Research Dampens Hopes of HIV Cure, Shows Progress on Remission Without Drugs
New HIV Studies Offer Fresh Hope for a Cure
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An experimental approach known as “shock and kill” seemed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/17/new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">promising\u003c/a>. That treatment takes aim at dormant, undetected traces of the virus lingering within immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, however, those hopes have dampened.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are starting to see that control in an [antiretroviral-drug-free] system is attainable. I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.'\u003ccite>Anthony Fauci, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While shock and kill can effectively flush HIV from its hiding places in tissue reservoirs, some virus particles may still remain, new research shows. Now researchers are investigating why, in the hopes that the answer will point, if not to a cure, than at least to therapies that will ensure the long-term health of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, scientists from the lab of veteran HIV-hunter Dr. Robert Siliciano published \u003ca href=\"http://jem.rupress.org/content/214/4/959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>showing that dormant T cells harboring HIV particles will spread through cell division. The discovery was a surprise, because researchers long assumed such cells were inactive. By using a new DNA mapping technique, the Siliciano team found identical HIV fragments, called proviruses, in daughter T-cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew before that the [HIV]reservoir is very long-lived,” said Siliciano\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in a \u003ca href=\"https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/05/31/hiv-aids-cure-latent-reservoirs/\">press release\u003c/a>. “Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standard tests that measure HIV replication, called viral load tests, aren’t sensitive enough to detect such stealth viral spread. Siliciano cautioned that even though the HIV pool may be tiny — a dormant virus particle here or there — it could, at least theoretically, retrigger an active HIV infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sobering news has caused leading scientists to reconsider the challenge of eradicating every last trace of HIV in the body, the definition of a full cure. That task now seems much more daunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent review of research on an AIDS cure, Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, was characteristically blunt in assessing the challenges ahead. At this year's International AIDS Conference, held this July in Paris, he told an audience that a cure, though still a worthy goal, was “difficult to impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While antiretroviral, or ART, medication has significantly\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-39872530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> prolonged the lives\u003c/a> of those infected with HIV, the treatment is still out of reach to many globally. In addition, the drugs have side effects, and long-term health impacts for those in treatment are still unclear. A cure would also eliminate any fear of passing on the virus or seeing HIV bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new developments do not mean that shock and kill is dead. However, the strategy may need to be combined with different approaches and weapons to eradicate the silent HIV pool. Already, new therapies, called \"lock and block,\" are being tried to prevent any viral escape from the reservoir to reduce risk of reinfection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Target in Sight: Long-Term Remission Without Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Fauci was more excited by promising studies pointing to long-term remission without drugs as a viable treatment plan. A growing body of data shows that some people who initially take ART drugs and later go off them can remain healthy for months and even years. When these patients are tested for HIV infection, their viral load -- a measure of active infection -- is below detectable levels. This has led to the rise of new buzzwords in AIDS circles: “ART-free remission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We knew before that the [HIV] reservoir is very long-lived. Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.'\u003ccite>Robert Siliciano, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are starting to see that control in an ART-free system is attainable,” said Fauci. “I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this year’s International AIDS Conference, most media coverage focused on cases in which antiretroviral treatment has been interrupted with good results. One attention-grabbing study featured a South African child who appeared \u003ca href=\"http://programme.ias2017.org/Abstract/Abstract/5836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HIV-free\u003c/a> eight-and-a-half years after stopping medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term remission is not unheard of. Earlier studies have reported on a French teenager whose HIV viral load levels remain undetectable after 11 years. Other work has followed a subset of patients whose infection levels are similarly undetectable after more than four years. These cases were observed in studies; it's unknown how much they reflect what's happening in terms of larger populations. Shock and kill studies have found a wide range of viral rebound times in patients who go off ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his AIDS conference roundup of cure research, Fauci noted that in studies