In Just 5 Years, 7 States Developed Adult Obesity Rates of 35 Percent or Higher
Health Insurers Are Vacuuming Up Details About You — And It Could Raise Your Rates
The Long, Strange History of Dieting Fads
Is There a Direct Link Between the Sense of Smell and Obesity?
Another Reason to Eat Well: Your Brain Will Thank You
Lipedema: The Fat Disorder That Millions Have But No One Has Heard Of
Is Your Baby at Risk for Childhood Obesity? New Tool Predicts Likelihood
No, Jeb Bush: Money for Games to Combat Childhood Obesity is No Waste
Scientists Target a Gene in Mice That is Linked to Obesity
Sponsored
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The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"lesleymcclurg":{"type":"authors","id":"11229","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11229","found":true},"name":"Lesley McClurg","firstName":"Lesley","lastName":"McClurg","slug":"lesleymcclurg","email":"lmcclurg@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news","science"],"title":"KQED Health Correspondent","bio":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her work is regularly rebroadcast on numerous NPR and PBS shows. She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_444424":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444424","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444424","score":null,"sort":[1536776801000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-just-5-years-7-states-developed-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher","title":"In Just 5 Years, 7 States Developed Adult Obesity Rates of 35 Percent or Higher","publishDate":1536776801,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Seven U.S. states now have adult obesity rates of 35 percent or higher, up from zero states just five years ago, according to federal data released Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=\"99npNiyEmtYPSxMeUr9ZC2OpxalF30tD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2017 data, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, highlight continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states with obesity rates of at least 35 percent in 2017 were Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, which itself had the highest rate in the country at 38.1 percent. Colorado had the lowest obesity rate, at 22.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii and Washington, D.C., were the only other places where fewer than 1 in 4 adults were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the South and Midwest had the highest prevalence of adult obesity, the data showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"877\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg 877w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-800x482.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-768x462.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-240x144.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevalence of self-reported obesity among U.S. adults by state and territory. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nationally, adults without a high school degree had obesity rates of 35.6 percent, compared with 32.9 percent for people with a high school degree, 31.9 percent of people with some college-level education, and 22.7 percent for college graduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity rate for black adults was 39 percent, compared with 32.4 percent for Hispanics and 29.3 percent for whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the CDC called for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a comprehensive strategy\u003c/a> to reduce obesity prevalence, with steps including healthy eating, better sleep, stress management, and physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/12/seven-u-s-states-now-have-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The new data highlights continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1536776801,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":266},"headData":{"title":"In Just 5 Years, 7 States Developed Adult Obesity Rates of 35 Percent or Higher | KQED","description":"The new data highlights continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Just 5 Years, 7 States Developed Adult Obesity Rates of 35 Percent or Higher","datePublished":"2018-09-12T18:26:41.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-12T18:26:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444424 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444424","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/12/in-just-5-years-7-states-developed-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher/","disqusTitle":"In Just 5 Years, 7 States Developed Adult Obesity Rates of 35 Percent or Higher","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Andrew Joseph\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/444424/in-just-5-years-7-states-developed-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven U.S. states now have adult obesity rates of 35 percent or higher, up from zero states just five years ago, according to federal data released Wednesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2017 data, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, highlight continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states with obesity rates of at least 35 percent in 2017 were Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, which itself had the highest rate in the country at 38.1 percent. Colorado had the lowest obesity rate, at 22.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii and Washington, D.C., were the only other places where fewer than 1 in 4 adults were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the South and Midwest had the highest prevalence of adult obesity, the data showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"877\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg 877w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-800x482.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-768x462.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-240x144.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevalence of self-reported obesity among U.S. adults by state and territory. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nationally, adults without a high school degree had obesity rates of 35.6 percent, compared with 32.9 percent for people with a high school degree, 31.9 percent of people with some college-level education, and 22.7 percent for college graduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity rate for black adults was 39 percent, compared with 32.4 percent for Hispanics and 29.3 percent for whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the CDC called for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a comprehensive strategy\u003c/a> to reduce obesity prevalence, with steps including healthy eating, better sleep, stress management, and physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/12/seven-u-s-states-now-have-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444424/in-just-5-years-7-states-developed-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444424"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_597","futureofyou_426","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_562"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444426","label":"source_futureofyou_444424"},"futureofyou_443506":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443506","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443506","score":null,"sort":[1532113232000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"health-insurers-are-vacuuming-up-details-about-you-and-it-could-raise-your-rates","title":"Health Insurers Are Vacuuming Up Details About You — And It Could Raise Your Rates","publishDate":1532113232,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>To an outsider, the fancy booths at a June health insurance industry gathering in San Diego, Calif., aren't very compelling: a handful of companies pitching \"lifestyle\" data and salespeople touting jargony phrases like \"social determinants of health.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"79wDHCMXsLwHcrV0uV8lwcSxOMTorwMk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dig deeper and the implications of what they're selling might give many patients pause: a future in which everything you do — the things you buy, the food you eat, the time you spend watching TV — may help determine how much you pay for health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With little public scrutiny, the health insurance industry has joined forces with data brokers to vacuum up personal details about hundreds of millions of Americans, including, odds are, many readers of this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies are tracking your race, education level, TV habits, marital status, net worth. They're collecting what you post on social media, whether you're behind on your bills, what you order online. Then they feed this information into complicated computer algorithms that spit out predictions about how much your health care could cost them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you a woman who recently changed your name? You could be newly married and have a pricey pregnancy pending. Or maybe you're stressed and anxious from a recent divorce. That, too, the computer models predict, may run up your medical bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you a woman who has purchased plus-size clothing? You're considered at risk of depression. Mental health care can be expensive.[contextly_sidebar id=\"bDoTI0AqbPZA0QggUW6RBxclSpZhPjsp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income and a minority? That means, the data brokers say, you are more likely to live in a dilapidated and dangerous neighborhood, increasing your health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We sit on oceans of data,\" said Eric McCulley, director of strategic solutions for \u003ca href=\"https://risk.lexisnexis.com/insurance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LexisNexis Risk Solutions\u003c/a>, during a conversation at the data firm's booth. And he isn't apologetic about using it. \"The fact is, our data is in the public domain,\" he said. \"We didn't put it out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurers contend that they use the information to spot health issues in their clients — and flag them so they get services they need. And companies like LexisNexis say the data shouldn't be used to set prices. But as a research scientist from one company told me: \"I can't say it hasn't happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when every week brings a new privacy scandal and worries abound about the misuse of personal information, patient advocates and privacy scholars say the insurance industry's data gathering runs counter to its touted, and federally required, allegiance to patients' medical privacy. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-individuals/guidance-materials-for-consumers/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act\u003c/a>, or HIPAA, only protects medical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a health privacy machine that's in crisis,\" said Frank Pasquale, a professor at the University of Maryland Carey School of Law who specializes in issues related to machine learning and algorithms. \"We have a law that only covers one source of health information. They are rapidly developing another source.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient advocates warn that using unverified, error-prone \"lifestyle\" data to make medical assumptions could lead insurers to improperly price plans — for instance, raising rates based on false information — or discriminate against anyone tagged as high cost. And, they say, the use of the data raises thorny questions that should be debated publicly, such as: Should a person's rates be raised because algorithms say they are more likely to run up medical bills? Such questions would be moot in Europe, where a strict law took effect in May that bans trading in personal data.[contextly_sidebar id=\"d5hHSDi3Hs2EqOb5p8wPiO2juNTZPrbB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/series/the-health-insurance-hustle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ProPublica and NPR are investigating\u003c/a> the various tactics the health insurance industry uses to maximize its profits. Understanding these strategies is important because patients — through taxes, cash payments and insurance premiums — are the ones funding the entire health care system. Yet the industry's bewildering web of strategies and inside deals often has little to do with patients' needs. As the series' \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/article/why-your-health-insurer-does-not-care-about-your-big-bills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first story\u003c/a> showed, contrary to popular belief, lower bills aren't health insurers' top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the San Diego Convention Center, there were few qualms about the way insurance companies were mining Americans' lives for information — or what they planned to do with the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Linking Health Costs to Personal Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprawling convention center was a balmy draw for one of America's Health Insurance Plans' marquee gatherings. Insurance executives and managers wandered through the exhibit hall, sampling chocolate-covered strawberries, champagne and other delectables designed to encourage deal-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up front, the prime real estate belonged to the big guns in health data: The booths of Optum, IBM Watson Health and LexisNexis stretched toward the ceiling, with flat-screen monitors and some comfy seating. (NPR collaborates with IBM Watson Health on national polls about consumer health topics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the scope of what they were offering, consider Optum. The company, owned by the massive UnitedHealth Group, has collected the medical diagnoses, tests, prescriptions, costs and socioeconomic data of 150 million Americans going back to 1993, according to its marketing materials.(UnitedHealth Group provides financial support to NPR.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says it uses the information to link patients' medical outcomes and costs to details like their level of education, net worth, family structure and race. An Optum spokesman said the socioeconomic data is de-identified and is not used for pricing health plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Optum's marketing materials also boast that it now has access to even more. In 2016, the company filed a patent application to gather what people share on platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and to link this material to the person's clinical and payment information. A company spokesman said in an email that the patent application never went anywhere. But the company's current marketing materials say it combines claims and clinical information with social media interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had a lot of questions about this and first reached out to Optum in May, but the company didn't connect me with any of its experts as promised. At the conference, Optum salespeople said they weren't allowed to talk to me about how the company uses this information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn't hard to understand the appeal of all this data to insurers. Merging information from data brokers with people's clinical and payment records is a no-brainer if you overlook potential patient concerns. Electronic medical records now make it easy for insurers to analyze massive amounts of information and combine it with the personal details scooped up by data brokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also makes sense given the shifts in how providers are getting paid. Doctors and hospitals have typically been paid based on the quantity of care they provide. But the industry is moving toward paying them in lump sums for caring for a patient, or for an event, like a knee surgery. In those cases, the medical providers can profit more when patients stay healthy. More money at stake means more interest in the social factors that might affect a patient's health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some insurance companies are already using socioeconomic data to help patients get appropriate care, such as programs to help patients with chronic diseases stay healthy. Studies show social and economic aspects of people's lives play an important role in their health. Knowing these personal details can help them identify those who may need help paying for medication or help getting to the doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But patient advocates are skeptical that health insurers have altruistic designs on people's personal information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry has a history of boosting profits by signing up healthy people and finding ways to avoid sick people — called \"cherry-picking\" and \"lemon-dropping,\" experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the classic examples: A company was accused of putting its enrollment office on the third floor of a building without an elevator, so only healthy patients could make the trek to sign up. Another tried to appeal to spry seniors by holding square dances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Affordable Care Act prohibits insurers from denying people coverage based on pre-existing health conditions or charging sick people more for individual or small group plans. But experts said patients' personal information could still be used for marketing, and to assess risks and determine the prices of certain plans. And the Trump administration is promoting short-term health plans, which do allow insurers to deny coverage to sick patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Greenwald, faculty director of Harvard Law School's Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation, said insurance companies still cherry-pick, but now they're subtler. The center analyzes health insurance plans to see if they discriminate. He said insurers will do things like failing to include enough information about which drugs a plan covers, which pushes sick people who need specific medications elsewhere. Or they may change the things a plan covers, or how much a patient has to pay for a type of care, after a patient has enrolled. Or, Greenwald added, they might exclude or limit certain types of providers from their networks — like those who have skill caring for patients with HIV or hepatitis C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there were concerns that personal data might be used to cherry-pick or lemon-drop, they weren't raised at the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the IBM Watson Health booth, Kevin Ruane, a senior consulting scientist, told me that the company surveys 80,000 Americans a year to assess lifestyle, attitudes and behaviors that could relate to health care. Participants are asked whether they trust their doctor, have financial problems, go online, or own a Fitbit and similar questions. The responses of hundreds of adjacent households are analyzed together to identify social and economic factors for an area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruane said he has used IBM Watson Health's socioeconomic analysis to help insurance companies assess a potential market. The ACA increased the value of such assessments, experts say, because companies often don't know the medical history of people seeking coverage. A region with too many sick people, or with patients who don't take care of themselves, might not be worth the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruane acknowledged that the information his company gathers may not be accurate for every person. \"We talk to our clients and tell them to be careful about this,\" he said. \"Use it as a data insight. But it's not necessarily a fact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate conversation, a salesman from a different company joked about the potential for error. \"God forbid you live on the wrong street these days,\" he said. \"You're going to get lumped in with a lot of bad things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LexisNexis booth was emblazoned with the slogan \"Data. Insight. Action.\" The company said it uses 442 nonmedical personal attributes to predict a person's medical costs. Its cache includes more than 78 billion records from more than 10,000 public and proprietary sources, including people's cellphone numbers, criminal records, bankruptcies, property records, neighborhood safety and more. The information is used to predict patients' health risks and costs in eight areas, including how often they are likely to visit emergency rooms, their total cost, their pharmacy costs, their motivation to stay healthy and their stress levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who downsize their homes tend to have higher health care costs, the company says. As do those whose parents didn't finish high school. Patients who own more valuable homes are less likely to land back in the hospital within 30 days of their discharge. The company says it has validated its scores against insurance claims and clinical data. But it won't share its methods and hasn't published the work in peer-reviewed journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCulley, LexisNexis' director of strategic solutions, said predictions made by the algorithms about patients are based on the combination of the personal attributes. He gave a hypothetical example: A high school dropout who had a recent income loss and doesn't have a relative nearby might have higher-than-expected health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But couldn't that same type of person be healthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sure,\" McCulley said, with no apparent dismay at the possibility that the predictions could be wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCulley and others at LexisNexis insist the scores are only used to help patients get the care they need and not to determine how much someone would pay for their health insurance. The company cited three different federal laws that restricted them and their clients from using the scores in that way. But privacy experts said none of the laws cited by the company bar the practice. The company backed off the assertions when I pointed that the laws did not seem to apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LexisNexis officials also said the company's contracts expressly prohibit using the analysis to help price insurance plans. They would not provide a contract. But I knew that in at least one instance a company was already testing whether the scores could be used as a pricing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the conference, I'd seen a press release announcing that the largest health actuarial firm in the world, Milliman, was now using the LexisNexis scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tracked down Marcos Dachary, who works in business development for Milliman. Actuaries calculate health care risks and help set the price of premiums for insurers. I asked Dachary if Milliman was using the LexisNexis scores to price health plans and he said: \"There could be an opportunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scores could allow an insurance company to assess the risks posed by individual patients and make adjustments to protect themselves from losses, he said. For example, he said, the company could raise premiums or revise contracts with providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's too early to tell whether the LexisNexis scores will actually be useful for pricing, he said. But he was excited about the possibilities. \"One thing about social determinants data – it piques your mind,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dachary acknowledged the scores could also be used to discriminate. Others, he said, have raised that concern. As much as there could be positive potential, he said, \"there could also be negative potential.