Injecting Stem Cells Into the Brain Reverses Parkinson's Symptoms in Monkeys
Radical Treatment for Parkinson's Revived
What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't
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Administering dopamine is part of currently accepted treatment, but over time the treatment has less effect as neurons die off and the side effects become difficult to manage. So scientists have begun studying approaches using stem cells, primarily in rodents. A clinical trial is also underway at the Royal Melbourne Hospital to inject neural stem cells into the brains of people with Parkinson’s as part of a Phase I clinical trial. Results are expected in 2019, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/88/16_Supplement/S4.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary results\u003c/a> were presented at the American Academy of Neurology meeting this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The nitty-gritty:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A promising, but limited, study explores the effectiveness of reprogramming cells to treat Parkinson’s disease in monkeys.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers collected skin or blood cells from seven humans, some who had Parkinson’s disease and some who did not. (The people with Parkinson’s did not have any of the genes thought to be associated with the disease.) Next, using sets of proteins, they “reprogrammed” some of those cells and encouraged them to grow up as neurons — specifically, neurons that could produce dopamine. Finally, they injected the stem cells into the brains of monkeys that were treated with a neurotoxin, which made them act like they had the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the symptoms of the monkeys treated with stem cells from either group improved more over the course of a year than monkeys treated with a placebo injection. To determine if the monkey’s symptoms had improved, the team evaluated their tremors, movements, and posture, among other things. The team published its results in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that a stem cell-based therapy will bring more benefits than conventional treatments can do now,” said Dr. Jun Takahashi, a professor at Kyoto University and one of the authors of the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ex7AnVDkQO8jZL68Sjrm8akZZfHqgkNW\"]\u003cstrong>You should know:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAmong conventional treatments for Parkinson’s is a medication called L-DOPA, which ultimately helps patients replace some of the dopamine they can no longer produce. Another accepted procedure is deep brain stimulation, which sparked Takahashi’s interest in this project, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takahashi and his team did not run tests comparing their results to those seen after deep-brain stimulation and L-DOPA treatment, but they did compare their findings to published statistics. They concluded that the transplants “should exert [similar] effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What they’re saying:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDr. Lorenz Studer, director of the center for stem cell biology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, said Takahashi’s work was “a very impressive study,” especially given the number of animals, the length of time they were followed, and the similarity of the protocols used to those that might be used in human trials. “In this regard, it was a really interesting test run,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is probably the best study to date using the induced pluripotent stem cells,” said Studer, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But keep in mind:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe study isn’t without limitations. Studer noted that the volume of neurons that survived varied widely between monkeys, with no clear behavioral impact. Additional, he said that this paper didn’t particularly characterize cells that were not dopamine-producing. “Whatever they are, they didn’t really cause any problems,” he said. “In the clinic, that’s kind of important to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more research should also be done to figure out how to identify cell lines that would work best in this kind of treatment, the paper noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takahashi said he plans to start clinical trials in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The bottom line:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis study adds more convincing animal evidence of the promise of stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease, and human trials may soon give an even clearer picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/neural-stem-cells-parkinsons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Parkinson's disease can happen when some of a person's dopamine-producing brain cells die, so replacing those neurons could be an effective treatment.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1504729673,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":726},"headData":{"title":"Injecting Stem Cells Into the Brain Reverses Parkinson's Symptoms in Monkeys | KQED","description":"Parkinson's disease can happen when some of a person's dopamine-producing brain cells die, so replacing those neurons could be an effective treatment.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Injecting Stem Cells Into the Brain Reverses Parkinson's Symptoms in Monkeys","datePublished":"2017-09-05T07:01:01.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-06T20:27:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435135 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435135","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/05/injecting-stem-cells-into-the-brain-reverses-parkinsons-symptoms-in-monkeys/","disqusTitle":"Injecting Stem Cells Into the Brain Reverses Parkinson's Symptoms in Monkeys","nprByline":"Kate Sheridan\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/neural-stem-cells-parkinsons/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/435135/injecting-stem-cells-into-the-brain-reverses-parkinsons-symptoms-in-monkeys","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Injecting neurons created from stem cells into the brain may relieve \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/10/parkinsons-disease-stem-cells/\">Parkinson’s\u003c/a> symptoms, according to a new study in monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it matters:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParkinson’s disease can happen when some of a person’s dopamine-producing brain cells die, so replacing those neurons could be an effective treatment. Administering dopamine is part of currently accepted treatment, but over time the treatment has less effect as neurons die off and the side effects become difficult to manage. So scientists have begun studying approaches using stem cells, primarily in rodents. A clinical trial is also underway at the Royal Melbourne Hospital to inject neural stem cells into the brains of people with Parkinson’s as part of a Phase I clinical trial. Results are expected in 2019, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/88/16_Supplement/S4.