where patients discontinue treatment, the average time for HIV to rebound has already more than doubled. Up until 2000, the virus reappeared within 7 to 14 days of a patient going off medication. Since that time through 2015, the average was 28 days. That’s due in part to better drugs, Fauci said. The increases may also be driven by patients receiving treatment soon after exposure to HIV, which may help maintain stronger immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every lab has a few patients who have a great deal of variability to time they rebound,” Fauci said. \"It may be two weeks in some people, or three months, or many months. What we are seeing is, tucked away in there, that people treated with good drugs could stop therapy and go for an extended time” without HIV coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Fauci, this pattern of increasing remission times, as we move through the third decade of AIDS, is an important finding. It may not be as sexy or definitive as attaining a cure, but remission without drugs would represent a welcome sea change for the 36.7 million people living with HIV, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/november/20161121_PR_get-on-the-fast-track\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 million\u003c/a> on daily ART pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's also excited about a monkey antibody, alpha4beta7, which has a close human equivalent: the FDA-approved drug vedolizumab that is used to treat Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Fauci's team saw \"sustained remission\" in macaques which had been given the monkey antibody and which had been infected with a simian sister virus to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's lab is now completing a short study of vedolizumab plus ART in 17 patients and expects results by the end of October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'The Devil You Know'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many HIV/AIDS advocacy groups remain focused on cure research, and are grappling with the newly discovered impediments to shock and kill. All the same, remission without drugs is still a hot topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people would like a remission,” said Jessica Salzwedel, who works in community literacy at the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also seen a lot of excitement about long-acting injectable therapies, in which ART drugs are administered in a shot that can last four or eight weeks, instead of the regimen of daily pills patients now take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzwedel feels people on ART may prefer the certainty of knowing HIV is being controlled rather than the question mark of going off ART during a research trial and waiting to see if the virus bounces back. For now, “It’s the devil you know versus the devil you don’t. Some people would rather live with a pill and know they are virally controlled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to explore all avenues,\" summed up Fauci. \"But I think remission is a very viable way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Anne-christine d'Adesky is a longtime chronicler of HIV research. Her 90s-era AIDS memoir, \"The Pox Lover,\" was published in June.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last year hopes ran high an HIV cure may be near, but recent research has presented new stumbling blocks. Meanwhile, a positive trend: Relapse times have lengthened for those who stop taking medication.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1506714251,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1352},"headData":{"title":"Research Dampens Hopes of HIV Cure, Shows Progress on Remission Without Drugs | KQED","description":"Last year hopes ran high an HIV cure may be near, but recent research has presented new stumbling blocks. Meanwhile, a positive trend: Relapse times have lengthened for those who stop taking medication.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Research Dampens Hopes of HIV Cure, Shows Progress on Remission Without Drugs","datePublished":"2017-09-28T18:02:49.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-29T19:44:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435658 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435658","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/28/research-dampens-hopes-of-hiv-cure-shows-progress-on-remission-without-drugs/","disqusTitle":"Research Dampens Hopes of HIV Cure, Shows Progress on Remission Without Drugs","nprByline":"Anne-christine d'Adesky\u003cbr />Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/435658/research-dampens-hopes-of-hiv-cure-shows-progress-on-remission-without-drugs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2016, hopes ran high that an HIV cure may be just around the corner. An experimental approach known as “shock and kill” seemed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/17/new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">promising\u003c/a>. That treatment takes aim at dormant, undetected traces of the virus lingering within immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, however, those hopes have dampened.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are starting to see that control in an [antiretroviral-drug-free] system is attainable. I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.'