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When on deadline she fuels herself almost exclusively on chocolate chips.\r\n\r\n ","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lesleywmcclurg","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lesley McClurg | KQED","description":"KQED Health Correspondent","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3fb78e873af3312f34d0bc1d60a07c7f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lesleymcclurg"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_440544":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440544","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440544","score":null,"sort":[1522279197000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"e-cigarettes-may-be-toxic-to-the-body-study","title":"E-Cigarettes May Be Toxic To the Body","publishDate":1522279197,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many smokers turn to electronic cigarettes and vaporizers as a way to quit their habit, but recent research shows that swapping smoke for vapor might also lead to serious health risks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When e-cigarettes first became available there was a lot of hope that they would be better than cigarettes but the more we learn the worse they look.'\u003ccite>Stanton Glantz, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jordan Hall is taking a break on the rooftop deck above the Vapor Den, an electronic cigarette store in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While looking out over the city he pulls out a shiny red device. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The handheld machine, called a vapor mod, converts liquid nicotine into vapor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After a deep breath, Hall leans back, looks up and exhales a giant cloud of mist. His posture relaxes and he smiles. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I fell in love with it and I completely stopped smoking cigarettes,\" says Hall through wafts of vapor that smell like watermelon. \"I ended up working for the Vapor Den, and since then I've been helping other people stop smoking as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That was five years ago. At the time he was smoking Camel Reds daily. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I hated it,\" says Hall. \"I had been smoking for about eight years.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-440552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-800x512.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-800x512.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-768x491.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-1020x652.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-1180x755.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-960x614.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-240x154.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-375x240.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-520x333.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380.jpg 1718w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jordan Hall exhales strawberry watermelon menthol flavored mist from a vape mod. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But he says it was easy to quit when he found vaping. Within a week of switching to electronic cigarettes he says his sleep, stamina and the stench of tobacco no longer lingered on his clothes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"BowHf9BbnzG3Vig8La9GoeLiPOcjwa6Y\"]Back in the Vapor Den where consumers lounge on couches enjoying e-cigs, Hall pulls out drawer after drawer of clear liquid droppers filled with exotic flavors. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve got strawberry parfaits, banana custards, blueberry parfaits, apple juice,\" says Hall. \"And milk and honey for a more savory option.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flavoring Compounds May Be Toxic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/cellbiophysio/faculty-old/tarran/images/flori-sassano/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flori Sassano\u003c/a>, a pharmacologist at the University of North Carolina, worries about all those fruity ingredients.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though they all sound great,\" says Sassano. \"That doesn’t mean they're actually made from that. They’re made from chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists do not know how the body reacts to inhaling artificial flavors. The Food and Drug Administration has only tested the flavor agents for consumption, that's why Sassano just completed a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on e-liquids. The research was published today\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Journal \u003cem>PLOS Biology\u003c/em>. Sassano's team exposed human cells in test tubes to about 150 of the more than 7,700 commercially available flavored nicotine liquids. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that some of them were very highly toxic to the cells,\" says Sassano. “Not only stopping the growth but also killing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers found that results varied widely across the e-liquid products tested, and overall, more ingredients led to increased toxicity. The worst culprits were cinnamaldehyde\u003cem> \u003c/em>and vanillin. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And it wasn’t just the flavors that were dangerous. Sassano also found that the base ingredients used in e-liquids, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, were harmful to the cells.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potentially Hard on the Heart\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This worries Stanton Glantz, the director of the \u003ca href=\"https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education\u003c/a> at UCSF.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When e-cigarettes first became available there was a lot of hope that they would be better than cigarettes but the more we learn the worse they look,\" Glantz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He recently presented research at the annual meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco indicating e-cigarettes might increase your risk of heart attacks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use e-cigarettes only on a daily basis you have nearly a doubling of your risk of having a heart attack,\" says Glantz. \"When people use an e-cigarette it shuts off normal functioning of their arteries just like a cigarette does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But other researchers said Glantz's conclusions were premature. The data Glantz used was sourced from surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The agency asked participants whether they vaped and whether they had a heart attack. It did not follow people over time to determine if vaping was the likely cause of the cardiac arrest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We don't even know that these people used e-cigarettes before they had the heart attack,\" \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michael Siegel says, a professor at Boston University's School of Public Health, who \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/health/controversial-ucsf-study-links-e-cigarettes-with-heart-attacks/3145433/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spoke\u003c/a> to ABC News. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In other words, the participants could have been life long smokers who had just starting vaping.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Glantz agrees that more long term studies are needed to know whether e-cigs cause cardiac arrest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaping May Make it Hard to Breathe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s also a growing body of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=tarran%20e-cigarette&holding=ucsflib&otool=cdlotool&cmd=search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> showing that vaping may lead to asthma and lung inflammation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evidence for adverse affects on lungs is that they're actually looking worse than cigarettes,” Glantz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because scientists have only studied vaping for the last five to ten years, conclusive data on it’s health effects isn’t available yet. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=24952\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine concluded that e-cigarettes are 'likely far less harmful than conventional cigarettes.' Even so, Glantz and other doctors worry that users are under a false impression that vaping is safe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/06/san-francisco-big-tobacco-set-for-a-showdown-over-flavored-products.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issue\u003c/a> goes before San Francisco voters soon. In June, residents will vote on whether to ban all flavored vaping and tobacco products. You can check an online \u003ca href=\"http://www.eliquidinfo.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">database\u003c/a> of e-liquid ingredients to determine if your favorite flavor is toxic. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some smokers swear e-cigarettes helped them quit, but new research reveals vaping brings health risks. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1524014714,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":943},"headData":{"title":"E-Cigarettes May Be Toxic To the Body | KQED","description":"Some smokers swear e-cigarettes helped them quit, but new research reveals vaping brings health risks. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"E-Cigarettes May Be Toxic To the Body","datePublished":"2018-03-28T23:19:57.000Z","dateModified":"2018-04-18T01:25:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440544 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440544","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/28/e-cigarettes-may-be-toxic-to-the-body-study/","disqusTitle":"E-Cigarettes May Be Toxic To the Body","source":"KQED News","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/03/McClurgECigs.mp3","path":"/futureofyou/440544/e-cigarettes-may-be-toxic-to-the-body-study","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many smokers turn to electronic cigarettes and vaporizers as a way to quit their habit, but recent research shows that swapping smoke for vapor might also lead to serious health risks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When e-cigarettes first became available there was a lot of hope that they would be better than cigarettes but the more we learn the worse they look.'\u003ccite>Stanton Glantz, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jordan Hall is taking a break on the rooftop deck above the Vapor Den, an electronic cigarette store in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While looking out over the city he pulls out a shiny red device. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The handheld machine, called a vapor mod, converts liquid nicotine into vapor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After a deep breath, Hall leans back, looks up and exhales a giant cloud of mist. His posture relaxes and he smiles. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I fell in love with it and I completely stopped smoking cigarettes,\" says Hall through wafts of vapor that smell like watermelon. \"I ended up working for the Vapor Den, and since then I've been helping other people stop smoking as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That was five years ago. At the time he was smoking Camel Reds daily. