White Supremacists Not Happy When DNA Tests Reveal Non-White Ancestry
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biological effects of lifelong exposure to racism or other sorts of discrimination can be complicated, scientists say, but likely tap into the same mechanisms as other types of chronic stress.","publishDate":1510965274,"status":"inherit","parent":437213,"modified":1510965335,"caption":"The biological effects of lifelong exposure to racism or other sorts of discrimination can be complicated, scientists say, but likely tap into the same mechanisms as other types of chronic stress.","credit":"Kim Ryu for 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But not for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still cringe when I think about it,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It had started well. His colleagues at UCLA had taken him and his girlfriend (now wife) out to a fancy restaurant to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was dressed up in the fanciest suit I had at the time and my wife looked beautiful, like always,\" he says. \"We laughed and we ate and we were excited we didn't have to pay for this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro was elated — celebrating a hard-won step toward his dream of becoming a physician-scientist. There had been so many late nights, so much work. But now, he had a Ph.D. in sociology and was headed to medical school at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt like a king,\" Montenegro \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2521973?resultClick=1\">wrote\u003c/a> in an article for the journal \u003cem>JAMA \u003c/em>last year. At the end of the evening, the couple got in line to pick up their car from the valet outside. They were third in line when a Jaguar pulled up to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And you see this woman get out of her car,\" says Montenegro. The woman must not have seen the valets, though they were wearing red vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She passes the first couple, she passes the second couple, she gets to me and she hands me her keys,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valets, Montenegro says, looked Latino — like him. The woman, who wasn't, assumed he was a valet, too. He was so shocked he just took the keys as she dropped them into his hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know what to say, what to do,\" Montenegro says. \"But I vividly remember turning red, and I don't often turn red. And I remember my heart pounding. I remember feeling really confused and hurt and angry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five minutes later, still standing in line waiting for his car, it happened again. Another person handed him their keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was at the pinnacle of my celebration, and with one swift action, I was dismissed, he wrote in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>. \"I was made invisible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't the first time that Montenegro had run into racist assumptions, and it wouldn't be the last. At various research conferences, academics he doesn't know have tried to order drinks from him. In medical school and during his medical residency, he was sometimes assumed to be a technician at the hospital — even when wearing his white doctor's coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes you question yourself and makes you feel confused and shocked,\" he says. \"It was a constant reminder of feeling like I would never fit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">Montenegro\u003c/a>, who now has an M.D. in addition to his Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow in child psychiatry at Seattle Children's Hospital. He is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">a growing group of scientists\u003c/a> who are trying to answer some big, complicated questions: What does the repeated experience of discrimination actually do to your body? And could such experiences be partially responsible for health disparities that exist among different groups in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individually these incidents seem benign,\" Montenegro says. \"But cumulatively I believe that they act like sort of low-grade microtraumas that can that end up hurting you and your biology. It's not just having your feelings hurt. It's having your biology hurt as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A poll recently released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that roughly a third of Latinos in America report they've experienced various kinds of discrimination in their lives based on ethnicity — including when applying for jobs, being paid or promoted equally, seeking housing or experiencing ethnic slurs or offensive comments or assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/amani-nuru-jeter\">Amani Nuru-Jeter\u003c/a>, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is another researcher working to find out how, as she puts it, racism gets under the skin. \"How does the lived and social experience of race turn into racial differences in health — into higher levels of Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease or higher rates of infant mortality?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, black children are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm\">twice as likely\u003c/a> as white children to develop asthma, health statistics suggest. And racial and ethnic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.pdf\">gaps in infant mortality\u003c/a> have persisted for as long as researchers have been collecting data. People with diabetes who are members of racial and ethnic minorities are \u003ca href=\"http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/advocacy-priorities/health-disparities.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">more likely\u003c/a> to have complications like kidney failure, or to require amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics might partially explain some of the differences, Nuru-Jeter says. Research has suggested that different populations may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/481092103/scientsts-seek-genetic-clues-to-why-asthma-is-deadlier-in-blacks\">respond differently to some asthma drugs\u003c/a>, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's not an adequate explanation for the very persistent dramatic differences we see in health outcomes between racial groups,\" she says. And public health researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442603/\">have found\u003c/a> that health disparities remain even after they take into account any differences in income and education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuru-Jeter and others hypothesize that chronic stress might be a key way racism contributes to health disparities. The idea is that the stress of experiencing discrimination over and over might wear you down physically over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's go back to how Montenegro remembers feeling that night when strangers assumed he was a valet. He said he was \"turning red,\" his heart was \"pounding.