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preliminary results\u003c/a> were presented at the American Academy of Neurology meeting this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The nitty-gritty:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A promising, but limited, study explores the effectiveness of reprogramming cells to treat Parkinson’s disease in monkeys.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers collected skin or blood cells from seven humans, some who had Parkinson’s disease and some who did not. (The people with Parkinson’s did not have any of the genes thought to be associated with the disease.) Next, using sets of proteins, they “reprogrammed” some of those cells and encouraged them to grow up as neurons — specifically, neurons that could produce dopamine. Finally, they injected the stem cells into the brains of monkeys that were treated with a neurotoxin, which made them act like they had the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the symptoms of the monkeys treated with stem cells from either group improved more over the course of a year than monkeys treated with a placebo injection. To determine if the monkey’s symptoms had improved, the team evaluated their tremors, movements, and posture, among other things. The team published its results in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that a stem cell-based therapy will bring more benefits than conventional treatments can do now,” said Dr. Jun Takahashi, a professor at Kyoto University and one of the authors of the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You should know:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAmong conventional treatments for Parkinson’s is a medication called L-DOPA, which ultimately helps patients replace some of the dopamine they can no longer produce. Another accepted procedure is deep brain stimulation, which sparked Takahashi’s interest in this project, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takahashi and his team did not run tests comparing their results to those seen after deep-brain stimulation and L-DOPA treatment, but they did compare their findings to published statistics. They concluded that the transplants “should exert [similar] effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What they’re saying:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDr. Lorenz Studer, director of the center for stem cell biology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, said Takahashi’s work was “a very impressive study,” especially given the number of animals, the length of time they were followed, and the similarity of the protocols used to those that might be used in human trials. “In this regard, it was a really interesting test run,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is probably the best study to date using the induced pluripotent stem cells,” said Studer, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But keep in mind:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe study isn’t without limitations. Studer noted that the volume of neurons that survived varied widely between monkeys, with no clear behavioral impact. Additional, he said that this paper didn’t particularly characterize cells that were not dopamine-producing. “Whatever they are, they didn’t really cause any problems,” he said. “In the clinic, that’s kind of important to know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more research should also be done to figure out how to identify cell lines that would work best in this kind of treatment, the paper noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Takahashi said he plans to start clinical trials in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The bottom line:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis study adds more convincing animal evidence of the promise of stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease, and human trials may soon give an even clearer picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/neural-stem-cells-parkinsons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435135/injecting-stem-cells-into-the-brain-reverses-parkinsons-symptoms-in-monkeys","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435135"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_1242","futureofyou_680"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435136","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_411005":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_411005","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"411005","score":null,"sort":[1499090432000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"radical-treatment-for-parkinsons-revived","title":"Radical Treatment for Parkinson's Revived","publishDate":1499090432,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Researchers are working to revive a radical treatment for Parkinson's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment involves transplanting healthy brain cells to replace cells killed off by the disease. It's an approach that was tried decades ago and then set aside after disappointing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, groups in Europe, the U.S. and Asia are preparing to try again, using cells they believe are safer and more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There have been massive advances,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://weillcornell.org/chenchcliffe\">Claire Henchcliffe\u003c/a>, a neurologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York. \"I'm optimistic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are very optimistic about ability of [the new] cells to improve patients' symptoms,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/viviane-tabar\">Viviane Tabar\u003c/a>, a neurosurgeon and stem cell biologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henchcliffe and Tabar joined several other prominent scientists to describe plans to revive brain cell transplants during a session Tuesday at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/\">International Society for Stem Cell Research\u003c/a> meeting in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their upbeat message marks a dramatic turnaround for the approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1980s and 1990s, researchers used cells taken directly from the brains of aborted fetuses to treat hundreds of Parkinson's patients. The goal was to halt the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkinson's \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000755.htm\">destroys brain cells\u003c/a> that make a substance called dopamine. Without enough dopamine, nerve cells can't communicate with muscles, and people can develop tremors, have difficulty walking and other symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugs can temporarily raise dopamine levels, easing symptoms. But their effectiveness tends to wane over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers thought a better approach would be to simply replace the cells that produce dopamine. \"The rationale is that if those cells are lost, and we know they make dopamine, and we know that dopamine is important for good coordination, good