Zoë Quinn","path":"/futureofyou/438097/what-its-like-for-a-woman-to-be-targeted-by-an-online-mob","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Zoë Quinn is a video game developer who was one of several women in the industry targeted by online harassment campaigns using the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamergate_controversy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#Gamergate\u003c/a>. The harassment started after an ex-boyfriend published a disparaging blog post about Quinn, and as it spread online, her detractors multiplied, leading to the public posting of her address, the hacking of her internet accounts, and numerous rape and death threats. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This edited excerpt is from Quinn's book \"CRASH OVERRIDE: How Gamergate (Nearly) Destroyed My Life, and How We Can Win the Fight Against Online Hate,\" published in September 2017 by PublicAffairs, an imprint of the Hachette Book Group. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They were highly organized, discussing how to divide their ranks into specialized groups: one dedicated to getting me in legal trouble, one dedicated to turning all of my friends against me, and another dedicated to pushing me to kill myself.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As anyone who has ever expressed an opinion on the internet knows, it’s not all sunshine and rainbows. Every rose has its thorn, and every news story has its comments section. As the internet has graduated out of nerds’ basements and into the mainstream, its formerly separate communities have come in closer and closer contact. For years, the people who preferred hanging out in small subcultural message boards and interest-based communities stayed pretty isolated, but with the advent of social media, the people who wind up on \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Catch_a_Predator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">To Catch a Predator\u003c/a>\" now have accounts on Twitter, Facebook et al., alongside your sweet grandma — assuming your grandmother hasn’t been caught trying to lure kids into a van.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you stick mainly to mainstream sites, you’ve probably seen glimpses of the internet’s underbelly in the notorious comments sections at the bottom of news articles. The article could be about a local man saving a box of kittens from a burning building, but no matter: The comments will accuse him of hating dogs, setting the building on fire in the first place, and secretly being Barack Obama’s Kenyan uncle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably wondered two things: Who are these people, and what the hell is going on here?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.crashoverridenetwork.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crash Override Network\u003c/a> -- organization dedicated to fighting online abuse and providing assistance to victims, co-founded by Zoë Quinn. Includes automated \u003ca href=\"http://www.crashoverridenetwork.com/coach.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cybersecurity helper\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>My teenaged obsession with shock sites like \u003ca href=\"https://theoutline.com/post/2549/rotten-com-is-offline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rotten.com\u003c/a> started a lifelong hobby of spelunking through the weird pockets of the internet. This exploration taught me a lot (and, uh . . . showed me a lot) and exposed the fact that internet culture is essentially a magnificent patchwork of specific subcultures — good, bad and strange as hell. For every harmless community of users into really specific sexual kinks, there is a place like Bareback Exchange, a forum for people who get off on transmitting STDs to as many people as possible, often without consent. For every community of angsty kids who pretend they are secretly vampires, there are seven different forums of white nationalists who sincerely believe that Jewish people are secretly vampires. For every geeky and silly toy collector’s community, there are forums full of dudes collecting upskirt photos of random women and girls who had no idea they were about to become porn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-438546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"352\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-160x243.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-240x365.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-375x570.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/crashcover-520x790.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\">\u003c/a>Attempting to explain anonymous message-board culture to the uninitiated is a lot like trying to explain an inside joke — you can lay out the particulars, but it won’t carry the same weight or meaning. It’s complicated and difficult to parse, like most things about internet culture, but here’s a brief overview. Opened in 1999, a Japanese site called 2channel was the first board in this genre. An anonymous board where admins are virtually nonexistent, this site has enabled corporate whistleblowing as well as frank, open exchanges about taboo subjects like mental health and sexuality. Alongside these generally positive discussions, the boards are teeming with slander, hate speech, porn, nationalism, and general unchecked terribleness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2channel’s American counterpart is 4chan, an image board launched by a 15-year-old boy in 2003. Fourteen years later, 4chan is a hugely influential force on the internet: “the ground zero of Western web culture,” as one journalist put it. Most of the memes you see on social media were invented there — everything from \u003ca href=\"http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/lolcats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LOLCats\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/rickroll\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rickrolling\u003c/a>. It’s also a breeding ground for not-so-cute things, including a hoax hashtag with the goal of getting young girls to #CutForBieber, campaigns to troll the social media of dead teenagers, and murderers occasionally posting pictures of their victims.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Pretty much everything we’ve been told about dealing with online abuse is wrong, but the misconception that \"trolls\" will just go away if they’re ignored is possibly the most damaging.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reddit has an even larger version of this problem, in both size and scope. Calling itself the “front page of the internet” and clocking in at 36 million user accounts, Reddit allows anyone to create a “subreddit,” a discussion area dedicated to any subculture or interest on its site. This model has allowed mentally ill people to find community without stigma, locals to exchange highly specific information about what’s good in their neighborhoods, and even President Obama to hop online and answer readers’ questions. But, like 4chan, it’s also been a hotbed for communities founded on hatred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reddit isn’t as anonymous as 4chan — users must create accounts and can be banned — but the site was created with a sort of free-speech absolutism in mind. Before it was shut down, the subreddit /r/Jailbait was a board for sharing sexualized pictures of underaged girls, and “jailbait” was the second-most-popular search term leading people to Reddit. Reddit users voted Jailbait the Best Subreddit of 2008, with double the number of votes received by the runner-up. It took six years and multiple public scandals to finally \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/society/reddit-r-jailbait-shutdown-controversy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">close it\u003c/a>. Reddit has only recently started banning other repugnant subreddits, including hateful and blatantly racist forums, though many of them live on and new ones spring up constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/10/04/zoe-quinn-on-gamergate-fighting-online-harassment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zoë Quinn on KQED Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Poorly moderated anonymous communities can have the capricious morality of any mob. In 2009, when two videos featuring the physical abuse of a domestic cat named Dusty by a person calling himself “Timmy” were posted on YouTube, the 4chan community tracked down the originator of the videos and passed his details on to the local police department. The suspect was arrested, and the cat was treated by a veterinarian and taken to a safe place. This kind of “internet detectivery” has been banned from many traditional online forums outside 4chan. It’s invasive, it’s sometimes used simply to intimidate or harass people, and the mob is often wrong, with very real consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider how a tendency for vigilante action might manifest itself in a community founded on hating people together, you can see how the results might turn scary. Stormfront, a message board for white supremacists, was founded by former Ku Klux Klan leader Don Black in 1995 and had more than 300,000 users as of May 2015. Calling it “the Web’s first and best-known hate site,” the Southern Poverty Law Center’s March 2014 intelligence report stated, “Stormfront users have been disproportionately responsible for some of the most lethal hate crimes and mass killings since the site was put up in 1995. In the past five years alone, Stormfront members have murdered close to 100 people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This escalation from hate speech to real action isn’t unique to Stormfront’s user base. Before embarking on a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/05/26/amid-multiple-warning-signs-alleged-isla-vista-killer-slipped-through-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shooting spree\u003c/a> that killed six and injured 14, Elliot Rodger posted a video on several internet forums dedicated to hating women, discussing the deeply misogynist and racist motives for his rampage. He namechecked one of these sites in his manifesto, saying he had discovered “a forum full of men who are starved of sex, just like me.” The forum had “confirmed many of the theories I had about how wicked and degenerate women really are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_438515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/zoequinn-e1516148809366.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-438515\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/12/zoequinn-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zoe Quinn (right), with Anita Sarkeesian, also a #Gamergate target, were guest speakers at the introduction of a UN report called '\u003ca href=\"http://www.