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"I hated it,\" says Hall. \"I had been smoking for about eight years.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440552\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-440552\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-800x512.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-800x512.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-768x491.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-1020x652.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-1180x755.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-960x614.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-240x154.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-375x240.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380-520x333.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/IMG_4821-e1522276677380.jpg 1718w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jordan Hall exhales strawberry watermelon menthol flavored mist from a vape mod. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But he says it was easy to quit when he found vaping. Within a week of switching to electronic cigarettes he says his sleep, stamina and the stench of tobacco no longer lingered on his clothes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Back in the Vapor Den where consumers lounge on couches enjoying e-cigs, Hall pulls out drawer after drawer of clear liquid droppers filled with exotic flavors. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve got strawberry parfaits, banana custards, blueberry parfaits, apple juice,\" says Hall. \"And milk and honey for a more savory option.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flavoring Compounds May Be Toxic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/cellbiophysio/faculty-old/tarran/images/flori-sassano/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flori Sassano\u003c/a>, a pharmacologist at the University of North Carolina, worries about all those fruity ingredients.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though they all sound great,\" says Sassano. \"That doesn’t mean they're actually made from that. They’re made from chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists do not know how the body reacts to inhaling artificial flavors. The Food and Drug Administration has only tested the flavor agents for consumption, that's why Sassano just completed a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2003904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on e-liquids. The research was published today\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Journal \u003cem>PLOS Biology\u003c/em>. Sassano's team exposed human cells in test tubes to about 150 of the more than 7,700 commercially available flavored nicotine liquids. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that some of them were very highly toxic to the cells,\" says Sassano. “Not only stopping the growth but also killing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers found that results varied widely across the e-liquid products tested, and overall, more ingredients led to increased toxicity. The worst culprits were cinnamaldehyde\u003cem> \u003c/em>and vanillin. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And it wasn’t just the flavors that were dangerous. Sassano also found that the base ingredients used in e-liquids, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, were harmful to the cells.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potentially Hard on the Heart\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This worries Stanton Glantz, the director of the \u003ca href=\"https://tobacco.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education\u003c/a> at UCSF.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When e-cigarettes first became available there was a lot of hope that they would be better than cigarettes but the more we learn the worse they look,\" Glantz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He recently presented research at the annual meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco indicating e-cigarettes might increase your risk of heart attacks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use e-cigarettes only on a daily basis you have nearly a doubling of your risk of having a heart attack,\" says Glantz. \"When people use an e-cigarette it shuts off normal functioning of their arteries just like a cigarette does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But other researchers said Glantz's conclusions were premature. The data Glantz used was sourced from surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The agency asked participants whether they vaped and whether they had a heart attack. It did not follow people over time to determine if vaping was the likely cause of the cardiac arrest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We don't even know that these people used e-cigarettes before they had the heart attack,\" \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michael Siegel says, a professor at Boston University's School of Public Health, who \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/health/controversial-ucsf-study-links-e-cigarettes-with-heart-attacks/3145433/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spoke\u003c/a> to ABC News. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In other words, the participants could have been life long smokers who had just starting vaping.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Glantz agrees that more long term studies are needed to know whether e-cigs cause cardiac arrest. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaping May Make it Hard to Breathe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s also a growing body of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=tarran%20e-cigarette&holding=ucsflib&otool=cdlotool&cmd=search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> showing that vaping may lead to asthma and lung inflammation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evidence for adverse affects on lungs is that they're actually looking worse than cigarettes,” Glantz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because scientists have only studied vaping for the last five to ten years, conclusive data on it’s health effects isn’t available yet. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=24952\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine concluded that e-cigarettes are 'likely far less harmful than conventional cigarettes.' Even so, Glantz and other doctors worry that users are under a false impression that vaping is safe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/06/san-francisco-big-tobacco-set-for-a-showdown-over-flavored-products.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issue\u003c/a> goes before San Francisco voters soon. In June, residents will vote on whether to ban all flavored vaping and tobacco products. You can check an online \u003ca href=\"http://www.eliquidinfo.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">database\u003c/a> of e-liquid ingredients to determine if your favorite flavor is toxic. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440544/e-cigarettes-may-be-toxic-to-the-body-study","authors":["11229"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1479","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_270","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_1136","futureofyou_1234","futureofyou_1478"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440553","label":"source_futureofyou_440544"},"futureofyou_440290":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440290","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440290","score":null,"sort":[1521646230000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"3-d-space-gives-new-life-to-dead-bodies","title":"3-D Space Gives New Life to Dead Bodies","publishDate":1521646230,"format":"image","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Eric Smith has just gained new appreciation for the pancreas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “so unassuming,” he says. Pulling the pancreas out of the gastrointestinal tract and holding it in mid-air, he regards it with a sense of awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In surgery people always say don’t touch the pancreas, and I thought it would be this ugly thing. ... But it is cute. It looks like a shrimp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Medical schools are weighing the advantages of teaching students anatomy with the help of virtual reality.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Smith, a first year medical student at UC San Francisco, then tucks the “cute” organ back in place, between the liver and the large intestine. He’s not using gloves, a scalpel or a surgical mask. Instead of having a cadaver in front of him, he’s moving around a large room in a 3-D headset. On the wall-mounted 72-inch screen in UCSF’s virtual anatomy learning center Smith sees a skeleton with stomach, intestines and liver attached to the bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fellow student Sheyda Aboii is helping him study the digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7355EazHRrQLdJAifTzwdkXCkQhYWDkV\"]“The coronary ligament attaches the liver to what structure?” Aboii asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anterior abdominal wall?” Smith hesitates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No.” Aboii responds. “What lies right above?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, the diaphragm!” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and Aboii are part of a new generation of doctors-in-training who are learning anatomy with the help of Virtual Reality. The VR lessons allow students to see a complete three dimensional picture of body parts, easily move virtual organs in and out of the body and memorize medical terms — each organ displays its name tag once you hover over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running a 3-D learning center is also less expensive than a cadaver lab and less toxic to be around, say proponents. However, some medical professors believe the benefits of learning anatomy through real bodies will never be replaced. VR doesn’t give students the same experience they get from a human body with its unique structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/embed/4z3zdjbZdQU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>VR Arrives on the Scene\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For over a 100 years medical students in the United States have been studying anatomy on cadavers. Curriculums hadn’t really changed much until about five or six years ago, with the introduction of VR technology as a new educational option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Derek Harmon, an assistant adjunct professor at UCSF’s Department of Anatomy, who has been teaching the VR course for over a year, says virtual reality brings an important technological innovation to medical students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can walk around the virtual model in the 3-D space getting the 360-degree view of the body they can’t get in the lab: the cadaver lies facing up or down providing only a 180-degree view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissecting virtual organs and tissues is easier, and does not require surgical finesse. Students can move tissues apart and back together as many times as they want, while in the lab they have to keep organs in place so the next group of students can study on the same body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-440301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Two women in a room with a large screen.