automatic movement, why could we not replace those cells,\" Henchcliffe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some patients, the transplanted fetal cells produced dramatic improvements. But rigorous studies eventually showed that many other patients were not helped. And some developed an unwelcome side effect: uncontrolled movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2003, researchers declared a moratorium on transplants for Parkinson's. \"There was a stepping back to re-evaluate what exactly just happened,\" Henchcliffe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That took a while. But it's clear now that over the long term, some patients really were helped by the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henchliffe got to examine five people who'd received transplants more than 15 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These were patients with decades of Parkinson's disease, and I thought it was really striking that a subset actually seemed to be doing much better than one would expect,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers never stopped looking for ways to make cell transplants safer and more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early transplants were pretty crude, Tabar says. One problem was that the cells came directly from the brains of fetuses, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What you were placing in the patient was just a soup of brain,\" she says. \"It did not have only the dopamine neurons, which exist in the tissue, but also several different types of cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those other cells may also have grown in the patients' brains, causing side effects, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent that sort of problem, scientists at Sloan Kettering have spent the past dozen years figuring out how to turn stem cells into pure lines of dopamine cells in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the transplanted fetal cells, these cells are an exact replacement for the neurons that produce dopamine in an adult brain, \"So you are confident that everything you are putting in the patient's brain will consist of right type of cell,\" Tabar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another advantage of lab-grown cells is that the supply is unlimited. \"Not only can we grow them, in fact we have almost 1,000 doses of these cells already sitting in a freezer,\" Tabar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tabar, along with her colleague and husband, Lorenz Studer, hope the Food and Drug Administration will give them permission to begin testing those cells in Parkinson's patients in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both have a financial stake in a startup that's funding the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several other groups around the globe are also launching transplant studies. Researchers say a handful of patients in Australia have already received cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are worried that the renewed rush to make transplants work could lead to more disappointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tabar says the time is right. \"On the one hand, you don't want to rush,\" she says. \"On the other hand I think the field is ready for something bold.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Cell+Transplants+Are+Being+Tested+Once+Again+For+Parkinson%27s&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In 2003, researchers declared a moratorium on the use of transplanted brain cells to treat Parkinson's disease. Now, armed with better cells, they're giving the approach another try.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1498871680,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":748},"headData":{"title":"Radical Treatment for Parkinson's Revived | KQED","description":"In 2003, researchers declared a moratorium on the use of transplanted brain cells to treat Parkinson's disease. Now, armed with better cells, they're giving the approach another try.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Radical Treatment for Parkinson's Revived","datePublished":"2017-07-03T14:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2017-07-01T01:14:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"411005 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=411005","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/07/03/radical-treatment-for-parkinsons-revived/","disqusTitle":"Radical Treatment for Parkinson's Revived","nprImageCredit":"Roger J. Bick &","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Brian J. Poindexter / UT-Houston/Science Source","nprStoryId":"532792500","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=532792500&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/13/532792500/brain-cell-transplants-are-being-tested-once-again-for-parkinsons?ft=nprml&f=532792500","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 14 Jun 2017 16:06:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 13 Jun 2017 16:12:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 14 Jun 2017 16:06:51 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/06/20170613_atc_brain_cell_transplants_are_being_tested_once_again_for_parkinsons.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=204&p=2&story=532792500&t=progseg&e=532709778&seg=9&ft=nprml&f=532792500","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1532816987-591b0d.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=204&p=2&story=532792500&t=progseg&e=532709778&seg=9&ft=nprml&f=532792500","path":"/futureofyou/411005/radical-treatment-for-parkinsons-revived","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/06/20170613_atc_brain_cell_transplants_are_being_tested_once_again_for_parkinsons.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=204&p=2&story=532792500&t=progseg&e=532709778&seg=9&ft=nprml&f=532792500","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers are working to revive a radical treatment for Parkinson's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment involves transplanting healthy brain cells to replace cells killed off by the disease. It's an approach that was tried decades ago and then set aside after disappointing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, groups in Europe, the U.S. and Asia are preparing to try again, using cells they believe are safer and more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There have been massive advances,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://weillcornell.org/chenchcliffe\">Claire Henchcliffe\u003c/a>, a neurologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York. \"I'm optimistic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are very optimistic about ability of [the new] cells to improve patients' symptoms,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/viviane-tabar\">Viviane Tabar\u003c/a>, a neurosurgeon and stem cell biologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henchcliffe and Tabar joined several other prominent scientists to describe plans to revive brain cell transplants during a session Tuesday at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/\">International Society for Stem Cell Research\u003c/a> meeting