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Erroneous Inferences From Group Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that negative potential that still bothers data analyst Erin Kaufman, who left the health insurance industry in January. The 35-year-old from Atlanta had earned her doctorate in public health because she wanted to help people, but one day at Aetna, her boss told her to work with a new data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To her surprise, the company had obtained personal information from a data broker on millions of Americans. The data contained each person's habits and hobbies, like whether they owned a gun, and if so, what type, she said. It included whether they had magazine subscriptions, liked to ride bikes or run marathons. It had hundreds of personal details about each person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aetna data team merged the data with the information it had on patients it insured. The goal was to see how people's personal interests and hobbies might relate to their health care costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kaufman said it felt wrong: The information about the people who knitted or crocheted made her think of her grandmother. And the details about individuals who liked camping made her think of herself. What business did the insurance company have looking at this information? \"It was a data set that really dug into our clients' lives,\" she said. \"No one gave anyone permission to do this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600083-Aetna-Statement.html\">In a statement\u003c/a>, Aetna said it uses consumer marketing information to supplement its claims and clinical information. The combined data helps predict the risk of repeat emergency room visits or hospital admissions. The information is used to reach out to members and help them and plays no role in pricing plans or underwriting, the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaufman said she had concerns about the accuracy of drawing inferences about an individual's health from an analysis of a group of people with similar traits. Health scores generated from arrest records, homeownership and similar material may be wrong, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pam Dixon, executive director of the World Privacy Forum, a nonprofit that advocates for privacy in the digital age, shares Kaufman's concerns. She points to a study by the analytics company SAS, which worked in 2012 with an unnamed major health insurance company to predict a person's health care costs using 1,500 data elements, including the investments and types of cars people owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SAS study said higher health care costs could be predicted by looking at things like ethnicity, watching TV and mail-order purchases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find that enormously offensive as a list,\" Dixon said. \"This is not health data. This is inferred data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data scientist Cathy O'Neil said drawing conclusions about health risks on such data could lead to a bias against some poor people. It would be easy to infer they are prone to costly illnesses based on their backgrounds and living conditions, said O'Neil, author of the book \u003cem>Weapons of Math Destruction,\u003c/em> which looked at how algorithms can increase inequality. That could lead to poor people being charged more, making it harder for them to get the care they need, she said. Employers, she said, could even decide not to hire people with data points that could indicate high medical costs in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Neil said the companies should also measure how the scores might discriminate against the poor, sick or minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American policymakers could do more to protect people's information, experts said. In the United States, companies can harvest personal data unless a specific law bans it, although California just passed legislation that could create restrictions, said William McGeveran, a professor at the University of Minnesota Law School. Europe, in contrast, passed a strict law called the \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/what-does-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr-govern_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">General Data Protection Regulation\u003c/a>, which went into effect in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In Europe, data protection is a constitutional right,\" McGeveran said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pasquale, the University of Maryland law professor, said health scores should be treated like credit scores. Federal law gives people the right to know their credit scores and how they're calculated. If people are going to be rated by whether they listen to sad songs on Spotify or look up information about AIDS online, they should know, Pasquale said. \"The risk of improper use is extremely high,\" he said. \"And data scores are not properly vetted and validated and available for scrutiny.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creepy Walk Down Memory Lane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported this story I wondered how the data vendors might be using my personal information to score my potential health costs. So, I filled out \u003ca href=\"https://personalreports.lexisnexis.com/access_your_full_file_disclosure.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a request on the LexisNexis website\u003c/a> for the company to send me some of the personal information it has on me. A week later, a somewhat creepy, 182-page walk down memory lane arrived in the mail. Federal law only requires the company to provide a subset of the information it collected about me. So that's all I got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LexisNexis had captured details about my life going back 25 years, many that I'd forgotten. It had my phone numbers going back decades and my home addresses going back to my childhood in Golden, Colo. Each location had a field to show whether the address was \"high risk.\" Mine were all blank. The company also collects records of any liens and criminal activity, which, thankfully, I didn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My report was boring, which isn't a surprise. I've lived a middle-class life and grown up in good neighborhoods. But it made me wonder: What if I had lived in \"high-risk\" neighborhoods? Could that ever be used by insurers to jack up my rates — or to avoid me altogether?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to see more. If LexisNexis had health risk scores on me, I wanted to see how they were calculated and, more importantly, whether they were accurate. But the company told me that if it had calculated my scores it would have done so on behalf of its client, my insurance company. So, I couldn't have them.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ProPublica Senior Research Fellow Claire Perlman contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom based in New York. Sign up to get ProPublica's \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://go.propublica.org/bigstorynewsletter-20180717\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Story newsletter\u003c/a>\u003cem> to receive stories like this one in your inbox as soon as they are published. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 ProPublica. To see more, visit \u003ca>ProPublica\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Health+Insurers+Are+Vacuuming+Up+Details+About+You+%E2%80%94+And+It+Could+Raise+Your+Rates+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Without scrutiny, insurers and data brokers are predicting your health costs based on public data about things like race, marital status, your TV consumption and even if you buy plus-size clothing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1532039385,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":70,"wordCount":3374},"headData":{"title":"Health Insurers Are Vacuuming Up Details About You — And It Could Raise Your Rates | KQED","description":"Without scrutiny, insurers and data brokers are predicting your health costs based on public data about things like race, marital status, your TV consumption and even if you buy plus-size clothing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Health Insurers Are Vacuuming Up Details About You — And It Could Raise Your Rates","datePublished":"2018-07-20T19:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-19T22:29:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443506 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443506","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/20/health-insurers-are-vacuuming-up-details-about-you-and-it-could-raise-your-rates/","disqusTitle":"Health Insurers Are Vacuuming Up Details About You — And It Could Raise Your Rates","source":"Health","nprByline":"Marshall Allen, NPR Morning Edition","nprImageAgency":"Justin Volz for ProPublica","nprStoryId":"629441555","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=629441555&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/17/629441555/health-insurers-are-vacuuming-up-details-about-you-and-it-could-raise-your-rates?ft=nprml&f=629441555","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 19 Jul 2018 07:25:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 17 Jul 2018 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 19 Jul 2018 07:25:45 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/07/20180717_me_health_insurers_are_vacuuming_up_details_about_you_and_it_could_raise_your_rates_.mp3?orgId=199135797&topicId=1128&d=236&p=3&story=629441555&ft=nprml&f=629441555","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1629703879-4b01b8.m3u?orgId=199135797&topicId=1128&d=236&p=3&story=629441555&ft=nprml&f=629441555","path":"/futureofyou/443506/health-insurers-are-vacuuming-up-details-about-you-and-it-could-raise-your-rates","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/07/20180717_me_health_insurers_are_vacuuming_up_details_about_you_and_it_could_raise_your_rates_.mp3?orgId=199135797&topicId=1128&d=236&p=3&story=629441555&ft=nprml&f=629441555","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To an outsider, the fancy booths at a June health insurance industry gathering in San Diego, Calif., aren't very compelling: a handful of companies pitching \"lifestyle\" data and salespeople touting jargony phrases like \"social determinants of health.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dig deeper and the implications of what they're selling might give many patients pause: a future in which everything you do — the things you buy, the food you eat, the time you spend watching TV — may help determine how much you pay for health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With little public scrutiny, the health insurance industry has joined forces with data brokers to vacuum up personal details about hundreds of millions of Americans, including, odds are, many readers of this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies are tracking your race, education level, TV habits, marital status, net worth. They're collecting what you post on social media, whether you're behind on your bills, what you order online. Then they feed this information into complicated computer algorithms that spit out predictions about how much your health care could cost them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you a woman who recently changed your name? You could be newly married and have a pricey pregnancy pending. Or maybe you're stressed and anxious from a recent divorce. That, too, the computer models predict, may run up your medical bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are you a woman who has purchased plus-size clothing? You're considered at risk of depression. Mental health care can be expensive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income and a minority? That means, the data brokers say, you are more likely to live in a dilapidated and dangerous neighborhood, increasing your health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We sit on oceans of data,\" said Eric McCulley, director of strategic solutions for \u003ca href=\"https://risk.lexisnexis.com/insurance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LexisNexis Risk Solutions\u003c/a>, during a conversation at the data firm's booth. And he isn't apologetic about using it. \"The fact is, our data is in the public domain,\" he said. \"We didn't put it out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurers contend that they use the information to spot health issues in their clients — and flag them so they get services they need. And companies like LexisNexis say the data shouldn't be used to set prices. But as a research scientist from one company told me: \"I can't say it hasn't happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when every week brings a new privacy scandal and worries abound about the misuse of personal information, patient advocates and privacy scholars say the insurance industry's data gathering runs counter to its touted, and federally required, allegiance to patients' medical privacy. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-individuals/guidance-materials-for-consumers/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act\u003c/a>, or HIPAA, only protects medical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a health privacy machine that's in crisis,\" said Frank Pasquale, a professor at the University of Maryland Carey School of Law who specializes in issues related to machine learning and algorithms. \"We have a law that only covers one source of health information. They are rapidly developing another source.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient advocates warn that using unverified, error-prone \"lifestyle\" data to make medical assumptions could lead insurers to improperly price plans — for instance, raising rates based on false information — or discriminate against anyone tagged as high cost. And, they say, the use of the data raises thorny questions that should be debated publicly, such as: Should a person's rates be raised because algorithms say they are more likely to run up medical bills? Such questions would be moot in Europe, where a strict law took effect in May that bans trading in personal data.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/series/the-health-insurance-hustle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ProPublica and NPR are investigating\u003c/a> the various tactics the health insurance industry uses to maximize its profits. Understanding these strategies is important because patients — through taxes, cash payments and insurance premiums — are the ones funding the entire health care system. Yet the industry's bewildering web of strategies and inside deals often has little to do with patients' needs. As the series' \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/article/why-your-health-insurer-does-not-care-about-your-big-bills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first story\u003c/a> showed, contrary to popular belief, lower bills aren't health insurers' top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the San Diego Convention Center, there were few qualms about the way insurance companies were mining Americans' lives for information — or what they planned to do with the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Linking Health Costs to Personal Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprawling convention center was a balmy draw for one of America's Health Insurance Plans' marquee gatherings. Insurance executives and managers wandered through the exhibit hall, sampling chocolate-covered strawberries, champagne and other delectables designed to encourage deal-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up front, the prime real estate belonged to the big guns in health data: The booths of Optum, IBM Watson Health and LexisNexis stretched toward the ceiling, with flat-screen monitors and some comfy seating. (NPR collaborates with IBM Watson Health on national polls about consumer health topics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the scope of what they were offering, consider Optum. The company, owned by the massive UnitedHealth Group, has collected the medical diagnoses, tests, prescriptions, costs and socioeconomic data of 150 million Americans going back to 1993, according to its marketing materials.(UnitedHealth Group provides financial support to NPR.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says it uses the information to link patients' medical outcomes and costs to details like their level of education, net worth, family structure and race. An Optum spokesman said the socioeconomic data is de-identified and is not used for pricing health plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Optum's marketing materials also boast that it now has access to even more. In 2016, the company filed a patent application to gather what people share on platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and to link this material to the person's clinical and payment information. A company spokesman said in an email that the patent application never went anywhere. But the company's current marketing materials say it combines claims and clinical information with social media interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had a lot of questions about this and first reached out to Optum in May, but the company didn't connect me with any of its experts as promised. At the conference, Optum salespeople said they weren't allowed to talk to me about how the company uses this information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn't hard to understand the appeal of all this data to insurers. Merging information from data brokers with people's clinical and payment records is a no-brainer if you overlook potential patient concerns. Electronic medical records now make it easy for insurers to analyze massive amounts of information and combine it with the personal details scooped up by data brokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also makes sense given the shifts in how providers are getting paid. Doctors and hospitals have typically been paid based on the quantity of care they provide. But the industry is moving toward paying them in lump sums for caring for a patient, or for an event, like a knee surgery. In those cases, the medical providers can profit more when patients stay healthy. More money at stake means more interest in the social factors that might affect a patient's health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some insurance companies are already using socioeconomic data to help patients get appropriate care, such as programs to help patients with chronic diseases stay healthy. Studies show social and economic aspects of people's lives play an important role in their health. Knowing these personal details can help them identify those who may need help paying for medication or help getting to the doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But patient advocates are skeptical that health insurers have altruistic designs on people's personal information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry has a history of boosting profits by signing up healthy people and finding ways to avoid sick people — called \"cherry-picking\" and \"lemon-dropping,\" experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the classic examples: A company was accused of putting its enrollment office on the third floor of a building without an elevator, so only healthy patients could make the trek to sign up. Another tried to appeal to spry seniors by holding square dances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Affordable Care Act prohibits insurers from denying people coverage based on pre-existing health conditions or charging sick people more for individual or small group plans. But experts said patients' personal information could still be used for marketing, and to assess risks and determine the prices of certain plans. And the Trump administration is promoting short-term health plans, which do allow insurers to deny coverage to sick patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Greenwald, faculty director of Harvard Law School's Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation, said insurance companies still cherry-pick, but now they're subtler. The center analyzes health insurance plans to see if they discriminate. He said insurers will do things like failing to include enough information about which drugs a plan covers, which pushes sick people who need specific medications elsewhere. Or they may change the things a plan covers, or how much a patient has to pay for a type of care, after a patient has enrolled. Or, Greenwald added, they might exclude or limit certain types of providers from their networks — like those who have skill caring for patients with HIV or hepatitis C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there were concerns that personal data might be used to cherry-pick or lemon-drop, they weren't raised at the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the IBM Watson Health booth, Kevin Ruane, a senior consulting scientist, told me that the company surveys 80,000 Americans a year to assess lifestyle, attitudes and behaviors that could relate to health care. Participants are asked whether they trust their doctor, have financial problems, go online, or own a Fitbit and similar questions. The responses of hundreds of adjacent households are analyzed together to identify social and economic factors for an area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruane said he has used IBM Watson Health's socioeconomic analysis to help insurance companies assess a potential market. The ACA increased the value of such assessments, experts say, because companies often don't know the medical history of people seeking coverage. A region with too many sick people, or with patients who don't take care of themselves, might not be worth the risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruane acknowledged that the information his company gathers may not be accurate for every person. \"We talk to our clients and tell them to be careful about this,\" he said. \"Use it as a data insight. But it's not necessarily a fact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a separate conversation, a salesman from a different company joked about the potential for error. \"God forbid you live on the wrong street these days,\" he said. \"You're going to get lumped in with a lot of bad things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LexisNexis booth was emblazoned with the slogan \"Data. Insight. Action.