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2015/cyber_violence_gender%20report.pdf?v=1&d=20150924T154259\">Cyber Violence Against Women and Girls: A World-Wide Wake-Up Call\u003c/a>.' \u003ccite>(UN Women/Ryan Brown)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one piece of advice that most often gets passed around to anyone who experiences harassment or abuse on the internet: “Don’t feed the trolls.” This maxim is passed off as gospel and is applied across the board, whether you’re a kid getting into your very first Facebook argument or an experienced developer dealing with death threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This advice is wrong. Pretty much everything we’ve been told about dealing with online abuse is wrong, but the misconception that \"trolls\" will just go away if they’re ignored is possibly the most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of behavior is not just about terrorizing you; it’s about control. It’s about making you want to disappear, instilling fear and limiting your possibilities. It’s about punishing you for stepping out of line. It’s about isolating and hurting you in specific ways to provoke a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Anyone to whom I had public ties began to receive nude photos of me and pressure to publicly denounce me or become their next target.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In my case, it became obvious that my attackers’ dream was to get me to stop “feeding the trolls” and shut up. They didn’t want to tease me; they wanted me gone. There were countless forms of harassment — the same channels that I had used to talk with friends, grow my business, and share weird videos were now full of threats, slurs, and all manner of nastiness. It escalated to include sexual or violent images with my face Photoshopped into them. My inbox started to fill up with pictures of women being raped. As strangers stalked through everything I had said or done online since I was 12, looking for more ammo, lies and conspiracy theories about me snowballed into weirder and more extreme accusations. These would then be blasted out widely, and also directly to my colleagues in games. Anyone to whom I had public ties began to receive nude photos of me and pressure to publicly denounce me or become their next target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tools of Abuse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one thing to have a single person going after you with all of the above tactics; it’s something else entirely when a community forms around doing so. The networked nature of the internet doesn’t just make it easier for stalkers to find you; it also makes it easier for them to find each other. These tools of abuse serve both as an attack in and of themselves and as a rallying cry. They’re meant to be shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you’re the target of abuse like this, you’re basically screwed. Not only does the scope of abuse that you face increase exponentially with every single signal boost from a new member of the mob, but all of the good things about the web’s ability to bring people together are turned against you. The same techniques that people have used to organize important grassroots movements can be used by people trying to destroy someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Attacking you becomes a participatory game in which people try to one-up each other in terms of who can get to you the most. In my case, I was struck by how many of the threats or disgusting remarks sent my way were made so publicly, usually while tagging other people. The ones that were especially vicious were rewarded with likes, shares, and people joining in on the abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This phenomenon is often referred to as “dogpiling.” The cool remix culture that facilitates the spread of fanart and memes suddenly becomes a powerful tool to hurt someone. Photos and videos of you are Photoshopped to label you a whore or to make you look uglier or fatter and then shared the same way cute pictures of cats are. Memes are easily co-opted by other people, who made reams of almost propaganda-like images with my face Photoshopped onto them. It wasn’t really about me anymore. The mob was engaging in a performative group activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of community building is quite deliberate and direct. As the 4chan threads kept growing in size and the mob gained momentum, I noticed that a chatroom had sprung up in the original posts. The chatroom participants worked as a team to try to discover personal information about everyone connected to me, referring to it as “digging” and sharing form letters and tactics on how to best alert anyone in my life that I was a horrible slut. They were highly organized, discussing how to divide their ranks into specialized groups: one dedicated to getting me in legal trouble, one dedicated to turning all of my friends against me, and another dedicated to pushing me to kill myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They shared elaborate fantasies about raping and murdering me, discussing the pros and cons of each. They talked about how to break into all of my accounts to try to find more ways to invade my privacy. They bragged about victories like flooding my game’s page with hatred and nude photos of me and went so far as to create guides to share tactics on how best to ruin my life. They even orchestrated plans to donate to various charities specifically to make themselves look like concerned citizens and not a mob of people trying to get me killed. They built friendships and bonded with each other by reinforcing their dedication to the righteous cause of taking me down, reminding themselves at every turn that they were the good guys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'For every harmless community of users into really specific sexual kinks, there is a place like Bareback Exchange, a forum for people who get off on transmitting STDs to as many people as possible.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A mob has more tools at its disposal than individual actors do. Popularity — the quantity of clicks or views on any given page — is tracked and exploited by algorithms online, and a mob is a critical mass. If thousands of people are linking to something about you, that will quickly become the first thing people see when they Google your name, regardless of whether it’s a fact-checked news article or a video about what a bitch you are. Many sites allow their user base to vote on what is good content and what’s garbage, and mobs manipulate these systems to their targets’ detriment. There are also services that direct people away from sketchy websites that contain viruses, and the mob had flooded such services with false reports to make my websites and social media accounts inaccessible. My cohorts and I call this “brigading” — when people manipulate online systems to force their target into silence or hurt the person. Mass false reporting is a common tool to try to make the legitimate sites belonging to targets of online abuse vanish, as many systems are automated to react to a large volume of reports. Law enforcement agencies and government bodies like the IRS have online reporting systems that can also be manipulated this way by a mob.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a game designer, I can spot a game being played. And the more people who join in on the “fun,” the faster you become an abstract concept for your aggressors to hate. This might sound sort of comforting or like a way to defang the attacks, but in reality, it’s the opposite — this “game” is another way that you are dehumanized, and it makes it easier for a mob to grow its ranks and escalate its attacks. You’re just data, and data doesn’t bleed. You’re a symbol, and hating you can become part of someone’s identity, just as any other hobby might. Just as they would in a game, they are always trying to make their numbers go up. And plenty of the witch hunters advance from amateur to professional.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/438097/what-its-like-for-a-woman-to-be-targeted-by-an-online-mob","authors":["byline_futureofyou_438097"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_1445","futureofyou_1439","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1442","futureofyou_1446","futureofyou_1444","futureofyou_174","futureofyou_1443"],"featImg":"futureofyou_438541","label":"source_futureofyou_438097"},"futureofyou_438099":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_438099","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"438099","score":null,"sort":[1514653242000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"four-thought-provoking-book-excerpts-from-future-of-you","title":"Four Thought-Provoking Book Excerpts You May Have Missed","publishDate":1514653242,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Here at \u003cem>Future of You\u003c/em> headquarters, also known as my desk, we've posted what we think are some compelling and thought-provoking \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/book-excerpts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">book excerpts\u003c/a> over the past couple of years. If you are looking to clear your post-New Year's Eve haze, give these a read ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Stanford's Virtual Reality Lab Turned Me Into a Cow, Then Sent Me to the Slaughterhouse\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel='\"noopener'>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-150203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-1180x467.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-1180x467.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-400x158.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-800x317.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-768x304.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-960x380.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From \"We Have the Technology: How Biohackers, Foodies, Physicians, and Scientists are Transforming Human Perception, One Sense at a Time,\" by Kara Platoni\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you become a nonhuman in virtual reality, will you gain empathy? This was Platoni's experience at Stanford's Virtual Human Interaction Lab, where she was, through the magic of VR, turned into a cow then unceremoniously killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A wave of sadness and horror hits me with the word 'slaughterhouse.' The suddenness of the announcement, the feeling of being trapped, the guilt and responsibility I feel for my cow avatar, who I somehow feel is me ... it's remarkably heavy for having been in this virtual life only a few minutes.\"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/03/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>In the Era of Instagram, Narcissism as the New Norm\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/03/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-304140 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-1020x675.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-768x508.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From \"The Attention Merchants,\" by Tim Wu\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media has created an 'attention economy' that's \"devolved into a chaotic mutual admiration society, full of enterprising Narcissi,\" writes Wu. With the advent of the smartphone and Instagram, \"much of the power of a great film studio was now in every hand attached to a heart yearning for fame; not only could one create an image to rival those of the old icons of glamour, but one could put it on a platform where millions might potentially see it.