in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their upbeat message marks a dramatic turnaround for the approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 1980s and 1990s, researchers used cells taken directly from the brains of aborted fetuses to treat hundreds of Parkinson's patients. The goal was to halt the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkinson's \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000755.htm\">destroys brain cells\u003c/a> that make a substance called dopamine. Without enough dopamine, nerve cells can't communicate with muscles, and people can develop tremors, have difficulty walking and other symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drugs can temporarily raise dopamine levels, easing symptoms. But their effectiveness tends to wane over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers thought a better approach would be to simply replace the cells that produce dopamine. \"The rationale is that if those cells are lost, and we know they make dopamine, and we know that dopamine is important for good coordination, good automatic movement, why could we not replace those cells,\" Henchcliffe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some patients, the transplanted fetal cells produced dramatic improvements. But rigorous studies eventually showed that many other patients were not helped. And some developed an unwelcome side effect: uncontrolled movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2003, researchers declared a moratorium on transplants for Parkinson's. \"There was a stepping back to re-evaluate what exactly just happened,\" Henchcliffe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That took a while. But it's clear now that over the long term, some patients really were helped by the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henchliffe got to examine five people who'd received transplants more than 15 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These were patients with decades of Parkinson's disease, and I thought it was really striking that a subset actually seemed to be doing much better than one would expect,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers never stopped looking for ways to make cell transplants safer and more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early transplants were pretty crude, Tabar says. One problem was that the cells came directly from the brains of fetuses, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What you were placing in the patient was just a soup of brain,\" she says. \"It did not have only the dopamine neurons, which exist in the tissue, but also several different types of cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those other cells may also have grown in the patients' brains, causing side effects, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent that sort of problem, scientists at Sloan Kettering have spent the past dozen years figuring out how to turn stem cells into pure lines of dopamine cells in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the transplanted fetal cells, these cells are an exact replacement for the neurons that produce dopamine in an adult brain, \"So you are confident that everything you are putting in the patient's brain will consist of right type of cell,\" Tabar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another advantage of lab-grown cells is that the supply is unlimited. \"Not only can we grow them, in fact we have almost 1,000 doses of these cells already sitting in a freezer,\" Tabar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tabar, along with her colleague and husband, Lorenz Studer, hope the Food and Drug Administration will give them permission to begin testing those cells in Parkinson's patients in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both have a financial stake in a startup that's funding the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several other groups around the globe are also launching transplant studies. Researchers say a handful of patients in Australia have already received cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are worried that the renewed rush to make transplants work could lead to more disappointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tabar says the time is right. \"On the one hand, you don't want to rush,\" she says. \"On the other hand I think the field is ready for something bold.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Cell+Transplants+Are+Being+Tested+Once+Again+For+Parkinson%27s&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/411005/radical-treatment-for-parkinsons-revived","authors":["byline_futureofyou_411005"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1242"],"featImg":"futureofyou_411006","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_368185":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_368185","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"368185","score":null,"sort":[1491585658000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant","title":"What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't","publishDate":1491585658,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The genetic testing company 23andMe received \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/06/genetic-test-alzheimers/\">approval\u003c/a> this week from regulators to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, most prominently Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Before you send in your saliva sample and $199, here’s what you should know:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What will a genetic test actually tell me?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">At most, that you carry a DNA variant that, according to research, is associated with a higher risk of a disease. For the rare clotting disorder hereditary thrombophilia, for instance, the report will say that you do or do not carry a variant called Factor V Leiden in the F5 gene and a variant called Prothrombin G20210A in the F2 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>23and me is still fine-tuning the reports, but its tests will also tell you how the presence (or absence) of variants affects risk. If there’s enough science to quantify that, the report will specify a percentage, like “your risk is 3 percent.” If not, it will just say there’s an (unspecified) increased risk. Of course, you can also look it up. For Alzheimer’s, carrying two copies of the Apoe4 variant (one from each parent), as \u003ca href=\"https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih9/bioethics/guide/pdf/Master_4-2.pdf\">1 to 2 percent\u003c/a> of the population does, raises the risk of the disease to as much as 87 percent, for instance, compared to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/21/dementia-rate-decline/\">9 percent\u003c/a> in the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What diseases can 23andMe tell me about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This month, late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, the clotting disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Gaucher disease. Soon — the company hasn’t said exactly when — it will also test for genetic variants linked to factor XI deficiency (excessive bleeding), celiac disease, anemia-causing G6PD deficiency, the movement disorder early-onset primary dystonia, and the blood illness hereditary hemochromatosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the test tell me if I’m doomed to get one of these terrible disorders?