\" Those are signs his body was feeling acutely stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you start to worry about something, whether that's race or something else, then that initiates a biological stress response,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol shoot up, readying your body to flee or fight. Those hormones can help you kick into action to escape a wild animal, for example, or to run after a bus. Under such circumstances, the ability to experience stress and quickly respond can be benign — and valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source of the perceived threat, the physical response — higher levels of stress hormones, a faster heart rate — usually subside once the threat has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what we expect to happen,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research suggests bad things happen when your body has to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444451363/childhood-stress-may-prime-pump-for-chronic-disease-later\">gear up for threats too often\u003c/a>, consistently washing itself in stress hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prolonged elevation [and] circulation of the stress hormones in our bodies can be very toxic and compromise our body's ability to regulate key biological systems like our cardiovascular system, our inflammatory system, our neuroendocrine system,\" Nuru-Jeter says. \"It just gets us really out of whack and leaves us susceptible to a bunch of poor health outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763623/\">documented\u003c/a> similar stress reactions in response to racism, and even in response to \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">the mere \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">expectation\u003c/a> of a racist encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying black women, for example, she has found that chronic stress from frequent racist encounters is associated with \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/Suppl_22/A9550.short\">chronic low-grade inflammation\u003c/a> — a little like having a low fever all the time. Nuru-Jeter thinks it might be a sign that experiencing discrimination might dysregulate the body in a way that, over time, could put someone at a higher risk for a condition like heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this kind of research is complicated. There's no thermometer that measures degrees of racism, and it's not like scientists can take a group of people, expose some of them to discrimination, and then see how they fare compared with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless we could experimentally assign people to racist or nonracist experiences over a life course, we can't make causal connections,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.dartmouth.edu/people/zaneta-m-thayer\">Zaneta Thayer\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist at Dartmouth, who is currently looking into how discrimination experiences might influence multiple aspects of stress physiology, including cortisol and heart rate variability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers find \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/racial-discrimination-may-aggravate-asthma-study-finds\">correlations\u003c/a>, not causal links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Thayer studied 55 pregnant women in Auckland, New Zealand, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615000040\">found that\u003c/a> women who said they experienced discrimination had higher evening stress hormone levels late in pregnancy than other women who didn't cite frequent discrimination. Another study, at Duke University, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12160-007-9013-8\">found that\u003c/a> black students had higher levels of stress hormones after they heard reports of a violent, racist crime on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection isn't just with hormones. Other scientists have found correlations between discrimination and various measures of accelerated aging, including the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01596.x\">tips of people's chromosomes\u003c/a> and subtle \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/epigenetics-the-controversial-science-behind-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities/430749/\">alterations\u003c/a> in gene activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individually, such studies are rarely conclusive, Thayer says. \"There are always more questions to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collectively, she says, they form a compelling picture of how discrimination, stress and poor health might be related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes, in rare situations, researchers do get a slightly sharper glimpse of how such a connection may be playing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 12, 2008, about 900 agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — including some who arrived in a couple of Black Hawk helicopters — raided a meat processing plant in Postville, Iowa. They were looking for people who were working illegally in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/people/profile/35/Arline_T_Geronimus\">Arline T. Geronimus\u003c/a>, a behavioral scientist at the University of Michigan who has studied the event. \"It was a surprise, and it was quite extreme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some witnesses, the \u003ca href=\"http://wcfcourier.com/news/metro/in-postville-shock-but-no-surprise/article_205edba8-a0e1-59be-a16b-13ceae6628d6.html\">agents handcuffed\u003c/a> almost everyone they encountered who looked Latino. They ended up arresting more than a tenth of the town's population, detaining many for days at a fairground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zoe Lofgren, a California representative who chaired \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43682/content-detail.html\">a congressional hearing\u003c/a> on the Postville raid, detainees were treated \"like cattle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The information suggests that the people charged were rounded up, herded into a cattle arena, prodded down a cattle chute, coerced into guilty pleas and then [sent] to federal prison,\" Lofgren said at the hearing. \"This looks and feels like a cattle auction, not a criminal prosecution in the United States of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people arrested were charged with criminal fraud for knowingly working under false Social Security numbers, despite allegations of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2017/08/a-federal-judge-put-hundreds-of-immigrants-behind-bars-while-her-husband-invested-in-private-prisons/\">judicial misconduct\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/us/11immig.html\">reports\u003c/a> that few of the employees were actually guilty of that crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People lost their jobs,\" Geronimus says. \"People were afraid to go home in case there would be raids in their homes. They were sleeping in church pews. Some fled the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all accounts, it was an extremely stressful event for the approximately 400 people who were arrested and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the event also sent ripples throughout the state. Apparently, as Geronimus and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/46/3/839/2936776/Change-in-birth-outcomes-among-infants-born-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">reporte\u003c/a>d this year in the \u003cem>International Journal of Epidemiology, \u003c/em>it may even have affected the unborn children of some Iowa residents who were pregnant at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months after the raid, Geronimus says, some Latina women living in Iowa started giving birth to slightly smaller babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at birth certificates of more than 52,000 babies born in Iowa, including those born in the nine months following the raid, and in the same nine-month period one and two years earlier. They found a small but noticeable increase in the percentage of babies who weighed less than 5 1/2 pounds — the definition of what pediatricians term \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=low-birthweight-90-P02382\">low birth weight\u003c/a> — born to Latina moms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pregnant women of Latino descent throughout the state of Iowa — including those who were U.S. citizens, including those who were not right at Postville — experienced, on average, about a 24 percent greater risk of their babies having a low birth weight than they had in that very same period of time the previous year,\" Geronimus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the raid, 4.7 percent of babies born to white moms were low birth weight. After the raid, that number dropped to 4.4 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of babies with a low birth weight born to foreign-born Latina moms went up from 4.5 percent (76 babies) to 5.6 percent (98 babies). And it went up for the babies of U.S.