Simple Saliva Test Could Identify Men at Greatest Risk of Prostate Cancer
Analysis Claims Prostate Cancer Screenings Significantly Reduce Deaths. Not Everyone Agrees
Robotic Butt Helps Medical Students Learn Professional Intimacy
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This group is nearly six times more likely to develop prostate cancer than the general population, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers, funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, utilized a new DNA analysis method to study the genes of more than 70,000 people. They looked at 150 DNA markers and found that the top 10 percent of men at highest risk for prostate cancer were found to nearly three times the risk of developing the disease. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Some 45,000 of the subjects had already developed prostate cancer, while 25,000 hadn’t. So the researchers compared the two groups, singling out any inherited genetic variations that might have contributed to their cancer risk.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Based on this data, the study said that researchers discovered 63 new variants that have previously not been associated with prostate cancer. Rosalind Eeles, a geneticist and co-author of the study, said those men found to be at greater genetic risk can receive proper screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we are particularly excited by the test is that this can be offered in general practice as a spit test to really try and identify who is most at risk of prostate cancer so we can offer them targeted screening,” Eeles \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told T\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Guardian.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most men diagnosed with the disease do not die from it, according to the American Cancer Society. Risk factors include family history, advanced age, and those of African descent.[contextly_sidebar id=\"go4zed6vsFCKAoaAAycufIdrqinev6En\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6 in 10 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in men aged 65 or older. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the US, people over the age of 50 are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/early-detection/acs-recommendations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">generally screened\u003c/a> for prostate cancer via the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test...But the saliva test could reveal especially high-risk people who need annual screening regardless of their PSA level.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-slot__label\">\n\u003cp>Researchers\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> now plan a trial\u003c/a> run of the new test at a limited number of clinics to help devise treatments that could reduce cases of prostate cancer among this high-risk group.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\"We are on the cusp of moving from theory to practice -- from explaining how genetics affect prostate cancer risk, to testing for genetic risk and attempting to prevent the disease,\" Paul Workman, chief executive at The Institute of Cancer Research, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. \"This study also gives us important information about the causes of prostate cancer and the potential role of the immune system, which could ultimately be employed in the design of new treatments.\"\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_/59666047/theguardian.com/science/article/ng_7__container__\" class=\"ad-slot__content\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers say a promising new saliva test can identify the top 10 percent of men at greatest risk of developing prostate cancer, a leading cause of cancer death in men.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1528762105,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":516},"headData":{"title":"Simple Saliva Test Could Identify Men at Greatest Risk of Prostate Cancer | KQED","description":"Researchers say a promising new saliva test can identify the top 10 percent of men at greatest risk of developing prostate cancer, a leading cause of cancer death in men.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Simple Saliva Test Could Identify Men at Greatest Risk of Prostate Cancer","datePublished":"2018-06-12T17:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-12T00:08:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442563 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442563","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/12/simple-saliva-test-could-identify-men-at-greatest-risk-of-prostate-cancer/","disqusTitle":"Simple Saliva Test Could Identify Men at Greatest Risk of Prostate Cancer","source":"Health","path":"/futureofyou/442563/simple-saliva-test-could-identify-men-at-greatest-risk-of-prostate-cancer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A team of scientists at London's\u003ca href=\"https://www.icr.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Institute of Cancer Research\u003c/a> have developed a \"spit test\" that can be used to identify men most likely to develop prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. men.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1 in 9 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/about/key-statistics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Cancer Society. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0142-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published \u003c/a>Monday in the journal Nature Genetics, identified the 1 percent of men with the highest genetic risk for prostate cancer. This group is nearly six times more likely to develop prostate cancer than the general population, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers, funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, utilized a new DNA analysis method to study the genes of more than 70,000 people. They looked at 150 DNA markers and found that the top 10 percent of men at highest risk for prostate cancer were found to nearly three times the risk of developing the disease. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Some 45,000 of the subjects had already developed prostate cancer, while 25,000 hadn’t. So the researchers compared the two groups, singling out any inherited genetic variations that might have contributed to their cancer risk.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Based on this data, the study said that researchers discovered 63 new variants that have previously not been associated with prostate cancer. Rosalind Eeles, a geneticist and co-author of the study, said those men found to be at greater genetic risk can receive proper screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we are particularly excited by the test is that this can be offered in general practice as a spit test to really try and identify who is most at risk of prostate cancer so we can offer them targeted screening,” Eeles \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told T\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jun/11/trials-begin-of-a-saliva-test-for-prostate-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he Guardian.