Little Evidence for Effectiveness of 'Brain Training' Programs: Study
Could 'Brain Training' Games Actually Work? New Study Surprises Scientists
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More focused? Free of memory problems as you age?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If so, don't count on brain games to help you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the conclusion of an exhaustive evaluation of the scientific literature on brain training games and programs. It was \u003ca href=\"http://psi.sagepub.com/content/current\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science in the Public Interest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's disappointing that the evidence isn't stronger,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.illinois.edu/people/dsimons\">Daniel Simons\u003c/a>, an author of the article and a psychology professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be really nice if you could play some games and have it radically change your cognitive abilities,\" Simons says. \"But the studies don't show that on objectively measured real-world outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation, done by a team of seven scientists, is a response to a very public disagreement about the effectiveness of brain games, Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2014, more than 70 scientists published an \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\">open letter\u003c/a> objecting to marketing claims made by brain training companies. Pretty soon, another group, with more than 100 scientists, published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cognitivetrainingdata.org/the-controversy-does-brain-training-work/response-letter/\">rebuttal\u003c/a> saying brain training has a solid scientific base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you had two consensus statements, each signed by many, many people, that came to essentially opposite conclusions,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to clarify the issue, Simons and six other scientists reviewed more than 130 studies of brain games and other forms of cognitive training. The evaluation included studies of products from industry giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, which has been a prominent sponsor of NPR and other public radio programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We went through each paper and tried to look at the kind of evidence it provided,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant asking questions like: How big was the study? Did it have an appropriate control group? Do the results support the marketing claims made by companies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found that \"many of the studies did not really adhere to what we think of as the best practices,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the studies included only a few participants. Others lacked adequate control groups or failed to account for the placebo effect, which causes people to improve on a test simply because they are trying harder or are more confident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were some good studies, Simons says. And they showed that brain games do help people get better at a specific task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can practice, for example, scanning baggage at an airport and looking for a knife,\" he says. \"And you get really, really good at spotting that knife.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was less evidence that people got better at related tasks, like spotting other suspicious items, Simons says. And there was no strong evidence that practicing a narrow skill led to overall improvements in memory or thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's disappointing, Simons says, because \"what you want to do is be better able to function at work or at school.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation got a warm reception from at least some of the scientists who had signed the 2014 letter defending the science behind brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The evaluation was very even-handed and raised many excellent points,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/9783561/george-rebok\">George Rebok\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Johns Hopkins University who has been involved in brain training research for the past 20 years. \"It really helped raise the bar in terms of the level of science that we must aspire to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebok, who says he has no ties to brain training companies, remains optimistic that the right program of brain exercises can improve mental functioning and delay the effects of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason brain games haven't shown a clear benefit so far, he says, may be that they don't work the brain hard enough or over a long enough time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It takes mental effort and practice to be able to see results,\" Rebok says. \"If we can implement that long range, I think that there will be a big dividend eventually.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the brain training industry is facing scrutiny from the Federal Trade Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the company behind Lumosity agreed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/01/lumosity-pay-2-million-settle-ftc-deceptive-advertising-charges\">pay a $2 million fine\u003c/a> to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\">FTC charges\u003c/a> that it made unfounded claims about its brain training program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in May, a smaller brain training company called LearningRx agreed to pay a $200,000 fine to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/05/marketers-one-one-brain-training-programs-settle-ftc-charges\">similar charges\u003c/a>. Even so, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.learningrx.com/\">Learning Rx website\u003c/a> still promises \"A better brain at any age.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Game+Claims+Fail+A+Big+Scientific+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When a team of researchers evaluated the scientific literature on brain games, they found little evidence that the products improve memory or thinking in real-world tasks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475595387,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":728},"headData":{"title":"Little Evidence for Effectiveness of 'Brain Training' Programs: Study | KQED","description":"When a team of researchers evaluated the scientific literature on brain games, they found little evidence that the products improve memory or thinking in real-world tasks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Little Evidence for Effectiveness of 'Brain Training' Programs: Study","datePublished":"2016-10-03T16:34:41.