\" This, Wu argues, \"warps our understanding of our own existence and its relation to others. That this should become the manner of being for us all is surely the definitive dystopic vision of late modernity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/03/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/28/how-technology-ruined-the-radiology-profession/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Has Technology Ruined the Radiology Profession?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca style=\"font-weight: bold;background-color: transparent\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/10/radiology1-e1476734001207.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-264973 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/10/radiology1-1180x818.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From “The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age,\" by Bob Wachter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because radiology was the first medical specialty to computerize, what has happened to the profession is our canary in the digital coal mine, Wachter writes. Radiology was once the \"beating heart\" of hospitals, where \"everybody from the lowliest student to the loftiest transplant surgeon\" brought films for deciphering. Now? Game changing technology has created powerful new functionality that has some wondering if radiologists have not been turned into “disembodied functionaries, more akin to servicing technicians than professional colleagues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/28/how-technology-ruined-the-radiology-profession/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/06/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Advanced Prenatal Testing Means More Gut-Wrenching Decisions Over Abortion\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/06/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-436849 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From \"The Gene Machine,\" by Bonnie Rochman\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advanced prenatal genetic testing has transformed every fetus into an \"at risk\" entity, says Rochman. \"While there are women who’d never opt for an abortion, it’s disingenuous to ignore the fact that terminating a pregnancy is one possible outcome of earlier, more sophisticated genetic tests. The issue of how people feel about disability and, in turn, how that impacts their decisions regarding abortion is an essential aspect of any discussion about advances in prenatal testing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/06/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More excerpts from Future of You:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/will-computers-ever-be-able-to-make-diagnoses-as-well-as-physicians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Will Computers Ever Be as Good as Physicians at Diagnosing Patients? \u003c/a>from “The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age,\" by Bob Wachter\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/29/clinical-trials-on-trial-the-ethics-of-withholding-life-saving-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Ethics of Withholding Lifesaving Treatment\u003c/a>, from “Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions,” by Brian Christian and Tom Griffiths\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/07/can-taking-tylenol-help-you-get-over-a-romantic-breakup-maybe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Taking Tylenol for Heartache: The Relationship Between Emotional and Physical Pain\u003c/a>, from \"We Have the Technology: How Biohackers, Foodies, Physicians, and Scientists are Transforming Human Perception, One Sense at a Time,\"\u003cem> \u003c/em>by Kara Platoni\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/23/the-online-life-as-both-liberation-and-imprisonment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Online Life, as Both Liberation and Imprisonment\u003c/a>, from \"The Four-Dimensional Human,\" by Laurence Scott\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/12/how-the-media-came-to-embrace-clickbait-an-internet-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How the Media Came to Embrace Clickbait: An Internet History\u003c/a>, from \"The Attention Merchants,\" by Tim Wu\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stanford's VR lab turns one author into a cow then kills her; digital narcissism as the new norm; advanced prenatal testing's real topic: abortion; and ... has technology ruined the radiology profession?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1515776848,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":672},"headData":{"title":"Four Thought-Provoking Book Excerpts You May Have Missed | KQED","description":"Stanford's VR lab turns one author into a cow then kills her; digital narcissism as the new norm; advanced prenatal testing's real topic: abortion; and ... has technology ruined the radiology profession?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Four Thought-Provoking Book Excerpts You May Have Missed","datePublished":"2017-12-30T17:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2018-01-12T17:07:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"438099 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=438099","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/12/30/four-thought-provoking-book-excerpts-from-future-of-you/","disqusTitle":"Four Thought-Provoking Book Excerpts You May Have Missed","path":"/futureofyou/438099/four-thought-provoking-book-excerpts-from-future-of-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here at \u003cem>Future of You\u003c/em> headquarters, also known as my desk, we've posted what we think are some compelling and thought-provoking \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/book-excerpts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">book excerpts\u003c/a> over the past couple of years. If you are looking to clear your post-New Year's Eve haze, give these a read ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Stanford's Virtual Reality Lab Turned Me Into a Cow, Then Sent Me to the Slaughterhouse\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel='\"noopener'>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-150203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-1180x467.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-1180x467.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-400x158.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-800x317.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-768x304.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/I-Am-a-Cow-960x380.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From \"We Have the Technology: How Biohackers, Foodies, Physicians, and Scientists are Transforming Human Perception, One Sense at a Time,\" by Kara Platoni\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you become a nonhuman in virtual reality, will you gain empathy? This was Platoni's experience at Stanford's Virtual Human Interaction Lab, where she was, through the magic of VR, turned into a cow then unceremoniously killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A wave of sadness and horror hits me with the word 'slaughterhouse.' The suddenness of the announcement, the feeling of being trapped, the guilt and responsibility I feel for my cow avatar, who I somehow feel is me ... it's remarkably heavy for having been in this virtual life only a few minutes.\"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/22/stanfords-virtual-reality-lab-turned-me-into-a-cow-then-sent-me-to-the-slaughterhouse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/03/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>In the Era of Instagram, Narcissism as the New Norm\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/03/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-304140 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-1020x675.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-768x508.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/HillarySelfies-520x344.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From \"The Attention Merchants,\" by Tim Wu\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media has created an 'attention economy' that's \"devolved into a chaotic mutual admiration society, full of enterprising Narcissi,\" writes Wu. With the advent of the smartphone and Instagram, \"much of the power of a great film studio was now in every hand attached to a heart yearning for fame; not only could one create an image to rival those of the old icons of glamour, but one could put it on a platform where millions might potentially see it.\" This, Wu argues, \"warps our understanding of our own existence and its relation to others. That this should become the manner of being for us all is surely the definitive dystopic vision of late modernity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/03/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/28/how-technology-ruined-the-radiology-profession/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Has Technology Ruined the Radiology Profession?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca style=\"font-weight: bold;background-color: transparent\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/10/radiology1-e1476734001207.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-264973 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/10/radiology1-1180x818.