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most men diagnosed with the disease do not die from it, according to the American Cancer Society. Risk factors include family history, advanced age, and those of African descent.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6 in 10 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in men aged 65 or older. From Gizmodo:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the US, people over the age of 50 are \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/early-detection/acs-recommendations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">generally screened\u003c/a> for prostate cancer via the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test...But the saliva test could reveal especially high-risk people who need annual screening regardless of their PSA level.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-slot__label\">\n\u003cp>Researchers\u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> now plan a trial\u003c/a> run of the new test at a limited number of clinics to help devise treatments that could reduce cases of prostate cancer among this high-risk group.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\"We are on the cusp of moving from theory to practice -- from explaining how genetics affect prostate cancer risk, to testing for genetic risk and attempting to prevent the disease,\" Paul Workman, chief executive at The Institute of Cancer Research, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-06/iocr-pcd060818.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. \"This study also gives us important information about the causes of prostate cancer and the potential role of the immune system, which could ultimately be employed in the design of new treatments.\"\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"dfp-ad--inline2\" class=\"js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--inline ad-slot--offset-right ad-slot--inline2 ad-slot--rendered\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_/59666047/theguardian.com/science/article/ng_7__container__\" class=\"ad-slot__content\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442563/simple-saliva-test-could-identify-men-at-greatest-risk-of-prostate-cancer","authors":["11428"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_1077","futureofyou_17","futureofyou_830","futureofyou_369"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442565","label":"source_futureofyou_442563"},"futureofyou_435304":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_435304","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"435304","score":null,"sort":[1505113273000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-new-study-claims-prostate-cancer-screenings-significantly-reduce-deaths-not-everyone-agrees","title":"Analysis Claims Prostate Cancer Screenings Significantly Reduce Deaths. Not Everyone Agrees","publishDate":1505113273,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>An analysis of two influential studies of prostate cancer screening concludes that the much-debated test “significantly” reduces deaths from the disease, suggesting that current recommendations against routine PSA screening might be steering men away from a lifesaving procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/errors/404.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M16-2586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a>, published Monday in Annals of Internal Medicine, drew wildly different reactions, as is often the case with research on PSA screenings. Some experts in cancer screening and statistics said its novel approach was “on shaky ground” and used a “completely unverifiable” methodology that they had “never seen before,” but others praised its “intriguing and innovative approach.” There was one area of agreement, however: “I imagine it’s going to generate some buzz,” said biostatistician Ted Karrison of the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new analysis is correct, one of the influential PSA studies, called PLCO, reduced deaths from prostate cancer by 27 percent to 32 percent, not the zero percent that PLCO researchers themselves \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.30474/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">found\u003c/a>. For a man in the U.S., the risk of dying of prostate cancer is about 2.5 percent. A mortality reduction of 30 percent would lower the death rate to 1.75 percent, said epidemiologist Ruth Etzioni of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the study’s senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a screening test reduces cancer mortality by 20 percent, it’s considered a successful test,” Etzioni said. “I think the [prostate-cancer] mortality reduction we calculate is a significant benefit. This is a screening test that saves lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">How experts view PSA\u003cbr>\nscreenings is shifting.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those gains come at some cost to health, though: For every life saved, she estimated, five men will be told they have cancer when in fact their abnormal cells would never grow, spread, or harm them. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other estimates\u003c/a>, such “overdiagnoses” outnumber lives saved by 50-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study lands amid another shift in how experts view PSA screening, which measures blood levels of a molecule sometimes associated with prostate cancer. In 2012 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, physicians who advise the federal government, recommended against routine PSA tests because of their many risks and tiny benefits. Among other drawbacks, the tests lead to overdiagnosis (meaning a biopsy finds malignant cells but they are so innocuous they would never harm, let alone kill, the man) as well as incontinence and impotence from treatment (including of harmless cancers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, however, the task force \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/11/prostate-cancer-screening/\">proposed\u003c/a> instead that men aged 55 to 69 discuss PSA’s pros and cons with their doctor and then decide what to do, factoring in that if 1,000 men get regular PSA screening for a decade it will save about \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one life\u003c/a>. (Older and younger men are still advised not to have routine screening.