-born Latina moms, too — from 5.3 percent (42 babies) to 6.4 percent (55 babies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that's a difference of just a few dozen children, each probably born just a few ounces underweight. But at that stage of life, a few ounces can make \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/5882\">a difference\u003c/a>, Geronimus says. Babies born small are at higher risk of dying in infancy and of having health and developmental problems later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Low birth weight in general is not higher in the Latino population than in the white population,\" Geronimus says. \"And in Iowa it was not higher before the raid, and it was not higher years after the raid. But there is a spike that happens to be exactly when the raid was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's worth noting, she says, that the effect even occurred among babies born to Latina moms who were U.S. citizens — people who shouldn't have been worried about being arrested or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So why did it suddenly spike?\" Geronimus asks. \"Well, there's a lot of research that suggests that stressful events during pregnancy can result in some complex immune, inflammatory and endocrine pathways and can increase the risk of low birth weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues think the poor treatment of people who \"looked Latino\" to the immigration agents might have caused additional stress among women outside the immediate area of the raid who were pregnant around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People could begin to worry this could happen to them or to people they know or in their communities,\" she says. \"And those worries alone can activate these physiological stress responses, even if they never did have a raid in their own hometown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, other researchers have noticed similar connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the six months following the Sept. 11 attacks in the Eastern U.S., babies born in California to moms with Arabic-sounding names had \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2006.0008\">a higher risk\u003c/a> of being born small or preterm than observed in that group during the same time period the year before — a change that didn't apply to other babies born in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both studies investigated the impacts of specific, dramatic events — and the results were consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says Geronimus. \"We could measure before and after.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she views such events as merely slivers of insight into patterns that may quietly be happening on a much larger scale among many populations. Patterns that are harder to tease out and measure — like the effects of centuries of racism against black Americans, or a persistent series of incidents involving police brutality against minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, Geronimus says, the cascade of stress that such events initiate sets the stage for health disparities in a generation of children — before they even enter the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rae Ellen Bichell is a science journalist based in Colorado. She previously covered general science and biomedical research for NPR. You can find her on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/raelnb?lang=en\">\u003cem>@raelnb\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Start+To+Tease+Out+The+Subtler+Ways+Racism+Hurts+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The biological effects of lifelong exposure to racism or other sorts of discrimination can be complicated, scientists say, but likely tap into the same mechanisms as other types of chronic stress.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1510965733,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2479},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism | KQED","description":"The biological effects of lifelong exposure to racism or other sorts of discrimination can be complicated, scientists say, but likely tap into the same mechanisms as other types of chronic stress.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"437213 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437213","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/17/scientists-look-at-the-chronic-stress-of-racism/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Kim Ryu for NPR","nprStoryId":"562623815","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=562623815&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/11/562623815/scientists-start-to-tease-out-the-subtler-ways-racism-hurts-health?ft=nprml&f=562623815","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 11 Nov 2017 10:29:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 11 Nov 2017 08:07:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 11 Nov 2017 10:29:04 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2017/11/20171111_wesat_scientists_start_to_tease_out_the_subtler_ways_racism_hurts_health.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=559149737&d=349&p=7&story=562623815&ft=nprml&f=562623815","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1563475818-205d0a.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=559149737&d=349&p=7&story=562623815&ft=nprml&f=562623815","path":"/futureofyou/437213/scientists-look-at-the-chronic-stress-of-racism","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2017/11/20171111_wesat_scientists_start_to_tease_out_the_subtler_ways_racism_hurts_health.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=559149737&d=349&p=7&story=562623815&ft=nprml&f=562623815","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The day Dr. Roberto Montenegro finished his Ph.D. was memorable. But not for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still cringe when I think about it,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It had started well. His colleagues at UCLA had taken him and his girlfriend (now wife) out to a fancy restaurant to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was dressed up in the fanciest suit I had at the time and my wife looked beautiful, like always,\" he says. \"We laughed and we ate and we were excited we didn't have to pay for this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro was elated — celebrating a hard-won step toward his dream of becoming a physician-scientist. There had been so many late nights, so much work. But now, he had a Ph.D. in sociology and was headed to medical school at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt like a king,\" Montenegro \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2521973?resultClick=1\">wrote\u003c/a> in an article for the journal \u003cem>JAMA \u003c/em>last year. At the end of the evening, the couple got in line to pick up their car from the valet outside. They were third in line when a Jaguar pulled up to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And you see this woman get out of her car,\" says Montenegro. The woman must not have seen the valets, though they were wearing red vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She passes the first couple, she passes the second couple, she gets to me and she hands me her keys,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valets, Montenegro says, looked Latino — like him. The woman, who wasn't, assumed he was a valet, too. He was so shocked he just took the keys as she dropped them into his hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know what