Can an Online Game Help Create a Better Test For TB?
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This is the gene-editing tool often described by the adjective “cutting-edge,” and with good reason. The technique makes it simple to precisely change a piece of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask417\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in one or a few cells in living things, including us. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is already transforming biological research and medicine. For example, it was recently used to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/03/gene-therapy-may-finally-be-coming-of-age/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">successfully treat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> sickle cell anemia in a French teenager.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But CRISPR’s power does not lie in its ability to edit a human cell. Scientists have used other technologies, like\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TALEN\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">zinc finger nuclease\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, that can do the same thing. And these older techniques are being used for successful medical treatments, too. For example, the company Sangamo has an\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v528/n7580_supp/full/528S8a.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">HIV treatment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> pretty far along in clinical trials that uses zinc finger technology. In London, scientists have successfully \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2119252-gene-editing-has-saved-the-lives-of-two-children-with-leukaemia/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">treated a baby with leukemia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> using immune cells edited with TALEN technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To aim a TALEN or a zinc finger at specific locations in your DNA, you have to redesign them\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> each time. I\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">n essence, you have to create \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a separate TALEN or zinc finger for each part of the DNA you target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the case for Cas9, the enzyme that acts as a molecular scissors and makes the incision in the targeted area of the DNA. No matter which specific part of the DNA you send it to, you always use the same Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What gets Cas9 to the right place in the DNA is what's appropriately called guide RNA. A closely related molecule to DNA, RNA is important for a variety of processes related to translating the information of genes into actions in a cell. These simple RNA molecules are easy to make and deploy as guides. You can use a computer program like this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://benchling.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to customize RNA. Then you order it from \u003c/span>one of a number of different a companies \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and insert it, along with Cas9, into a cell.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also means it is easy to simultaneously hit multiple spots in the DNA -- you do that by adding more guide RNAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guide RNAs work on the same principle that Watson and Crick, discoverers of the chemical structure of DNA, found in 1953 with the help of X-ray crystallographic photos\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from the work of Rosalind Franklin -- base pairing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Power of Base Pairing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick could not have figured out DNA structure without determining that its\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">four nucleotide bases -- those famous As, Gs, Cs and Ts -- line up in the “stairs” of the spiral staircase that forms its shape.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick found that A always pairs with T, and G always attaches to C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This doesn’t only apply to DNA. RNA uses the same base-pairing principle, with one exception: It has a U instead of a T.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So for RNA, A always pairs with U, and G with C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guide RNA gets Cas9 to the right place by relying on these pairing rules. Let’s say you want to target this sequence of DNA:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GGCCTT\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You send an RNA with complementary base pairs that will bond with it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCGGAA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You then add this guide RNA to the Cas9 “scissors,” sending it to the exact spot you want to snip. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is all you have to do if you just want to disable a gene. To fix a gene, you usually need to add, along with Cas9 and the guide RNA, a copy of the “fixed DNA” that the cell can use as a template for repairing that gene.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A guide RNA has a few other requirements\u003c/span>\u003cb>, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but the key is to match it with the DNA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The example above is a bit misleading, because If we were really to go after just six bases, we’d shred the DNA into hundreds of thousands of pieces. On average there are something like 700,000 bits of DNA with this exact sequence scattered \u003c/span>across the human genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is why scientists target much larger, and thus more specific DNA sequences, along the lines of 20 bases -- \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is much easier to find stretches of bases this long that are unique.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So remember, the next time you read about CRISPR-Cas9, don't forget about that all-important guide RNA. That's the thing that gets the gene-editing tool to where it's going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University. He runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose, California. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that gene editing can take place at specific spots.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1504722061,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":863},"headData":{"title":"Why CRISPR Gene-Editing is So Precise | KQED","description":"What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that gene editing can take place at specific spots.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why CRISPR Gene-Editing is So Precise","datePublished":"2017-09-05T15:50:38.