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-04T15:36:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"256129 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=256129","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/03/little-evidence-for-effectiveness-of-brain-training-programs-study/","disqusTitle":"Little Evidence for Effectiveness of 'Brain Training' Programs: Study","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":" Katherine Streeter for NPR","nprStoryId":"496120962","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=496120962&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/03/496120962/brain-game-claims-fail-a-big-scientific-test?ft=nprml&f=496120962","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 03 Oct 2016 08:34:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 03 Oct 2016 00:02:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 03 Oct 2016 08:34:37 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2016/10/20161003_me_brain_game_claims_fail_a_big_scientific_test.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=231&p=3&story=496120962&t=progseg&e=496362216&seg=7&ft=nprml&f=496120962","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1496362272-ed5bc9.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=231&p=3&story=496120962&t=progseg&e=496362216&seg=7&ft=nprml&f=496120962","path":"/futureofyou/256129/little-evidence-for-effectiveness-of-brain-training-programs-study","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2016/10/20161003_me_brain_game_claims_fail_a_big_scientific_test.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=231&p=3&story=496120962&t=progseg&e=496362216&seg=7&ft=nprml&f=496120962","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Want to be smarter? More focused? Free of memory problems as you age?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If so, don't count on brain games to help you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the conclusion of an exhaustive evaluation of the scientific literature on brain training games and programs. It was \u003ca href=\"http://psi.sagepub.com/content/current\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science in the Public Interest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's disappointing that the evidence isn't stronger,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.illinois.edu/people/dsimons\">Daniel Simons\u003c/a>, an author of the article and a psychology professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be really nice if you could play some games and have it radically change your cognitive abilities,\" Simons says. \"But the studies don't show that on objectively measured real-world outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation, done by a team of seven scientists, is a response to a very public disagreement about the effectiveness of brain games, Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2014, more than 70 scientists published an \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\">open letter\u003c/a> objecting to marketing claims made by brain training companies. Pretty soon, another group, with more than 100 scientists, published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cognitivetrainingdata.org/the-controversy-does-brain-training-work/response-letter/\">rebuttal\u003c/a> saying brain training has a solid scientific base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you had two consensus statements, each signed by many, many people, that came to essentially opposite conclusions,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to clarify the issue, Simons and six other scientists reviewed more than 130 studies of brain games and other forms of cognitive training. The evaluation included studies of products from industry giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, which has been a prominent sponsor of NPR and other public radio programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We went through each paper and tried to look at the kind of evidence it provided,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant asking questions like: How big was the study? Did it have an appropriate control group? Do the results support the marketing claims made by companies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found that \"many of the studies did not really adhere to what we think of as the best practices,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the studies included only a few participants. Others lacked adequate control groups or failed to account for the placebo effect, which causes people to improve on a test simply because they are trying harder or are more confident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were some good studies, Simons says. And they showed that brain games do help people get better at a specific task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can practice, for example, scanning baggage at an airport and looking for a knife,\" he says. \"And you get really, really good at spotting that knife.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was less evidence that people got better at related tasks, like spotting other suspicious items, Simons says. And there was no strong evidence that practicing a narrow skill led to overall improvements in memory or thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's disappointing, Simons says, because \"what you want to do is be better able to function at work or at school.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation got a warm reception from at least some of the scientists who had signed the 2014 letter defending the science behind brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The evaluation was very even-handed and raised many excellent points,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/9783561/george-rebok\">George Rebok\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Johns Hopkins University who has been involved in brain training research for the past 20 years. \"It really helped raise the bar in terms of the level of science that we must aspire to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebok, who says he has no ties to brain training companies, remains optimistic that the right program of brain exercises can improve mental functioning and delay the effects of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason brain games haven't shown a clear benefit so far, he says, may be that they don't work the brain hard enough or over a long enough time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It takes mental effort and practice to be able to see results,\" Rebok says. \"If we can implement that long range, I think that there will be a big dividend eventually.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the brain training industry is facing scrutiny from the Federal Trade Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the company behind Lumosity agreed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/01/lumosity-pay-2-million-settle-ftc-deceptive-advertising-charges\">pay a $2 million fine\u003c/a> to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\">FTC charges\u003c/a> that it made unfounded claims about its brain training program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in May, a smaller brain training company called LearningRx agreed to pay a $200,000 fine to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/05/marketers-one-one-brain-training-programs-settle-ftc-charges\">similar charges\u003c/a>. Even so, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.learningrx.com/\">Learning Rx website\u003c/a> still promises \"A better brain at any age.