to say, what to do,\" Montenegro says. \"But I vividly remember turning red, and I don't often turn red. And I remember my heart pounding. I remember feeling really confused and hurt and angry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five minutes later, still standing in line waiting for his car, it happened again. Another person handed him their keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was at the pinnacle of my celebration, and with one swift action, I was dismissed, he wrote in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>. \"I was made invisible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't the first time that Montenegro had run into racist assumptions, and it wouldn't be the last. At various research conferences, academics he doesn't know have tried to order drinks from him. In medical school and during his medical residency, he was sometimes assumed to be a technician at the hospital — even when wearing his white doctor's coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes you question yourself and makes you feel confused and shocked,\" he says. \"It was a constant reminder of feeling like I would never fit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">Montenegro\u003c/a>, who now has an M.D. in addition to his Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow in child psychiatry at Seattle Children's Hospital. He is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">a growing group of scientists\u003c/a> who are trying to answer some big, complicated questions: What does the repeated experience of discrimination actually do to your body? And could such experiences be partially responsible for health disparities that exist among different groups in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individually these incidents seem benign,\" Montenegro says. \"But cumulatively I believe that they act like sort of low-grade microtraumas that can that end up hurting you and your biology. It's not just having your feelings hurt. It's having your biology hurt as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A poll recently released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that roughly a third of Latinos in America report they've experienced various kinds of discrimination in their lives based on ethnicity — including when applying for jobs, being paid or promoted equally, seeking housing or experiencing ethnic slurs or offensive comments or assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/amani-nuru-jeter\">Amani Nuru-Jeter\u003c/a>, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is another researcher working to find out how, as she puts it, racism gets under the skin. \"How does the lived and social experience of race turn into racial differences in health — into higher levels of Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease or higher rates of infant mortality?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, black children are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm\">twice as likely\u003c/a> as white children to develop asthma, health statistics suggest. And racial and ethnic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.pdf\">gaps in infant mortality\u003c/a> have persisted for as long as researchers have been collecting data. People with diabetes who are members of racial and ethnic minorities are \u003ca href=\"http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/advocacy-priorities/health-disparities.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">more likely\u003c/a> to have complications like kidney failure, or to require amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics might partially explain some of the differences, Nuru-Jeter says. Research has suggested that different populations may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/481092103/scientsts-seek-genetic-clues-to-why-asthma-is-deadlier-in-blacks\">respond differently to some asthma drugs\u003c/a>, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's not an adequate explanation for the very persistent dramatic differences we see in health outcomes between racial groups,\" she says. And public health researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442603/\">have found\u003c/a> that health disparities remain even after they take into account any differences in income and education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuru-Jeter and others hypothesize that chronic stress might be a key way racism contributes to health disparities. The idea is that the stress of experiencing discrimination over and over might wear you down physically over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's go back to how Montenegro remembers feeling that night when strangers assumed he was a valet. He said he was \"turning red,\" his heart was \"pounding.\" Those are signs his body was feeling acutely stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you start to worry about something, whether that's race or something else, then that initiates a biological stress response,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol shoot up, readying your body to flee or fight. Those hormones can help you kick into action to escape a wild animal, for example, or to run after a bus. Under such circumstances, the ability to experience stress and quickly respond can be benign — and valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source of the perceived threat, the physical response — higher levels of stress hormones, a faster heart rate — usually subside once the threat has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what we expect to happen,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research suggests bad things happen when your body has to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444451363/childhood-stress-may-prime-pump-for-chronic-disease-later\">gear up for threats too often\u003c/a>, consistently washing itself in stress hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prolonged elevation [and] circulation of the stress hormones in our bodies can be very toxic and compromise our body's ability to regulate key biological systems like our cardiovascular system, our inflammatory system, our neuroendocrine system,\" Nuru-Jeter says. \"It just gets us really out of whack and leaves us susceptible to a bunch of poor health outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763623/\">documented\u003c/a> similar stress reactions in response to racism, and even in response to \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">the mere \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">expectation\u003c/a> of a racist encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying black women, for example, she has found that chronic stress from frequent racist encounters is associated with \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/Suppl_22/A9550.short\">chronic low-grade inflammation\u003c/a> — a little like having a low fever all the time. Nuru-Jeter thinks it might be a sign that experiencing discrimination might dysregulate the body in a way that, over time, could put someone at a higher risk for a condition like heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this kind of research is complicated. There's no thermometer that measures degrees of racism, and it's not like scientists can take a group of people, expose some of them to discrimination, and then see how they fare compared with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless we could experimentally assign people to racist or nonracist experiences over a life course, we can't make causal connections,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.dartmouth.edu/people/zaneta-m-thayer\">Zaneta Thayer\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist at Dartmouth, who is currently looking into how discrimination experiences might influence multiple aspects of stress physiology, including cortisol and heart rate variability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers find \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/racial-discrimination-may-aggravate-asthma-study-finds\">correlations\u003c/a>, not causal links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Thayer studied 55 pregnant women in Auckland, New Zealand, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615000040\">found that\u003c/a> women who said they experienced discrimination had higher evening stress hormone levels late in pregnancy than other women who didn't cite frequent discrimination. Another study, at Duke University, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12160-007-9013-8\">found that\u003c/a> black students had higher levels of stress hormones after they heard reports of a violent, racist crime on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection isn't just with hormones. Other scientists have found correlations between discrimination and various measures of accelerated aging, including the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01596.x\">tips of people's chromosomes\u003c/a> and subtle \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/epigenetics-the-controversial-science-behind-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities/430749/\">alterations\u003c/a> in gene activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individually, such studies are rarely conclusive, Thayer says. \"There are always more questions to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collectively, she says, they form a compelling picture of how discrimination, stress and poor health might be related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes, in rare situations, researchers do get a slightly sharper glimpse of how such a connection may be playing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 12, 2008, about 900 agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — including some who arrived in a couple of Black Hawk helicopters — raided a meat processing plant in Postville, Iowa. They were looking for people who were working illegally in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/people/profile/35/Arline_T_Geronimus\">Arline T. Geronimus\u003c/a>, a behavioral scientist at the University of Michigan who has studied the event. \"It was a surprise, and it was quite extreme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some witnesses, the \u003ca href=\"http://wcfcourier.com/news/metro/in-postville-shock-but-no-surprise/article_205edba8-a0e1-59be-a16b-13ceae6628d6.html\">agents handcuffed\u003c/a> almost everyone they encountered who looked Latino. They ended up arresting more than a tenth of the town's population, detaining many for days at a fairground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zoe Lofgren, a California representative who chaired \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43682/content-detail.html\">a congressional hearing\u003c/a> on the Postville raid, detainees were treated \"like cattle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The information suggests that the people charged were rounded up, herded into a cattle arena, prodded down a cattle chute, coerced into guilty pleas and then [sent] to federal prison,\" Lofgren said at the hearing. \"This looks and feels like a cattle auction, not a criminal prosecution in the United States of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people arrested were charged with criminal fraud for knowingly working under false Social Security numbers, despite allegations of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2017/08/a-federal-judge-put-hundreds-of-immigrants-behind-bars-while-her-husband-invested-in-private-prisons/\">judicial misconduct\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/us/11immig.html\">reports\u003c/a> that few of the employees were actually guilty of that crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People lost their jobs,\" Geronimus says. \"People were afraid to go home in case there would be raids in their homes. They were sleeping in church pews. Some fled the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all accounts, it was an extremely stressful event for the approximately 400 people who were arrested and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the event also sent ripples throughout the state. Apparently, as Geronimus and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/46/3/839/2936776/Change-in-birth-outcomes-among-infants-born-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">reporte\u003c/a>d this year in the \u003cem>International Journal of Epidemiology, \u003c/em>it may even have affected the unborn children of some Iowa residents who were pregnant at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months after the raid, Geronimus says, some Latina women living in Iowa started giving birth to slightly smaller babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at birth certificates of more than 52,000 babies born in Iowa, including those born in the nine months following the raid, and in the same nine-month period one and two years earlier. They found a small but noticeable increase in the percentage of babies who weighed less than 5 1/2 pounds — the definition of what pediatricians term \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=low-birthweight-90-P02382\">low birth weight\u003c/a> — born to Latina moms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pregnant women of Latino descent throughout the state of Iowa — including those who were U.S. citizens, including those who were not right at Postville — experienced, on average, about a 24 percent greater risk of their babies having a low birth weight than they had in that very same period of time the previous year,\" Geronimus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the raid, 4.7 percent of babies born to white moms were low birth weight. After the raid, that number dropped to 4.4 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of babies with a low birth weight born to foreign-born Latina moms went up from 4.5 percent (76 babies) to 5.6 percent (98 babies). And it went up for the babies of U.S.-born Latina moms, too — from 5.3 percent (42 babies) to 6.4 percent (55 babies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that's a difference of just a few dozen children, each probably born just a few ounces underweight. But at that stage of life, a few ounces can make \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/5882\">a difference\u003c/a>, Geronimus says. Babies born small are at higher risk of dying in infancy and of having health and developmental problems later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Low birth weight in general is not higher in the Latino population than in the white population,\" Geronimus says. \"And in Iowa it was not higher before the raid, and it was not higher years after the raid. But there is a spike that happens to be exactly when the raid was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's worth noting, she says, that the effect even occurred among babies born to Latina moms who were U.S. citizens — people who shouldn't have been worried about being arrested or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So why did it suddenly spike?\" Geronimus asks. \"Well, there's a lot of research that suggests that stressful events during pregnancy can result in some complex immune, inflammatory and endocrine pathways and can increase the risk of low birth weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues think the poor treatment of people who \"looked Latino\" to the immigration agents might have caused additional stress among women outside the immediate area of the raid who were pregnant around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People could begin to worry this could happen to them or to people they know or in their communities,\" she says. \"And those worries alone can activate these physiological stress responses, even if they never did have a raid in their own hometown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, other researchers have noticed similar connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the six months following the Sept. 11 attacks in the Eastern U.S., babies born in California to moms with Arabic-sounding names had \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2006.0008\">a higher risk\u003c/a> of being born small or preterm than observed in that group during the same time period the year before — a change that didn't apply to other babies born in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both studies investigated the impacts of specific, dramatic events — and the results were consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says Geronimus. \"We could measure before and after.