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-06T18:21:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435064 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435064","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/05/why-crispr-gene-editing-is-so-precise/","disqusTitle":"Why CRISPR Gene-Editing is So Precise","nprByline":"Barry Starr\u003cbr />Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/435064/why-crispr-gene-editing-is-so-precise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you are paying even just a little attention to science news, you’ve heard of CRISPR‐Cas9. This is the gene-editing tool often described by the adjective “cutting-edge,” and with good reason. The technique makes it simple to precisely change a piece of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask417\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in one or a few cells in living things, including us. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is already transforming biological research and medicine. For example, it was recently used to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/03/gene-therapy-may-finally-be-coming-of-age/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">successfully treat\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> sickle cell anemia in a French teenager.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But CRISPR’s power does not lie in its ability to edit a human cell. Scientists have used other technologies, like\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TALEN\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_nuclease\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">zinc finger nuclease\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, that can do the same thing. And these older techniques are being used for successful medical treatments, too. For example, the company Sangamo has an\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v528/n7580_supp/full/528S8a.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">HIV treatment\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> pretty far along in clinical trials that uses zinc finger technology. In London, scientists have successfully \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2119252-gene-editing-has-saved-the-lives-of-two-children-with-leukaemia/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">treated a baby with leukemia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> using immune cells edited with TALEN technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What makes CRISPR‐Cas9 truly revolutionary is how much\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">easier it is to program different destinations in someone’s DNA, so that the gene editing can take place at that spot.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To aim a TALEN or a zinc finger at specific locations in your DNA, you have to redesign them\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> each time. I\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">n essence, you have to create \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a separate TALEN or zinc finger for each part of the DNA you target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the case for Cas9, the enzyme that acts as a molecular scissors and makes the incision in the targeted area of the DNA. No matter which specific part of the DNA you send it to, you always use the same Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What gets Cas9 to the right place in the DNA is what's appropriately called guide RNA. A closely related molecule to DNA, RNA is important for a variety of processes related to translating the information of genes into actions in a cell. These simple RNA molecules are easy to make and deploy as guides. You can use a computer program like this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://benchling.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to customize RNA. Then you order it from \u003c/span>one of a number of different a companies \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and insert it, along with Cas9, into a cell.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also means it is easy to simultaneously hit multiple spots in the DNA -- you do that by adding more guide RNAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guide RNAs work on the same principle that Watson and Crick, discoverers of the chemical structure of DNA, found in 1953 with the help of X-ray crystallographic photos\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from the work of Rosalind Franklin -- base pairing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Power of Base Pairing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick could not have figured out DNA structure without determining that its\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">four nucleotide bases -- those famous As, Gs, Cs and Ts -- line up in the “stairs” of the spiral staircase that forms its shape.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Watson and Crick found that A always pairs with T, and G always attaches to C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This doesn’t only apply to DNA. RNA uses the same base-pairing principle, with one exception: It has a U instead of a T.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So for RNA, A always pairs with U, and G with C.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guide RNA gets Cas9 to the right place by relying on these pairing rules. Let’s say you want to target this sequence of DNA:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GGCCTT\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You send an RNA with complementary base pairs that will bond with it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CCGGAA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You then add this guide RNA to the Cas9 “scissors,” sending it to the exact spot you want to snip. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is all you have to do if you just want to disable a gene. To fix a gene, you usually need to add, along with Cas9 and the guide RNA, a copy of the “fixed DNA” that the cell can use as a template for repairing that gene.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A guide RNA has a few other requirements\u003c/span>\u003cb>, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but the key is to match it with the DNA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The example above is a bit misleading, because If we were really to go after just six bases, we’d shred the DNA into hundreds of thousands of pieces. On average there are something like 700,000 bits of DNA with this exact sequence scattered \u003c/span>across the human genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is why scientists target much larger, and thus more specific DNA sequences, along the lines of 20 bases -- \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is much easier to find stretches of bases this long that are unique.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So remember, the next time you read about CRISPR-Cas9, don't forget about that all-important guide RNA. That's the thing that gets the gene-editing tool to where it's going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University. He runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose, California. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435064/why-crispr-gene-editing-is-so-precise","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435064"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_94","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_898"],"featImg":"futureofyou_1194","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_156549":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_156549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"156549","score":null,"sort":[1462213726000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-an-online-game-help-create-a-better-test-for-tb","title":"Can an Online Game Help Create a Better Test For TB?","publishDate":1462213726,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Though it's the world's top infectious killer, tuberculosis is surprisingly tricky to diagnose. Scientists think that video gamers can help them create a better diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Players of a Web-based game called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eternagame.org/\">EteRNA\u003c/a> will try to design a sensor molecule that could potentially make diagnosing TB as easy as taking a home pregnancy test. The TB puzzle marks the launch of \"EteRNA Medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of rallying gamers to fight TB arose as two young Stanford University professors chatted over dinner at a \u003ca href=\"http://bigdata.stanford.edu/pastevents/2015speakers.html\">conference\u003c/a> last May. \u003ca href=\"https://daslab.stanford.edu/\">Rhiju Das\u003c/a>, a biochemist who helped create EteRNA, told bioinformatician \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/purveshkumar-khatri\">Purvesh Khatri\u003c/a> about the game, which challenges nonexperts to design RNA molecules that fold into target shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RNA molecules play key roles in biology and disease. Some brain disorders can be traced to problems with RNA folding. Viruses such as H1N1 flu and HIV depend on RNA elements to replicate and infect cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Das wants to \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJEGaDa8GwQ\">fight fire with fire\u003c/a>\" — that is, to disrupt the RNA involved in a disease or virus by crafting new tools that are themselves made of RNA molecules. EteRNA players learn RNA design principles with each puzzle they solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khatri was intrigued by the notion of engaging the public to solve problems. His lab develops novel diagnostics using publicly available data sets. The team had just published a paper on a set of genes that could help diagnose sepsis and had other papers under review on influenza and TB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \"Aha!\" moment during their dinner chat, Khatri says, he and Das realized \"how awesome it would be to sequentially merge our two approaches — to use public data to find a diagnostic marker for a disease, and then use the public's help to develop the test.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB seemed opportune as it has a simple diagnostic signature — a set of three human genes that turn up or down predictably after TB infection. When checked across gene data on thousands of blood samples from 14 groups of people around the globe, the behavior of the three-gene set readily identified people with active TB, distinguishing them from individuals who had latent TB or other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those findings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(16)00048-5/abstract\">published\u003c/a> in February, have gotten serious attention — not only from curious patients and doctors but also from humanitarian groups eager to help bring a better TB test to market. It can currently take several tests to tell whether a person has active TB, including a chest X-ray and sputum test. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has started sending data to help the Stanford team validate a test based on the newly identified TB gene signature, says study leader Khatri, who works at the university's \u003ca href=\"http://bmir.stanford.edu/\">Center for Biomedical Informatics Research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test under development would use a common method called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to probe samples for specific \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mrna-messenger-rna-160\">messenger RNAs\u003c/a> — single-stranded molecules that carry portions of the genes' DNA code to parts of the cell where proteins are made. PCR is a mainstay of modern laboratories, but it requires machines that aren't always available in rural areas or developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Das thinks EteRNA players could help create a simpler TB test. The test would need a \"switch\" molecule — one that switches its shape when it senses that concentrations of the three signature RNAs are just so. If such a molecule existed, Das says, diagnosing TB could be as easy as reading a home pregnancy kit, in which sensor molecules embedded on test strips react with a signature hormone to produce colored bands indicating a positive result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest EteRNA puzzles have prepared players for the TB challenge by teaching them how to create RNA molecules that switch their folding patterns in the presence of other chemicals or molecules. Earlier EteRNA puzzles didn't have the switch component; they simply asked players to arrange RNA's four building blocks into sequences to create strands that fold into desired shapes. Before the game went public in early 2011, EteRNA started as an RNA hack of Foldit, a crowdsourcing project that leverages similar problem-solving skills to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/10/02/140979241/when-scientists-fail-its-time-to-call-in-the-gamers\">predict how proteins are folded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in one regard EteRNA is fundamentally different. Whereas in Foldit players' predictions were compared against computer simulations, EteRNA puzzle solutions are scored by real molecules. Players vote on each batch of RNA designs, and winning structures get synthesized in a Stanford biochemistry lab. Insights gained from \"wet lab\" experiments with the synthesized molecules help players design more complex molecules in subsequent puzzles. EteRNA was conceived as an \"Internet-scale citizen science project that includes actual experiments as part of the game play,\" Das says. The game is accessible at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eternagame.org/\">www.eternagame.