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Game+Claims+Fail+A+Big+Scientific+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/256129/little-evidence-for-effectiveness-of-brain-training-programs-study","authors":["byline_futureofyou_256129"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_692","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_691","futureofyou_1000"],"featImg":"futureofyou_256130","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_210366":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_210366","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"210366","score":null,"sort":[1470238211000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"could-brain-training-actually-work-new-study-surprises-scientists","title":"Could 'Brain Training' Games Actually Work? New Study Surprises Scientists","publishDate":1470238211,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>We've seen -- and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/21/lumosity-ceo-admits-brain-training-games-may-produce-no-direct-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\">done\u003c/a> -- some negative coverage of the so-called brain training industry, in which companies provide computerized games that ostensibly improve memory, attention, and other mental capabilities while -- so some of the ads suggested -- warding off cognitive decline. In January, one of the leading brands in this space, Lumosity made a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">deal\u003c/a> with the Federal Trade Commission to cough up $2 million for partial refunds as compensation for deceptive advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'That’s a spectacular finding. We didn’t have any evidence that computerized training had any preventive effects on dementia.'\u003ccite>Susanne Jaeggi, director, Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory, University of California, Irvine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And yet, even the doubters haven't entirely ruled out the possibility that some form of cognitive training may be beneficial. A 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> from dozens of cognitive scientists taking the industry to task for making claims without evidence also acknowledged \"some intriguing isolated reports do inspire additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, there may be some solid evidence that the training works. On July 24, at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/overview.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Alzheimer’s Assn.’s International Conference\u003c/a> in Toronto, researchers of a long-range study announced that a relatively small amount of cognitive training resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of developing cognitive decline or dementia over 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results are still preliminary, as the study is currently under review for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The ACTIVE Study\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7jQIX9d22jIjItiEyF6aCA80u9fPGDYj\"]The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly, or ACTIVE, study divided 2,785 participants with an average age of almost 74 into three intervention groups and one control group. The intervention groups received, respectively, classroom-based memory strategies, classroom-based reasoning strategies and computerized speed-of-processing training in the form of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/could-brain-training-prevent-dementia\" target=\"_blank\">game by Posit Science\u003c/a>, a for-profit company that offers subscriptions to its \"brain training exercises\" for a monthly fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the people in the speed-of-processing training experienced reduced cognitive decline; the other two interventions showed a statistically insignificant impact and a control group that received no training received no benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I remain optimistic but do not consider it to be definitive.'\u003ccite> Dr. Murali Doraiswamy, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.multivu.com/players/English/7865351-aaic-2016-cognitive-training/docs/press-release-1311562930.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">release\u003c/a> from the Alzheimer's Association described the game/training that the study participants received:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The user identifies an object (i.e., a truck) at the center of his/her gaze while at the same time identifying a target in the periphery (i.e., a car). As the user gets the answers correct, the speed of presentation becomes progressively briefer, while the targets become more similar. In the more difficult training tasks, the target in the periphery is obscured by distracting objects\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Participants only played the Posit game for an hour, in 10 sessions over five weeks. Yet 10 years later, just 73 out of 698 people who received the training developed dementia or exhibited cognitive decline, compared with 97 out of 695 in the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a 33 percent reduction in risk for the intervention group. Furthermore, subjects who received an additional four sessions one year after the original training and four more sessions about three years after showed a whopping 48 percent reduction in risk for the same conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACTIVE study, which is being run by scientists from multiple institutions, had previously found people who took the Posit training reported the same or greater ability to perform the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/igec/tools/function/lawtonbrody.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">instrumental activities of daily living\u003c/a>, like doing laundry and managing medication, compared to a control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACTIVE experiments have been ongoing and are well-respected. Dr. Murali Doraiswamy, of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, calls it \"the best trial in the field.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/could-brain-training-prevent-dementia\" target=\"_blank\">The New Yorker\u003c/a> reports that more than 50 peer-reviewed scientific papers have come out of it, and the study is funded in part by the National Institute on Aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Sufficiently Strong Evidence'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief science officer for the Alzheimer’s Association, Maria C. Carrillo, cautiously backed the results, saying the organization \"believes there is sufficiently strong evidence to conclude that lifelong learning and certain types of cognitive training may reduce the risk of cognitive decline. These new 10-year finds are evidence that it may hold true for dementia as well as cognitive decline.