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi.jpg 539w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacey Yu, assistant manager of the anatomy lab at UCSF, guides Sheyda Aboii, a student, while she uses virtual reality to study the GI, or digestive, system at the UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes virtual reality can give students motion sickness, but Harmon says it only affects about 20 percent of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A virtual learning center may also be a healthier place to study, as it has no smell of formaldehyde used for embalming dead bodies. Formaldehyde inhalation triggers dry mouth, eye and throat irritation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 3-D space revolution has already engulfed dozens of American medical colleges that have introduced not only virtual, but also augmented and mixed reality to their curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Nebraska Medical Center teaches on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpkiKzNnJ1w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual dissection tables\u003c/a>; California’s Western University is actively using holographic displays and Oculus rift stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western University’s College of Dental Medicine built their \u003ca href=\"https://westernu.smugmug.com/Virtual-Reality-Learning/i-PNhZJzK/A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual reality learning center\u003c/a> for just about $120,000, while the cost of maintaining the cadaver lab runs at about $2 to 4 million a year, according to the college Associate Dean of Simulation, Immersion and Digital Learning Robert W. Hasel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hasel is one of the most vocal critics of cadaver labs, because of their high operational cost and use of toxic chemicals like formaldehyde recognized by the American Cancer Society as carcinogenic. Chemical compounds used for embalming bodies have not changed in 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also questions learning efficiency in cadaver labs. He says students leave the bodies so “hacked up” that it is hard to recognize organs and tissues. As a result, “students make mistakes, and you can't recover,” says Hasel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hasel, since Western University introduced VR technology in its curriculum about five years ago, students’ grades on their anatomical sciences national board exams have gone up 15 to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-440305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Two students, one with a VR headset on.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi.jpg 539w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medical students Sheyda Aboii (left) and Eric Smith use virtual reality to study the GI, or digestive, system at the UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Traditional Anatomy Classes Here to Stay, For Now\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers don’t convince Douglas Gross, professor of cell biology and human anatomy at UC Davis, who likes to stick to the good old practice. He has been teaching anatomy for 42 years and believes that 3-D could be valuable adjunct, but not a replacement for studying a human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says programs that try to get rid of their dissection studying labs are doomed to a “pretty dismal failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross says it is important for students to touch and feel a real human body as they learn anatomy, literally squeeze the organs in their fingers. Lack of this tangible experience won’t allow them to become good doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, “changing curriculum in a medical school is like moving a glacier,” says Gross. Faculty members, scientists and clinicians often have different opinions on teaching strategies. And even small changes take a lot of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>An Appreciation for Cadavers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aboii just like the majority of medical students at UCSF welcomes VR lessons. But she sees them as a useful fun tool and doesn’t admire them as much as she does the traditional anatomy classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440359\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-440359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"A GI track appears on a large screen.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi.jpg 539w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">VR anatomy lessons are gaining popularity, but traditional learning using cadavers isn't going away any time soon. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the smell of formaldehyde doesn’t bother her. And knowing that the bodies students work on were donated for research and education fills her respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a certain gravity to that,” Aboii says. “Each of the cadavers is unique. In life, they were unique human beings, and now they are unique donations. For a trainee, like myself, it's good to start getting used to that spectrum of life and death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"FwbyNhLT7uzLhRDlXYonilNTpUsv3z8Y\"]Virtual lessons help memorize and review, but they don’t show “the unique human variability,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get almost like an average idealized artistic rendering of what the human body looks like,” says Aboii. However in real life things might be different. Arteries, for example, may not always be connected in the same way on a cadaver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmon is convinced cadaver labs are here to stay, at least for now, but the number of VR platforms in medical schools will skyrocket in the next couple of years and will be especially useful for medical professions that use a lot of 3-D scans in their practice, like radiologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“VR in medicine is going to explode,\" says Harmon. \"And it is exciting.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new crop of doctors-in-training are learning anatomy with the help of virtual reality.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521645604,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1307},"headData":{"title":"3-D Space Gives New Life to Dead Bodies | KQED","description":"A new crop of doctors-in-training are learning anatomy with the help of virtual reality.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"3-D Space Gives New Life to Dead Bodies","datePublished":"2018-03-21T15:30:30.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-21T15:20:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440290 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440290","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/21/3-d-space-gives-new-life-to-dead-bodies/","disqusTitle":"3-D Space Gives New Life to Dead Bodies","source":"Virtual Reality","nprByline":"Julia Vassey","path":"/futureofyou/440290/3-d-space-gives-new-life-to-dead-bodies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Eric Smith has just gained new appreciation for the pancreas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “so unassuming,” he says. Pulling the pancreas out of the gastrointestinal tract and holding it in mid-air, he regards it with a sense of awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In surgery people always say don’t touch the pancreas, and I thought it would be this ugly thing. ... But it is cute. It looks like a shrimp.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Medical schools are weighing the advantages of teaching students anatomy with the help of virtual reality.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Smith, a first year medical student at UC San Francisco, then tucks the “cute” organ back in place, between the liver and the large intestine. He’s not using gloves, a scalpel or a surgical mask. Instead of having a cadaver in front of him, he’s moving around a large room in a 3-D headset. On the wall-mounted 72-inch screen in UCSF’s virtual anatomy learning center Smith sees a skeleton with stomach, intestines and liver attached to the bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fellow student Sheyda Aboii is helping him study the digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The coronary ligament attaches the liver to what structure?” Aboii asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anterior abdominal wall?” Smith hesitates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No.” Aboii responds. “What lies right above?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, the diaphragm!” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and Aboii are part of a new generation of doctors-in-training who are learning anatomy with the help of Virtual Reality. The VR lessons allow students to see a complete three dimensional picture of body parts, easily move virtual organs in and out of the body and memorize medical terms — each organ displays its name tag once you hover over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running a 3-D learning center is also less expensive than a cadaver lab and less toxic to be around, say proponents. However, some medical professors believe the benefits of learning anatomy through real bodies will never be replaced. VR doesn’t give students the same experience they get from a human body with its unique structure.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4z3zdjbZdQU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4z3zdjbZdQU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>VR Arrives on the Scene\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For over a 100 years medical students in the United States have been studying anatomy on cadavers. Curriculums hadn’t really changed much until about five or six years ago, with the introduction of VR technology as a new educational option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Derek Harmon, an assistant adjunct professor at UCSF’s Department of Anatomy, who has been teaching the VR course for over a year, says virtual reality brings an important technological innovation to medical students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can walk around the virtual model in the 3-D space getting the 360-degree view of the body they can’t get in the lab: the cadaver lies facing up or down providing only a 180-degree view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissecting virtual organs and tissues is easier, and does not require surgical finesse. Students can move tissues apart and back together as many times as they want, while in the lab they have to keep organs in place so the next group of students can study on the same body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-440301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Two women in a room with a large screen.