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From “The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age,\" by Bob Wachter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because radiology was the first medical specialty to computerize, what has happened to the profession is our canary in the digital coal mine, Wachter writes. Radiology was once the \"beating heart\" of hospitals, where \"everybody from the lowliest student to the loftiest transplant surgeon\" brought films for deciphering. Now? Game changing technology has created powerful new functionality that has some wondering if radiologists have not been turned into “disembodied functionaries, more akin to servicing technicians than professional colleagues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/28/how-technology-ruined-the-radiology-profession/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/06/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Advanced Prenatal Testing Means More Gut-Wrenching Decisions Over Abortion\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/06/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-436849 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2029/11/abortion_genetics1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From \"The Gene Machine,\" by Bonnie Rochman\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advanced prenatal genetic testing has transformed every fetus into an \"at risk\" entity, says Rochman. \"While there are women who’d never opt for an abortion, it’s disingenuous to ignore the fact that terminating a pregnancy is one possible outcome of earlier, more sophisticated genetic tests. The issue of how people feel about disability and, in turn, how that impacts their decisions regarding abortion is an essential aspect of any discussion about advances in prenatal testing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/06/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the excerpt\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More excerpts from Future of You:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/will-computers-ever-be-able-to-make-diagnoses-as-well-as-physicians/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Will Computers Ever Be as Good as Physicians at Diagnosing Patients? \u003c/a>from “The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age,\" by Bob Wachter\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/29/clinical-trials-on-trial-the-ethics-of-withholding-life-saving-treatment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Ethics of Withholding Lifesaving Treatment\u003c/a>, from “Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions,” by Brian Christian and Tom Griffiths\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/07/can-taking-tylenol-help-you-get-over-a-romantic-breakup-maybe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Taking Tylenol for Heartache: The Relationship Between Emotional and Physical Pain\u003c/a>, from \"We Have the Technology: How Biohackers, Foodies, Physicians, and Scientists are Transforming Human Perception, One Sense at a Time,\"\u003cem> \u003c/em>by Kara Platoni\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/23/the-online-life-as-both-liberation-and-imprisonment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Online Life, as Both Liberation and Imprisonment\u003c/a>, from \"The Four-Dimensional Human,\" by Laurence Scott\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/12/how-the-media-came-to-embrace-clickbait-an-internet-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How the Media Came to Embrace Clickbait: An Internet History\u003c/a>, from \"The Attention Merchants,\" by Tim Wu\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/438099/four-thought-provoking-book-excerpts-from-future-of-you","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1439","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1447","futureofyou_1104","futureofyou_174","futureofyou_380"],"featImg":"futureofyou_150203","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_437621":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_437621","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"437621","score":null,"sort":[1513105776000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"former-facebook-executive-says-social-media-is-danger-to-civil-society","title":"Former Facebook Executive Says Social Media is Dangerous to Civil Society","publishDate":1513105776,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://youtu.be/PMotykw0SIk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might want to post this on Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, you might not want to post this on Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Video of a former executive of the social media company that ate the world is making the rounds on the internet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chamath Palihapitiya, whose \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/chamath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LinkedIn page\u003c/a> says he was Facebook's vice president of user growth for mobile and international, said in an interview at the Stanford Graduate School of Business that social media is eroding civil society around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"So6uXBYvpPvYGdV1Uz7IHJ486LHGxQ6C\"]\"I feel tremendous guilt,\" said Palihapitiya. \"I think we have created tools that are ripping apart the social fabric of how society works. ... No civil discourse, no cooperation; misinformation, mistruth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The problem goes beyond the Russians buying pro-Trump ads, he said. \"This is a global problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Palihapitiya, who post-Facebook became the founder and CEO of the venture capital firm Social Capital, also discusses a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bgr.in/news/fake-whatsapp-messages-lead-to-killing-of-7-alleged-kidnappers-in-jharkhand/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent incident in India\u003c/a> where fake WhatsApp messages warning of hoax kidnappings lead to the death of seven innocent people by lynching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"Lw5Mvc0G9zydFy9AasACIr6hIbvOYYlz\"]\"It is eroding the core foundations of how people behave by and between each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommended people take a \"hard break\" from social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Start watching from roughly 21:21. It may cause you to question your relationship to a world of \"likes,\" \"hearts\" and \"thumbs ups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"During a talk at the Stanford Graduate School of Business former Facebook executive Chamath Palihapitiya recommends people take a “hard break” from social media.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1513114343,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":229},"headData":{"title":"Former Facebook Executive Says Social Media is Dangerous to Civil Society | KQED","description":"During a talk at the Stanford Graduate School of Business former Facebook executive Chamath Palihapitiya recommends people take a “hard break” from social media.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Former Facebook Executive Says Social Media is Dangerous to Civil Society","datePublished":"2017-12-12T19:09:36.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-12T21:32:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"437621 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437621","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/12/12/former-facebook-executive-says-social-media-is-danger-to-civil-society/","disqusTitle":"Former Facebook Executive Says Social Media is Dangerous to Civil Society","source":"KQED Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/437621/former-facebook-executive-says-social-media-is-danger-to-civil-society","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/PMotykw0SIk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/PMotykw0SIk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>You might want to post this on Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, you might not want to post this on Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Video of a former executive of the social media company that ate the world is making the rounds on the internet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chamath Palihapitiya, whose \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/chamath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LinkedIn page\u003c/a> says he was Facebook's vice president of user growth for mobile and international, said in an interview at the Stanford Graduate School of Business that social media is eroding civil society around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"I feel tremendous guilt,\" said Palihapitiya. \"I think we have created tools that are ripping apart the social fabric of how society works. ... No civil discourse, no cooperation; misinformation, mistruth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The problem goes beyond the Russians buying pro-Trump ads, he said. \"This is a global problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Palihapitiya, who post-Facebook became the founder and CEO of the venture capital firm Social Capital, also discusses a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bgr.in/news/fake-whatsapp-messages-lead-to-killing-of-7-alleged-kidnappers-in-jharkhand/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent incident in India\u003c/a> where fake WhatsApp messages warning of hoax kidnappings lead to the death of seven innocent people by lynching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"It is eroding the core foundations of how people behave by and between each other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommended people take a \"hard break\" from social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Start watching from roughly 21:21. It may cause you to question your relationship to a world of \"likes,\" \"hearts\" and \"thumbs ups.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437621/former-facebook-executive-says-social-media-is-danger-to-civil-society","authors":["11088"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_178","futureofyou_174"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437623","label":"source_futureofyou_437621"},"futureofyou_436089":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_436089","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"436089","score":null,"sort":[1508179378000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"social-media-and-now-for-the-good-parts","title":"Social Media: And Now For the Good Parts ...","publishDate":1508179378,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>It was 1:30 a.m., and Anna was trying to keep her mind off her ex-boyfriend, with whom she had ended a painful relationship hours earlier. It was too late to call the therapist she was seeing to cope with low self-esteem and homesickness, and too late to stop by a friend’s house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, she turned to social media. “I’m having a really hard time right now,” Anna — who asked to be identified by a pseudonym — posted on Facebook. “Is there anyone I can call and talk to until I feel better?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Some academics and therapists are proposing a counterintuitive view of social media: It helps improve mental health by boosting self-esteem and providing a source of emotional support.