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cognitive scientists were impressed with the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a spectacular finding,” Susanne Jaeggi, the director of the Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory at the University of California, Irvine, and a signatory of the 2014 statement slamming brain training companies, told The New Yorker. \"We didn’t have any evidence that computerized training had any preventive effects on dementia. You could argue that this study provides evidence that it is possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Ronald Petersen, director of the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center told Reuters, \"At first blush, that's kind of a big deal. This may even be clinically relevant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Doraiswamy, from Duke, said that until the results are replicated, no conclusion can be reached. \"I remain optimistic but do not consider it to be definitive. I also want to see an independent body like the FDA vet it since they will have access to all the data whereas we are just seeing what is being presented.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So Little Yields So Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers expressed a sense of wonder that just 10 hours of cognitive training could result in such a big benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s hard to understand how such a brief intervention could have a long-lasting impact,” Dr. Howard Fillit, executive director of the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, which supports pharmaceutical research on the disease, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/07/24/brain-training-cuts-dementia-risk/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>. \"But you have to respect the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaeggi, the expert interviewed by The New Yorker, said: “If you stop doing it after 10 or even 14 sessions, how on earth can you continue to have these effects 10 years later?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A potential answer, from STAT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One possibility is a bootstrapping effect. Maybe people who received speed-of-processing training “did something different over the years,” said Laurie Ryan, who oversees Alzheimer’s research at the National Institute on Aging. “Maybe they changed their lifestyle in some way,” with the training giving them a little cognitive boost that they parlayed into more reading, more travel, more social engagement, and more of other activities that boost “cognitive reserve,” the brain’s cushion against dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some ACTIVE participants told scientists that the cognitive boost they felt from the training inspired them to enroll in classes at a local college or keep driving, said Rebok, both of which can keep people socially and intellectually engaged.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In any event, Dr. Michael Merzenich, a co-founder and chief scientific officer of Posit Science, did not think there was any mystery to it. \"We’re not a bit surprised that this simple thing was protective,\" he told me over the phone. He said speed-of-processing functioned as a sort of \"master switch\" for the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a very straightforward result,\" he said. \"It’s hard to deny the truth of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The 'brain-training' industry has been sharply criticized for making unsupported claims. But a new study shows playing a computerized game may have greatly reduced the risk of dementia.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475119159,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1239},"headData":{"title":"Could 'Brain Training' Games Actually Work? New Study Surprises Scientists | KQED","description":"The 'brain-training' industry has been sharply criticized for making unsupported claims. But a new study shows playing a computerized game may have greatly reduced the risk of dementia.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Could 'Brain Training' Games Actually Work? New Study Surprises Scientists","datePublished":"2016-08-03T15:30:11.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-29T03:19:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"210366 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=210366","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/03/could-brain-training-actually-work-new-study-surprises-scientists/","disqusTitle":"Could 'Brain Training' Games Actually Work? New Study Surprises Scientists","customPermalink":"2016/07/27/could-brain-training-actually-work-new-study-surprises-scientists/","path":"/futureofyou/210366/could-brain-training-actually-work-new-study-surprises-scientists","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We've seen -- and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/21/lumosity-ceo-admits-brain-training-games-may-produce-no-direct-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\">done\u003c/a> -- some negative coverage of the so-called brain training industry, in which companies provide computerized games that ostensibly improve memory, attention, and other mental capabilities while -- so some of the ads suggested -- warding off cognitive decline. In January, one of the leading brands in this space, Lumosity made a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">deal\u003c/a> with the Federal Trade Commission to cough up $2 million for partial refunds as compensation for deceptive advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'That’s a spectacular finding. We didn’t have any evidence that computerized training had any preventive effects on dementia.'\u003ccite>Susanne Jaeggi, director, Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory, University of California, Irvine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And yet, even the doubters haven't entirely ruled out the possibility that some form of cognitive training may be beneficial. A 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> from dozens of cognitive scientists taking the industry to task for making claims without evidence also acknowledged \"some intriguing isolated reports do inspire additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, there may be some solid evidence that the training works. On July 24, at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/overview.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Alzheimer’s Assn.’s International Conference\u003c/a> in Toronto, researchers of a long-range study announced that a relatively small amount of cognitive training resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of developing cognitive decline or dementia over 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results are still preliminary, as the study is currently under review for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The ACTIVE Study\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly, or ACTIVE, study divided 2,785 participants with an average age of almost 74 into three intervention groups and one control group. The intervention groups received, respectively, classroom-based memory strategies, classroom-based reasoning strategies and computerized speed-of-processing training in the form of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/could-brain-training-prevent-dementia\" target=\"_blank\">game by Posit Science\u003c/a>, a for-profit company that offers subscriptions to its \"brain training exercises\" for a monthly fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the people in the speed-of-processing training experienced reduced cognitive decline; the other two interventions showed a statistically insignificant impact and a control group that received no training received no benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I remain optimistic but do not consider it to be definitive.'