\" The company said it uses 442 nonmedical personal attributes to predict a person's medical costs. Its cache includes more than 78 billion records from more than 10,000 public and proprietary sources, including people's cellphone numbers, criminal records, bankruptcies, property records, neighborhood safety and more. The information is used to predict patients' health risks and costs in eight areas, including how often they are likely to visit emergency rooms, their total cost, their pharmacy costs, their motivation to stay healthy and their stress levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who downsize their homes tend to have higher health care costs, the company says. As do those whose parents didn't finish high school. Patients who own more valuable homes are less likely to land back in the hospital within 30 days of their discharge. The company says it has validated its scores against insurance claims and clinical data. But it won't share its methods and hasn't published the work in peer-reviewed journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCulley, LexisNexis' director of strategic solutions, said predictions made by the algorithms about patients are based on the combination of the personal attributes. He gave a hypothetical example: A high school dropout who had a recent income loss and doesn't have a relative nearby might have higher-than-expected health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But couldn't that same type of person be healthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sure,\" McCulley said, with no apparent dismay at the possibility that the predictions could be wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCulley and others at LexisNexis insist the scores are only used to help patients get the care they need and not to determine how much someone would pay for their health insurance. The company cited three different federal laws that restricted them and their clients from using the scores in that way. But privacy experts said none of the laws cited by the company bar the practice. The company backed off the assertions when I pointed that the laws did not seem to apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LexisNexis officials also said the company's contracts expressly prohibit using the analysis to help price insurance plans. They would not provide a contract. But I knew that in at least one instance a company was already testing whether the scores could be used as a pricing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the conference, I'd seen a press release announcing that the largest health actuarial firm in the world, Milliman, was now using the LexisNexis scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tracked down Marcos Dachary, who works in business development for Milliman. Actuaries calculate health care risks and help set the price of premiums for insurers. I asked Dachary if Milliman was using the LexisNexis scores to price health plans and he said: \"There could be an opportunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scores could allow an insurance company to assess the risks posed by individual patients and make adjustments to protect themselves from losses, he said. For example, he said, the company could raise premiums or revise contracts with providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's too early to tell whether the LexisNexis scores will actually be useful for pricing, he said. But he was excited about the possibilities. \"One thing about social determinants data – it piques your mind,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dachary acknowledged the scores could also be used to discriminate. Others, he said, have raised that concern. As much as there could be positive potential, he said, \"there could also be negative potential.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Erroneous Inferences From Group Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that negative potential that still bothers data analyst Erin Kaufman, who left the health insurance industry in January. The 35-year-old from Atlanta had earned her doctorate in public health because she wanted to help people, but one day at Aetna, her boss told her to work with a new data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To her surprise, the company had obtained personal information from a data broker on millions of Americans. The data contained each person's habits and hobbies, like whether they owned a gun, and if so, what type, she said. It included whether they had magazine subscriptions, liked to ride bikes or run marathons. It had hundreds of personal details about each person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aetna data team merged the data with the information it had on patients it insured. The goal was to see how people's personal interests and hobbies might relate to their health care costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kaufman said it felt wrong: The information about the people who knitted or crocheted made her think of her grandmother. And the details about individuals who liked camping made her think of herself. What business did the insurance company have looking at this information? \"It was a data set that really dug into our clients' lives,\" she said. \"No one gave anyone permission to do this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4600083-Aetna-Statement.html\">In a statement\u003c/a>, Aetna said it uses consumer marketing information to supplement its claims and clinical information. The combined data helps predict the risk of repeat emergency room visits or hospital admissions. The information is used to reach out to members and help them and plays no role in pricing plans or underwriting, the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaufman said she had concerns about the accuracy of drawing inferences about an individual's health from an analysis of a group of people with similar traits. Health scores generated from arrest records, homeownership and similar material may be wrong, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pam Dixon, executive director of the World Privacy Forum, a nonprofit that advocates for privacy in the digital age, shares Kaufman's concerns. She points to a study by the analytics company SAS, which worked in 2012 with an unnamed major health insurance company to predict a person's health care costs using 1,500 data elements, including the investments and types of cars people owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SAS study said higher health care costs could be predicted by looking at things like ethnicity, watching TV and mail-order purchases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find that enormously offensive as a list,\" Dixon said. \"This is not health data. This is inferred data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data scientist Cathy O'Neil said drawing conclusions about health risks on such data could lead to a bias against some poor people. It would be easy to infer they are prone to costly illnesses based on their backgrounds and living conditions, said O'Neil, author of the book \u003cem>Weapons of Math Destruction,\u003c/em> which looked at how algorithms can increase inequality. That could lead to poor people being charged more, making it harder for them to get the care they need, she said. Employers, she said, could even decide not to hire people with data points that could indicate high medical costs in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Neil said the companies should also measure how the scores might discriminate against the poor, sick or minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American policymakers could do more to protect people's information, experts said. In the United States, companies can harvest personal data unless a specific law bans it, although California just passed legislation that could create restrictions, said William McGeveran, a professor at the University of Minnesota Law School. Europe, in contrast, passed a strict law called the \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/what-does-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr-govern_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">General Data Protection Regulation\u003c/a>, which went into effect in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In Europe, data protection is a constitutional right,\" McGeveran said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pasquale, the University of Maryland law professor, said health scores should be treated like credit scores. Federal law gives people the right to know their credit scores and how they're calculated. If people are going to be rated by whether they listen to sad songs on Spotify or look up information about AIDS online, they should know, Pasquale said. \"The risk of improper use is extremely high,\" he said. \"And data scores are not properly vetted and validated and available for scrutiny.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creepy Walk Down Memory Lane \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported this story I wondered how the data vendors might be using my personal information to score my potential health costs. So, I filled out \u003ca href=\"https://personalreports.lexisnexis.com/access_your_full_file_disclosure.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a request on the LexisNexis website\u003c/a> for the company to send me some of the personal information it has on me. A week later, a somewhat creepy, 182-page walk down memory lane arrived in the mail. Federal law only requires the company to provide a subset of the information it collected about me. So that's all I got.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LexisNexis had captured details about my life going back 25 years, many that I'd forgotten. It had my phone numbers going back decades and my home addresses going back to my childhood in Golden, Colo. Each location had a field to show whether the address was \"high risk.\" Mine were all blank. The company also collects records of any liens and criminal activity, which, thankfully, I didn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My report was boring, which isn't a surprise. I've lived a middle-class life and grown up in good neighborhoods. But it made me wonder: What if I had lived in \"high-risk\" neighborhoods? Could that ever be used by insurers to jack up my rates — or to avoid me altogether?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to see more. If LexisNexis had health risk scores on me, I wanted to see how they were calculated and, more importantly, whether they were accurate. But the company told me that if it had calculated my scores it would have done so on behalf of its client, my insurance company. So, I couldn't have them.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ProPublica Senior Research Fellow Claire Perlman contributed to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom based in New York. Sign up to get ProPublica's \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://go.propublica.org/bigstorynewsletter-20180717\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Story newsletter\u003c/a>\u003cem> to receive stories like this one in your inbox as soon as they are published. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 ProPublica. To see more, visit \u003ca>ProPublica\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Health+Insurers+Are+Vacuuming+Up+Details+About+You+%E2%80%94+And+It+Could+Raise+Your+Rates+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443506/health-insurers-are-vacuuming-up-details-about-you-and-it-could-raise-your-rates","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443506"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_301","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_419","futureofyou_562","futureofyou_424"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443507","label":"source_futureofyou_443506"},"futureofyou_437291":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_437291","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"437291","score":null,"sort":[1511510721000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-long-strange-history-of-dieting-fads","title":"The Long, Strange History of Dieting Fads","publishDate":1511510721,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>“Of all the parasites that affect humanity I do not know of, nor can I imagine, any more distressing than that of Obesity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So started \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/letteroncorpulen00bant\">William Banting\u003c/a>‘s “Letter on Corpulence,” likely the first diet book ever published. Banting, an overweight undertaker, published the book in 1864 to espouse his success after replacing an excessive intake of bread, sugar and potatoes with mostly meat, fish and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, fad diets have appeared in many forms. To what length will people go to achieve their desired figure? As a professor of nutrition and eating behaviors, my sense is the history of dieting shows vanity outweighs common sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Liquid-based diets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Let’s jump back to 1028, the year \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-william-the-conqueror\">William the Conqueror\u003c/a> was born. Healthy most of his life, he became so overweight in later years that he went on a liquid diet consisting of almost nothing but alcohol. He lost enough weight to resume riding his cherished horse, but a riding accident soon led to his untimely death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know of one case in which consuming more alcohol than food allegedly led to longevity. In 1558, Italian nobleman \u003ca href=\"http://hipporeads.com/the_immortality_diet_how_diet_and_age_intersect/\">Luigi Cornaro\u003c/a> restricted himself daily to 12 ounces of food and 14 ounces of wine. Rumor has it he lived to a ripe 102 years of age, earning his approach the nickname The Immortality Diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another alcohol-focused plan, \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/2004/04/21/cz_af_0421feat.html\">The Drinking Man’s Diet\u003c/a>, was introduced in the 1960s. This included so-called “manly” foods like steak and fish, along with as much alcohol as desired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poet \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16351761\">Lord Byron\u003c/a> credited his thin, pale look to vinegar and water. This practice reemerged in the 1950s as the popular \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811634,00.html?iid=chix-sphere\">Apple Cider Vinegar Diet\u003c/a>, which instructs people to drink a mixture of equal parts honey and vinegar. The latest version, although not scientifically supported, claims that three teaspoons of apple cider vinegar before each meal will curb cravings and cut fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cleanses\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Cleaner” liquid diets, cleanses and detoxes are designed to supposedly rid the body of toxins, despite our natural ability to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-left \">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 237px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/184781/original/file-20170905-32174-1pn0llp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"252\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1950 ad for ‘vitamin candy.’ nesster/flickr, CC BY\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1941, alternative health enthusiast Stanley Burroughs created the Master Cleanse, or \u003ca href=\"http://themastercleanse.com/master-cleanse/lemonade-diet/\">Lemonade Diet\u003c/a>, to eliminate cravings for junk food, alcohol, tobacco and drugs. All you had to do was consume a mixture of lemon or lime juice, maple syrup, water and cayenne pepper six times a day for at least 10 days. Beyoncé \u003ca href=\"http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/The-Stars-of-Dreamgirls/6\">made this popular again\u003c/a> in 2006, saying she lost 20 pounds in two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/article/dr-ozs-5-day-summer-cleanse\">TV physician Dr. Oz\u003c/a> and others have since promoted their own versions, varying in length and foods allowed. Most include a daily laxative and copious amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/861235/prolinn_diet/\">Last Chance Diet\u003c/a>, published in 1976, consisted of drinking a very low-calorie liquid a few times per day. The main ingredient was a blend of predigested animal byproducts – think hide, horns and tendons. This “meat smoothie” was taken off the market after several followers died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, the Green Juice plan became popular. Many were captivated by the promise of a deep cleanse or quick weight loss, while others saw it as an easy way to consume more fruits and vegetables. One of the original recipes called for apples, celery, cucumber, kale, lemon and ginger.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Celebrity diets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.faena.com/aleph/articles/andy-warhols-foolproof-new-york-diet/\">Andy Warhol\u003c/a> had a different approach to maintaining his physique. He reportedly ordered foods he disliked when out at restaurants, asking for a to-go box upon leaving. He would then give this to a homeless person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleeping was another possibility. Elvis Presley was rumored to be an advocate of the Sleeping Beauty Diet. Its long pill-induced sleeping bouts were said to inhibit eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more recent effort to mimic celebrities, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.diet.com/g/hollywood-diet\">Hollywood 48 Hour Miracle Diet\u003c/a> was joined by the Hollywood 24 Hour Miracle Diet, the Hollywood Daily Miracle Diet Drink Mix Meal Replacement and various dietary supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get slim quick\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, overweight businessman Horace Fletcher slimmed down and made dieting a pop culture phenomenon with his \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9693596\">Chewing Diet\u003c/a>. He recommended chewing food until it became liquid to prevent overeating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method rumored to be popular in the early 1900s was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/horrors/vanities/tapeworm.asp\">Tapeworm Diet\u003c/a>. Theoretically, one would swallow a tapeworm or tapeworm pills. The worm would then live in your stomach and consume some of your food. While vintage advertisements have been found, there is no evidence that tapeworms were actually sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-right zoomable\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 237px\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/184782/original/file-20170905-24230-1f5yzx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/184782/original/file-20170905-24230-1f5yzx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tapeworm, anyone? fdaphotos/flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other diets have allured fans over the years with the promise of easy weight loss through a single miraculous food. There’s the Grapefruit Diet, which recommends half a grapefruit before every meal; The Peanut Butter Diet and the Ice Cream Diet, both promising as much of said food daily as desired; and the Shangri-La Diet in 2006, which claimed you could beat hunger by drinking olive oil about an hour before each meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One standout example was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.diet.com/g/cabbage-soup-diet\">Cabbage Soup Diet\u003c/a>, first popularized by celebrities in the 1950s. This diet involved consuming nothing but soup for seven days. The original recipe called for cabbage, vegetables, water and dry onion soup mix, but other renditions added ingredients like fruit, skim milk and beef. It became trendy again every ten years or so, with the internet making it easier to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Alternative ideas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some diets and their supporting theories went beyond food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1727, writer Thomas Short observed that overweight people lived near swamps. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.active.com/nutrition/articles/11-weirdest-diets-in-history\">Avoiding Swamps Diet\u003c/a> thus recommended moving away from swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of moving away from swamps, \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/breatharians/\">Breatharianism\u003c/a> recommends not eating. Followers in a 2017 interview claimed food and water are unnecessary, saying they subsist on spirituality and sunlight alone. The prolonged fasting would eventually lead to starvation, but devotees have been spotted eating and drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more dangerous \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/dangerous-diet-trend-cotton-ball-diet/story?id=20942888\">Cotton Ball Diet\u003c/a> surfaced in 2013. Dieters reported consuming up to five cotton balls at a time, saying they felt full and lost weight. With its unfortunate side effect of intestinal obstruction, this diet faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all unusual ideas are bad. The Seven Day Color Diet, published in 2003, suggested eating foods of only one color each day. For example, red day would include tomatoes, apples and cranberries. This actually emphasizes healthful foods to include, rather than crazy concoctions or restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While intriguing, fad diets are usually short-term quick fixes. They may produce initial rapid weight loss, but this is more likely due to their lower calorie intake than the follower’s usual diet, and often consists of \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2385\">water loss\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we should remember that there’s no simple secret to losing weight. Achieving sustained weight loss and maintenance requires reducing your calorie intake and increasing your activity levels – with or without grapefruit and cabbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/melissa-wdowik-399206\">Melissa Wdowik\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor of Food Science and Human Nutrition, \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/colorado-state-university-1267\">Colorado State University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-long-strange-history-of-dieting-fads-82294\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For centuries, people have been trying to lose weight in all sorts of ways – including drinking vinegar, avoiding swamps and stocking up on grapefruit.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1511915896,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1166},"headData":{"title":"The Long, Strange History of Dieting Fads | KQED","description":"For centuries, people have been trying to lose weight in all sorts of ways – including drinking vinegar, avoiding swamps and stocking up on grapefruit.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Long, Strange History of Dieting Fads","datePublished":"2017-11-24T08:05:21.000Z","dateModified":"2017-11-29T00:38:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"437291 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437291","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/24/the-long-strange-history-of-dieting-fads/","disqusTitle":"The Long, Strange History of Dieting Fads","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/melissa-wdowik-399206\">Melissa Wdowik\u003c/a>, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/colorado-state-university-1267\">Colorado State University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>","path":"/futureofyou/437291/the-long-strange-history-of-dieting-fads","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“Of all the parasites that affect humanity I do not know of, nor can I imagine, any more distressing than that of Obesity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So started \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/letteroncorpulen00bant\">William Banting\u003c/a>‘s “Letter on Corpulence,” likely the first diet book ever published. Banting, an overweight undertaker, published the book in 1864 to espouse his success after replacing an excessive intake of bread, sugar and potatoes with mostly meat, fish and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, fad diets have appeared in many forms. To what length will people go to achieve their desired figure? As a professor of nutrition and eating behaviors, my sense is the history of dieting shows vanity outweighs common sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Liquid-based diets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Let’s jump back to 1028, the year \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-william-the-conqueror\">William the Conqueror\u003c/a> was born. Healthy most of his life, he became so overweight in later years that he went on a liquid diet consisting of almost nothing but alcohol. He lost enough weight to resume riding his cherished horse, but a riding accident soon led to his untimely death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know of one case in which consuming more alcohol than food allegedly led to longevity. In 1558, Italian nobleman \u003ca href=\"http://hipporeads.com/the_immortality_diet_how_diet_and_age_intersect/\">Luigi Cornaro\u003c/a> restricted himself daily to 12 ounces of food and 14 ounces of wine. Rumor has it he lived to a ripe 102 years of age, earning his approach the nickname The Immortality Diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another alcohol-focused plan, \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/2004/04/21/cz_af_0421feat.html\">The Drinking Man’s Diet\u003c/a>, was introduced in the 1960s. This included so-called “manly” foods like steak and fish, along with as much alcohol as desired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poet \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16351761\">Lord Byron\u003c/a> credited his thin, pale look to vinegar and water. This practice reemerged in the 1950s as the popular \u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811634,00.html?iid=chix-sphere\">Apple Cider Vinegar Diet\u003c/a>, which instructs people to drink a mixture of equal parts honey and vinegar. The latest version, although not scientifically supported, claims that three teaspoons of apple cider vinegar before each meal will curb cravings and cut fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cleanses\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Cleaner” liquid diets, cleanses and detoxes are designed to supposedly rid the body of toxins, despite our natural ability to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-left \">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 237px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/184781/original/file-20170905-32174-1pn0llp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"252\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1950 ad for ‘vitamin candy.’ nesster/flickr, CC BY\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1941, alternative health enthusiast Stanley Burroughs created the Master Cleanse, or \u003ca href=\"http://themastercleanse.com/master-cleanse/lemonade-diet/\">Lemonade Diet\u003c/a>, to eliminate cravings for junk food, alcohol, tobacco and drugs. All you had to do was consume a mixture of lemon or lime juice, maple syrup, water and cayenne pepper six times a day for at least 10 days. Beyoncé \u003ca href=\"http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/The-Stars-of-Dreamgirls/6\">made this popular again\u003c/a> in 2006, saying she lost 20 pounds in two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/article/dr-ozs-5-day-summer-cleanse\">TV physician Dr. Oz\u003c/a> and others have since promoted their own versions, varying in length and foods allowed. Most include a daily laxative and copious amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/861235/prolinn_diet/\">Last Chance Diet\u003c/a>, published in 1976, consisted of drinking a very low-calorie liquid a few times per day. The main ingredient was a blend of predigested animal byproducts – think hide, horns and tendons. This “meat smoothie” was taken off the market after several followers died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, the Green Juice plan became popular. Many were captivated by the promise of a deep cleanse or quick weight loss, while others saw it as an easy way to consume more fruits and vegetables. One of the original recipes called for apples, celery, cucumber, kale, lemon and ginger.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Celebrity diets\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.faena.com/aleph/articles/andy-warhols-foolproof-new-york-diet/\">Andy Warhol\u003c/a> had a different approach to maintaining his physique. He reportedly ordered foods he disliked when out at restaurants, asking for a to-go box upon leaving. He would then give this to a homeless person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleeping was another possibility. Elvis Presley was rumored to be an advocate of the Sleeping Beauty Diet. Its long pill-induced sleeping bouts were said to inhibit eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more recent effort to mimic celebrities, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.diet.com/g/hollywood-diet\">Hollywood 48 Hour Miracle Diet\u003c/a> was joined by the Hollywood 24 Hour Miracle Diet, the Hollywood Daily Miracle Diet Drink Mix Meal Replacement and various dietary supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get slim quick\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, overweight businessman Horace Fletcher slimmed down and made dieting a pop culture phenomenon with his \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9693596\">Chewing Diet\u003c/a>. He recommended chewing food until it became liquid to prevent overeating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method rumored to be popular in the early 1900s was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/horrors/vanities/tapeworm.asp\">Tapeworm Diet\u003c/a>. Theoretically, one would swallow a tapeworm or tapeworm pills. The worm would then live in your stomach and consume some of your food. While vintage advertisements have been found, there is no evidence that tapeworms were actually sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"align-right zoomable\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 237px\">\u003ca href=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/184782/original/file-20170905-24230-1f5yzx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\">\u003cimg src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/184782/original/file-20170905-24230-1f5yzx.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"237\" height=\"290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tapeworm, anyone? fdaphotos/flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other diets have allured fans over the years with the promise of easy weight loss through a single miraculous food. There’s the Grapefruit Diet, which recommends half a grapefruit before every meal; The Peanut Butter Diet and the Ice Cream Diet, both promising as much of said food daily as desired; and the Shangri-La Diet in 2006, which claimed you could beat hunger by drinking olive oil about an hour before each meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One standout example was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.diet.com/g/cabbage-soup-diet\">Cabbage Soup Diet\u003c/a>, first popularized by celebrities in the 1950s. This diet involved consuming nothing but soup for seven days. The original recipe called for cabbage, vegetables, water and dry onion soup mix, but other renditions added ingredients like fruit, skim milk and beef. It became trendy again every ten years or so, with the internet making it easier to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Alternative ideas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some diets and their supporting theories went beyond food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1727, writer Thomas Short observed that overweight people lived near swamps. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.active.com/nutrition/articles/11-weirdest-diets-in-history\">Avoiding Swamps Diet\u003c/a> thus recommended moving away from swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of moving away from swamps, \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/breatharians/\">Breatharianism\u003c/a> recommends not eating. Followers in a 2017 interview claimed food and water are unnecessary, saying they subsist on spirituality and sunlight alone. The prolonged fasting would eventually lead to starvation, but devotees have been spotted eating and drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more dangerous \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/dangerous-diet-trend-cotton-ball-diet/story?id=20942888\">Cotton Ball Diet\u003c/a> surfaced in 2013. Dieters reported consuming up to five cotton balls at a time, saying they felt full and lost weight. With its unfortunate side effect of intestinal obstruction, this diet faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all unusual ideas are bad. The Seven Day Color Diet, published in 2003, suggested eating foods of only one color each day. For example, red day would include tomatoes, apples and cranberries. This actually emphasizes healthful foods to include, rather than crazy concoctions or restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While intriguing, fad diets are usually short-term quick fixes. They may produce initial rapid weight loss, but this is more likely due to their lower calorie intake than the follower’s usual diet, and often consists of \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2385\">water loss\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, we should remember that there’s no simple secret to losing weight. Achieving sustained weight loss and maintenance requires reducing your calorie intake and increasing your activity levels – with or without grapefruit and cabbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/melissa-wdowik-399206\">Melissa Wdowik\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor of Food Science and Human Nutrition, \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/colorado-state-university-1267\">Colorado State University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-long-strange-history-of-dieting-fads-82294\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437291/the-long-strange-history-of-dieting-fads","authors":["byline_futureofyou_437291"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_597","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_426","futureofyou_562"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437292","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_427935":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_427935","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"427935","score":null,"sort":[1500474610000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mice-who-cant-smell-eat-high-fat-diet-without-weight-gain","title":"Is There a Direct Link Between the Sense of Smell and Obesity?","publishDate":1500474610,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Molecular biologist Celine Riera was walking down a street in France earlier this month when she smelled freshly baked croissants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t hungry,” she says, “but I had to have one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera’s scent cells began sending a message to her body: “Hey, Celine, you’re about to eat food. Get ready to store it as fat to use later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It wasn’t known that the sense of smell was actually driving metabolic rate.'\u003ccite>Andrew Dillin, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what if her scent cells never sent that signal? Is it possible she could eat that croissant and perhaps not store it as fat? Does our sense of smell direct our body’s decisions on when to store fat and when to burn it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera’s latest research offers a start to answering just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera is the lead author on a study released this month from UC Berkeley’s Dillin Lab and published in Cell Metabolism. It found that mice who lost their sense of smell burned more energy and fat while eating the same amount of food as mice who could smell just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same Diet, Two Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study tested two groups of mice that had been genetically modified to be susceptible to diphtheria in the sensory receptors in their noses. Researchers injected one group with the diphtheria toxin, temporarily wiping out their sense of smell. Both groups of mice were then fed a high-fat diet. After 12 weeks, the mice who could smell weighed 16 percent more than those who couldn’t. And the difference was made up entirely of fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZCpjW5Z35Z4t8PosUMPhGWqsT1kZErLP\"]The mice who couldn’t smell also seemed to be protected from other consequences of high-fat diets, such as inflammation in fat tissues, and insulin resistance that can lead to diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second experiment, researchers allowed a group of mice with typical smell to eat a high-fat diet, then injected half of the obese mice with diphtheria toxin. After they lost their sense of smell, these mice lost weight and showed less insulin resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428936 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-800x393.jpg\" alt=\"On the left is a close-up of the inside of the nose of a mouse who can smell, while the right is a mouse who can't.\" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-800x393.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-160x79.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-768x378.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-240x118.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-375x184.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-520x256.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2.jpg 952w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To test the effects of smell on weight gain, researchers knocked out the olfactory neurons (stained in red) of mice before feeding them a high-fat diet. On the left is a close-up of the inside of the nose of a mouse who can smell, while the right is a mouse who can't. \u003ccite>(Andrew Dillin and Celine Riera/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both experiments, the mice that couldn’t smell weren’t eating less, nor were they more physically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why were the mice who couldn’t smell expending more energy? Researchers say the answer has to do with a link between scent and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Link Between Scent and Metabolism\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that smell was integrated with us eating,” says Andrew Dillin, professor of molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley and head of the Dillin Lab. “It wasn’t known that the sense of smell was actually driving metabolic rate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, research had already established that when we’re hungry, our body sends out hormones and other signals that turn up our sense of smell so we can more find food more easily, dulling it once we’re well-fed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Maybe interfering with the sense of smell can offer an obesity treatment that's less invasive than weight-loss surgery.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>What Riera and colleagues discovered is that when we smell food, the scent also sets in motion a chain reaction of nerves, hormones and physiological functions that change our metabolism and tell our bodies to store the food we’re about to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mice who couldn’t smell showed signs of a revved-up metabolism and their energy-storing white fat was turning to brown fat, which is easier to burn. These clues led researchers to find that these mice had far more noradrenaline in their systems. Noradrenaline is one of those chemicals that makes you feel that “adrenaline rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, knocking out the mice’s sense of smell sends a signal to the hypothalamus - the part of the brain that regulates metabolism - to activate the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the “fight, flight or freeze,” response, and it was causing the mice to burn more energy and fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unanswered Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Robert Lustig, a professor of pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology at UC San Francisco says he hasn’t seen any previous study demonstrate this link between smell and metabolism, but that when he saw it, he thought, “Well, that makes sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lustig researches metabolic disorders -- specifically, how the hypothalamus plays a role in obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s novel about Riera’s study, he says, is that it provides experimental evidence that, at least in mice, there’s a direct link between smell and metabolism, resulting in weight gain or loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lustig believes the pathway between smelling your food and gaining weight, at least in humans, probably goes through a cranial nerve called the vagus nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that smell activates the vagus nerve,” he says. “We know activating vagus nerve increases the amount of insulin. What we don’t know in humans is that the whole pathway is connected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lustig says that question remains unanswered, and that the UC Berkeley study doesn’t examine whether the vagus nerve is involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can This Help Humans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the link between smell and metabolism is confined to mice. It also only applies to preventing severe weight gain or facilitating weight loss in mice who are already obese. There's no evidence that knocking out the sense of smell affects the weight of average mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera, having completed her post-doctoral work at Berkeley, has just opened her own lab at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, where she plans to continue her work in mice and, perhaps someday, expand upon it in clinical research with humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes to look at how these findings can be integrated into treatment for food addiction and binge-eating among some people with obesity. Maybe, Riera says, interfering with sense of smell can offer an obesity treatment that steps in to inhibit the food addiction, and does so in a manner less invasive than weight-loss surgery. So far, there isn’t a treatment that safely blocks smell for humans, but Riera believes the nose may hold the key to treating obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that with olfaction we find maybe a milder way to do that,” she says. “Maybe if you can find a way to block the olfactory input, it would help.