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, three people responded with offers to talk. They were friends she had met playing Quidditch, a sport based on the Harry Potter fantasy books, and she kept in touch with them online. Anna talked to two of them until she was able to fall sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to be very shy about posting personal stuff on Facebook because I didn’t want people judging me,” said Anna, 26. “But that night, I was in such a bad place; I was desperate, and I thought anything would help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negative effects of social media on young people’s mental health are well-documented by researchers and the press. Social media \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563214005767\">can drive envy\u003c/a> and depression, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x/full\">enable cyberbullying\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02416.x/full\">spread thoughts of suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some academics and therapists are proposing a counterintuitive view: They have found that social media may also help improve mental health by \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x/full\">boosting self-esteem\u003c/a> and providing a source of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563217303643\">emotional support\u003c/a>. These benefits have attracted too little attention from journalists and parents, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, social media is contributing to a new era of adolescent (and adult) social stress, but when we accept that it is here to stay, we can also see it as a new opportunity for connection and mindfulness,” according to an online advice column published by the University of California-Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to think about social media as not being absolutely good or bad,” said \u003ca href=\"http://mediaschool.indiana.edu/profile/?p=gonzaamy\">Amy Gonzales\u003c/a>, an assistant professor who studies social media and health at Indiana University’s Media School. “We need to think about how to come up with appropriate uses of this stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media have become integral to the lives of young adults and teens: \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/census_executivesummary.pdf\">45 percent of teenagers\u003c/a> say they use apps such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In research published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Gonzales found that college students who viewed their own Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21329447\">profiles enjoyed a boost in self-esteem afterward\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By curating their online personas to reflect their best traits — choosing flattering pictures and sharing exciting experiences — users remember what they like best about themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the way you might feel good about yourself when you check yourself out in the mirror before a date,” Gonzales explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other \u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2010.0374\">studies\u003c/a> reveal that people feel more social support when they present themselves honestly on social media, and tend to feel less stressed after they do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get much broader affirmation by posting on social media than from calling a relative,” Anna said. “It’s one thing if you text a friend; it’s another thing if you have a bunch of people trying to help you out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/matthew-oransky\">Matthew Oransky\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of adolescent psychiatry at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City and a practicing therapist, said many of his patients find social connections online they could not find elsewhere. This is particularly true of marginalized teens, such as kids in foster homes and LGBT adolescents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen some of the really big positives, which is that kids who are isolated can find a community,” Oransky said. “They’re often first able to come out to online friends.” In a 2013 survey, 50 percent of LGBT youth \u003ca href=\"https://www.glsen.org/press/study-finds-lgbt-youth-face-greater-harassment-online\">reported\u003c/a> having at least one close friend they knew only from online interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young adults with serious mental illness such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can also \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26744309\">find social support\u003c/a> via social media, according to a study published in 2016. “These people are openly discussing their illness online,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.hprcd.org/john-naslund-mph/\">John Naslund\u003c/a>, a research fellow at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media postings can help \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-013-0815-7\">foster greater acceptance\u003c/a> of mental health problems. “It’s definitely real that there’s hostility online,” Naslund said. “But we’ve found that comments related to mental health are overwhelmingly positive. People can learn how to cope with symptoms and how to find the right support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But parents can and should help their children use social media wisely, experts say. Oransky suggests, for instance, that parents talk with kids about the privacy consequences of posting compromising material, such as revealing pictures or personal details that might affect their job prospects. Naslund recommends that people start cautiously on social media by using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anna uses filters to keep co-workers from seeing her mental health posts. But she views social media as a way to act on her therapist’s recommendation to reach out for support when she needs it. “If you trust your friends,” she said, “I don’t see why you shouldn’t embrace the social media option.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\">California Health Care Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The negative effects of social media on young people’s mental health are well-documented. But some academics and therapists find the benefits have attracted too little attention.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1508179378,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":996},"headData":{"title":"Social Media: And Now For the Good Parts ... | KQED","description":"The negative effects of social media on young people’s mental health are well-documented. But some academics and therapists find the benefits have attracted too little attention.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Social Media: And Now For the Good Parts ...","datePublished":"2017-10-16T18:42:58.000Z","dateModified":"2017-10-16T18:42:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"436089 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=436089","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/16/social-media-and-now-for-the-good-parts/","disqusTitle":"Social Media: And Now For the Good Parts ...","nprByline":"Natalie Jacewicz\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News","path":"/futureofyou/436089/social-media-and-now-for-the-good-parts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It was 1:30 a.m., and Anna was trying to keep her mind off her ex-boyfriend, with whom she had ended a painful relationship hours earlier. It was too late to call the therapist she was seeing to cope with low self-esteem and homesickness, and too late to stop by a friend’s house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, she turned to social media. “I’m having a really hard time right now,” Anna — who asked to be identified by a pseudonym — posted on Facebook. “Is there anyone I can call and talk to until I feel better?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Some academics and therapists are proposing a counterintuitive view of social media: It helps improve mental health by boosting self-esteem and providing a source of emotional support.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately, three people responded with offers to talk. They were friends she had met playing Quidditch, a sport based on the Harry Potter fantasy books, and she kept in touch with them online. Anna talked to two of them until she was able to fall sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I used to be very shy about posting personal stuff on Facebook because I didn’t want people judging me,” said Anna, 26. “But that night, I was in such a bad place; I was desperate, and I thought anything would help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negative effects of social media on young people’s mental health are well-documented by researchers and the press. Social media \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563214005767\">can drive envy\u003c/a> and depression, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x/full\">enable cyberbullying\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02416.x/full\">spread thoughts of suicide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some academics and therapists are proposing a counterintuitive view: They have found that social media may also help improve mental health by \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x/full\">boosting self-esteem\u003c/a> and providing a source of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563217303643\">emotional support\u003c/a>. These benefits have attracted too little attention from journalists and parents, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, social media is contributing to a new era of adolescent (and adult) social stress, but when we accept that it is here to stay, we can also see it as a new opportunity for connection and mindfulness,” according to an online advice column published by the University of California-Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to think about social media as not being absolutely good or bad,” said \u003ca href=\"http://mediaschool.indiana.edu/profile/?p=gonzaamy\">Amy Gonzales\u003c/a>, an assistant professor who studies social media and health at Indiana University’s Media School. “We need to think about how to come up with appropriate uses of this stuff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media have become integral to the lives of young adults and teens: \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/census_executivesummary.pdf\">45 percent of teenagers\u003c/a> say they use apps such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In research published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Gonzales found that college students who viewed their own Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21329447\">profiles enjoyed a boost in self-esteem afterward\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By curating their online personas to reflect their best traits — choosing flattering pictures and sharing exciting experiences — users remember what they like best about themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the way you might feel good about yourself when you check yourself out in the mirror before a date,” Gonzales explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other \u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2010.0374\">studies\u003c/a> reveal that people feel more social support when they present themselves honestly on social media, and tend to feel less stressed after they do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get much broader affirmation by posting on social media than from calling a relative,” Anna said. “It’s one thing if you text a friend; it’s another thing if you have a bunch of people trying to help you out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/matthew-oransky\">Matthew Oransky\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of adolescent psychiatry at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City