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she views such events as merely slivers of insight into patterns that may quietly be happening on a much larger scale among many populations. Patterns that are harder to tease out and measure — like the effects of centuries of racism against black Americans, or a persistent series of incidents involving police brutality against minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, Geronimus says, the cascade of stress that such events initiate sets the stage for health disparities in a generation of children — before they even enter the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rae Ellen Bichell is a science journalist based in Colorado. She previously covered general science and biomedical research for NPR. You can find her on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/raelnb?lang=en\">\u003cem>@raelnb\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Start+To+Tease+Out+The+Subtler+Ways+Racism+Hurts+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437213/scientists-look-at-the-chronic-stress-of-racism","authors":["byline_futureofyou_437213"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1339","futureofyou_812"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437214","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_434900":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_434900","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"434900","score":null,"sort":[1502898475000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"white-supremacists-not-happy-when-dna-tests-reveal-non-white-ancestry","title":"White Supremacists Not Happy When DNA Tests Reveal Non-White Ancestry","publishDate":1502898475,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It was a strange moment of triumph against racism: The gun-slinging white supremacist Craig Cobb, dressed up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XDKiO-i4Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daytime TV\u003c/a> in a dark suit and red tie, hearing that his DNA testing revealed his ancestry to be only “86 percent European, and … 14 percent Sub-Saharan African.” The studio audience whooped and laughed and cheered. And Cobb — who was, in 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/19/craig-cobb-arrested_n_4299828.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">charged\u003c/a> with terrorizing people while trying to create an all-white enclave in North Dakota — reacted like a sore loser in the schoolyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“Wait a minute, wait a minute, hold on, just wait a minute,” he said, trying to put on an all-knowing smile. “This is called statistical noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLoel5EKT34&t=97s&ab_channel=TheYoungTurks\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Then, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/03/10/craig-cobb-continues-fighting-prove-he%E2%80%99s-actually-white\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Southern Poverty Law Center\u003c/a>, he took to the white nationalist website Stormfront to dispute those results. That’s not uncommon: With the rise of spit-in-a-cup genetic testing, there’s a trend of white nationalists using these services to prove their racial identity, and then using online forums to discuss the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But like Cobb, many are disappointed to find out that their ancestry is not as “white” as they’d hoped. In a new study, sociologists Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan examined years’ worth of posts on Stormfront to see how members dealt with the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s striking, they say, that white nationalists would post these results online at all. After all, as Panofsky put it, “they will basically say if you want to be a member of Stormfront you have to be 100 percent white European, not Jewish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of rejecting members who get contrary results, Donovan said, the conversations are “overwhelmingly” focused on helping the person to rethink the validity of the genetic test. And some of those critiques — while emerging from deep-seated racism — are close to scientists’ own qualms about commercial genetic ancestry testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panofsky and Donovan presented their findings at a sociology conference in Montreal on Monday. The timing of the talk — some 48 hours after the violent white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Va. — was coincidental. But the analysis provides a useful, if frightening, window into how these extremist groups think about their genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Reckoning with results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Stormfront was launched in the mid-1990s by \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-helping-white-supremacist-website-2015-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don Black\u003c/a>, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. His skills in computer programming were directly related to his criminal activities: He learned them while in prison for trying to invade the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in 1981, and then worked as a web developer after he got out. That means this website dates back to the early years of the internet, forming a kind of deep archive of online hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find relevant comments in the 12 million posts written by over 300,000 members, the authors enlisted a team at the University of California, Los Angeles, to search for terms like “DNA test,” “haplotype,” “23andMe,” and “National Geographic.” Then the researchers combed through the posts they found, not to mention many others as background. Donovan, who has moved from UCLA to the \u003ca href=\"https://datasociety.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Data & Society Research Institute\u003c/a>, estimated that she spent some four hours a day reading Stormfront in 2016. The team winnowed their results down to 70 discussion threads in which 153 users posted their genetic ancestry test results, with over 3,000 individual posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the people posting their results were pleased with what they found. “Pretty damn pure blood,” said a user with the username Sloth. But the majority didn’t find themselves in that situation. Instead, the community often helped them reject the test, or argue with its results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some rejected the tests entirely, saying that an individual’s knowledge about his or her own genealogy is better than whatever a genetic test can reveal. “They will talk about the mirror test,” said Panofsky, who is a sociologist of science at UCLA’s Institute for Society and Genetics. “They will say things like, ‘If you see a Jew in the mirror looking back at you, that’s a problem; if you don’t, you’re fine.'” Others, he said, responded to unwanted genetic results by saying that those kinds of tests don’t matter if you are truly committed to being a white nationalist. Yet others tried to discredit the genetic tests as a Jewish conspiracy “that is trying to confuse true white Americans about their ancestry,” Panofsky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some took a more scientific angle in their critiques, calling into doubt the