\u003ccite>Anthony Fauci, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While shock and kill can effectively flush HIV from its hiding places in tissue reservoirs, some virus particles may still remain, new research shows. Now researchers are investigating why, in the hopes that the answer will point, if not to a cure, than at least to therapies that will ensure the long-term health of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, scientists from the lab of veteran HIV-hunter Dr. Robert Siliciano published \u003ca href=\"http://jem.rupress.org/content/214/4/959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>showing that dormant T cells harboring HIV particles will spread through cell division. The discovery was a surprise, because researchers long assumed such cells were inactive. By using a new DNA mapping technique, the Siliciano team found identical HIV fragments, called proviruses, in daughter T-cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew before that the [HIV]reservoir is very long-lived,” said Siliciano\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in a \u003ca href=\"https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/05/31/hiv-aids-cure-latent-reservoirs/\">press release\u003c/a>. “Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standard tests that measure HIV replication, called viral load tests, aren’t sensitive enough to detect such stealth viral spread. Siliciano cautioned that even though the HIV pool may be tiny — a dormant virus particle here or there — it could, at least theoretically, retrigger an active HIV infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sobering news has caused leading scientists to reconsider the challenge of eradicating every last trace of HIV in the body, the definition of a full cure. That task now seems much more daunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent review of research on an AIDS cure, Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, was characteristically blunt in assessing the challenges ahead. At this year's International AIDS Conference, held this July in Paris, he told an audience that a cure, though still a worthy goal, was “difficult to impossible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While antiretroviral, or ART, medication has significantly\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-39872530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> prolonged the lives\u003c/a> of those infected with HIV, the treatment is still out of reach to many globally. In addition, the drugs have side effects, and long-term health impacts for those in treatment are still unclear. A cure would also eliminate any fear of passing on the virus or seeing HIV bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new developments do not mean that shock and kill is dead. However, the strategy may need to be combined with different approaches and weapons to eradicate the silent HIV pool. Already, new therapies, called \"lock and block,\" are being tried to prevent any viral escape from the reservoir to reduce risk of reinfection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Target in Sight: Long-Term Remission Without Drugs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Fauci was more excited by promising studies pointing to long-term remission without drugs as a viable treatment plan. A growing body of data shows that some people who initially take ART drugs and later go off them can remain healthy for months and even years. When these patients are tested for HIV infection, their viral load -- a measure of active infection -- is below detectable levels. This has led to the rise of new buzzwords in AIDS circles: “ART-free remission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We knew before that the [HIV] reservoir is very long-lived. Now it is clear that these cells aren't just sitting there but are dividing and replenishing themselves.'\u003ccite>Robert Siliciano, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are starting to see that control in an ART-free system is attainable,” said Fauci. “I think that’s a more realistic goal to pursue, one that can benefit millions of people now living with this disease. For now, a cure is still proving elusive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this year’s International AIDS Conference, most media coverage focused on cases in which antiretroviral treatment has been interrupted with good results. One attention-grabbing study featured a South African child who appeared \u003ca href=\"http://programme.ias2017.org/Abstract/Abstract/5836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HIV-free\u003c/a> eight-and-a-half years after stopping medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term remission is not unheard of. Earlier studies have reported on a French teenager whose HIV viral load levels remain undetectable after 11 years. Other work has followed a subset of patients whose infection levels are similarly undetectable after more than four years. These cases were observed in studies; it's unknown how much they reflect what's happening in terms of larger populations. Shock and kill studies have found a wide range of viral rebound times in patients who go off ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his AIDS conference roundup of cure research, Fauci noted that in studies where patients discontinue treatment, the average time for HIV to rebound has already more than doubled. Up until 2000, the virus reappeared within 7 to 14 days of a patient going off medication. Since that time through 2015, the average was 28 days. That’s due in part to better drugs, Fauci said. The increases may also be driven by patients receiving treatment soon after exposure to HIV, which may help maintain stronger immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every lab has a few patients who have a great deal of variability to time they rebound,” Fauci said. \"It may be two weeks in some people, or three months, or many months. What we are seeing is, tucked away in there, that people treated with good drugs could stop therapy and go for an extended time” without HIV coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Fauci, this pattern of increasing remission times, as we move through the third decade of AIDS, is