and a practicing therapist, said many of his patients find social connections online they could not find elsewhere. This is particularly true of marginalized teens, such as kids in foster homes and LGBT adolescents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen some of the really big positives, which is that kids who are isolated can find a community,” Oransky said. “They’re often first able to come out to online friends.” In a 2013 survey, 50 percent of LGBT youth \u003ca href=\"https://www.glsen.org/press/study-finds-lgbt-youth-face-greater-harassment-online\">reported\u003c/a> having at least one close friend they knew only from online interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young adults with serious mental illness such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can also \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26744309\">find social support\u003c/a> via social media, according to a study published in 2016. “These people are openly discussing their illness online,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.hprcd.org/john-naslund-mph/\">John Naslund\u003c/a>, a research fellow at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media postings can help \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-013-0815-7\">foster greater acceptance\u003c/a> of mental health problems. “It’s definitely real that there’s hostility online,” Naslund said. “But we’ve found that comments related to mental health are overwhelmingly positive. People can learn how to cope with symptoms and how to find the right support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But parents can and should help their children use social media wisely, experts say. Oransky suggests, for instance, that parents talk with kids about the privacy consequences of posting compromising material, such as revealing pictures or personal details that might affect their job prospects. Naslund recommends that people start cautiously on social media by using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anna uses filters to keep co-workers from seeing her mental health posts. But she views social media as a way to act on her therapist’s recommendation to reach out for support when she needs it. “If you trust your friends,” she said, “I don’t see why you shouldn’t embrace the social media option.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\">California Health Care Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/436089/social-media-and-now-for-the-good-parts","authors":["byline_futureofyou_436089"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_803","futureofyou_174"],"featImg":"futureofyou_436184","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_435539":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_435539","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"435539","score":null,"sort":[1506322902000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"if-you-think-everyone-else-has-more-friends-youre-not-alone","title":"If You Think Everyone Else Has More Friends, You're Not Alone","publishDate":1506322902,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1096,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>When you feel like everyone around you is having more fun and spending more time with friends, it can make you feel bad about yourself — even if it's not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=943704\">Ashley Whillans\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who studies how our view of the world affects our view of ourselves, this perception can challenge us to become more social and make more friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the fear of missing out that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fear of missing out on parties or events is actually very common. It may be particularly acute among college freshmen because \"entering into university is one of the key transition points in your life in establishing your identity in a new social environment,\" Whillans says. In other words, it's the first taste of navigating social situations as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167217727496\">study\u003c/a> published by Whillans and her colleagues on Thursday found that 48 percent of college freshmen in their second semester at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver believed that their friends had made more friends than they had since school began. Thirty-one percent felt the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since social activities, like eating or studying with others, tend to happen in cafes and libraries where they are easily seen, students might overestimate how much their peers are socializing because they don't see them eating and studying alone,\" says Frances Chen, the study's senior author and an assistant professor in the UBC psychology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second, smaller study they published at the same time indicates that feeling left out made the students pretty unhappy. The studies were published in the \u003cem>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ityXpO6egemXFA6r9XeN3fcCNvS1Ha1k\"]This was surprising, Whillans says, because many high-achieving people — i.e. the ones most likely going to college — believe they're better equipped than their peers to handle challenges. But when peers appear to be doing better socially, that can contribute to feelings that there's something wrong with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study did not look specifically at the impact of social media, other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-much-time-on-social-media-may-be-why\">studies \u003c/a>have shown that the way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fomo\">FOMO\u003c/a> that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media \"perpetuates the idea that other people are more social than you,\" Whillans says. \"We often fail to communicate when we fail, and that might be bad for us and also for our social network.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new study, first-year students in the sample of more than 1,000 students reported having 3.63 close friends on average at UBC, but they believed their friends had 4.15 close friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller, second study found more than half of the nearly 400 students surveyed felt that others had more friends and were spending more time socializing. But it also suggests that for some people, feeling slightly behind on the friend curve was motivating because the students' perceptions of how they were doing socially compared to peers changed several months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past \u003ca href=\"https://sfbuild.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/Yeager%20and%20Dweck%20(2012).pdf\">research\u003c/a> indicates that if people think making more friends is \"something you can change, something you can get better at,\" Whillans says, they will work toward that goal. For those who believed the friendship gap between them and others was already too great, more time on campus may not make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Walton, a psychologist at Stanford University, studies how to correct the belief that we are alone in our fears of being left out. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~gwalton\">work\u003c/a> focuses on helping minority students who are underrepresented in STEM fields to overcome their own fears that they don't belong, and has demonstrated that doing so helps them improve academically and healthwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Whillans' study indicates that a broad swath of the population could benefit from things like having older students share stories of how they felt left out socially as freshmen, or encouraging teachers to frame criticism of students' work in a more positive way, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody starts in different places. It's critical [in college] to explore and find new communities and places and new ways to develop. Sometimes that goes faster and sometimes that goes slower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future research may look at whether these kinds of social perceptions might predict and prevent expensive challenges like workplace turnover. The biggest losses of productivity happen when people leave in the first year, Whillans says. \"The social environment has a lot to do with that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These feelings of social disconnectedness and feeling bad about it are not exclusive to college freshmen. \"It's a totally normal feeling to feel like you're struggling socially when you move to a new environment or a new job,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The important thing may be to understand that you're not alone in these feelings, and that they can change, Whillans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You+Think+Everyone+Else+Has+More+Friends%2C+You%27re+Not+Alone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many first-year college students think their peers have more friends than they do, a study finds. But that can actually help motivate students to make new connections.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1506442487,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":842},"headData":{"title":"If You Think Everyone Else Has More Friends, You're Not Alone | KQED","description":"Many first-year college students think their peers have more friends than they do, a study finds. But that can actually help motivate students to make new connections.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"If You Think Everyone Else Has More Friends, You're Not Alone","datePublished":"2017-09-25T07:01:42.