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi.jpg 539w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29317_ANATOMYVR_020818_037-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacey Yu, assistant manager of the anatomy lab at UCSF, guides Sheyda Aboii, a student, while she uses virtual reality to study the GI, or digestive, system at the UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes virtual reality can give students motion sickness, but Harmon says it only affects about 20 percent of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A virtual learning center may also be a healthier place to study, as it has no smell of formaldehyde used for embalming dead bodies. Formaldehyde inhalation triggers dry mouth, eye and throat irritation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 3-D space revolution has already engulfed dozens of American medical colleges that have introduced not only virtual, but also augmented and mixed reality to their curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Nebraska Medical Center teaches on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpkiKzNnJ1w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual dissection tables\u003c/a>; California’s Western University is actively using holographic displays and Oculus rift stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western University’s College of Dental Medicine built their \u003ca href=\"https://westernu.smugmug.com/Virtual-Reality-Learning/i-PNhZJzK/A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual reality learning center\u003c/a> for just about $120,000, while the cost of maintaining the cadaver lab runs at about $2 to 4 million a year, according to the college Associate Dean of Simulation, Immersion and Digital Learning Robert W. Hasel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hasel is one of the most vocal critics of cadaver labs, because of their high operational cost and use of toxic chemicals like formaldehyde recognized by the American Cancer Society as carcinogenic. Chemical compounds used for embalming bodies have not changed in 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also questions learning efficiency in cadaver labs. He says students leave the bodies so “hacked up” that it is hard to recognize organs and tissues. As a result, “students make mistakes, and you can't recover,” says Hasel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hasel, since Western University introduced VR technology in its curriculum about five years ago, students’ grades on their anatomical sciences national board exams have gone up 15 to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-440305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Two students, one with a VR headset on.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi.jpg 539w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29319_ANATOMYVR_020818_025-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medical students Sheyda Aboii (left) and Eric Smith use virtual reality to study the GI, or digestive, system at the UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Traditional Anatomy Classes Here to Stay, For Now\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers don’t convince Douglas Gross, professor of cell biology and human anatomy at UC Davis, who likes to stick to the good old practice. He has been teaching anatomy for 42 years and believes that 3-D could be valuable adjunct, but not a replacement for studying a human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says programs that try to get rid of their dissection studying labs are doomed to a “pretty dismal failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross says it is important for students to touch and feel a real human body as they learn anatomy, literally squeeze the organs in their fingers. Lack of this tangible experience won’t allow them to become good doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, “changing curriculum in a medical school is like moving a glacier,” says Gross. Faculty members, scientists and clinicians often have different opinions on teaching strategies. And even small changes take a lot of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>An Appreciation for Cadavers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aboii just like the majority of medical students at UCSF welcomes VR lessons. But she sees them as a useful fun tool and doesn’t admire them as much as she does the traditional anatomy classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440359\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-440359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"A GI track appears on a large screen.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi.jpg 539w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/RS29325_ANATOMYVR_020818_030-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">VR anatomy lessons are gaining popularity, but traditional learning using cadavers isn't going away any time soon. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She says the smell of formaldehyde doesn’t bother her. And knowing that the bodies students work on were donated for research and education fills her respect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a certain gravity to that,” Aboii says. “Each of the cadavers is unique. In life, they were unique human beings, and now they are unique donations. For a trainee, like myself, it's good to start getting used to that spectrum of life and death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Virtual lessons help memorize and review, but they don’t show “the unique human variability,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get almost like an average idealized artistic rendering of what the human body looks like,” says Aboii. However in real life things might be different. Arteries, for example, may not always be connected in the same way on a cadaver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmon is convinced cadaver labs are here to stay, at least for now, but the number of VR platforms in medical schools will skyrocket in the next couple of years and will be especially useful for medical professions that use a lot of 3-D scans in their practice, like radiologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“VR in medicine is going to explode,\" says Harmon. \"And it is exciting.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440290/3-d-space-gives-new-life-to-dead-bodies","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440290"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1063"],"tags":["futureofyou_1474","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1256","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_35","futureofyou_113"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440299","label":"source_futureofyou_440290"},"futureofyou_440127":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440127","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440127","score":null,"sort":[1521047395000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"theranos-and-elizabeth-holmes-charged-with-massive-fraud-by-sec","title":"Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes Charged With 'Massive Fraud' by SEC","publishDate":1521047395,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It started as a massive success story — a wunderkind female college dropout disrupting the blood-testing industry and empowering patients to take charge of their own health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ga0lyGeskUZhaMZ1G6m0viMzWzc3RBPU\"]It ended as an almost archetypal cautionary tale about Silicon Valley hubris and its incompatibility with the slow developmental cycles of biomedicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Securities and Exchange Commission today charged Bay Area-based Theranos, its founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes, and former president Sunny Balwani with \"massive fraud,\" in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-41\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">words\u003c/a> of the SEC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos' trangressions included \"raising more than $700 million from investors through an elaborate, years-long fraud in which they exaggerated or made false statements about the company's technology, business, and financial performance,\" according to the federal agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes has agreed to give up her majority voting control of the company and to a reduction in her equity, the SEC said. Holmes also agreed to pay a $500,000 penalty and is now barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, both she and the company neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bulwani, apparently, has not settled. The SEC said it will litigate the charges against him in Northern California federal district court. Balwani's attorney told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-holmes-and-former-president-balwani-charged-with-massive-fraud.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNBC\u003c/a> that the SEC action was \"unwarranted,\" and that Balwani \"accurately represented Theranos to investors to the best of his ability,\" taking on \"significant financial risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos still faces a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/business/theranos-sec-justice-department-investigation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal investigation\u003c/a> by the U.S. Attorney's Office in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Hundreds of Blood Tests From a Few Drops of Blood\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crux of the charges against Theranos are that it made \"numerous false and misleading statements\" to investors that it had found a way to conduct hundreds of blood tests from just a few drops of blood, which would have revolutionized the blood-testing industry. But in reality, according to the SEC, Theranos could only perform a small number of tests this way, with the vast majority completed on standard commercial equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEC also charges Theranos with claiming its technology was used by the military in Afghanistan, and that it would take in more than $100 million in revenue in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In truth, Theranos' technology was never deployed by the U.S. Department of Defense and generated a little more than $100,000 in revenue in 2014,\" the SEC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos had been flying high that year, with Forbes valuing the company at $9 billion, and Holmes stake worth half that. Holmes had also attracted glowing media attention from the tech and business press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the story changed abruptly with the publication of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wall Street Journal investigation in 2015\u003c/a>. Reporter John Carreyrou alleged that the company had failed to report tests that showed its proprietary blood-testing equipment may not be accurate, and that it was not using its own technology for most tests, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos responded by stating the Journal's reporting was inaccurate. \"First they think you're crazy. Then they fight you. And then all of a sudden you change the world,\" was Holmes' retort on Jim Cramer's CNBC show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Journal's investigation proved to be only the start of Theranos' woes. Soon, the federal government charged that deficiencies at the company's Newark, California lab put patients in \"immediate jeopardy,\" likely to cause \"serious injury or harm, or death.\" The government said that Theranos' own quality control tests had showed alarming rates of failure. The complaint led to Holmes' banishment from owning or operating a lab for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos also had to correct tens of thousands of blood tests. A high-profile alliance with Walgreens which put blood-testing centers in dozens of stores, collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company exited the consumer blood-testing business, lawsuits and more investigations ensued. and Theranos has been treading water ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Theranos tried to remake itself as the manufacturer of a portable device that could process small volumes of blood remotely and send the data back to a centralized location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the unveiling of the device, in front of a couple of thousand skeptical laboratory scientists, was mostly a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/210797/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-will-face-1000-scientists-monday-can-she-say-anything-to-gain-their-trust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dud, \u003c/a>with some expressing the opinion that it was nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's \"Newsroom\" page pretty much tells the story at this point. Lots of \u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press releases\u003c/a> about reaching settlements with various entities — the\u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-reach-settlement-sec/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> SEC\u003c/a>, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Walgreens, the Arizona attorney general — and nary a word about any product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The SEC today charged the blood-testing company, its founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes, and its former Sunny Balwani with raising more than $700 million from investors through 'an elaborate, years-long fraud.