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UC Berkeley researchers establish a link between the sense of smell and metabolism in mice, hoping it may lead to a treatment for obesity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1500833933,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1153},"headData":{"title":"Is There a Direct Link Between the Sense of Smell and Obesity? | KQED","description":"UC Berkeley researchers establish a link between the sense of smell and metabolism in mice, hoping it may lead to a treatment for obesity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is There a Direct Link Between the Sense of Smell and Obesity?","datePublished":"2017-07-19T14:30:10.000Z","dateModified":"2017-07-23T18:18:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"427935 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=427935","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/07/19/mice-who-cant-smell-eat-high-fat-diet-without-weight-gain/","disqusTitle":"Is There a Direct Link Between the Sense of Smell and Obesity?","source":"Hope/Hype","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Nikki Inglis\u003c/strong> ","path":"/futureofyou/427935/mice-who-cant-smell-eat-high-fat-diet-without-weight-gain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Molecular biologist Celine Riera was walking down a street in France earlier this month when she smelled freshly baked croissants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wasn’t hungry,” she says, “but I had to have one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera’s scent cells began sending a message to her body: “Hey, Celine, you’re about to eat food. Get ready to store it as fat to use later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It wasn’t known that the sense of smell was actually driving metabolic rate.'\u003ccite>Andrew Dillin, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what if her scent cells never sent that signal? Is it possible she could eat that croissant and perhaps not store it as fat? Does our sense of smell direct our body’s decisions on when to store fat and when to burn it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera’s latest research offers a start to answering just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera is the lead author on a study released this month from UC Berkeley’s Dillin Lab and published in Cell Metabolism. It found that mice who lost their sense of smell burned more energy and fat while eating the same amount of food as mice who could smell just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same Diet, Two Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study tested two groups of mice that had been genetically modified to be susceptible to diphtheria in the sensory receptors in their noses. Researchers injected one group with the diphtheria toxin, temporarily wiping out their sense of smell. Both groups of mice were then fed a high-fat diet. After 12 weeks, the mice who could smell weighed 16 percent more than those who couldn’t. And the difference was made up entirely of fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The mice who couldn’t smell also seemed to be protected from other consequences of high-fat diets, such as inflammation in fat tissues, and insulin resistance that can lead to diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second experiment, researchers allowed a group of mice with typical smell to eat a high-fat diet, then injected half of the obese mice with diphtheria toxin. After they lost their sense of smell, these mice lost weight and showed less insulin resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-428936 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-800x393.jpg\" alt=\"On the left is a close-up of the inside of the nose of a mouse who can smell, while the right is a mouse who can't.\" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-800x393.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-160x79.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-768x378.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-240x118.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-375x184.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2-520x256.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/best-immunos-MOE-2.jpg 952w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To test the effects of smell on weight gain, researchers knocked out the olfactory neurons (stained in red) of mice before feeding them a high-fat diet. On the left is a close-up of the inside of the nose of a mouse who can smell, while the right is a mouse who can't. \u003ccite>(Andrew Dillin and Celine Riera/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both experiments, the mice that couldn’t smell weren’t eating less, nor were they more physically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why were the mice who couldn’t smell expending more energy? Researchers say the answer has to do with a link between scent and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Link Between Scent and Metabolism\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that smell was integrated with us eating,” says Andrew Dillin, professor of molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley and head of the Dillin Lab. “It wasn’t known that the sense of smell was actually driving metabolic rate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, research had already established that when we’re hungry, our body sends out hormones and other signals that turn up our sense of smell so we can more find food more easily, dulling it once we’re well-fed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Maybe interfering with the sense of smell can offer an obesity treatment that's less invasive than weight-loss surgery.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>What Riera and colleagues discovered is that when we smell food, the scent also sets in motion a chain reaction of nerves, hormones and physiological functions that change our metabolism and tell our bodies to store the food we’re about to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mice who couldn’t smell showed signs of a revved-up metabolism and their energy-storing white fat was turning to brown fat, which is easier to burn. These clues led researchers to find that these mice had far more noradrenaline in their systems. Noradrenaline is one of those chemicals that makes you feel that “adrenaline rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, knocking out the mice’s sense of smell sends a signal to the hypothalamus - the part of the brain that regulates metabolism - to activate the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the “fight, flight or freeze,” response, and it was causing the mice to burn more energy and fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unanswered Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Robert Lustig, a professor of pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology at UC San Francisco says he hasn’t seen any previous study demonstrate this link between smell and metabolism, but that when he saw it, he thought, “Well, that makes sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lustig researches metabolic disorders -- specifically, how the hypothalamus plays a role in obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s novel about Riera’s study, he says, is that it provides experimental evidence that, at least in mice, there’s a direct link between smell and metabolism, resulting in weight gain or loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lustig believes the pathway between smelling your food and gaining weight, at least in humans, probably goes through a cranial nerve called the vagus nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that smell activates the vagus nerve,” he says. “We know activating vagus nerve increases the amount of insulin. What we don’t know in humans is that the whole pathway is connected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lustig says that question remains unanswered, and that the UC Berkeley study doesn’t examine whether the vagus nerve is involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can This Help Humans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the link between smell and metabolism is confined to mice. It also only applies to preventing severe weight gain or facilitating weight loss in mice who are already obese. There's no evidence that knocking out the sense of smell affects the weight of average mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riera, having completed her post-doctoral work at Berkeley, has just opened her own lab at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, where she plans to continue her work in mice and, perhaps someday, expand upon it in clinical research with humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes to look at how these findings can be integrated into treatment for food addiction and binge-eating among some people with obesity. Maybe, Riera says, interfering with sense of smell can offer an obesity treatment that steps in to inhibit the food addiction, and does so in a manner less invasive than weight-loss surgery. So far, there isn’t a treatment that safely blocks smell for humans, but Riera believes the nose may hold the key to treating obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that with olfaction we find maybe a milder way to do that,” she says. “Maybe if you can find a way to block the olfactory input, it would help.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/427935/mice-who-cant-smell-eat-high-fat-diet-without-weight-gain","authors":["byline_futureofyou_427935"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1325","futureofyou_978","futureofyou_562","futureofyou_1324"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_427965","label":"source_futureofyou_427935"},"futureofyou_310867":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_310867","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"310867","score":null,"sort":[1483131651000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"another-reason-to-eat-well-your-brain-will-thank-you","title":"Another Reason to Eat Well: Your Brain Will Thank You","publishDate":1483131651,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Being overweight can raise your blood pressure, cholesterol and risk for developing diabetes. It could be bad for your brain, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A diet high in saturated fats and sugars, the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/03/24/132745785/how-western-diets-are-making-the-world-sick\">Western diet\u003c/a>, actually affects the parts of the brain that are important to memory and make people more likely to crave the unhealthful food, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.american.edu/cas/faculty/terryd.cfm\">Terry Davidson\u003c/a>, director of the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience at American University in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't start out studying what people ate. Instead, he was interested in learning more about the hippocampus, a part of the brain that's heavily involved in memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was trying to figure out which parts of the hippocampus do what. He did that by studying rats that had very specific types of hippocampal damage and seeing what happened to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process, Davidson noticed something strange. The rats with the hippocampal damage would go to pick up food more often than the other rats, but they would eat a little bit, then drop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davidson realized these rats \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/a0018402\">didn't know they were full\u003c/a>. He says something similar may happen in human brains when people eat a diet high in fat and sugar. Davidson says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154615001801\">there's \u003c/a>a vicious cycle of bad diets and brain changes. He points to \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(14)00953-6/abstract\">a 2015 study\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Pediatrics\u003c/em> that found obese children performed more poorly on memory tasks that test the hippocampus compared with kids who weren't overweight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says if our brain system is impaired by that kind of diet, \"that makes it more difficult for us to stop eating that diet. ... I think the evidence is fairly substantial that you have an effect of these diets and obesity on brain function and cognitive function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is growing. Research from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17470218.2015.1099163\">published in July\u003c/a> found that obese people have less white matter in their brains than their lean peers — as if their brains were 10 years older. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159116304329\">more recent study\u003c/a> from researchers at the University of Arizona supports one of the leading theories, that high body mass is linked to inflammation, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/25/451169292/could-depression-be-caused-by-an-infection\">affects the brain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if we understand how obesity affects the brain and memory, then maybe we could use that relationship to prevent people from becoming obese in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If you're obese, says Cheke, you might just be \"10 to 15 to 20 percent more likely to not quite remember where you put your keys.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lucy Cheke, a psychologist at the University of Cambridge, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5000869/\">her study\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology\u003c/em> this November gives her some idea of how to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her researchers asked obese and lean people to do a memory task that's a virtual treasure hunt. The subjects had to hide something in a scene across various computer sessions, then they were asked what they hid, where they hid it and in which session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obese people were 15 to 20 percent worse than lean ones in all aspects of the experiment. The finding confirmed what other researchers had already seen in rodents. \"This really picks apart spatial, item and temporal memory, as well as, crucially, the ability to integrate them,\" which Cheke says is \"one of the most fundamental aspects of memory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're obese, she says, you might just be \"10 to 15 to 20 percent more likely to not quite remember where you put your keys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diet isn't necessarily destiny. People can compensate. As American University's Davidson puts it, \"Let's say I had a kid and I gave him a high-fat diet and he showed hippocampal dysfunction. That kid may not do worse in school.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Davidson adds, the processes that help the kid do well in school may be impaired. When that happens, the kid would have to work harder and be more motivated and would \"have a tougher go of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheke says with the link between obesity and the brain growing as a field of research, we could see more ways of targeting obesity.[contextly_sidebar id=\"w5HktnjzONMQCw5sSKeS2Salm9rCxZMz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if the issue is that the diet of obese people degrades their memory and makes them more likely to overeat, then maybe making their meals more memorable would help them eat less of the bad stuff. Cheke says there's \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2013/02/25/ajcn.112.045245.abstract\">already some research \u003c/a>showing that if you watch TV while you eat lunch, you'll eat more and also be more likely to get hungry in the afternoon and later to eat more at dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says not watching TV while you eat is one of the \"small easy changes that people can make that don't involve a lot of self-control and that don't involve a lot of sacrifices, but that can still make a significant difference into how much you're eating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, even though we are beginning to understand that obesity affects the brain, we don't exactly know how, says John Gunstad, professor and director of the Applied Psychology Center at Kent State University in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that obesity changes a lot about the body: blood sugar levels, the cardiovascular system, inflammation levels throughout the body. Any one of those things could affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most likely, the effect of obesity on the brain is related to not just one cause but a combination of causes,\" Gunstad says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davidson is also moving forward by \u003ca href=\"https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=9159757&icde=32009517&ddparam=&ddvalue=&ddsub=&cr=1&csb=default&cs=ASC\">studying how\u003c/a> to break the vicious cycle of a Western diet, obesity and brain changes. But he says the underlying idea that obesity affects the brain is clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's surprising to me that people would question that obesity would have a negative effect on the brain, because it has a negative effect on so many other bodily systems,\" he says, adding, why would \"the brain be spared?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alan Yu is a freelance reporter who also contributes to the \u003c/em>South China Morning Post\u003cem>\u003cem>in Hong Kong\u003cem>. You can follow him on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Alan_Yu039\">@Alan_Yu039\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A diet high in saturated fats and sugar can affect the parts of the brain that are important to memory. Diet-linked brain changes can also make people more likely to crave the unhealthful food.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1483125304,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1006},"headData":{"title":"Another Reason to Eat Well: Your Brain Will Thank You | KQED","description":"A diet high in saturated fats and sugar can affect the parts of the brain that are important to memory. Diet-linked brain changes can also make people more likely to crave the unhealthful food.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Another Reason to Eat Well: Your Brain Will Thank You","datePublished":"2016-12-30T21:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2016-12-30T19:15:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"310867 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=310867","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/30/another-reason-to-eat-well-your-brain-will-thank-you/","disqusTitle":"Another Reason to Eat Well: Your Brain Will Thank You","nprByline":"Alan Yu \u003c/br> NPR","path":"/futureofyou/310867/another-reason-to-eat-well-your-brain-will-thank-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Being overweight can raise your blood pressure, cholesterol and risk for developing diabetes. It could be bad for your brain, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A diet high in saturated fats and sugars, the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/03/24/132745785/how-western-diets-are-making-the-world-sick\">Western diet\u003c/a>, actually affects the parts of the brain that are important to memory and make people more likely to crave the unhealthful food, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.american.edu/cas/faculty/terryd.cfm\">Terry Davidson\u003c/a>, director of the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience at American University in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't start out studying what people ate. Instead, he was interested in learning more about the hippocampus, a part of the brain that's heavily involved in memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was trying to figure out which parts of the hippocampus do what. He did that by studying rats that had very specific types of hippocampal damage and seeing what happened to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process, Davidson noticed something strange. The rats with the hippocampal damage would go to pick up food more often than the other rats, but they would eat a little bit, then drop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davidson realized these rats \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/a0018402\">didn't know they were full\u003c/a>. He says something similar may happen in human brains when people eat a diet high in fat and sugar. Davidson says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154615001801\">there's \u003c/a>a vicious cycle of bad diets and brain changes. He points to \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(14)00953-6/abstract\">a 2015 study\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Pediatrics\u003c/em> that found obese children performed more poorly on memory tasks that test the hippocampus compared with kids who weren't overweight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says if our brain system is impaired by that kind of diet, \"that makes it more difficult for us to stop eating that diet. ... I think the evidence is fairly substantial that you have an effect of these diets and obesity on brain function and cognitive function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is growing. Research from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17470218.2015.1099163\">published in July\u003c/a> found that obese people have less white matter in their brains than their lean peers — as if their brains were 10 years older. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159116304329\">more recent study\u003c/a> from researchers at the University of Arizona supports one of the leading theories, that high body mass is linked to inflammation, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/25/451169292/could-depression-be-caused-by-an-infection\">affects the brain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if we understand how obesity affects the brain and memory, then maybe we could use that relationship to prevent people from becoming obese in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If you're obese, says Cheke, you might just be \"10 to 15 to 20 percent more likely to not quite remember where you put your keys.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lucy Cheke, a psychologist at the University of Cambridge, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5000869/\">her study\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology\u003c/em> this November gives her some idea of how to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her researchers asked obese and lean people to do a memory task that's a virtual treasure hunt. The subjects had to hide something in a scene across various computer sessions, then they were asked what they hid, where they hid it and in which session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obese people were 15 to 20 percent worse than lean ones in all aspects of the experiment. The finding confirmed what other researchers had already seen in rodents. \"This really picks apart spatial, item and temporal memory, as well as, crucially, the ability to integrate them,\" which Cheke says is \"one of the most fundamental aspects of memory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're obese, she says, you might just be \"10 to 15 to 20 percent more likely to not quite remember where you put your keys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diet isn't necessarily destiny. People can compensate. As American University's Davidson puts it, \"Let's say I had a kid and I gave him a high-fat diet and he showed hippocampal dysfunction. That kid may not do worse in school.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Davidson adds, the processes that help the kid do well in school may be impaired. When that happens, the kid would have to work harder and be more motivated and would \"have a tougher go of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheke says with the link between obesity and the brain growing as a field of research, we could see more ways of targeting obesity.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if the issue is that the diet of obese people degrades their memory and makes them more likely to overeat, then maybe making their meals more memorable would help them eat less of the bad stuff. Cheke says there's \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2013/02/25/ajcn.112.045245.abstract\">already some research \u003c/a>showing that if you watch TV while you eat lunch, you'll eat more and also be more likely to get hungry in the afternoon and later to eat more at dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says not watching TV while you eat is one of the \"small easy changes that people can make that don't involve a lot of self-control and that don't involve a lot of sacrifices, but that can still make a significant difference into how much you're eating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, even though we are beginning to understand that obesity affects the brain, we don't exactly know how, says John Gunstad, professor and director of the Applied Psychology Center at Kent State University in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that obesity changes a lot about the body: blood sugar levels, the cardiovascular system, inflammation levels throughout the body. Any one of those things could affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most likely, the effect of obesity on the brain is related to not just one cause but a combination of causes,\" Gunstad says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davidson is also moving forward by \u003ca href=\"https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=9159757&icde=32009517&ddparam=&ddvalue=&ddsub=&cr=1&csb=default&cs=ASC\">studying how\u003c/a> to break the vicious cycle of a Western diet, obesity and brain changes. But he says the underlying idea that obesity affects the brain is clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's surprising to me that people would question that obesity would have a negative effect on the brain, because it has a negative effect on so many other bodily systems,\" he says, adding, why would \"the brain be spared?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alan Yu is a freelance reporter who also contributes to the \u003c/em>South China Morning Post\u003cem>\u003cem>in Hong Kong\u003cem>. You can follow him on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Alan_Yu039\">@Alan_Yu039\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/310867/another-reason-to-eat-well-your-brain-will-thank-you","authors":["byline_futureofyou_310867"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1153","futureofyou_562"],"featImg":"futureofyou_310868","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_244604":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_244604","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"244604","score":null,"sort":[1474295459000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lipedema-the-fat-disorder-that-millions-have-but-no-one-has-heard-of","title":"Lipedema: The Fat Disorder That Millions Have But No One Has Heard Of","publishDate":1474295459,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In college Judy Maggiore remembers looking in the mirror, perplexed by her body’s disproportion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was skinny. I was a stick. The upper part of my body was really, really thin. You could see my ribs!\" exclaims Maggiore. \"But from the waist down, it was like there were two of me or something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tree trunk-like legs and a slim upper body are the signature characteristic of a lipedema patient. You can starve yourself and exercise for hours a day and the fat will not regress. But Maggiore didn’t know that at the time. She swore off bathing suits and hit the gym fanatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though she was mystified by her body, she didn't consider going to the doctor. \"Clearly, there was something wrong with me. I wasn’t eating the right things. I wasn’t exercising correctly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-244616 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Judy Maggiore eats a salad everyday for lunch. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Judy Maggiore eats a salad every day for lunch. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet she tried every diet imaginable, from Atkins to Weight Watchers to Jenny Craig. Nothing worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, last year -- when she was 68 years old -- a lymphatic specialist shocked her with a diagnosis of lipedema.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was like, 'Whoa!'\" exclaims Maggiore. \"I’ve never heard that before. They have a name for it and it’s not my fault!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lipedema is a lymphatic disease that is thought to affect 10 to 17 million people in America, mostly women. Exact patient estimates are not available because it’s hard to diagnose. In fact, many lipedema patients don’t even know they have it. Neither do their physicians, who often assume their patients are obese. Plus, doctors often confuse lipedema with lymphedema -- a prevalent lymphatic disease that presents similar symptoms. Maggiore says every doctor she saw throughout her life told her she needed to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a standard exam like a blood or urine test for lipedema. Instead, doctors use physical clues, like the unusual texture of the skin. It starts to feel like sand, then pebbles, and then small stones. The fat cells keep enlarging and increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s like being wrapped in bubble wrap,\" says Maggiore.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The causes are mysterious too, although early \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20358611\" target=\"_blank\">studies\u003c/a> suggest lipedema is a genetic condition in women. It seems the disease is hormonally triggered, as the onset is usually around puberty, and symptoms worsen during childbirth and menopause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We just have the earliest clues about where to look and what to think about,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/stanley-rockson\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Stanley Rockson\u003c/a>, a professor and researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually fat cells increase when you overeat, and then decrease when you diet -- but something goes awry in lipedema patients. Rockson uses the metaphor of a bank to illustrate how cells in lipedema patients work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re a very unusual bank, because they accept deposits but no withdrawals,\" says Rockson. \"So once they accumulate material, it never comes out again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockson is one of only a handful of lipedema specialists in the world trying to understand the disease's pathology. In a current study, he’s analyzing tissue samples from the legs and abdomen to better understand why subcutaneous fat accumulates primarily in the lower body. He’s also testing anti-inflammatory drugs that have worked on other lymphatic diseases to reduce pain. And he's one of the founders of an \u003ca href=\"http://lymphaticnetwork.org/\" target=\"_blank\">international registry\u003c/a> collecting the medical records of patients who suffer from lymphatic diseases. He hopes the research will eventually lead to treatments for the disease. As of now, doctors have few options for patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Liposuction Offers Some Hope\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only long-term treatment is liposuction, and Judy Maggiore is terrified of surgery. But some women don’t have a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/WPwhWfFhlYc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003csmall>\u003cem>VIDEO: Marlene Simpson's liposuction surgery to treat lipedema, conducted by Dr. David Amron.\u003c/em>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Marlene Simpson’s scale topped three hundred pounds, she was desperate for thinner legs. She wasn't sleeping, which lead to exhaustion and made functioning at work nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her initial appointment with a plastic surgeon was devastating. The physician denied her self-diagnosis. \"He told me that I shouldn’t believe what I see on the Internet,\" says Simpson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she didn't give up. More Internet research led her to \u003ca href=\"http://www.amronmd.com/about/meet-dr-amron/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Amron\u003c/a>, a Beverly Hills surgeon. She booked a flight as soon as possible. After two surgeries, Simpson’s legs were 24 pounds lighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-244610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-634x600.jpg\" alt=\"Marlene Simpson's legs before and after liposuction surgery to treat her lipedema. \" width=\"634\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-634x600.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-400x378.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-768x726.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs.jpg 774w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marlene Simpson's legs before and after liposuction surgery to treat her lipedema.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When she returned home to Sacramento, she felt like a new person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wasn’t ‘til I had surgery that I just realized that I was in a lot of pain,\" says Simpson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpson's pain is caused by all the extra weight pressing on her nerves and lymph vessels. Over time, lipedema can be debilitating because blood clots, skin ulcers and recurrent infections can develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Medical Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the relief put Simpson back $21,000 because her insurance denied the procedure. The company claims that liposuction is a cosmetic procedure, and it is not a recognized treatment for lipedema.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Amron says liposuction \u003ci>does\u003c/i> work. If patients continue to diet and exercise, he swears the fat should not come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-244641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"The fat that was removed from Marlene Simpson's legs during liposuction surgery. \" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-150x150.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fat removed from Marlene Simpson's legs during liposuction surgery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of Dr. Amron’s clientele have lipedema. They come to him for liposuction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They found their way to me about ten years ago when I started doing lipedema patients, and I’d never even heard of the condition,\" says Amron\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ignored by the Medical Community\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, most doctors haven’t heard of lipedema. A 2004 Stanford University \u003ca href=\"http://www.journaloflymphoedema.com/media/journals/_/1108/files/jol6-1-44-9.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> showed that most U.S. medical schools spend less than 30 minutes teaching the entire lymphatic system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, not surprisingly, doctors don’t know a lot about these diseases or the underlying conditions,\" says Rockson. \"If you poll 100 physicians off the street, you might find one that knows the term lipedema, and that one might not have much to say about it other than a recognition of the name.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his patients, Judy Maggiore, hopes to someday benefit from his research. In the meantime, her daily lunch is a bowl filled with vegetables, and even though she usually skips dinner, the flab on her legs continues to thicken, causing chronic pain. She savors each bite slowly, in hopes of keeping fat cells at bay.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Millions of women are suffering from a disease that poses as obesity. Most patients don’t know they have it, and doctors haven’t heard of it. Plus, dieting doesn’t work because the patients have abnormal fat cells that never go away. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1482442886,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1087},"headData":{"title":"Lipedema: The Fat Disorder That Millions Have But No One Has Heard Of | KQED","description":"Millions of women are suffering from a disease that poses as obesity. Most patients don’t know they have it, and doctors haven’t heard of it. Plus, dieting doesn’t work because the patients have abnormal fat cells that never go away. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lipedema: The Fat Disorder That Millions Have But No One Has Heard Of","datePublished":"2016-09-19T14:30:59.000Z","dateModified":"2016-12-22T21:41:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"244604 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=244604","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/19/lipedema-the-fat-disorder-that-millions-have-but-no-one-has-heard-of/","disqusTitle":"Lipedema: The Fat Disorder That Millions Have But No One Has Heard Of","source":"Future of You","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/09/LipedemaMcClurg160919.mp3","path":"/futureofyou/244604/lipedema-the-fat-disorder-that-millions-have-but-no-one-has-heard-of","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In college Judy Maggiore remembers looking in the mirror, perplexed by her body’s disproportion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was skinny. I was a stick. The upper part of my body was really, really thin. You could see my ribs!\" exclaims Maggiore. \"But from the waist down, it was like there were two of me or something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tree trunk-like legs and a slim upper body are the signature characteristic of a lipedema patient. You can starve yourself and exercise for hours a day and the fat will not regress. But Maggiore didn’t know that at the time. She swore off bathing suits and hit the gym fanatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though she was mystified by her body, she didn't consider going to the doctor. \"Clearly, there was something wrong with me. I wasn’t eating the right things. I wasn’t exercising correctly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-244616 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Judy Maggiore eats a salad everyday for lunch. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/IMG_0761-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Judy Maggiore eats a salad every day for lunch. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yet she tried every diet imaginable, from Atkins to Weight Watchers to Jenny Craig. Nothing worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, last year -- when she was 68 years old -- a lymphatic specialist shocked her with a diagnosis of lipedema.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was like, 'Whoa!'\" exclaims Maggiore. \"I’ve never heard that before. They have a name for it and it’s not my fault!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lipedema is a lymphatic disease that is thought to affect 10 to 17 million people in America, mostly women. Exact patient estimates are not available because it’s hard to diagnose. In fact, many lipedema patients don’t even know they have it. Neither do their physicians, who often assume their patients are obese. Plus, doctors often confuse lipedema with lymphedema -- a prevalent lymphatic disease that presents similar symptoms. Maggiore says every doctor she saw throughout her life told her she needed to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a standard exam like a blood or urine test for lipedema. Instead, doctors use physical clues, like the unusual texture of the skin. It starts to feel like sand, then pebbles, and then small stones. The fat cells keep enlarging and increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s like being wrapped in bubble wrap,\" says Maggiore.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The causes are mysterious too, although early \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20358611\" target=\"_blank\">studies\u003c/a> suggest lipedema is a genetic condition in women. It seems the disease is hormonally triggered, as the onset is usually around puberty, and symptoms worsen during childbirth and menopause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We just have the earliest clues about where to look and what to think about,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/stanley-rockson\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Stanley Rockson\u003c/a>, a professor and researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually fat cells increase when you overeat, and then decrease when you diet -- but something goes awry in lipedema patients. Rockson uses the metaphor of a bank to illustrate how cells in lipedema patients work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re a very unusual bank, because they accept deposits but no withdrawals,\" says Rockson. \"So once they accumulate material, it never comes out again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockson is one of only a handful of lipedema specialists in the world trying to understand the disease's pathology. In a current study, he’s analyzing tissue samples from the legs and abdomen to better understand why subcutaneous fat accumulates primarily in the lower body. He’s also testing anti-inflammatory drugs that have worked on other lymphatic diseases to reduce pain. And he's one of the founders of an \u003ca href=\"http://lymphaticnetwork.org/\" target=\"_blank\">international registry\u003c/a> collecting the medical records of patients who suffer from lymphatic diseases. He hopes the research will eventually lead to treatments for the disease. As of now, doctors have few options for patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Liposuction Offers Some Hope\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only long-term treatment is liposuction, and Judy Maggiore is terrified of surgery. But some women don’t have a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/WPwhWfFhlYc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003csmall>\u003cem>VIDEO: Marlene Simpson's liposuction surgery to treat lipedema, conducted by Dr. David Amron.