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game has attracted more than 100,000 players so far. \"You can start out not knowing any of the science,\" says Jeff Anderson-Lee, a computer systems manager at UC Berkeley who got hooked on EteRNA 4 1/2 years ago. In early rounds, EteRNA guides players through small tasks that teach the rules of the game. \"You start to get a sense for what things go together to make an RNA design fold the way you want,\" Anderson-Lee says. \"While you're doing that, you're gaining points and rising in rank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Games like EteRNA and Foldit show just how far citizen science has come. Foldit made a splash in 2011 when nonexpert players took just several weeks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2011/09/19/140606555/gamers-solve-stubborn-viral-mystery-the-shape-of-a-key-enzyme\">solve the structure\u003c/a> of an enzyme important for replication of an AIDS-like virus — a problem that had stumped scientists for the previous decade. As for EteRNA players, they aren't just glued to their screens solving puzzles over lunch. They're diving into the RNA literature and pushing science forward by forming and testing their own hypotheses, even organizing their own \u003ca href=\"http://eternawiki.org/wiki/index.php5/Eternacon\">conferences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Anderson-Lee and other top gamers published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283615006567%20\">report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Molecular Biology \u003c/em>— which many consider the first peer-reviewed publication of research entirely conceived and carried out by citizen scientists. In another crowdsourcing victory published last month, nonexperts who played a quantum mechanics game developed strategies that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7598/full/nature17620.html\">outperformed\u003c/a> scientists' computer algorithms. And this week, EteRNA Medicine will engage citizen scientists with its first puzzle aimed at a specific disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now wait, you might be thinking, can't computers be trained to do this stuff? \"On some level, the answer is likely yes,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~./treuille/\">Adrien Treuille\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University who worked with Das to develop EteRNA. \"We should be able to train computers to solve RNA puzzles, and they should be able to do it more quickly and with fewer errors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the rub: Artificial intelligence may churn out an answer but won't tell you how it got there. Treuille says \"the crux of the human aspect of science is looking at data and coming up with understandable explanations for it — and asking new questions you didn't initially think to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Game on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.estherlandhuis.com\">Esther Landhuis\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a freelance science journalist in the San Francisco Bay Area. Follow her at @elandhuis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+An+Online+Game+Help+Create+A+Better+Test+For+TB%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers who created an online RNA-folding game launched the project's first challenge aimed at a disease — creating a better tuberculosis test.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476851544,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1198},"headData":{"title":"Can an Online Game Help Create a Better Test For TB? | KQED","description":"Researchers who created an online RNA-folding game launched the project's first challenge aimed at a disease — creating a better tuberculosis test.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can an Online Game Help Create a Better Test For TB?","datePublished":"2016-05-02T18:28:46.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-19T04:32:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"156549 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=156549","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/02/can-an-online-game-help-create-a-better-test-for-tb/","disqusTitle":"Can an Online Game Help Create a Better Test For TB?","nprByline":"Esther Landhuis\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"via Eternagame.org","nprStoryId":"473557723","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=473557723&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/02/473557723/can-an-online-game-help-create-a-better-test-for-tb?ft=nprml&f=473557723","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 02 May 2016 12:43:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 02 May 2016 11:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 02 May 2016 12:43:23 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/156549/can-an-online-game-help-create-a-better-test-for-tb","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Though it's the world's top infectious killer, tuberculosis is surprisingly tricky to diagnose. Scientists think that video gamers can help them create a better diagnostic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Players of a Web-based game called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eternagame.org/\">EteRNA\u003c/a> will try to design a sensor molecule that could potentially make diagnosing TB as easy as taking a home pregnancy test. The TB puzzle marks the launch of \"EteRNA Medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of rallying gamers to fight TB arose as two young Stanford University professors chatted over dinner at a \u003ca href=\"http://bigdata.stanford.edu/pastevents/2015speakers.html\">conference\u003c/a> last May. \u003ca href=\"https://daslab.stanford.edu/\">Rhiju Das\u003c/a>, a biochemist who helped create EteRNA, told bioinformatician \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/purveshkumar-khatri\">Purvesh Khatri\u003c/a> about the game, which challenges nonexperts to design RNA molecules that fold into target shapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RNA molecules play key roles in biology and disease. Some brain disorders can be traced to problems with RNA folding. Viruses such as H1N1 flu and HIV depend on RNA elements to replicate and infect cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Das wants to \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJEGaDa8GwQ\">fight fire with fire\u003c/a>\" — that is, to disrupt the RNA involved in a disease or virus by crafting new tools that are themselves made of RNA molecules. EteRNA players learn RNA design principles with each puzzle they solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khatri was intrigued by the notion of engaging the public to solve problems. His lab develops novel diagnostics using publicly available data sets. The team had just published a paper on a set of genes that could help diagnose sepsis and had other papers under review on influenza and TB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \"Aha!\" moment during their dinner chat, Khatri says, he and Das realized \"how awesome it would be to sequentially merge our two approaches — to use public data to find a diagnostic marker for a disease, and then use the public's help to develop the test.