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1561753404,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":763},"headData":{"title":"Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes Charged With 'Massive Fraud' by SEC | KQED","description":"The SEC today charged the blood-testing company, its founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes, and its former Sunny Balwani with raising more than $700 million from investors through 'an elaborate, years-long fraud.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes Charged With 'Massive Fraud' by SEC","datePublished":"2018-03-14T17:09:55.000Z","dateModified":"2019-06-28T20:23:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440127 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440127","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/14/theranos-and-elizabeth-holmes-charged-with-massive-fraud-by-sec/","disqusTitle":"Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes Charged With 'Massive Fraud' by SEC","source":"Hope/Hype","path":"/futureofyou/440127/theranos-and-elizabeth-holmes-charged-with-massive-fraud-by-sec","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It started as a massive success story — a wunderkind female college dropout disrupting the blood-testing industry and empowering patients to take charge of their own health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It ended as an almost archetypal cautionary tale about Silicon Valley hubris and its incompatibility with the slow developmental cycles of biomedicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Securities and Exchange Commission today charged Bay Area-based Theranos, its founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes, and former president Sunny Balwani with \"massive fraud,\" in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-41\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">words\u003c/a> of the SEC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos' trangressions included \"raising more than $700 million from investors through an elaborate, years-long fraud in which they exaggerated or made false statements about the company's technology, business, and financial performance,\" according to the federal agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes has agreed to give up her majority voting control of the company and to a reduction in her equity, the SEC said. Holmes also agreed to pay a $500,000 penalty and is now barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, both she and the company neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bulwani, apparently, has not settled. The SEC said it will litigate the charges against him in Northern California federal district court. Balwani's attorney told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-holmes-and-former-president-balwani-charged-with-massive-fraud.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNBC\u003c/a> that the SEC action was \"unwarranted,\" and that Balwani \"accurately represented Theranos to investors to the best of his ability,\" taking on \"significant financial risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos still faces a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/business/theranos-sec-justice-department-investigation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal investigation\u003c/a> by the U.S. Attorney's Office in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Hundreds of Blood Tests From a Few Drops of Blood\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crux of the charges against Theranos are that it made \"numerous false and misleading statements\" to investors that it had found a way to conduct hundreds of blood tests from just a few drops of blood, which would have revolutionized the blood-testing industry. But in reality, according to the SEC, Theranos could only perform a small number of tests this way, with the vast majority completed on standard commercial equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEC also charges Theranos with claiming its technology was used by the military in Afghanistan, and that it would take in more than $100 million in revenue in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In truth, Theranos' technology was never deployed by the U.S. Department of Defense and generated a little more than $100,000 in revenue in 2014,\" the SEC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos had been flying high that year, with Forbes valuing the company at $9 billion, and Holmes stake worth half that. Holmes had also attracted glowing media attention from the tech and business press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the story changed abruptly with the publication of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wall Street Journal investigation in 2015\u003c/a>. Reporter John Carreyrou alleged that the company had failed to report tests that showed its proprietary blood-testing equipment may not be accurate, and that it was not using its own technology for most tests, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos responded by stating the Journal's reporting was inaccurate. \"First they think you're crazy. Then they fight you. And then all of a sudden you change the world,\" was Holmes' retort on Jim Cramer's CNBC show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Journal's investigation proved to be only the start of Theranos' woes. Soon, the federal government charged that deficiencies at the company's Newark, California lab put patients in \"immediate jeopardy,\" likely to cause \"serious injury or harm, or death.\" The government said that Theranos' own quality control tests had showed alarming rates of failure. The complaint led to Holmes' banishment from owning or operating a lab for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos also had to correct tens of thousands of blood tests. A high-profile alliance with Walgreens which put blood-testing centers in dozens of stores, collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company exited the consumer blood-testing business, lawsuits and more investigations ensued. and Theranos has been treading water ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Theranos tried to remake itself as the manufacturer of a portable device that could process small volumes of blood remotely and send the data back to a centralized location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the unveiling of the device, in front of a couple of thousand skeptical laboratory scientists, was mostly a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/210797/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-will-face-1000-scientists-monday-can-she-say-anything-to-gain-their-trust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dud, \u003c/a>with some expressing the opinion that it was nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's \"Newsroom\" page pretty much tells the story at this point. Lots of \u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press releases\u003c/a> about reaching settlements with various entities — the\u003ca href=\"https://news.theranos.com/2018/03/14/theranos-ceo-reach-settlement-sec/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> SEC\u003c/a>, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Walgreens, the Arizona attorney general — and nary a word about any product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440127/theranos-and-elizabeth-holmes-charged-with-massive-fraud-by-sec","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_814","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_1472","futureofyou_617"],"featImg":"futureofyou_216747","label":"source_futureofyou_440127"},"futureofyou_439373":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439373","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439373","score":null,"sort":[1518115987000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"things-you-dont-say-to-the-terminally-ill","title":"'Everything Happens for a Reason' and Other Things Not to Say to Someone Terminally Ill","publishDate":1518115987,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Kate Bowler's new memoir, \u003cem>Everything Happens for a Reason And Other Lies I've Loved\u003c/em>, is a funny, intimate portrait of living in that nether space between life and death. In it, she shares her experiences with incurable stage 4 cancer and gives advice on what not to say to those who are terminally ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>3 things not say to someone terminally ill, from author Kate Bowler...\n\u003cli>'Everything happens for a reason.'\u003c/li>\u003cli>'How are the treatments going?'\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>How are you really?\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowler is also the host of\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/583447646/everything-happens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Everything Happens\u003c/a>, a new podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She writes that sometimes silence is the best response: \"The truth is that no one knows what to say. It's awkward. Pain is awkward. Tragedy is awkward. People's weird, suffering bodies are awkward. But take the advice of one man, who wrote to me with his policy: Show up and shut up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why she wrote Everything Happens For A Reason\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly at [age] 35, I get this stage 4 cancer diagnosis, and it's just like a bomb went off and everything around me is debris. And I'm thinking, \"Oh my gosh, did I actually maybe expect that everything was going to work out for me?\" And so I wrote the book more like a theological excavation project, like I was just trying to get down to the studs of what I really expected from my life. And I think I was a lot more sure than I realized ... maybe that I was the architect of my own life, that I could overcome anything with a little pluck and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how a cancer diagnosis changed her outlook on life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of pictured my life like it was this life enhancement project, and like my life is like a bucket and I'm supposed to put all the things in the bucket. And the whole purpose is to figure out how to have as many good things coexisting at the same time.And then when everything falls apart, you totally have to switch imagination, like maybe instead, life is just vine to vine. And you're like grabbing onto something, and you're just hoping for dear life it doesn't break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how that diagnosis affected her relationship to friends and family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went from feeling like a normal person to all of a sudden, like this spaghetti bowl of cancer. I was trying to learn how to give up really quickly, like looking at my beautiful husband and just immediately all the stuff you're supposed to say, which is just like, \"I have loved you forever,\" and \"All I want for you is love.