\u003c/em>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Marlene Simpson’s scale topped three hundred pounds, she was desperate for thinner legs. She wasn't sleeping, which lead to exhaustion and made functioning at work nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her initial appointment with a plastic surgeon was devastating. The physician denied her self-diagnosis. \"He told me that I shouldn’t believe what I see on the Internet,\" says Simpson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she didn't give up. More Internet research led her to \u003ca href=\"http://www.amronmd.com/about/meet-dr-amron/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Amron\u003c/a>, a Beverly Hills surgeon. She booked a flight as soon as possible. After two surgeries, Simpson’s legs were 24 pounds lighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 634px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-244610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-634x600.jpg\" alt=\"Marlene Simpson's legs before and after liposuction surgery to treat her lipedema. \" width=\"634\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-634x600.jpg 634w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-400x378.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs-768x726.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlene-Simpson-Legs.jpg 774w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marlene Simpson's legs before and after liposuction surgery to treat her lipedema.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When she returned home to Sacramento, she felt like a new person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wasn’t ‘til I had surgery that I just realized that I was in a lot of pain,\" says Simpson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpson's pain is caused by all the extra weight pressing on her nerves and lymph vessels. Over time, lipedema can be debilitating because blood clots, skin ulcers and recurrent infections can develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Medical Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the relief put Simpson back $21,000 because her insurance denied the procedure. The company claims that liposuction is a cosmetic procedure, and it is not a recognized treatment for lipedema.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Amron says liposuction \u003ci>does\u003c/i> work. If patients continue to diet and exercise, he swears the fat should not come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-244641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"The fat that was removed from Marlene Simpson's legs during liposuction surgery. \" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat-150x150.jpg 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Marlenes-fat.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fat removed from Marlene Simpson's legs during liposuction surgery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of Dr. Amron’s clientele have lipedema. They come to him for liposuction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They found their way to me about ten years ago when I started doing lipedema patients, and I’d never even heard of the condition,\" says Amron\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ignored by the Medical Community\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, most doctors haven’t heard of lipedema. A 2004 Stanford University \u003ca href=\"http://www.journaloflymphoedema.com/media/journals/_/1108/files/jol6-1-44-9.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> showed that most U.S. medical schools spend less than 30 minutes teaching the entire lymphatic system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, not surprisingly, doctors don’t know a lot about these diseases or the underlying conditions,\" says Rockson. \"If you poll 100 physicians off the street, you might find one that knows the term lipedema, and that one might not have much to say about it other than a recognition of the name.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his patients, Judy Maggiore, hopes to someday benefit from his research. In the meantime, her daily lunch is a bowl filled with vegetables, and even though she usually skips dinner, the flab on her legs continues to thicken, causing chronic pain. She savors each bite slowly, in hopes of keeping fat cells at bay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/244604/lipedema-the-fat-disorder-that-millions-have-but-no-one-has-heard-of","authors":["11229"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_156","futureofyou_1052","futureofyou_562"],"featImg":"futureofyou_244645","label":"source_futureofyou_244604"},"futureofyou_122381":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_122381","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"122381","score":null,"sort":[1457115508000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-your-baby-at-risk-for-obesity-new-tool-predicts-likelihood","title":"Is Your Baby at Risk for Childhood Obesity? New Tool Predicts Likelihood","publishDate":1457115508,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>What if you could predict whether you'd be overweight five years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Two factors played the biggest role in predicting childhood obesity: higher-than-average birth weight and the amount a baby had gained at six months.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Adults face varying degrees of difficulty in avoiding a beer belly. But once a child becomes obese, he or she is likely to stay that way into adulthood, with an increased risk for hypertension, diabetes and metabolic disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why UCSF has developed an algorithm it says can predict the likelihood a baby will be obese by age five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatrician \u003ca href=\"http://healthcare.utah.edu/fad/mddetail.php?physicianID=u6001564\" target=\"_blank\">Jacob Robson\u003c/a>, lead author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/pb/assets/raw/Health%20Advance/journals/ympd/8123_Robson.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study on the algorithm\u003c/a> published in The Journal of Pediatrics Friday, \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'\">\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'\">said \u003c/span>\u003c/span>age five was the focus of the research because that's the age children enter school and become more susceptible to making poor food choices, and because that was the data that was available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robson and UCSF epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://pediatrics.ucsf.edu/faculty/janet-wojcicki-phd-mph\" target=\"_blank\">Janet Wojcicki\u003c/a> recruited a high-risk demographic—pregnant Latina women and their children—and tracked them over five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 166 children they followed, almost one-third were obese by age 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Low-income minority groups are disproportionately impacted by obesity,\" says Wojcicki. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Disadvantaged groups have less access to care, and they’re often living in food deserts and may not have a great-built environment where they have opportunities for physical exercise.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wojcicki added that a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ll groups in the U.S. are at risk for obesity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html\" target=\"_blank\">12.7 million children and adolescents are obese\u003c/a> in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html\" target=\"_blank\">defines obesity\u003c/a> in children and teens as a body mass index, or BMI, at or above the 95th percentile for their peers of the same age and sex.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Wojcicki and Robson say, their predictive model can lead to early intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team's algorithm scans electronic health records and analyzes 10 data points, like a mom's weight before pregnancy, a baby's birth weight and whether she's being breastfed—all information that is routinely collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on this data, the algorithm states the percentage that a child will likely be obese by age 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Using the algorithm, researchers found that 94 percent of infants whose risk was ranked below the 25th percentile landed in the normal weight range by age five. In contrast, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">61 percent of those whose risk level was scored above the 75th\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> percentile were obese by age five.\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Wojcicki and her team found two factors played the biggest role in predicting childhood obesity: higher-than-average birth weight and the amount a baby had gained six months after birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Any super-accelerated weight gain is concerning,\" says Wojcick\u003cstrong>i.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wojcicki and Robson envision a system where doctors receive alerts on their phones if the algorithm detects an at-risk patient. Then they could inform the mother before her child reaches kindergarten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to start early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the apps people are working on in Silicon Valley are for targeting kids that are already overweight,\" says Wojcicki. She says by that time it may be too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Most prevention efforts are not harmful,\" jokes Robson. \"Decreasing screen time, getting more exercise, eating healthy and targeting kids early could play big role.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers' next step is to test more mothers and their children to confirm the study's findings.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UCSF researchers create an algorithm they say can predict the likelihood an infant will be obese by the time he or she is five years old.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1514571496,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":617},"headData":{"title":"Is Your Baby at Risk for Childhood Obesity? New Tool Predicts Likelihood | KQED","description":"UCSF researchers create an algorithm they say can predict the likelihood an infant will be obese by the time he or she is five years old.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is Your Baby at Risk for Childhood Obesity? New Tool Predicts Likelihood","datePublished":"2016-03-04T18:18:28.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-29T18:18:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"122381 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=122381","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/04/is-your-baby-at-risk-for-obesity-new-tool-predicts-likelihood/","disqusTitle":"Is Your Baby at Risk for Childhood Obesity? New Tool Predicts Likelihood","path":"/futureofyou/122381/is-your-baby-at-risk-for-obesity-new-tool-predicts-likelihood","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What if you could predict whether you'd be overweight five years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Two factors played the biggest role in predicting childhood obesity: higher-than-average birth weight and the amount a baby had gained at six months.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Adults face varying degrees of difficulty in avoiding a beer belly. But once a child becomes obese, he or she is likely to stay that way into adulthood, with an increased risk for hypertension, diabetes and metabolic disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why UCSF has developed an algorithm it says can predict the likelihood a baby will be obese by age five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatrician \u003ca href=\"http://healthcare.utah.edu/fad/mddetail.php?physicianID=u6001564\" target=\"_blank\">Jacob Robson\u003c/a>, lead author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/pb/assets/raw/Health%20Advance/journals/ympd/8123_Robson.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study on the algorithm\u003c/a> published in The Journal of Pediatrics Friday, \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.5pt;font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'\">\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'\">said \u003c/span>\u003c/span>age five was the focus of the research because that's the age children enter school and become more susceptible to making poor food choices, and because that was the data that was available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robson and UCSF epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://pediatrics.ucsf.edu/faculty/janet-wojcicki-phd-mph\" target=\"_blank\">Janet Wojcicki\u003c/a> recruited a high-risk demographic—pregnant Latina women and their children—and tracked them over five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 166 children they followed, almost one-third were obese by age 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Low-income minority groups are disproportionately impacted by obesity,\" says Wojcicki. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Disadvantaged groups have less access to care, and they’re often living in food deserts and may not have a great-built environment where they have opportunities for physical exercise.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wojcicki added that a\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ll groups in the U.S. are at risk for obesity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approximately \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html\" target=\"_blank\">12.7 million children and adolescents are obese\u003c/a> in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html\" target=\"_blank\">defines obesity\u003c/a> in children and teens as a body mass index, or BMI, at or above the 95th percentile for their peers of the same age and sex.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Wojcicki and Robson say, their predictive model can lead to early intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team's algorithm scans electronic health records and analyzes 10 data points, like a mom's weight before pregnancy, a baby's birth weight and whether she's being breastfed—all information that is routinely collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on this data, the algorithm states the percentage that a child will likely be obese by age 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Using the algorithm, researchers found that 94 percent of infants whose risk was ranked below the 25th percentile landed in the normal weight range by age five. In contrast, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">61 percent of those whose risk level was scored above the 75th\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> percentile were obese by age five.\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Wojcicki and her team found two factors played the biggest role in predicting childhood obesity: higher-than-average birth weight and the amount a baby had gained six months after birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Any super-accelerated weight gain is concerning,\" says Wojcick\u003cstrong>i.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wojcicki and Robson envision a system where doctors receive alerts on their phones if the algorithm detects an at-risk patient. Then they could inform the mother before her child reaches kindergarten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to start early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the apps people are working on in Silicon Valley are for targeting kids that are already overweight,\" says Wojcicki. She says by that time it may be too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Most prevention efforts are not harmful,\" jokes Robson. \"Decreasing screen time, getting more exercise, eating healthy and targeting kids early could play big role.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers' next step is to test more mothers and their children to confirm the study's findings.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/122381/is-your-baby-at-risk-for-obesity-new-tool-predicts-likelihood","authors":["5432"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_618","futureofyou_107","futureofyou_562","futureofyou_113"],"featImg":"futureofyou_122826","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_52162":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_52162","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"52162","score":null,"sort":[1445019684000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"no-jeb-bush-money-for-games-to-combat-childhood-obesity-is-no-waste","title":"No, Jeb Bush: Money for Games to Combat Childhood Obesity is No Waste","publishDate":1445019684,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Contributor | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53085\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53085\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-480x600.jpg\" alt=\"Thea Runyan, a Bay Area-based health educator. \" width=\"236\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-480x600.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-400x500.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-944x1180.jpg 944w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-1920x2400.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-1180x1475.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-960x1200.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thea Runyan, a Bay Area-based health educator specializing in weight loss programs for kids. \u003ccite>(Thea Runyan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor's Note:\u003c/strong> Thea Runyan, MPH, is a health educator and behavioral coach specializing in weight loss programs for obese and overweight children. I asked Runyan to share her views as she has spent over a decade developing both online and offline weight loss programs for kids. Runyan has developed a coaching app, which is based on principles she learned as a health educator, but she hasn't used federal funding.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, presidential candidate \u003ca href=\"http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2015/10/13/jeb-bush-goes-after-anti-obesity-video-game-that-conservatives-love-hate/XJyPwoZcT17CNxnLI4VXLI/story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jeb Bush described \u003c/a>a game that teaches children about healthy eating as a waste of \"scarce [federal] resources.\" The game, called “Mommio” is being developed with a $2 million grant from the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I disagree with this assessment. In my fifteen years as a behavioral coach and health educator, I've seen a lot of inefficiency and waste. But I believe technology represents an opportunity to help us teach children healthy eating habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I applaud the government in supporting an initiative that is relevant, may be used by families, and is relatively cost-effective compared with the millions upon millions of dollars in grant money spent on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148737/\" target=\"_blank\">childhood obesity initiatives\u003c/a> across the country. Many of these programs are poorly coordinated (if at all), unmeasured and cannot be implemented at scale. And that's without counting the long-term medical costs linked to childhood obesity, which include Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/facts.htm\" target=\"_blank\">According to the CDC,\u003c/a> the percentage of young children, aged 6 to 11, who are obese in the U.S. increased from 7 percent in 1980 to nearly 18 percent in 2012. And in 2012, fully one-third of all children and adolescents were overweight or obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 12 years, I worked as a behavioral coach at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. A large part of my job was to work with parents to create healthy environments for kids and teens. It was a major challenge for families to make healthy choices about food and exercise. Nutrition, in particular, proved to be very confusing for adults and kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was clearly a need for a tool that would make it easier for families to access information that would support the healthy lifestyle changes they were making. We predicted that a mobile app with health education and behavior modification tools, combined with a brief weekly check-in with a coach, would be a fun and engaging way for families to make these changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After licensing the program from Stanford University, we secured private funding to create a mobile and online weight management program for kids, teens and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I started a mobile coaching app to help obese children and teens lose weight, called Kurbo, I saw first-hand that technology, including apps and games, can make it easier for families to navigate these challenging concepts. At Kurbo, we created a learning game called Red Raisins that teaches families which foods are healthy or not by labeling them as \"green,\" \"yellow\" and \"red.\" It also teaches how to count portion sizes and read labels. This is one of the most popular features of the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Others [critics] have referred to me as a \"crazy nutrition mom\" or the \"food police.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Thea Runyan, health educator and behavioral coach \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In my view, today's parents are far more likely to use a technology tool like Mommio than read a medical textbook, enroll in an expensive healthy eating program, or even seek advice from a doctor or dietician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, like the CEO of Mommio, I've heard many criticisms over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some have argued that video games, app trackers and the rest are additional screen-time that contribute to a sedentary lifestyle. This is a silly and outdated view. Kids and parents are on their phones. Health educators need to meet them where they are. Others [critics] have referred to me as a \"crazy nutrition mom\" or the \"food police.