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-26T16:14:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435539 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435539","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/25/if-you-think-everyone-else-has-more-friends-youre-not-alone/","disqusTitle":"If You Think Everyone Else Has More Friends, You're Not Alone","nprImageCredit":"Tim Ellis","nprByline":"April Fulton\u003c/br>NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Ikon Images/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"550466947","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=550466947&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/14/550466947/if-you-think-everyone-else-has-more-friends-youre-not-alone?ft=nprml&f=550466947","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 14 Sep 2017 12:11:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 14 Sep 2017 10:25:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 14 Sep 2017 12:11:43 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/435539/if-you-think-everyone-else-has-more-friends-youre-not-alone","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you feel like everyone around you is having more fun and spending more time with friends, it can make you feel bad about yourself — even if it's not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=943704\">Ashley Whillans\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who studies how our view of the world affects our view of ourselves, this perception can challenge us to become more social and make more friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the fear of missing out that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fear of missing out on parties or events is actually very common. It may be particularly acute among college freshmen because \"entering into university is one of the key transition points in your life in establishing your identity in a new social environment,\" Whillans says. In other words, it's the first taste of navigating social situations as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167217727496\">study\u003c/a> published by Whillans and her colleagues on Thursday found that 48 percent of college freshmen in their second semester at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver believed that their friends had made more friends than they had since school began. Thirty-one percent felt the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since social activities, like eating or studying with others, tend to happen in cafes and libraries where they are easily seen, students might overestimate how much their peers are socializing because they don't see them eating and studying alone,\" says Frances Chen, the study's senior author and an assistant professor in the UBC psychology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second, smaller study they published at the same time indicates that feeling left out made the students pretty unhappy. The studies were published in the \u003cem>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>This was surprising, Whillans says, because many high-achieving people — i.e. the ones most likely going to college — believe they're better equipped than their peers to handle challenges. But when peers appear to be doing better socially, that can contribute to feelings that there's something wrong with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study did not look specifically at the impact of social media, other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-much-time-on-social-media-may-be-why\">studies \u003c/a>have shown that the way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fomo\">FOMO\u003c/a> that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media \"perpetuates the idea that other people are more social than you,\" Whillans says. \"We often fail to communicate when we fail, and that might be bad for us and also for our social network.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new study, first-year students in the sample of more than 1,000 students reported having 3.63 close friends on average at UBC, but they believed their friends had 4.15 close friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller, second study found more than half of the nearly 400 students surveyed felt that others had more friends and were spending more time socializing. But it also suggests that for some people, feeling slightly behind on the friend curve was motivating because the students' perceptions of how they were doing socially compared to peers changed several months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past \u003ca href=\"https://sfbuild.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/Yeager%20and%20Dweck%20(2012).pdf\">research\u003c/a> indicates that if people think making more friends is \"something you can change, something you can get better at,\" Whillans says, they will work toward that goal. For those who believed the friendship gap between them and others was already too great, more time on campus may not make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Walton, a psychologist at Stanford University, studies how to correct the belief that we are alone in our fears of being left out. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~gwalton\">work\u003c/a> focuses on helping minority students who are underrepresented in STEM fields to overcome their own fears that they don't belong, and has demonstrated that doing so helps them improve academically and healthwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Whillans' study indicates that a broad swath of the population could benefit from things like having older students share stories of how they felt left out socially as freshmen, or encouraging teachers to frame criticism of students' work in a more positive way, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody starts in different places. It's critical [in college] to explore and find new communities and places and new ways to develop. Sometimes that goes faster and sometimes that goes slower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future research may look at whether these kinds of social perceptions might predict and prevent expensive challenges like workplace turnover. The biggest losses of productivity happen when people leave in the first year, Whillans says. \"The social environment has a lot to do with that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These feelings of social disconnectedness and feeling bad about it are not exclusive to college freshmen. \"It's a totally normal feeling to feel like you're struggling socially when you move to a new environment or a new job,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The important thing may be to understand that you're not alone in these feelings, and that they can change, Whillans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You+Think+Everyone+Else+Has+More+Friends%2C+You%27re+Not+Alone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435539/if-you-think-everyone-else-has-more-friends-youre-not-alone","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435539"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1224","futureofyou_174","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435540","label":"futureofyou_1096"},"futureofyou_302169":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_302169","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"302169","score":null,"sort":[1483459250000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship","title":"In the Era of Instagram, Narcissism as the New Norm","publishDate":1483459250,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>From the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/234876/the-attention-merchants-by-tim-wu/9780385352017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">THE ATTENTION MERCHANTS\u003c/a>, by Tim Wu. Copyright © 2016 by Tim Wu. Published by arrangement with Alfred A. Knopf, an imprint of The Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of human history, the proliferation of the individual likeness was the sole prerogative of the illustrious, whether it was the face of the emperor on a Roman coin or the face of Garbo on the silver screen. The commercialization of photography may have broadened access to portraiture somewhat, but apart from 'WANTED' posters, the image of most common people would never be widely propagated. In the 20th century, Hollywood created a cohort of demigods, whose image everyone recognized and many, in effect, worshiped.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I feel anxiety over how many likes I get after I post a picture. If I get two likes, I feel like, what’s wrong with me?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With the arrival of the smartphone and Instagram, however, much of the power of a great film studio was now in every hand attached to a heart yearning for fame; not only could one create an image to rival those of the old icons of glamour, but one could put it on a platform where millions might potentially see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a century of the ascendant self, of the self’s progressive liberation from any trammels not explicitly conceived to protect other selves, perhaps this progression, when wedded to the magic of technology serving not the state or even the corporation but the individual ego, perhaps it could reach no other logical endpoint, but the self as its own object of worship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it is easy to denigrate as vanity even harmless forms of self-expression. Indulging in a bit of self-centeredness from time to time, playing with the trappings of fame, can be a form of entertainment for oneself and one’s friends, especially when undertaken with a sense of irony. Certainly, too, the self-portrait, and the even more patently ludicrous invention, the selfie stick, has become too easy a target for charges of self-involvement. Humans, after all, have sought the admiration of others in various ways since the dawn of time; it is a feature of our social and sexual natures. The desire of men and women to dress up and parade may be as deeply rooted as the peacock’s impulse to strut. Like all attention harvesters, Instagram has not stirred any new yearning within us, merely acted upon one already there, and facilitated its gratification to an unimaginable extent. Therein lies the real problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology doesn’t follow culture so much as culture follows technology. New forms of expression naturally arise from new media, but so do new sensibilities and new behaviors. All desire, the philosopher and critic René Girard wrote, is essentially mimetic; beyond our elemental needs, we are led to seek after things by the example of others, those whom we may know personally or through their fame. When our desires go beyond the elemental, they enter into their metaphysical dimension, in which, as Girard wrote, “All desire is a desire to be,” to enjoy an image of fulfillment such as we have observed in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the essential problem with the preening self unbound by social media, and the democratization of fame. By presenting us with example upon example, it legitimates self-aggrandizement as an objective for ever more of us. By encouraging anyone to capture the attention of others with the spectacle of one’s self—in some cases, even to the point of earning a living by it—it warps our understanding of our own existence and its relation to others. That this should become the manner of being for us all is surely the definitive dystopic vision of late modernity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Humans, after all, have sought the admiration of others in various ways since the dawn of time; it is a feature of our social and sexual natures.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the fall of 2015, an Australian teenager, Essena O’Neill, quit Instagram in utter despair. A natural beauty and part-time model, she had become an Instagram celebrity, thanks to her pictures, which had drawn half a million followers. But her Instagram career, she explained, had made her life a torment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had the dream life. I had half a million people interested in me on Instagram. I had over a hundred thousand views on most of my videos on YouTube. To a lot of people, I made it,” she confessed in a video. But suddenly it had all become too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Everything I was doing was edited and contrived and to get more views. . . . Everything I did was for views, for likes, for followers. . . . Social media, especially how I used it, isn’t real. It’s contrived images and edited clips ranked against each other. It’s a system based on social approval, likes, validation in views, success in followers. It’s perfectly orchestrated self-absorbed judgement. . . . I met people that are far more successful online than I am, and they are just as miserable and lonely and scared and lost. We all are.