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB seemed opportune as it has a simple diagnostic signature — a set of three human genes that turn up or down predictably after TB infection. When checked across gene data on thousands of blood samples from 14 groups of people around the globe, the behavior of the three-gene set readily identified people with active TB, distinguishing them from individuals who had latent TB or other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those findings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(16)00048-5/abstract\">published\u003c/a> in February, have gotten serious attention — not only from curious patients and doctors but also from humanitarian groups eager to help bring a better TB test to market. It can currently take several tests to tell whether a person has active TB, including a chest X-ray and sputum test. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has started sending data to help the Stanford team validate a test based on the newly identified TB gene signature, says study leader Khatri, who works at the university's \u003ca href=\"http://bmir.stanford.edu/\">Center for Biomedical Informatics Research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test under development would use a common method called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to probe samples for specific \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mrna-messenger-rna-160\">messenger RNAs\u003c/a> — single-stranded molecules that carry portions of the genes' DNA code to parts of the cell where proteins are made. PCR is a mainstay of modern laboratories, but it requires machines that aren't always available in rural areas or developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Das thinks EteRNA players could help create a simpler TB test. The test would need a \"switch\" molecule — one that switches its shape when it senses that concentrations of the three signature RNAs are just so. If such a molecule existed, Das says, diagnosing TB could be as easy as reading a home pregnancy kit, in which sensor molecules embedded on test strips react with a signature hormone to produce colored bands indicating a positive result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest EteRNA puzzles have prepared players for the TB challenge by teaching them how to create RNA molecules that switch their folding patterns in the presence of other chemicals or molecules. Earlier EteRNA puzzles didn't have the switch component; they simply asked players to arrange RNA's four building blocks into sequences to create strands that fold into desired shapes. Before the game went public in early 2011, EteRNA started as an RNA hack of Foldit, a crowdsourcing project that leverages similar problem-solving skills to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/10/02/140979241/when-scientists-fail-its-time-to-call-in-the-gamers\">predict how proteins are folded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in one regard EteRNA is fundamentally different. Whereas in Foldit players' predictions were compared against computer simulations, EteRNA puzzle solutions are scored by real molecules. Players vote on each batch of RNA designs, and winning structures get synthesized in a Stanford biochemistry lab. Insights gained from \"wet lab\" experiments with the synthesized molecules help players design more complex molecules in subsequent puzzles. EteRNA was conceived as an \"Internet-scale citizen science project that includes actual experiments as part of the game play,\" Das says. The game is accessible at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eternagame.org/\">www.eternagame.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game has attracted more than 100,000 players so far. \"You can start out not knowing any of the science,\" says Jeff Anderson-Lee, a computer systems manager at UC Berkeley who got hooked on EteRNA 4 1/2 years ago. In early rounds, EteRNA guides players through small tasks that teach the rules of the game. \"You start to get a sense for what things go together to make an RNA design fold the way you want,\" Anderson-Lee says. \"While you're doing that, you're gaining points and rising in rank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Games like EteRNA and Foldit show just how far citizen science has come. Foldit made a splash in 2011 when nonexpert players took just several weeks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2011/09/19/140606555/gamers-solve-stubborn-viral-mystery-the-shape-of-a-key-enzyme\">solve the structure\u003c/a> of an enzyme important for replication of an AIDS-like virus — a problem that had stumped scientists for the previous decade. As for EteRNA players, they aren't just glued to their screens solving puzzles over lunch. They're diving into the RNA literature and pushing science forward by forming and testing their own hypotheses, even organizing their own \u003ca href=\"http://eternawiki.org/wiki/index.php5/Eternacon\">conferences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Anderson-Lee and other top gamers published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283615006567%20\">report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Molecular Biology \u003c/em>— which many consider the first peer-reviewed publication of research entirely conceived and carried out by citizen scientists. In another crowdsourcing victory published last month, nonexperts who played a quantum mechanics game developed strategies that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7598/full/nature17620.html\">outperformed\u003c/a> scientists' computer algorithms. And this week, EteRNA Medicine will engage citizen scientists with its first puzzle aimed at a specific disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now wait, you might be thinking, can't computers be trained to do this stuff? \"On some level, the answer is likely yes,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~./treuille/\">Adrien Treuille\u003c/a>, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University who worked with Das to develop EteRNA. \"We should be able to train computers to solve RNA puzzles, and they should be able to do it more quickly and with fewer errors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the rub: Artificial intelligence may churn out an answer but won't tell you how it got there. Treuille says \"the crux of the human aspect of science is looking at data and coming up with understandable explanations for it — and asking new questions you didn't initially think to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Game on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.estherlandhuis.com\">Esther Landhuis\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a freelance science journalist in the San Francisco Bay Area. Follow her at @elandhuis.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+An+Online+Game+Help+Create+A+Better+Test+For+TB%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/156549/can-an-online-game-help-create-a-better-test-for-tb","authors":["byline_futureofyou_156549"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060"],"tags":["futureofyou_898","futureofyou_897"],"featImg":"futureofyou_156550","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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