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the field is still nascent and we lack conclusive research to prove that technology can make a difference in the childhood obesity epidemic. But that makes it imperative for games like Mommio to get the funding they need, so we can track the impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that $2 million is a very small price to pay if the game is able to improve health behaviors in millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Jeb Bush says a game that aims to help kids eat vegetables is a waste of tax dollars. As a veteran behavioral health coach, I believe his view is short-sighted. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1514571565,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":780},"headData":{"title":"No, Jeb Bush: Money for Games to Combat Childhood Obesity is No Waste | KQED","description":"Jeb Bush says a game that aims to help kids eat vegetables is a waste of tax dollars. As a veteran behavioral health coach, I believe his view is short-sighted. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"No, Jeb Bush: Money for Games to Combat Childhood Obesity is No Waste","datePublished":"2015-10-16T18:21:24.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-29T18:19:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52162 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=52162","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/10/16/no-jeb-bush-money-for-games-to-combat-childhood-obesity-is-no-waste/","disqusTitle":"No, Jeb Bush: Money for Games to Combat Childhood Obesity is No Waste","source":"Op-Ed","nprByline":"Thea Runyan, MPH","path":"/futureofyou/52162/no-jeb-bush-money-for-games-to-combat-childhood-obesity-is-no-waste","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53085\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53085\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-480x600.jpg\" alt=\"Thea Runyan, a Bay Area-based health educator. \" width=\"236\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-480x600.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-400x500.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-944x1180.jpg 944w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-1920x2400.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-1180x1475.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/DSC_8404-Edit-Edit-3-3-960x1200.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thea Runyan, a Bay Area-based health educator specializing in weight loss programs for kids. \u003ccite>(Thea Runyan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor's Note:\u003c/strong> Thea Runyan, MPH, is a health educator and behavioral coach specializing in weight loss programs for obese and overweight children. I asked Runyan to share her views as she has spent over a decade developing both online and offline weight loss programs for kids. Runyan has developed a coaching app, which is based on principles she learned as a health educator, but she hasn't used federal funding.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, presidential candidate \u003ca href=\"http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2015/10/13/jeb-bush-goes-after-anti-obesity-video-game-that-conservatives-love-hate/XJyPwoZcT17CNxnLI4VXLI/story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jeb Bush described \u003c/a>a game that teaches children about healthy eating as a waste of \"scarce [federal] resources.\" The game, called “Mommio” is being developed with a $2 million grant from the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I disagree with this assessment. In my fifteen years as a behavioral coach and health educator, I've seen a lot of inefficiency and waste. But I believe technology represents an opportunity to help us teach children healthy eating habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I applaud the government in supporting an initiative that is relevant, may be used by families, and is relatively cost-effective compared with the millions upon millions of dollars in grant money spent on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148737/\" target=\"_blank\">childhood obesity initiatives\u003c/a> across the country. Many of these programs are poorly coordinated (if at all), unmeasured and cannot be implemented at scale. And that's without counting the long-term medical costs linked to childhood obesity, which include Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/facts.htm\" target=\"_blank\">According to the CDC,\u003c/a> the percentage of young children, aged 6 to 11, who are obese in the U.S. increased from 7 percent in 1980 to nearly 18 percent in 2012. And in 2012, fully one-third of all children and adolescents were overweight or obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 12 years, I worked as a behavioral coach at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. A large part of my job was to work with parents to create healthy environments for kids and teens. It was a major challenge for families to make healthy choices about food and exercise. Nutrition, in particular, proved to be very confusing for adults and kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was clearly a need for a tool that would make it easier for families to access information that would support the healthy lifestyle changes they were making. We predicted that a mobile app with health education and behavior modification tools, combined with a brief weekly check-in with a coach, would be a fun and engaging way for families to make these changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After licensing the program from Stanford University, we secured private funding to create a mobile and online weight management program for kids, teens and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I started a mobile coaching app to help obese children and teens lose weight, called Kurbo, I saw first-hand that technology, including apps and games, can make it easier for families to navigate these challenging concepts. At Kurbo, we created a learning game called Red Raisins that teaches families which foods are healthy or not by labeling them as \"green,\" \"yellow\" and \"red.\" It also teaches how to count portion sizes and read labels. This is one of the most popular features of the app.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Others [critics] have referred to me as a \"crazy nutrition mom\" or the \"food police.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Thea Runyan, health educator and behavioral coach \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In my view, today's parents are far more likely to use a technology tool like Mommio than read a medical textbook, enroll in an expensive healthy eating program, or even seek advice from a doctor or dietician.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, like the CEO of Mommio, I've heard many criticisms over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some have argued that video games, app trackers and the rest are additional screen-time that contribute to a sedentary lifestyle. This is a silly and outdated view. Kids and parents are on their phones. Health educators need to meet them where they are. Others [critics] have referred to me as a \"crazy nutrition mom\" or the \"food police.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the field is still nascent and we lack conclusive research to prove that technology can make a difference in the childhood obesity epidemic. But that makes it imperative for games like Mommio to get the funding they need, so we can track the impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that $2 million is a very small price to pay if the game is able to improve health behaviors in millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/52162/no-jeb-bush-money-for-games-to-combat-childhood-obesity-is-no-waste","authors":["byline_futureofyou_52162"],"series":["futureofyou_172"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_618","futureofyou_34","futureofyou_619","futureofyou_615","futureofyou_562"],"featImg":"futureofyou_52163","label":"source_futureofyou_52162"},"futureofyou_25588":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_25588","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"25588","score":null,"sort":[1439833347000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-target-a-gene-in-mice-that-causes-obesity","title":"Scientists Target a Gene in Mice That is Linked to Obesity","publishDate":1439833347,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>We have all heard the constant drumroll about the dangers of obesity. And yet it remains one of the major health issues in the U.S. and is a growing problem worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obesity seems to have such a simple solution: Eat less and exercise more. But of course this is harder than it sounds. Evolution has hardwired us to love sugar and fat and to eat lots of both when they are in abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally what we need is some way to short-circuit this wiring to help our bodies respond differently to sugar and the fat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150729/ncomms8671/full/ncomms8671.html\">new study \u003c/a>from Nature Communications has uncovered a gene that just might help us with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that when they removed the 14-3-3 zeta gene from mice, the mice had about 50 percent less of the bad \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_adipose_tissue\">“white” fat\u003c/a>. And when they turned the gene up in other mice, these mice ended up with 22 percent more white fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not due to differences in diet as all of the mice ate the exact same thing. In fact, the mice that lost this gene gained less weight when put on a high fat diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like this gene plays an important role in telling the mouse how much fat to make based on what it is fed. Note, this gene isn't the whole story to explain why one mouse got plumper, but it is important enough to have a serious impact when tweaked. And it is likely that the equivalent gene in people plays a similar role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t going to engineer this gene away in people. That would be far too drastic. But what they hope to do is to someday find a drug that can affect this gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea would be that when the drug dampens the effect of the gene, people would gain less weight even with an unhealthy diet. They could have their cake and eat it too (although I certainly wouldn't advise that over a healthy salad!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25594\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25594\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280.jpg\" alt=\"By targeting the 14-3-3 zeta gene, people may be able to have their cake and eat it too! (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By targeting the 14-3-3 zeta gene, people may be able to have their cake and eat it too! (\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cake_in_Seoul,_Korea_-_DSC00767.JPG/1280px-Cake_in_Seoul,_Korea_-_DSC00767.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not So Fast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with any early study, you shouldn’t hold your breath until big pharma comes out with their new pill that keeps the fat away -- and even then, there may be reason for skepticism. This is all preliminary research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mice are not people. This gene seems to play a similar role in mice and people, and some early research would suggest that it is turned up in obese people versus those at a healthy weight. But we still need hard proof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is that besides keeping these mice svelte, losing the gene also caused mild insulin resistance. This is a troubling result as insulin resistance is associated with Type 2 diabetes. Hypothetically, those who receive this treatment may look slender but suffer one of the side effects of being obese anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third concern is that we don’t know if dampening the gene in adults would have any effect. In the experiments in this study, the gene was missing over the whole life of the mouse. These mice developed in the womb and grew up without the 14-3-3 zeta gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could very well be that the gene is involved in setting the body up to deal with converting food to fat. If this is the case, then turning it down in adults might not do anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with all of this, the gene seems like a promising target for further study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fewer and Smaller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25592\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25592\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte.jpg\" alt=\"Mice lacking the 14-3-3 zeta gene had fewer of these fat cells and they packed in less fat. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"500\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte-464x600.jpg 464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mice lacking the 14-3-3 zeta gene had fewer of these fat cells and they packed in less fat. (\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Blausen_0012_AdiposeTissue.png\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When people gain weight, their fat cells first grow larger. Basically more and more fat is crammed into the cell until it gets too big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the fat cell gets about four times its original size, it divides in two. These cells can then pack in more fat until they need to divide again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes the 14-3-3 zeta gene so powerful is that it appears to affect both steps. Loss of the gene keeps the number of cells down and keeps them from growing in size as quickly. A one-two punch against obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly though, removing this gene did not shut off the whole process. The fat cells could pack in some fat, so these mice could gain weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If scientists get it right, people who receive a therapy that targets this gene will not waste away to nothing. They will just get to have another Krispy Kreme doughnut without gaining weight.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If a mouse study holds up, one day we may be able to eat more and gain less weight by targeting the 14-3-3 zeta gene.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477279867,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":801},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Target a Gene in Mice That is Linked to Obesity | KQED","description":"If a mouse study holds up, one day we may be able to eat more and gain less weight by targeting the 14-3-3 zeta gene.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Target a Gene in Mice That is Linked to Obesity","datePublished":"2015-08-17T17:42:27.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T03:31:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25588 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=25588","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/08/17/scientists-target-a-gene-in-mice-that-causes-obesity/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Target a Gene in Mice That is Linked to Obesity","path":"/futureofyou/25588/scientists-target-a-gene-in-mice-that-causes-obesity","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We have all heard the constant drumroll about the dangers of obesity. And yet it remains one of the major health issues in the U.S. and is a growing problem worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obesity seems to have such a simple solution: Eat less and exercise more. But of course this is harder than it sounds. Evolution has hardwired us to love sugar and fat and to eat lots of both when they are in abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally what we need is some way to short-circuit this wiring to help our bodies respond differently to sugar and the fat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150729/ncomms8671/full/ncomms8671.html\">new study \u003c/a>from Nature Communications has uncovered a gene that just might help us with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that when they removed the 14-3-3 zeta gene from mice, the mice had about 50 percent less of the bad \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_adipose_tissue\">“white” fat\u003c/a>. And when they turned the gene up in other mice, these mice ended up with 22 percent more white fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not due to differences in diet as all of the mice ate the exact same thing. In fact, the mice that lost this gene gained less weight when put on a high fat diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like this gene plays an important role in telling the mouse how much fat to make based on what it is fed. Note, this gene isn't the whole story to explain why one mouse got plumper, but it is important enough to have a serious impact when tweaked. And it is likely that the equivalent gene in people plays a similar role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t going to engineer this gene away in people. That would be far too drastic. But what they hope to do is to someday find a drug that can affect this gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea would be that when the drug dampens the effect of the gene, people would gain less weight even with an unhealthy diet. They could have their cake and eat it too (although I certainly wouldn't advise that over a healthy salad!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25594\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25594\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280.jpg\" alt=\"By targeting the 14-3-3 zeta gene, people may be able to have their cake and eat it too! (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Cake1280-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By targeting the 14-3-3 zeta gene, people may be able to have their cake and eat it too! (\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cake_in_Seoul,_Korea_-_DSC00767.JPG/1280px-Cake_in_Seoul,_Korea_-_DSC00767.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not So Fast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with any early study, you shouldn’t hold your breath until big pharma comes out with their new pill that keeps the fat away -- and even then, there may be reason for skepticism. This is all preliminary research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mice are not people. This gene seems to play a similar role in mice and people, and some early research would suggest that it is turned up in obese people versus those at a healthy weight. But we still need hard proof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is that besides keeping these mice svelte, losing the gene also caused mild insulin resistance. This is a troubling result as insulin resistance is associated with Type 2 diabetes. Hypothetically, those who receive this treatment may look slender but suffer one of the side effects of being obese anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third concern is that we don’t know if dampening the gene in adults would have any effect. In the experiments in this study, the gene was missing over the whole life of the mouse. These mice developed in the womb and grew up without the 14-3-3 zeta gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could very well be that the gene is involved in setting the body up to deal with converting food to fat. If this is the case, then turning it down in adults might not do anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with all of this, the gene seems like a promising target for further study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fewer and Smaller\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25592\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25592\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte.jpg\" alt=\"Mice lacking the 14-3-3 zeta gene had fewer of these fat cells and they packed in less fat. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"500\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Adipocyte-464x600.jpg 464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mice lacking the 14-3-3 zeta gene had fewer of these fat cells and they packed in less fat. (\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Blausen_0012_AdiposeTissue.png\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When people gain weight, their fat cells first grow larger. Basically more and more fat is crammed into the cell until it gets too big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the fat cell gets about four times its original size, it divides in two. These cells can then pack in more fat until they need to divide again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes the 14-3-3 zeta gene so powerful is that it appears to affect both steps. Loss of the gene keeps the number of cells down and keeps them from growing in size as quickly. A one-two punch against obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly though, removing this gene did not shut off the whole process. The fat cells could pack in some fat, so these mice could gain weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If scientists get it right, people who receive a therapy that targets this gene will not waste away to nothing. They will just get to have another Krispy Kreme doughnut without gaining weight.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/25588/scientists-target-a-gene-in-mice-that-causes-obesity","authors":["6177"],"categories":["futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_120","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_562"],"featImg":"futureofyou_25589","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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