method by which these companies determine ancestry — specifically how companies pick those people whose genetic material will be considered the reference for a particular geographical group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that criticism, though motivated by very different ideas, is one that some researchers have made as well, even as other scientists have used similar data to better understand how populations move and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a mainstream critical literature on genetic ancestry tests — geneticists and anthropologists and sociologists who have said precisely those things: that these tests give an illusion of certainty, but once you know how the sausage is made, you should be much more cautious about these results,” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A community’s genetic rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Companies like Ancestry.com and 23andMe are meticulous in how they analyze your genetic material. As points of comparison, they use both preexisting datasets as well as some reference populations that they have recruited themselves. The protocol includes genetic material from thousands of individuals, and looks at thousands of genetic variations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a 23andMe research participant tells us that they have four grandparents all born in the same country — and the country isn’t a colonial nation like the U.S., Canada, or Australia — that person becomes a candidate for inclusion in the reference data,” explained Jhulianna Cintron, a product specialist at 23andMe. Then, she went on, the company excludes close relatives, as that could distort the data, and removes outliers whose genetic data don’t seem to match with what they wrote on their survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But specialists both inside and outside these companies recognize that the geopolitical boundaries we use now are pretty new, and so consumers may be using imprecise categories when thinking about their own genetic ancestry within the sweeping history of human migration. And users’ ancestry results can change depending on the dataset to which their genetic material is being compared — a fact which some Stormfront users said they took advantage of, uploading their data to various sites to get a more “white” result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Scott Roberts, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, who has studied consumer use of genetic tests and was not involved with the study, said the companies tend to be reliable at identifying genetic variants. Interpreting them in terms of health risk or ancestry, though, is another story. “The science is often murky in those areas and gives ambiguous information,” he said. “They try to give specific percentages from this region, or x percent disease risk, and my sense is that that is an artificially precise estimate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study authors, what was most interesting was to watch this online community negotiating its own boundaries, rethinking who counts as “white.” That involved plenty of contradictions. They saw people excluded for their genetic test results, often in very nasty (and unquotable) ways, but that tended to happen for newer members of the anonymous online community, Panofsky said, and not so much for longtime, trusted members. Others were told that they could remain part of white nationalist groups, in spite of the ancestry they revealed, as long as they didn’t “mate,” or only had children with certain ethnic groups. Still others used these test results to put forth a twisted notion of diversity, one “that allows them to say, ‘No, we’re really diverse and we don’t need non-white people to have a diverse society,'” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a far cry from the message of reconciliation that genetic ancestry testing companies hope to promote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sweetheart, you have a little black in you,” the talk show host Trisha Goddard told Craig Cobb on that day in 2013. But that didn’t stop him from redoing the test with a different company, trying to alter or parse the data until it matched his racist worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/16/white-nationalists-genetic-ancestry-test/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"White nationalists are using genetic testing to prove their racial identity, and many question the validity of the tests when they come back with results they don't like.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1502911613,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1506},"headData":{"title":"White Supremacists Not Happy When DNA Tests Reveal Non-White Ancestry | KQED","description":"White nationalists are using genetic testing to prove their racial identity, and many question the validity of the tests when they come back with results they don't like.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"434900 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=434900","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/08/16/white-supremacists-not-happy-when-dna-tests-reveal-non-white-ancestry/","disqusTitle":"White Supremacists Not Happy When DNA Tests Reveal Non-White Ancestry","nprByline":"Eric Boodman\u003cbr/>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/434900/white-supremacists-not-happy-when-dna-tests-reveal-non-white-ancestry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It was a strange moment of triumph against racism: The gun-slinging white supremacist Craig Cobb, dressed up for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XDKiO-i4Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daytime TV\u003c/a> in a dark suit and red tie, hearing that his DNA testing revealed his ancestry to be only “86 percent European, and … 14 percent Sub-Saharan African.” The studio audience whooped and laughed and cheered. And Cobb — who was, in 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/19/craig-cobb-arrested_n_4299828.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">charged\u003c/a> with terrorizing people while trying to create an all-white enclave in North Dakota — reacted like a sore loser in the schoolyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“Wait a minute, wait a minute, hold on, just wait a minute,” he said, trying to put on an all-knowing smile. “This is called statistical noise.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pLoel5EKT34'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pLoel5EKT34'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Then, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/03/10/craig-cobb-continues-fighting-prove-he%E2%80%99s-actually-white\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Southern Poverty Law Center\u003c/a>, he took to the white nationalist website Stormfront to dispute those results. That’s not uncommon: With the rise of spit-in-a-cup genetic testing, there’s a trend of white nationalists using these services to prove their racial identity, and then using online forums to discuss the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But like Cobb, many are disappointed to find out that their ancestry is not as “white” as they’d hoped. In a new study, sociologists Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan examined years’ worth of posts on Stormfront to see how members dealt with the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s striking, they say, that white nationalists would post these results online at all. After all, as Panofsky put it, “they will basically say if you want to be a member of Stormfront you have to be 100 percent white European, not Jewish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of rejecting members who get contrary results, Donovan said, the conversations are “overwhelmingly” focused on helping the person to rethink the validity of the genetic test. And some of those critiques — while emerging from deep-seated racism — are close to scientists’ own qualms about