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A survey of Instagram and other social media users by the London Guardian yielded similar responses, suggesting that even among those with relatively few followers the commitment is grim. “I feel anxiety over how many likes I get after I post a picture. If I get two likes, I feel like, what’s wrong with me?” wrote one woman. “I do feel insecure if I see girls who look prettier than me,” wrote another, “or if they post really pretty pictures, and I know I won’t look as good in any that I post. I do feel pressure to look good in the photos I put up. I don’t feel anxious about not getting enough likes on a photo but if it doesn’t get enough likes, I will take it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April 2012, a mere 18 months after its debut, Instagram was purchased by Facebook for $1 billion. The high-flying start-up’s founders had cashed out without ever having devised a business model. No matter. By November the following year, the first ad feed would run in Instagram, following Facebook principles of limited targeting. The acquisition would prove astute. In April 2012 Instagram had 30 million users, but by the fall of 2015 it had 400 million, more than Twitter. And so Facebook would join the ranks of hoary behemoths with a war chest. A transfusion of young blood would preserve their status in the uppermost echelon of attention merchants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Instagram, its upward glide portended a future in which the line between the watcher and the watched, the buyer and the seller, was more blurred than ever. The once highly ordered attention economy had seemingly devolved into a chaotic mutual admiration society, full of enterprising Narcissi, surely an arrangement of affairs without real precedent in human history.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Social media has created an 'attention economy' that's devolved into a chaotic mutual admiration society, full of enterprising Narcissi, writes Tim Wu in his book, 'The Attention Merchants.' ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1514587834,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1198},"headData":{"title":"In the Era of Instagram, Narcissism as the New Norm | KQED","description":"Social media has created an 'attention economy' that's devolved into a chaotic mutual admiration society, full of enterprising Narcissi, writes Tim Wu in his book, 'The Attention Merchants.' ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In the Era of Instagram, Narcissism as the New Norm","datePublished":"2017-01-03T16:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-29T22:50:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"302169 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=302169","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/03/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship/","disqusTitle":"In the Era of Instagram, Narcissism as the New Norm","nprByline":"Tim Wu","path":"/futureofyou/302169/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>From the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/234876/the-attention-merchants-by-tim-wu/9780385352017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">THE ATTENTION MERCHANTS\u003c/a>, by Tim Wu. Copyright © 2016 by Tim Wu. Published by arrangement with Alfred A. Knopf, an imprint of The Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of human history, the proliferation of the individual likeness was the sole prerogative of the illustrious, whether it was the face of the emperor on a Roman coin or the face of Garbo on the silver screen. The commercialization of photography may have broadened access to portraiture somewhat, but apart from 'WANTED' posters, the image of most common people would never be widely propagated. In the 20th century, Hollywood created a cohort of demigods, whose image everyone recognized and many, in effect, worshiped.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I feel anxiety over how many likes I get after I post a picture. If I get two likes, I feel like, what’s wrong with me?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With the arrival of the smartphone and Instagram, however, much of the power of a great film studio was now in every hand attached to a heart yearning for fame; not only could one create an image to rival those of the old icons of glamour, but one could put it on a platform where millions might potentially see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a century of the ascendant self, of the self’s progressive liberation from any trammels not explicitly conceived to protect other selves, perhaps this progression, when wedded to the magic of technology serving not the state or even the corporation but the individual ego, perhaps it could reach no other logical endpoint, but the self as its own object of worship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it is easy to denigrate as vanity even harmless forms of self-expression. Indulging in a bit of self-centeredness from time to time, playing with the trappings of fame, can be a form of entertainment for oneself and one’s friends, especially when undertaken with a sense of irony. Certainly, too, the self-portrait, and the even more patently ludicrous invention, the selfie stick, has become too easy a target for charges of self-involvement. Humans, after all, have sought the admiration of others in various ways since the dawn of time; it is a feature of our social and sexual natures. The desire of men and women to dress up and parade may be as deeply rooted as the peacock’s impulse to strut. Like all attention harvesters, Instagram has not stirred any new yearning within us, merely acted upon one already there, and facilitated its gratification to an unimaginable extent. Therein lies the real problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology doesn’t follow culture so much as culture follows technology. New forms of expression naturally arise from new media, but so do new sensibilities and new behaviors. All desire, the philosopher and critic René Girard wrote, is essentially mimetic; beyond our elemental needs, we are led to seek after things by the example of others, those whom we may know personally or through their fame. When our desires go beyond the elemental, they enter into their metaphysical dimension, in which, as Girard wrote, “All desire is a desire to be,” to enjoy an image of fulfillment such as we have observed in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the essential problem with the preening self unbound by social media, and the democratization of fame. By presenting us with example upon example, it legitimates self-aggrandizement as an objective for ever more of us. By encouraging anyone to capture the attention of others with the spectacle of one’s self—in some cases, even to the point of earning a living by it—it warps our understanding of our own existence and its relation to others. That this should become the manner of being for us all is surely the definitive dystopic vision of late modernity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Humans, after all, have sought the admiration of others in various ways since the dawn of time; it is a feature of our social and sexual natures.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the fall of 2015, an Australian teenager, Essena O’Neill, quit Instagram in utter despair. A natural beauty and part-time model, she had become an Instagram celebrity, thanks to her pictures, which had drawn half a million followers. But her Instagram career, she explained, had made her life a torment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had the dream life. I had half a million people interested in me on Instagram. I had over a hundred thousand views on most of my videos on YouTube. To a lot of people, I made it,” she confessed in a video. But suddenly it had all become too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Everything I was doing was edited and contrived and to get more views. . . . Everything I did was for views, for likes, for followers. . . . Social media, especially how I used it, isn’t real. It’s contrived images and edited clips ranked against each other. It’s a system based on social approval, likes, validation in views, success in followers. It’s perfectly orchestrated self-absorbed judgement. . . . I met people that are far more successful online than I am, and they are just as miserable and lonely and scared and lost. We all are.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A survey of Instagram and other social media users by the London Guardian yielded similar responses, suggesting that even among those with relatively few followers the commitment is grim. “I feel anxiety over how many likes I get after I post a picture. If I get two likes, I feel like, what’s wrong with me?” wrote one woman. “I do feel insecure if I see girls who look prettier than me,” wrote another, “or if they post really pretty pictures, and I know I won’t look as good in any that I post. I do feel pressure to look good in the photos I put up. I don’t feel anxious about not getting enough likes on a photo but if it doesn’t get enough likes, I will take it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April 2012, a mere 18 months after its debut, Instagram was purchased by Facebook for $1 billion. The high-flying start-up’s founders had cashed out without ever having devised a business model. No matter. By November the following year, the first ad feed would run in Instagram, following Facebook principles of limited targeting. The acquisition would prove astute. In April 2012 Instagram had 30 million users, but by the fall of 2015 it had 400 million, more than Twitter. And so Facebook would join the ranks of hoary behemoths with a war chest. A transfusion of young blood would preserve their status in the uppermost echelon of attention merchants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Instagram, its upward glide portended a future in which the line between the watcher and the watched, the buyer and the seller, was more blurred than ever. The once highly ordered attention economy had seemingly devolved into a chaotic mutual admiration society, full of enterprising Narcissi, surely an arrangement of affairs without real precedent in human history.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/302169/for-first-week-january-on-social-media-the-self-as-its-own-object-of-worship","authors":["byline_futureofyou_302169"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_1439","futureofyou_178","futureofyou_1022","futureofyou_1115","futureofyou_174","futureofyou_1155"],"featImg":"futureofyou_304140","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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