an important finding. It may not be as sexy or definitive as attaining a cure, but remission without drugs would represent a welcome sea change for the 36.7 million people living with HIV, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/november/20161121_PR_get-on-the-fast-track\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 million\u003c/a> on daily ART pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's also excited about a monkey antibody, alpha4beta7, which has a close human equivalent: the FDA-approved drug vedolizumab that is used to treat Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Fauci's team saw \"sustained remission\" in macaques which had been given the monkey antibody and which had been infected with a simian sister virus to HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci's lab is now completing a short study of vedolizumab plus ART in 17 patients and expects results by the end of October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'The Devil You Know'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many HIV/AIDS advocacy groups remain focused on cure research, and are grappling with the newly discovered impediments to shock and kill. All the same, remission without drugs is still a hot topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people would like a remission,” said Jessica Salzwedel, who works in community literacy at the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also seen a lot of excitement about long-acting injectable therapies, in which ART drugs are administered in a shot that can last four or eight weeks, instead of the regimen of daily pills patients now take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salzwedel feels people on ART may prefer the certainty of knowing HIV is being controlled rather than the question mark of going off ART during a research trial and waiting to see if the virus bounces back. For now, “It’s the devil you know versus the devil you don’t. Some people would rather live with a pill and know they are virally controlled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to explore all avenues,\" summed up Fauci. \"But I think remission is a very viable way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Anne-christine d'Adesky is a longtime chronicler of HIV research. Her 90s-era AIDS memoir, \"The Pox Lover,\" was published in June.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435658/research-dampens-hopes-of-hiv-cure-shows-progress-on-remission-without-drugs","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435658"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_650","futureofyou_1364","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_651","futureofyou_1365","futureofyou_1145"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435681","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_297102":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_297102","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"297102","score":null,"sort":[1481999228000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure","title":"New HIV Studies Offer Fresh Hope for a Cure","publishDate":1481999228,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The HIV research community is increasingly optimistic about the promising \"shock and kill\" approach to eradicating HIV from infected patients. Such removal of all traces of the virus from an individual's body would represent an actual cure for AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We know from the science that a cure can happen.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new small-scale human trial of the treatment is starting this week in New York and two sister sites, in Germany and Denmark. The trial will combine an anticancer drug, romidepsin, with antiretroviral drugs, also known as ARVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small human study will start in January, followed by a larger human shock and kill trial in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shock and kill combines standard ARVs with an immune booster, a combo that’s been effective in test tube, animal and now human trials. The treatment flushes out and eradicates pockets of HIV, which lie inactive inside dormant immune cells even as antiretroviral drugs reduce the actively reproducing virus to undetectable levels in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new trials follow validating shock and kill data from University of California, San Francisco researchers, shared at the HIV Cure Summit, held on Dec. 1 at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"mMgRCnE0h9dNvCoKR8ZADxCU0RnaFUGQ\"]\"I feel a very real sense of optimism based on the evidence that we know a cure can be achieved,” said Dr. Rowena Johnston, vice-president for amfAR, in a post-summit interview with KQED. “There is a fundamental understanding we have now of the barriers between us and a cure, and how we go about to solving the problems.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a related upcoming trial, a \u003cspan class=\"s1\">UCSF team will study whether an oral pill or IV drip is more effective in delivering drugs to tissue reservoirs where HIV hides. A separate observational study designed to serve as a reference for all HIV cure trials will monitor people who stop taking ARVs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Building on a Breakthrough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The mood at the HIV Cure Summit was one of cautious optimism, in part fueled by reports from the first human shock and kill trial in Britain. In October, UK scientists conducting a 50-person study announced that the first patient to complete the treatment, a 44-year-old man given Vorinostat, ARVs and vaccines to prod the immune system, \u003c/span>showed no detectable signs of the virus in his blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, he appeared cured. But \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV scientists worldwide quickly deemed any declaration of victory premature, cautioning that more time, as well as tissue samples, are needed to judge the treatment's efficacy. The UK trial will wrap up in 2018, and no results are expected until then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Animal Studies Offer Hope – And a Warning \u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The early human findings mirror promising results from numerous lab and \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/shock-and-kill-approach-cures-mice-hiv-world-first/\">animal studies\u003c/a> \u003c/span>employing shock and kill and related therapies. In October, researchers reported that several of eight monkeys given an immune therapy plus ARVs to flush out SIV, the simian cousin to HIV, now remain\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-aids-day-cure-analysis-idUSKBN13Q3BM\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> free\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of the virus after two years. The animals continue to be monitored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But another group has just issued a cautionary note. It may be that not all approaches to boosting the immune system will prove safe, even if effective. On Dec. 12, scientists reported \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmpro.com/news/2016/12/hiv-shock-and-kill-strategy-may-harm-patient-brains\" target=\"_blank\">brain inflammation\u003c/a> in a study of three SIV-infected macaques given a year’s course of Vorinostat; Ingenol-B, another latency-reversing agent; and ARVs. While Vorinostat has passed human safety studies, Ingenol-B has not, said Johnston.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"Our study sounds a major cautionary note about the potential for unintended consequences of the shock-and-kill treatment strategy,\" stated Janice Clements, a veteran AIDS researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>The Berlin Patient\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the UCSF summit, researchers stressed the difference between a full or sterilizing cure, which would constitute eradication of every last particle of HIV, and a functional cure, meaning remission. In the latter, the immune system prevents HIV from ever emerging out of dormancy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A total cure has only been achieved in one person to date: Timothy Ray Brown, also known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/09/how-did-berlin-patient-rid-himself-hiv\" target=\"_blank\">The Berlin Patient\u003c/a>. Brown was initially infected with HIV in 1995. After years of antiretroviral drugs, Brown, who also suffers from acute myeloid leukemia, underwent chemotherapy followed by two stem cell transplants from a donor whose immune cells were genetically resistant to HIV. Today, nine years later, Brown remains free of any trace of the virus in not only his bloodstream but in myriad tissue samples. He recently relocated to participate in studies in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The Berlin Patient gave us the proof of concept” for an HIV cure, said Kevin Frost, amfAR CEO and the summit spokesperson. Referring to the number of people with HIV globally, he said, “Now we have to go from N-1 to N-37 million.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Berlin Patient's case was unique and his treatment prohibitively expensive, out of reach to millions with HIV. In the short term, a more realistic remedy than eradication of the virus is remission without antiretroviral drugs. A small minority of long-term HIV survivors, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/Protected-from-HIV-elite-controllers-still-10420068.php\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">elite controllers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,\" already can manage without the drugs due to their own immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If shock and kill therapies prove effective and durable, they will also prove a boon for HIV prevention. Two major \u003ca href=\"https://hptn.org/research/studies/33\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a> over the last five years in thousands of couples showed that individuals on ARVs with undetectable levels of HIV were \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://i-base.info/htb/30108\">not infectious. \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A number of preventive shock and kill vaccines are now being evaluated in new laboratory studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Needed: R&D for New Tools\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some of the buzz at the HIV Cure Summit focused on progress made with new tools to find, measure, and map latent HIV. UCSF's Peter Hunt introduced results of a new RNA-DNA probe that can simultaneously measure dormant and replicating HIV in tissue cells, as well as pinpoint the cell type. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That allows for mapping of not only the regions where reservoirs of HIV are lurking but the individual cells, explained Johnston. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s an incredible advance,\" Johnston said. \"There’s not a single group in the world who has done that.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Another UCSF researcher, Satish Pillai, presented a novel digital-drop technology and multifluid chip test that can analyze many cells at once. Such tools are critical to assess if patients off medicines will remain HIV-free.