commercial genetic ancestry testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panofsky and Donovan presented their findings at a sociology conference in Montreal on Monday. The timing of the talk — some 48 hours after the violent white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Va. — was coincidental. But the analysis provides a useful, if frightening, window into how these extremist groups think about their genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Reckoning with results\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Stormfront was launched in the mid-1990s by \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-helping-white-supremacist-website-2015-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don Black\u003c/a>, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. His skills in computer programming were directly related to his criminal activities: He learned them while in prison for trying to invade the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in 1981, and then worked as a web developer after he got out. That means this website dates back to the early years of the internet, forming a kind of deep archive of online hate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find relevant comments in the 12 million posts written by over 300,000 members, the authors enlisted a team at the University of California, Los Angeles, to search for terms like “DNA test,” “haplotype,” “23andMe,” and “National Geographic.” Then the researchers combed through the posts they found, not to mention many others as background. Donovan, who has moved from UCLA to the \u003ca href=\"https://datasociety.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Data & Society Research Institute\u003c/a>, estimated that she spent some four hours a day reading Stormfront in 2016. The team winnowed their results down to 70 discussion threads in which 153 users posted their genetic ancestry test results, with over 3,000 individual posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the people posting their results were pleased with what they found. “Pretty damn pure blood,” said a user with the username Sloth. But the majority didn’t find themselves in that situation. Instead, the community often helped them reject the test, or argue with its results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some rejected the tests entirely, saying that an individual’s knowledge about his or her own genealogy is better than whatever a genetic test can reveal. “They will talk about the mirror test,” said Panofsky, who is a sociologist of science at UCLA’s Institute for Society and Genetics. “They will say things like, ‘If you see a Jew in the mirror looking back at you, that’s a problem; if you don’t, you’re fine.'” Others, he said, responded to unwanted genetic results by saying that those kinds of tests don’t matter if you are truly committed to being a white nationalist. Yet others tried to discredit the genetic tests as a Jewish conspiracy “that is trying to confuse true white Americans about their ancestry,” Panofsky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some took a more scientific angle in their critiques, calling into doubt the method by which these companies determine ancestry — specifically how companies pick those people whose genetic material will be considered the reference for a particular geographical group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that criticism, though motivated by very different ideas, is one that some researchers have made as well, even as other scientists have used similar data to better understand how populations move and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a mainstream critical literature on genetic ancestry tests — geneticists and anthropologists and sociologists who have said precisely those things: that these tests give an illusion of certainty, but once you know how the sausage is made, you should be much more cautious about these results,” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A community’s genetic rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Companies like Ancestry.com and 23andMe are meticulous in how they analyze your genetic material. As points of comparison, they use both preexisting datasets as well as some reference populations that they have recruited themselves. The protocol includes genetic material from thousands of individuals, and looks at thousands of genetic variations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a 23andMe research participant tells us that they have four grandparents all born in the same country — and the country isn’t a colonial nation like the U.S., Canada, or Australia — that person becomes a candidate for inclusion in the reference data,” explained Jhulianna Cintron, a product specialist at 23andMe. Then, she went on, the company excludes close relatives, as that could distort the data, and removes outliers whose genetic data don’t seem to match with what they wrote on their survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But specialists both inside and outside these companies recognize that the geopolitical boundaries we use now are pretty new, and so consumers may be using imprecise categories when thinking about their own genetic ancestry within the sweeping history of human migration. And users’ ancestry results can change depending on the dataset to which their genetic material is being compared — a fact which some Stormfront users said they took advantage of, uploading their data to various sites to get a more “white” result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Scott Roberts, an associate professor at the University of Michigan, who has studied consumer use of genetic tests and was not involved with the study, said the companies tend to be reliable at identifying genetic variants. Interpreting them in terms of health risk or ancestry, though, is another story. “The science is often murky in those areas and gives ambiguous information,” he said. “They try to give specific percentages from this region, or x percent disease risk, and my sense is that that is an artificially precise estimate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study authors, what was most interesting was to watch this online community negotiating its own boundaries, rethinking who counts as “white.” That involved plenty of contradictions. They saw people excluded for their genetic test results, often in very nasty (and unquotable) ways, but that tended to happen for newer members of the anonymous online community, Panofsky said, and not so much for longtime, trusted members. Others were told that they could remain part of white nationalist groups, in spite of the ancestry they revealed, as long as they didn’t “mate,” or only had children with certain ethnic groups. Still others used these test results to put forth a twisted notion of diversity, one “that allows them to say, ‘No, we’re really diverse and we don’t need non-white people to have a diverse society,'” said Panofsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a far cry from the message of reconciliation that genetic ancestry testing companies hope to promote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sweetheart, you have a little black in you,” the talk show host Trisha Goddard told Craig Cobb on that day in 2013. But that didn’t stop him from redoing the test with a different company, trying to alter or parse the data until it matched his racist worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/16/white-nationalists-genetic-ancestry-test/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/434900/white-supremacists-not-happy-when-dna-tests-reveal-non-white-ancestry","authors":["byline_futureofyou_434900"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_17","futureofyou_1015","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1339"],"featImg":"futureofyou_434902","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mindshift2021-tile-3000x3000-1-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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