\u003ccite> Dr. Murali Doraiswamy, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.multivu.com/players/English/7865351-aaic-2016-cognitive-training/docs/press-release-1311562930.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">release\u003c/a> from the Alzheimer's Association described the game/training that the study participants received:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The user identifies an object (i.e., a truck) at the center of his/her gaze while at the same time identifying a target in the periphery (i.e., a car). As the user gets the answers correct, the speed of presentation becomes progressively briefer, while the targets become more similar. In the more difficult training tasks, the target in the periphery is obscured by distracting objects\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Participants only played the Posit game for an hour, in 10 sessions over five weeks. Yet 10 years later, just 73 out of 698 people who received the training developed dementia or exhibited cognitive decline, compared with 97 out of 695 in the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a 33 percent reduction in risk for the intervention group. Furthermore, subjects who received an additional four sessions one year after the original training and four more sessions about three years after showed a whopping 48 percent reduction in risk for the same conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACTIVE study, which is being run by scientists from multiple institutions, had previously found people who took the Posit training reported the same or greater ability to perform the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/igec/tools/function/lawtonbrody.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">instrumental activities of daily living\u003c/a>, like doing laundry and managing medication, compared to a control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACTIVE experiments have been ongoing and are well-respected. Dr. Murali Doraiswamy, of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, calls it \"the best trial in the field.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/could-brain-training-prevent-dementia\" target=\"_blank\">The New Yorker\u003c/a> reports that more than 50 peer-reviewed scientific papers have come out of it, and the study is funded in part by the National Institute on Aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Sufficiently Strong Evidence'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief science officer for the Alzheimer’s Association, Maria C. Carrillo, cautiously backed the results, saying the organization \"believes there is sufficiently strong evidence to conclude that lifelong learning and certain types of cognitive training may reduce the risk of cognitive decline. These new 10-year finds are evidence that it may hold true for dementia as well as cognitive decline.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cognitive scientists were impressed with the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a spectacular finding,” Susanne Jaeggi, the director of the Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory at the University of California, Irvine, and a signatory of the 2014 statement slamming brain training companies, told The New Yorker. \"We didn’t have any evidence that computerized training had any preventive effects on dementia. You could argue that this study provides evidence that it is possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Ronald Petersen, director of the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center told Reuters, \"At first blush, that's kind of a big deal. This may even be clinically relevant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Doraiswamy, from Duke, said that until the results are replicated, no conclusion can be reached. \"I remain optimistic but do not consider it to be definitive. I also want to see an independent body like the FDA vet it since they will have access to all the data whereas we are just seeing what is being presented.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So Little Yields So Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers expressed a sense of wonder that just 10 hours of cognitive training could result in such a big benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s hard to understand how such a brief intervention could have a long-lasting impact,” Dr. Howard Fillit, executive director of the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, which supports pharmaceutical research on the disease, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/07/24/brain-training-cuts-dementia-risk/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>. \"But you have to respect the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaeggi, the expert interviewed by The New Yorker, said: “If you stop doing it after 10 or even 14 sessions, how on earth can you continue to have these effects 10 years later?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A potential answer, from STAT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One possibility is a bootstrapping effect. Maybe people who received speed-of-processing training “did something different over the years,” said Laurie Ryan, who oversees Alzheimer’s research at the National Institute on Aging. “Maybe they changed their lifestyle in some way,” with the training giving them a little cognitive boost that they parlayed into more reading, more travel, more social engagement, and more of other activities that boost “cognitive reserve,” the brain’s cushion against dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some ACTIVE participants told scientists that the cognitive boost they felt from the training inspired them to enroll in classes at a local college or keep driving, said Rebok, both of which can keep people socially and intellectually engaged.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In any event, Dr. Michael Merzenich, a co-founder and chief scientific officer of Posit Science, did not think there was any mystery to it. \"We’re not a bit surprised that this simple thing was protective,\" he told me over the phone. He said speed-of-processing functioned as a sort of \"master switch\" for the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a very straightforward result,\" he said. \"It’s hard to deny the truth of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/210366/could-brain-training-actually-work-new-study-surprises-scientists","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_692","futureofyou_691","futureofyou_1000"],"featImg":"futureofyou_211048","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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