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. None of the genetic variants that 23andMe tests for is what’s called “fully penetrant,” meaning that 100 percent of those who carry the variant develop the disease. By not “fully,” we mean \u003cem>really\u003c/em> not fully, as in the risk might be measured in the single-digit percentages. “It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease,” said James Beck, chief scientific officer of the Parkinson’s Foundation. The N370S variant in the GBA gene, for instance, triples the risk of Parkinson’s, Beck said, but with a baseline risk of 0.3 percent that means about a 1 percent risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Do these tests work better for some ethnic groups than others?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geneticists have studied more people of European descent than other groups, so they have more data on white people. 23andMe knows this, so its reports will include warnings such as that the test results are “most relevant for people of European descent” (for Alzheimer’s), “. . . for people of European, Ashkenazi Jewish, and North African Berber descent” (for Parkinson’s), and “. . . for people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent” (Factor XI Deficiency). With Alzheimer’s, the effect of the ApoE4 variant is weaker in African-Americans, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/07/genetic-analysis-need-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The genetic testing company 23andMe has received FDA approval to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1491589649,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":638},"headData":{"title":"What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't | KQED","description":"The genetic testing company 23andMe has received FDA approval to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't","datePublished":"2017-04-07T17:20:58.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-07T18:27:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"368185 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=368185","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/07/what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant/","disqusTitle":"What a 23andMe Disease Risk Report Can Tell You and What It Can't","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>","path":"/futureofyou/368185/what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The genetic testing company 23andMe received \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/06/genetic-test-alzheimers/\">approval\u003c/a> this week from regulators to sell genetic reports on an individual’s risk for 10 diseases, most prominently Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Before you send in your saliva sample and $199, here’s what you should know:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What will a genetic test actually tell me?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">At most, that you carry a DNA variant that, according to research, is associated with a higher risk of a disease. For the rare clotting disorder hereditary thrombophilia, for instance, the report will say that you do or do not carry a variant called Factor V Leiden in the F5 gene and a variant called Prothrombin G20210A in the F2 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>23and me is still fine-tuning the reports, but its tests will also tell you how the presence (or absence) of variants affects risk. If there’s enough science to quantify that, the report will specify a percentage, like “your risk is 3 percent.” If not, it will just say there’s an (unspecified) increased risk. Of course, you can also look it up. For Alzheimer’s, carrying two copies of the Apoe4 variant (one from each parent), as \u003ca href=\"https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih9/bioethics/guide/pdf/Master_4-2.pdf\">1 to 2 percent\u003c/a> of the population does, raises the risk of the disease to as much as 87 percent, for instance, compared to about \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/21/dementia-rate-decline/\">9 percent\u003c/a> in the general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"danger-zone\">What diseases can 23andMe tell me about?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This month, late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, the clotting disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and Gaucher disease. Soon — the company hasn’t said exactly when — it will also test for genetic variants linked to factor XI deficiency (excessive bleeding), celiac disease, anemia-causing G6PD deficiency, the movement disorder early-onset primary dystonia, and the blood illness hereditary hemochromatosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will the test tell me if I’m doomed to get one of these terrible disorders?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No. None of the genetic variants that 23andMe tests for is what’s called “fully penetrant,” meaning that 100 percent of those who carry the variant develop the disease. By not “fully,” we mean \u003cem>really\u003c/em> not fully, as in the risk might be measured in the single-digit percentages. “It’s important for people to know that even if they have a mutation in the genes [associated with Parkinson’s that 23andMe will test for], by and large they won’t get Parkinson’s disease,” said James Beck, chief scientific officer of the Parkinson’s Foundation. The N370S variant in the GBA gene, for instance, triples the risk of Parkinson’s, Beck said, but with a baseline risk of 0.3 percent that means about a 1 percent risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Do these tests work better for some ethnic groups than others?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Geneticists have studied more people of European descent than other groups, so they have more data on white people. 23andMe knows this, so its reports will include warnings such as that the test results are “most relevant for people of European descent” (for Alzheimer’s), “. . . for people of European, Ashkenazi Jewish, and North African Berber descent” (for Parkinson’s), and “. . . for people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent” (Factor XI Deficiency). With Alzheimer’s, the effect of the ApoE4 variant is weaker in African-Americans, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/07/genetic-analysis-need-to-know/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/368185/what-the-23andme-disease-risk-reports-can-tell-you-and-what-they-cant","authors":["byline_futureofyou_368185"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_15","futureofyou_999","futureofyou_1243","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1242","futureofyou_724"],"featImg":"futureofyou_368188","label":"source_futureofyou_368185"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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