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Looking ahead, Frost of amfAR thought a barrier to more rapid progress is a lack of pharma investment in research and diagnostics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“In the development of antiretrovirals, the pace of research accelerated at a speed commensurate with the revenue generated,\" he said. \"With only a few exceptions, pharma hasn’t even come to the table on cure research yet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV cure proponents also worry about possible cuts in research dollars under incoming President Donald Trump.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But such hurdles haven’t dampened their growing faith in a cure. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know from the science that a cure can happen,” said Pillai. “That’s definitely a reason to be hopeful. We just need more resources and more people involved to move us along faster.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are increasingly optimistic about the promising 'shock and kill' approach to eradicating HIV from infected patients. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1482125312,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":1232},"headData":{"title":"New HIV Studies Offer Fresh Hope for a Cure | KQED","description":"Scientists are increasingly optimistic about the promising 'shock and kill' approach to eradicating HIV from infected patients. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New HIV Studies Offer Fresh Hope for a Cure","datePublished":"2016-12-17T18:27:08.000Z","dateModified":"2016-12-19T05:28:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"297102 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=297102","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/17/new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure/","disqusTitle":"New HIV Studies Offer Fresh Hope for a Cure","source":"KQED Future of You","customPermalink":"2016/12/13/hiv-cure/","nprByline":"Anne-christine d'Adesky","path":"/futureofyou/297102/new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The HIV research community is increasingly optimistic about the promising \"shock and kill\" approach to eradicating HIV from infected patients. Such removal of all traces of the virus from an individual's body would represent an actual cure for AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We know from the science that a cure can happen.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new small-scale human trial of the treatment is starting this week in New York and two sister sites, in Germany and Denmark. The trial will combine an anticancer drug, romidepsin, with antiretroviral drugs, also known as ARVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small human study will start in January, followed by a larger human shock and kill trial in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shock and kill combines standard ARVs with an immune booster, a combo that’s been effective in test tube, animal and now human trials. The treatment flushes out and eradicates pockets of HIV, which lie inactive inside dormant immune cells even as antiretroviral drugs reduce the actively reproducing virus to undetectable levels in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new trials follow validating shock and kill data from University of California, San Francisco researchers, shared at the HIV Cure Summit, held on Dec. 1 at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"I feel a very real sense of optimism based on the evidence that we know a cure can be achieved,” said Dr. Rowena Johnston, vice-president for amfAR, in a post-summit interview with KQED. “There is a fundamental understanding we have now of the barriers between us and a cure, and how we go about to solving the problems.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a related upcoming trial, a \u003cspan class=\"s1\">UCSF team will study whether an oral pill or IV drip is more effective in delivering drugs to tissue reservoirs where HIV hides. A separate observational study designed to serve as a reference for all HIV cure trials will monitor people who stop taking ARVs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Building on a Breakthrough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The mood at the HIV Cure Summit was one of cautious optimism, in part fueled by reports from the first human shock and kill trial in Britain. In October, UK scientists conducting a 50-person study announced that the first patient to complete the treatment, a 44-year-old man given Vorinostat, ARVs and vaccines to prod the immune system, \u003c/span>showed no detectable signs of the virus in his blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In short, he appeared cured. But \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV scientists worldwide quickly deemed any declaration of victory premature, cautioning that more time, as well as tissue samples, are needed to judge the treatment's efficacy. The UK trial will wrap up in 2018, and no results are expected until then.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Animal Studies Offer Hope – And a Warning \u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The early human findings mirror promising results from numerous lab and \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/shock-and-kill-approach-cures-mice-hiv-world-first/\">animal studies\u003c/a> \u003c/span>employing shock and kill and related therapies. In October, researchers reported that several of eight monkeys given an immune therapy plus ARVs to flush out SIV, the simian cousin to HIV, now remain\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-aids-day-cure-analysis-idUSKBN13Q3BM\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\"> free\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of the virus after two years. The animals continue to be monitored. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But another group has just issued a cautionary note. It may be that not all approaches to boosting the immune system will prove safe, even if effective. On Dec. 12, scientists reported \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmpro.com/news/2016/12/hiv-shock-and-kill-strategy-may-harm-patient-brains\" target=\"_blank\">brain inflammation\u003c/a> in a study of three SIV-infected macaques given a year’s course of Vorinostat; Ingenol-B, another latency-reversing agent; and ARVs. While Vorinostat has passed human safety studies, Ingenol-B has not, said Johnston.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"Our study sounds a major cautionary note about the potential for unintended consequences of the shock-and-kill treatment strategy,\" stated Janice Clements, a veteran AIDS researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>The Berlin Patient\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the UCSF summit, researchers stressed the difference between a full or sterilizing cure, which would constitute eradication of every last particle of HIV, and a functional cure, meaning remission. In the latter, the immune system prevents HIV from ever emerging out of dormancy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A total cure has only been achieved in one person to date: Timothy Ray Brown, also known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/09/how-did-berlin-patient-rid-himself-hiv\" target=\"_blank\">The Berlin Patient\u003c/a>. Brown was initially infected with HIV in 1995. After years of antiretroviral drugs, Brown, who also suffers from acute myeloid leukemia, underwent chemotherapy followed by two stem cell transplants from a donor whose immune cells were genetically resistant to HIV. Today, nine years later, Brown remains free of any trace of the virus in not only his bloodstream but in myriad tissue samples. He recently relocated to participate in studies in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The Berlin Patient gave us the proof of concept” for an HIV cure, said Kevin Frost, amfAR CEO and the summit spokesperson. Referring to the number of people with HIV globally, he said, “Now we have to go from N-1 to N-37 million.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Berlin Patient's case was unique and his treatment prohibitively expensive, out of reach to millions with HIV. In the short term, a more realistic remedy than eradication of the virus is remission without antiretroviral drugs. A small minority of long-term HIV survivors, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/Protected-from-HIV-elite-controllers-still-10420068.php\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">elite controllers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>,\" already can manage without the drugs due to their own immune systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If shock and kill therapies prove effective and durable, they will also prove a boon for HIV prevention. Two major \u003ca href=\"https://hptn.org/research/studies/33\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a> over the last five years in thousands of couples showed that individuals on ARVs with undetectable levels of HIV were \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://i-base.info/htb/30108\">not infectious. \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A number of preventive shock and kill vaccines are now being evaluated in new laboratory studies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Needed: R&D for New Tools\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some of the buzz at the HIV Cure Summit focused on progress made with new tools to find, measure, and map latent HIV. UCSF's Peter Hunt introduced results of a new RNA-DNA probe that can simultaneously measure dormant and replicating HIV in tissue cells, as well as pinpoint the cell type. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That allows for mapping of not only the regions where reservoirs of HIV are lurking but the individual cells, explained Johnston. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s an incredible advance,\" Johnston said. \"There’s not a single group in the world who has done that.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Another UCSF researcher, Satish Pillai, presented a novel digital-drop technology and multifluid chip test that can analyze many cells at once. Such tools are critical to assess if patients off medicines will remain HIV-free.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Looking ahead, Frost of amfAR thought a barrier to more rapid progress is a lack of pharma investment in research and diagnostics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“In the development of antiretrovirals, the pace of research accelerated at a speed commensurate with the revenue generated,\" he said. \"With only a few exceptions, pharma hasn’t even come to the table on cure research yet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">HIV cure proponents also worry about possible cuts in research dollars under incoming President Donald Trump.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But such hurdles haven’t dampened their growing faith in a cure. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know from the science that a cure can happen,” said Pillai. “That’s definitely a reason to be hopeful. We just need more resources and more people involved to move us along faster.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/297102/new-hiv-studies-offer-fresh-hope-for-a-cure","authors":["byline_futureofyou_297102"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_650","futureofyou_651","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1145"],"featImg":"futureofyou_300105","label":"source_futureofyou_297102"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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