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sbxojTBwe8X1g15wTplDtKSQyEDwt7Rl\"]The rationale for the re-analysis led by Etzioni is that the PLCO study was a bit of a mess. It assigned half of its nearly 77,000 participants, men ages 55 to 74, to have yearly PSA tests and the other half to not do so. But 46 percent of the men in the no-PSA group had yearly PSAs anyway. As a result, when researchers counted deaths in each group, it wasn’t a clean comparison: Rather than comparing screened to unscreened men, they were comparing assigned-to-screening men to not-assigned-to-screening men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding that assigned-to-screening men were no more likely to avoid death from prostate cancer might therefore have been because their screening behavior wasn’t different enough from the “unscreened” (but in fact partly screened) men’s, not because PSA screening doesn’t save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to untangle that possibility, Etzioni and 21 co-authors from 10 countries created multiple mathematical models. They all rely on estimates of “lead time,” or how much sooner a cancer is detected because of PSA instead of because symptoms are detected. The models incorporated the records of all the PLCO men and ignored which group they’d been assigned to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: Screened men’s cancers were detected earlier than unscreened men’s, and more frequent screening advanced detection more. That moved some prostate cancers from too-advanced-to-treat to treatable, reducing prostate cancer mortality by 27 percent to 32 percent over 11 years, Etzioni and her colleagues conclude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers not involved in the study weren’t convinced. “The concern is that men in the no-screening group but who chose to get screened anyway might differ in important ways from men who stayed with no-screening,” Karrison said. They might be more health conscious or conscientious, or have other traits associated with longevity. If so, then those traits, not screening, might be responsible for their lower risk of dying from prostate cancer. Two prominent experts in cancer prevention and statistics agreed, but said they did not want to be publicly identified as criticizing the new analysis because some of its authors are colleagues of theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kenneth Lin of Georgetown University Medical Center, a former staffer at the USPSTF, said crediting PSA tests with reducing prostate cancer mortality by around 30 percent was probably an overstatement, especially since mathematical models are only models. An earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK82308/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> for the PLCO study concluded that more men died in its screening group than in the don’t-get-screened group. “Models are models,” Lin said. “No matter how sophisticated, they shouldn’t trump data from real people who participated in the randomized trials” — which in PLCO found zero lives saved from PSA screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher associated with the Preventive Services Task Force, but who was not permitted to speak to reporters while the group is finalizing its PSA recommendation, said the panel would incorporate the new paper in its analysis. “But honestly,” he said, “I don’t know that this adds a great deal to our understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/04/prostate-cancer-analysis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An analysis of two influential studies of prostate cancer screening concludes that the much-debated test 'significantly' reduces deaths from the disease.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1505764472,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1052},"headData":{"title":"Analysis Claims Prostate Cancer Screenings Significantly Reduce Deaths. Not Everyone Agrees | KQED","description":"An analysis of two influential studies of prostate cancer screening concludes that the much-debated test 'significantly' reduces deaths from the disease.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Analysis Claims Prostate Cancer Screenings Significantly Reduce Deaths. Not Everyone Agrees","datePublished":"2017-09-11T07:01:13.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-18T19:54:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435304 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435304","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/11/a-new-study-claims-prostate-cancer-screenings-significantly-reduce-deaths-not-everyone-agrees/","disqusTitle":"Analysis Claims Prostate Cancer Screenings Significantly Reduce Deaths. Not Everyone Agrees","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/04/prostate-cancer-analysis/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/435304/a-new-study-claims-prostate-cancer-screenings-significantly-reduce-deaths-not-everyone-agrees","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An analysis of two influential studies of prostate cancer screening concludes that the much-debated test “significantly” reduces deaths from the disease, suggesting that current recommendations against routine PSA screening might be steering men away from a lifesaving procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/errors/404.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M16-2586\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">analysis\u003c/a>, published Monday in Annals of Internal Medicine, drew wildly different reactions, as is often the case with research on PSA screenings. Some experts in cancer screening and statistics said its novel approach was “on shaky ground” and used a “completely unverifiable” methodology that they had “never seen before,” but others praised its “intriguing and innovative approach.” There was one area of agreement, however: “I imagine it’s going to generate some buzz,” said biostatistician Ted Karrison of the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new analysis is correct, one of the influential PSA studies, called PLCO, reduced deaths from prostate cancer by 27 percent to 32 percent, not the zero percent that PLCO researchers themselves \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.30474/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">found\u003c/a>. For a man in the U.S., the risk of dying of prostate cancer is about 2.5 percent. A mortality reduction of 30 percent would lower the death rate to 1.75 percent, said epidemiologist Ruth Etzioni of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the study’s senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a screening test reduces cancer mortality by 20 percent, it’s considered a successful test,” Etzioni said. “I think the [prostate-cancer] mortality reduction we calculate is a significant benefit. This is a screening test that saves lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">How experts view PSA\u003cbr>\nscreenings is shifting.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those gains come at some cost to health, though: For every life saved, she estimated, five men will be told they have cancer when in fact their abnormal cells would never grow, spread, or harm them. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other estimates\u003c/a>, such “overdiagnoses” outnumber lives saved by 50-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study lands amid another shift in how experts view PSA screening, which measures blood levels of a molecule sometimes associated with prostate cancer. In 2012 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, physicians who advise the federal government, recommended against routine PSA tests because of their many risks and tiny benefits. Among other drawbacks, the tests lead to overdiagnosis (meaning a biopsy finds malignant cells but they are so innocuous they would never harm, let alone kill, the man) as well as incontinence and impotence from treatment (including of harmless cancers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, however, the task force \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/11/prostate-cancer-screening/\">proposed\u003c/a> instead that men aged 55 to 69 discuss PSA’s pros and cons with their doctor and then decide what to do, factoring in that if 1,000 men get regular PSA screening for a decade it will save about \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3549521-Prostate-screening-understanding-risks-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one life\u003c/a>. (Older and younger men are still advised not to have routine screening.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The rationale for the re-analysis led by Etzioni is that the PLCO study was a bit of a mess. It assigned half of its nearly 77,000 participants, men ages 55 to 74, to have yearly PSA tests and the other half to not do so. But 46 percent of the men in the no-PSA group had yearly PSAs anyway. As a result, when researchers counted deaths in each group, it wasn’t a clean comparison: Rather than comparing screened to unscreened men, they were comparing assigned-to-screening men to not-assigned-to-screening men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding that assigned-to-screening men were no more likely to avoid death from prostate cancer might therefore have been because their screening behavior wasn’t different enough from the “unscreened” (but in fact partly screened) men’s, not because PSA screening doesn’t save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to untangle that possibility, Etzioni and 21 co-authors from 10 countries created multiple mathematical models. They all rely on estimates of “lead time,” or how much sooner a cancer is detected because of PSA instead of because symptoms are detected. The models incorporated the records of all the PLCO men and ignored which group they’d been assigned to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: Screened men’s cancers were detected earlier than unscreened men’s, and more frequent screening advanced detection more. That moved some prostate cancers from too-advanced-to-treat to treatable, reducing prostate cancer mortality by 27 percent to 32 percent over 11 years, Etzioni and her colleagues conclude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers not involved in the study weren’t convinced. “The concern is that men in the no-screening group but who chose to get screened anyway might differ in important ways from men who stayed with no-screening,” Karrison said. They might be more health conscious or conscientious, or have other traits associated with longevity. If so, then those traits, not screening, might be responsible for their lower risk of dying from prostate cancer. Two prominent experts in cancer prevention and statistics agreed, but said they did not want to be publicly identified as criticizing the new analysis because some of its authors are colleagues of theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kenneth Lin of Georgetown University Medical Center, a former staffer at the USPSTF, said crediting PSA tests with reducing prostate cancer mortality by around 30 percent was probably an overstatement, especially since mathematical models are only models. An earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK82308/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> for the PLCO study concluded that more men died in its screening group than in the don’t-get-screened group. “Models are models,” Lin said. “No matter how sophisticated, they shouldn’t trump data from real people who participated in the randomized trials” — which in PLCO found zero lives saved from PSA screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher associated with the Preventive Services Task Force, but who was not permitted to speak to reporters while the group is finalizing its PSA recommendation, said the panel would incorporate the new paper in its analysis. “But honestly,” he said, “I don’t know that this adds a great deal to our understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/04/prostate-cancer-analysis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435304/a-new-study-claims-prostate-cancer-screenings-significantly-reduce-deaths-not-everyone-agrees","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435304"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_369","futureofyou_276"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435306","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_3339":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_3339","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"3339","score":null,"sort":[1432665975000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"robotic-butt-helps-medical-students-learn-professional-intimacy","title":"Robotic Butt Helps Medical Students Learn Professional Intimacy","publishDate":1432665975,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>For medical students, it can be a nerve-wracking prospect to administer intimate exams to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of scientists at the University of Florida, Drexel University and the University of Wisconsin jointly developed new technology to help medical students hone their skills at prostate and breast examinations. Their research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of four years of hard work? A robotic butt named Patrick, who delivers instantaneous feedback to students about the prostate exam he's receiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick comes equipped with four sensors, and its highly-visual software can inform students whether they're applying optimal pressure. He might inform the student if the pressure is too soft or if they have neglected to cover the whole prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3437\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software.jpg\" alt=\"Patrick informs the medical student that he doesn't want a prostate exam. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\" width=\"355\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick informs the medical student that he doesn't want a prostate exam. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's not just about perfecting their technique; students can also use Patrick to practice their bedside manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Benjamin Lok, \u003ca href=\"http://verg.cise.ufl.edu/virtualpatientsgroup/\">the lead designer on the project\u003c/a>, said the experience is designed to mirror a typical doctor-patient interaction. Patrick is set up in an exam room. Students walk in, greet the patient, and ask routine questions about pain levels and symptoms (Patrick always has trouble urinating), as well as family and medication history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal is to get students more comfortable with these mortifying scenarios,\" said Dr. Benjamin Lok, the professor who leads the research. \"There aren't enough opportunities for students to practice, which causes them a lot of anxiety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lok said Patrick is initially reluctant to receive a prostate exam. But the students are taught to communicate the necessity of the exam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick.jpg\" alt=\"Patrick provides feedback to medical students in real-time. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick provides feedback to medical students in real-time. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, many medical schools today pay a lot of money to hire professional actors who are willing to go through training and get examined repeatedly by students. Lok doesn't expect that robots can replace these human actors anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he hopes that students will practice routinely on Patrick before approaching a real person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick is already in use at the University of Florida and Drexel University. The research team is hoping to commercialize the technology and market it to more schools, as well as further develop the artificial intelligence (AI) technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In future,\" Lok said, \"we want to make these conversations more realistic and provide a deeper challenge for students.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medicaldaily.com/robotic-butt-offers-prostate-exam-training-medical-students-how-patrick-teaches-empathy-proper\">\u003cem>h/t Medical Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A robotic butt named Patrick gives instantaneous feedback about the prostate exam he's receiving.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477282747,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":436},"headData":{"title":"Robotic Butt Helps Medical Students Learn Professional Intimacy | KQED","description":"A robotic butt named Patrick gives instantaneous feedback about the prostate exam he's receiving.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Robotic Butt Helps Medical Students Learn Professional Intimacy","datePublished":"2015-05-26T18:46:15.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T04:19:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3339 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=3339","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/26/robotic-butt-helps-medical-students-learn-professional-intimacy/","disqusTitle":"Robotic Butt Helps Medical Students Learn Professional Intimacy","path":"/futureofyou/3339/robotic-butt-helps-medical-students-learn-professional-intimacy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For medical students, it can be a nerve-wracking prospect to administer intimate exams to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of scientists at the University of Florida, Drexel University and the University of Wisconsin jointly developed new technology to help medical students hone their skills at prostate and breast examinations. Their research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of four years of hard work? A robotic butt named Patrick, who delivers instantaneous feedback to students about the prostate exam he's receiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick comes equipped with four sensors, and its highly-visual software can inform students whether they're applying optimal pressure. He might inform the student if the pressure is too soft or if they have neglected to cover the whole prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3437\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software.jpg\" alt=\"Patrick informs the medical student that he doesn't want a prostate exam. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\" width=\"355\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-software-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick informs the medical student that he doesn't want a prostate exam. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's not just about perfecting their technique; students can also use Patrick to practice their bedside manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Benjamin Lok, \u003ca href=\"http://verg.cise.ufl.edu/virtualpatientsgroup/\">the lead designer on the project\u003c/a>, said the experience is designed to mirror a typical doctor-patient interaction. Patrick is set up in an exam room. Students walk in, greet the patient, and ask routine questions about pain levels and symptoms (Patrick always has trouble urinating), as well as family and medication history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal is to get students more comfortable with these mortifying scenarios,\" said Dr. Benjamin Lok, the professor who leads the research. \"There aren't enough opportunities for students to practice, which causes them a lot of anxiety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lok said Patrick is initially reluctant to receive a prostate exam. But the students are taught to communicate the necessity of the exam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3438\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick.jpg\" alt=\"Patrick provides feedback to medical students in real-time. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/patrick-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick provides feedback to medical students in real-time. (Andrew Robb/University of Florida)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, many medical schools today pay a lot of money to hire professional actors who are willing to go through training and get examined repeatedly by students. Lok doesn't expect that robots can replace these human actors anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he hopes that students will practice routinely on Patrick before approaching a real person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick is already in use at the University of Florida and Drexel University. The research team is hoping to commercialize the technology and market it to more schools, as well as further develop the artificial intelligence (AI) technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In future,\" Lok said, \"we want to make these conversations more realistic and provide a deeper challenge for students.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medicaldaily.com/robotic-butt-offers-prostate-exam-training-medical-students-how-patrick-teaches-empathy-proper\">\u003cem>h/t Medical Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/3339/robotic-butt-helps-medical-students-learn-professional-intimacy","authors":["3252"],"categories":["futureofyou_1063"],"tags":["futureofyou_366","futureofyou_371","futureofyou_270","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_369","futureofyou_365","futureofyou_352"],"featImg":"futureofyou_3436","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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