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... You have these impossible thoughts like, \"You will live without me,\" and \"Please take care of our kid.\" And like you're trying to do all that hard work and then in the same moment, they're trying to rush in and say, \"We're going to fight this.\" There's all these plans they want to pour their certainty in, to remake the foundation. And there's this, kind of, almost terrible exchange, where you're trying to remake the world as it was. But it's all come apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether she has had conversations with her 4-year-old son about death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is entirely impervious to all of this, in the best way. But I do think the thing that has radically changed is I really was, before, trying to create this little bubble around him and us, 'cause I thought, like, \"It's my job to protect you,\" and then I realized that I would be the worst thing that happened to him if this went badly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So then I thought like, \"OK, parenting strategy change.\" And I thought, 'Well, if I can just teach you that there is still beauty in others in the midst of pain, then like, that's my job.\" So we work a lot on like, \"How are you feeling?\" like, \"I feel frustrated.\" And then getting him to notice the feelings of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how she has learned to cope with negative news about her diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well I have rules for when things are too sad, 'cause sometimes, just the reality of things really feels like an avalanche, and it's just going to sweep everything away. So I do make rules for the day, like don't talk about sad things after 9 p.m., so I try to make my day a little gentler. I try to make other people's day a little gentler. The other thing I do is I try really stupid stuff, like I got terrible news a couple months ago, which thankfully turned out to be a medical error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a scan and it looked brutal, but I spent that week thinking like, \"This is my last year for sure.\" And it was weird because the next day, I turned to a friend and I said, \"Would you like to go visit the world's largest Ukrainian sausage?\" And he was like, \"Oh, I'm in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On her list of things not to say to someone with terminal cancer, including \"How are the treatments going and how are you really?\" [book excerpt]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the toughest one of all. I can hear you trying to be in my world and be on my side. But picture the worst thing that's ever happened to you. Got it? Now try to put it in a sentence. Now say it aloud 50 times a day. Does your head hurt? Do you feel sad? Me too. So let's just see if I want to talk about it today, because sometimes I do and sometimes I want a hug and a recap of American Ninja Warrior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jeffrey Pierre and Miranda Kennedy produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Sydnee Monday and April Fulton adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Kate Bowler's new memoir is a funny, intimate portrait of living in a nether space between life and death. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518125074,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1017},"headData":{"title":"'Everything Happens for a Reason' and Other Things Not to Say to Someone Terminally Ill | KQED","description":"Kate Bowler's new memoir is a funny, intimate portrait of living in a nether space between life and death. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"'Everything Happens for a Reason' and Other Things Not to Say to Someone Terminally Ill","datePublished":"2018-02-08T18:53:07.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-08T21:24:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439373 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439373","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/08/things-you-dont-say-to-the-terminally-ill/","disqusTitle":"'Everything Happens for a Reason' and Other Things Not to Say to Someone Terminally Ill","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Rachel Martin\u003cbr />NPR Shots","path":"/futureofyou/439373/things-you-dont-say-to-the-terminally-ill","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Kate Bowler's new memoir, \u003cem>Everything Happens for a Reason And Other Lies I've Loved\u003c/em>, is a funny, intimate portrait of living in that nether space between life and death. In it, she shares her experiences with incurable stage 4 cancer and gives advice on what not to say to those who are terminally ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>3 things not say to someone terminally ill, from author Kate Bowler...\n\u003cli>'Everything happens for a reason.'\u003c/li>\u003cli>'How are the treatments going?'\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>How are you really?\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowler is also the host of\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/583447646/everything-happens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Everything Happens\u003c/a>, a new podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She writes that sometimes silence is the best response: \"The truth is that no one knows what to say. It's awkward. Pain is awkward. Tragedy is awkward. People's weird, suffering bodies are awkward. But take the advice of one man, who wrote to me with his policy: Show up and shut up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On why she wrote Everything Happens For A Reason\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly at [age] 35, I get this stage 4 cancer diagnosis, and it's just like a bomb went off and everything around me is debris. And I'm thinking, \"Oh my gosh, did I actually maybe expect that everything was going to work out for me?\" And so I wrote the book more like a theological excavation project, like I was just trying to get down to the studs of what I really expected from my life. And I think I was a lot more sure than I realized ... maybe that I was the architect of my own life, that I could overcome anything with a little pluck and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how a cancer diagnosis changed her outlook on life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of pictured my life like it was this life enhancement project, and like my life is like a bucket and I'm supposed to put all the things in the bucket. And the whole purpose is to figure out how to have as many good things coexisting at the same time.And then when everything falls apart, you totally have to switch imagination, like maybe instead, life is just vine to vine. And you're like grabbing onto something, and you're just hoping for dear life it doesn't break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how that diagnosis affected her relationship to friends and family\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went from feeling like a normal person to all of a sudden, like this spaghetti bowl of cancer. I was trying to learn how to give up really quickly, like looking at my beautiful husband and just immediately all the stuff you're supposed to say, which is just like, \"I have loved you forever,\" and \"All I want for you is love.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>... You have these impossible thoughts like, \"You will live without me,\" and \"Please take care of our kid.\" And like you're trying to do all that hard work and then in the same moment, they're trying to rush in and say, \"We're going to fight this.\" There's all these plans they want to pour their certainty in, to remake the foundation. And there's this, kind of, almost terrible exchange, where you're trying to remake the world as it was. But it's all come apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether she has had conversations with her 4-year-old son about death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is entirely impervious to all of this, in the best way. But I do think the thing that has radically changed is I really was, before, trying to create this little bubble around him and us, 'cause I thought, like, \"It's my job to protect you,\" and then I realized that I would be the worst thing that happened to him if this went badly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So then I thought like, \"OK, parenting strategy change.\" And I thought, 'Well, if I can just teach you that there is still beauty in others in the midst of pain, then like, that's my job.\" So we work a lot on like, \"How are you feeling?\" like, \"I feel frustrated.\" And then getting him to notice the feelings of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how she has learned to cope with negative news about her diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well I have rules for when things are too sad, 'cause sometimes, just the reality of things really feels like an avalanche, and it's just going to sweep everything away. So I do make rules for the day, like don't talk about sad things after 9 p.m., so I try to make my day a little gentler. I try to make other people's day a little gentler. The other thing I do is I try really stupid stuff, like I got terrible news a couple months ago, which thankfully turned out to be a medical error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a scan and it looked brutal, but I spent that week thinking like, \"This is my last year for sure.\" And it was weird because the next day, I turned to a friend and I said, \"Would you like to go visit the world's largest Ukrainian sausage?\" And he was like, \"Oh, I'm in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On her list of things not to say to someone with terminal cancer, including \"How are the treatments going and how are you really?\" [book excerpt]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the toughest one of all. I can hear you trying to be in my world and be on my side. But picture the worst thing that's ever happened to you. Got it? Now try to put it in a sentence. Now say it aloud 50 times a day. Does your head hurt? Do you feel sad? Me too. So let's just see if I want to talk about it today, because sometimes I do and sometimes I want a hug and a recap of American Ninja Warrior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jeffrey Pierre and Miranda Kennedy produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Sydnee Monday and April Fulton adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439373/things-you-dont-say-to-the-terminally-ill","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439373"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_141","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_173","futureofyou_23"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439378","label":"source_futureofyou_439373"},"futureofyou_439352":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439352","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439352","score":null,"sort":[1518040330000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","title":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","publishDate":1518040330,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1096,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>A little electrical brain stimulation can go a long way in boosting memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to deliver a tiny pulse of electricity to exactly the right place at exactly the right moment, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02753-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> in Tuesday's \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw a 15 percent improvement in memory,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.sas.upenn.edu/people/michael-kahana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Kahana\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach hints at a new way of treating people with memory problems caused by a brain injury or Alzheimer's disease, Kahana says. But the technology is still far from widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana has spent years trying to understand why the brain often fails to store information we want it to keep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're trying to study a list of items, sometimes the items stick and sometimes we have momentary lapses where we don't seem to remember anything,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"w3ybK8P4RrrgdzChQHgt9AKIj7mlCTPN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana and a team of researchers thought there must be a way to help the brain do better. So they had a computer learn to recognize patterns of electrical activity indicating that the brain was about to have a memory lapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team had the computer intervene by delivering a pulse of electricity to different areas of the brain just before the lapse was going to occur. And in the area involved in recalling words, the approach worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we stimulated the left temporal cortex, we found that memory was improved significantly,\" Kahana says. \"When we stimulated other parts of the brain, memory was, by and large, impaired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done with 25 patients with epilepsy who were in the hospital awaiting surgery to treat their seizures. That meant doctors had already inserted wires into their brains to monitor electrical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science.\"\u003ccite>Michael Sperling, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But epilepsy patients tend to have memory problems and other brain anomalies, says \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/find-a-doctor/s/sperling-michael-r.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Sperling\u003c/a>, an author of the study and director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still really lack any experiments in people with other conditions to know for certain whether [the treatment] would prove effective or not,\" Sperling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Sperling is optimistic that the research will lead to an implantable device that can improve memory in at least some patients. \"There's a good chance that something like this will come available,\" he says, \"I would hope within the next half dozen years, or so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memory research is being funded by the military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. It's part of an effort by the agency to develop technologies to help military personnel and veterans with memory problems caused by brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/staff/dr-justin-sanchez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justin Sanchez\u003c/a>, who directs DARPA's biological technologies office. \"We wanted a real technology that could ultimately make its way out into the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DARPA-funded scientists are already working on a version of the brain stimulation system that could be implanted in a person, Sanchez says. And this sort of technology could eventually extend beyond people who have memory impairments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If any of us could get a 15 percent boost in our memory, that would be transformative,\" Sanchez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Technology that uses electrical stimulation could eventually help people with memory problems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518040330,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":563},"headData":{"title":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory | KQED","description":"Technology that uses electrical stimulation could eventually help people with memory problems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","datePublished":"2018-02-07T21:52:10.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-07T21:52:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439352 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439352","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory/","disqusTitle":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","nprImageCredit":"BSIP","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Collection Mix: Sub/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"583633391","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=583633391&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/06/583633391/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-can-help-the-brain-form-lasting-memories?ft=nprml&f=583633391","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 21:05:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 13:35:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 18:00:40 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180206_atc_a_tiny_pulse_of_electricity_can_help_the_brain_form_lasting_memories.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1583778487-177409.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","path":"/futureofyou/439352/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180206_atc_a_tiny_pulse_of_electricity_can_help_the_brain_form_lasting_memories.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A little electrical brain stimulation can go a long way in boosting memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to deliver a tiny pulse of electricity to exactly the right place at exactly the right moment, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02753-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> in Tuesday's \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw a 15 percent improvement in memory,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.sas.upenn.edu/people/michael-kahana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Kahana\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach hints at a new way of treating people with memory problems caused by a brain injury or Alzheimer's disease, Kahana says. But the technology is still far from widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana has spent years trying to understand why the brain often fails to store information we want it to keep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're trying to study a list of items, sometimes the items stick and sometimes we have momentary lapses where we don't seem to remember anything,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana and a team of researchers thought there must be a way to help the brain do better. So they had a computer learn to recognize patterns of electrical activity indicating that the brain was about to have a memory lapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team had the computer intervene by delivering a pulse of electricity to different areas of the brain just before the lapse was going to occur. And in the area involved in recalling words, the approach worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we stimulated the left temporal cortex, we found that memory was improved significantly,\" Kahana says. \"When we stimulated other parts of the brain, memory was, by and large, impaired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done with 25 patients with epilepsy who were in the hospital awaiting surgery to treat their seizures. That meant doctors had already inserted wires into their brains to monitor electrical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science.\"\u003ccite>Michael Sperling, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But epilepsy patients tend to have memory problems and other brain anomalies, says \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/find-a-doctor/s/sperling-michael-r.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Sperling\u003c/a>, an author of the study and director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still really lack any experiments in people with other conditions to know for certain whether [the treatment] would prove effective or not,\" Sperling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Sperling is optimistic that the research will lead to an implantable device that can improve memory in at least some patients. \"There's a good chance that something like this will come available,\" he says, \"I would hope within the next half dozen years, or so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memory research is being funded by the military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. It's part of an effort by the agency to develop technologies to help military personnel and veterans with memory problems caused by brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/staff/dr-justin-sanchez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justin Sanchez\u003c/a>, who directs DARPA's biological technologies office. \"We wanted a real technology that could ultimately make its way out into the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DARPA-funded scientists are already working on a version of the brain stimulation system that could be implanted in a person, Sanchez says. And this sort of technology could eventually extend beyond people who have memory impairments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If any of us could get a 15 percent boost in our memory, that would be transformative,\" Sanchez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439352/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439352"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_999","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439353","label":"futureofyou_1096"},"futureofyou_439274":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439274","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439274","score":null,"sort":[1517950642000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"risky-antipsychotic-drugs-still-overprescribed-in-nursing-homes","title":"Risky Antipsychotic Drugs Still Overprescribed In Nursing Homes","publishDate":1517950642,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1093,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/05/they-want-docile/how-nursing-homes-united-states-overmedicate-people-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Monday by \u003ca href=\"https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/05/they-want-docile/how-nursing-homes-united-states-overmedicate-people-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Rights Watch\u003c/a> finds that about 179,000 nursing home residents are being given antipsychotic drugs, even though they don't have schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses that those drugs are designed to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these residents have Alzheimer's disease or another form of dementia and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml#part_149866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">antipsychotics\u003c/a> aren't approved for that. What's more, antipsychotic drugs come with a \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020272s056,020588s044,021346s033,021444s03lbl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black box warning\u003c/a>\" from the FDA, stating that they increase the risk of death in older people with dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study concluded that antipsychotic drugs were often administered without informed consent and for the purpose of making dementia patients easier to handle in understaffed facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers focused on six states, including California and Texas, which have the most skilled nursing facilities. They used publicly available data, along with hundreds of interviews with residents, families and state ombudsmen, the officials who deal with complaints about long term care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the federal government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Provider-Enrollment-and-Certification/SurveyCertificationGenInfo/National-Partnership-to-Improve-Dementia-Care-in-Nursing-Homes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began a \u003c/a>program to reduce the use of antipsychotic drugs in nursing homes, in partnership with the nursing home industry, and advocacy organizations. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/Newsroom/MediaReleaseDatabase/Fact-sheets/2017-Fact-Sheet-items/2017-10-02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Since then\u003c/a>, the use of the drugs has dropped by about a third nationwide, from 23.9 percent of residents in 2012 to 15.7 percent at the beginning of 2017. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have called for an additional 15 percent reduction by 2019 for those nursing homes that have lagged in curtailing their use of antipsychotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Human Rights Watch study contends that the federal government hasn't done nearly enough. It faults the government for failing to enforce \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/part-a/rights-in-snf.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laws that exist to protect nursing home residents\u003c/a> from what are sometimes called \"chemical restraints.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigation into the first few years of the government's program to reduce the use of antipsychotic drugs found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/09/368538773/nursing-homes-rarely-penalized-for-oversedating-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only 2 percent\u003c/a> of cases were deemed serious enough to trigger a fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also calls for the government to strengthen informed consent procedures and to establish minimum staffing levels, something that has long been opposed by the nursing home industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ahcancal.org/Pages/Default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The American Health Care Association\u003c/a>, which represents most nursing homes, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ahcancal.org/News/news_releases/Pages/AHCA-Responds-to-Human-Rights-Watch-Report.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> that the report \"does little to highlight the effort launched by our profession in 2012 that has resulted in a dramatic decline in the use of these medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Risky+Antipsychotic+Drugs+Still+Overprescribed+In+Nursing+Homes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Too many people with dementia are being given sedating drugs to make them easier to handle in understaffed facilities, a new study finds, despite federal warnings to stop the practice.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1517950642,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":403},"headData":{"title":"Risky Antipsychotic Drugs Still Overprescribed In Nursing Homes | KQED","description":"Too many people with dementia are being given sedating drugs to make them easier to handle in understaffed facilities, a new study finds, despite federal warnings to stop the practice.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Risky Antipsychotic Drugs Still Overprescribed In Nursing Homes","datePublished":"2018-02-06T20:57:22.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-06T20:57:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439274 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439274","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/06/risky-antipsychotic-drugs-still-overprescribed-in-nursing-homes/","disqusTitle":"Risky Antipsychotic Drugs Still Overprescribed In Nursing Homes","nprImageCredit":"Bruno Ehrs","nprByline":"Ina Jaffe\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"583435517","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=583435517&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/05/583435517/risky-antipsychotic-drugs-still-overprescribed-in-nursing-homes?ft=nprml&f=583435517","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 05 Feb 2018 20:51:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 05 Feb 2018 20:51:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 05 Feb 2018 21:06:34 -0500","path":"/futureofyou/439274/risky-antipsychotic-drugs-still-overprescribed-in-nursing-homes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/05/they-want-docile/how-nursing-homes-united-states-overmedicate-people-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Monday by \u003ca href=\"https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/05/they-want-docile/how-nursing-homes-united-states-overmedicate-people-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Rights Watch\u003c/a> finds that about 179,000 nursing home residents are being given antipsychotic drugs, even though they don't have schizophrenia or other serious mental illnesses that those drugs are designed to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these residents have Alzheimer's disease or another form of dementia and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml#part_149866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">antipsychotics\u003c/a> aren't approved for that. What's more, antipsychotic drugs come with a \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020272s056,020588s044,021346s033,021444s03lbl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black box warning\u003c/a>\" from the FDA, stating that they increase the risk of death in older people with dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study concluded that antipsychotic drugs were often administered without informed consent and for the purpose of making dementia patients easier to handle in understaffed facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers focused on six states, including California and Texas, which have the most skilled nursing facilities. They used publicly available data, along with hundreds of interviews with residents, families and state ombudsmen, the officials who deal with complaints about long term care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the federal government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Provider-Enrollment-and-Certification/SurveyCertificationGenInfo/National-Partnership-to-Improve-Dementia-Care-in-Nursing-Homes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began a \u003c/a>program to reduce the use of antipsychotic drugs in nursing homes, in partnership with the nursing home industry, and advocacy organizations. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/Newsroom/MediaReleaseDatabase/Fact-sheets/2017-Fact-Sheet-items/2017-10-02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Since then\u003c/a>, the use of the drugs has dropped by about a third nationwide, from 23.9 percent of residents in 2012 to 15.7 percent at the beginning of 2017. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have called for an additional 15 percent reduction by 2019 for those nursing homes that have lagged in curtailing their use of antipsychotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Human Rights Watch study contends that the federal government hasn't done nearly enough. It faults the government for failing to enforce \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/part-a/rights-in-snf.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laws that exist to protect nursing home residents\u003c/a> from what are sometimes called \"chemical restraints.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigation into the first few years of the government's program to reduce the use of antipsychotic drugs found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/09/368538773/nursing-homes-rarely-penalized-for-oversedating-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only 2 percent\u003c/a> of cases were deemed serious enough to trigger a fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also calls for the government to strengthen informed consent procedures and to establish minimum staffing levels, something that has long been opposed by the nursing home industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ahcancal.org/Pages/Default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The American Health Care Association\u003c/a>, which represents most nursing homes, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ahcancal.org/News/news_releases/Pages/AHCA-Responds-to-Human-Rights-Watch-Report.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> that the report \"does little to highlight the effort launched by our profession in 2012 that has resulted in a dramatic decline in the use of these medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Risky+Antipsychotic+Drugs+Still+Overprescribed+In+Nursing+Homes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439274/risky-antipsychotic-drugs-still-overprescribed-in-nursing-homes","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439274"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1023","futureofyou_952","futureofyou_1008","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_23"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439275","label":"futureofyou_1093"},"futureofyou_439177":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439177","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439177","score":null,"sort":[1517865433000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases","title":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases","publishDate":1517865433,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1094,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>It might seem that scientists have never met a chunk of DNA they couldn’t edit in mice or isolated cells using\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR\u003cstrong> —\u003c/strong> from mutations causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deafness\u003c/a> to those for \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaap9004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\u003c/a> In fact, they are learning what every pencil- or Word-wielding editor knows: It’s much easier to improve something that’s in terrible shape than writing that’s near perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genome-editing, the challenge for CRISPR-wielding scientists is to edit only one of the two copies, or alleles, of every gene that people have, repairing the ever-so-slightly broken one and leaving the healthy one alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in one of the first research papers scheduled for publication in the first journal dedicated to research on CRISPR, scientists in Boston \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/01/29/197962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> “allele specific” editing of a gene that, when mutated, destroys the eye’s photoreceptors and causes the form of blindness called retinitis pigmentosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"4VdUEhIyuniYpIiGF8VW99wqTQ1JaiBO\"]The achievement might one day help people with retinitis pigmentosa, which affects about 100,000 people in the U.S. But its greater significance is as a proof-of-concept. The hope is that the same trick might work in the hundreds of diseases, including Huntington’s disease and Marfan syndrome, where inheriting a single mutated gene (from mom \u003cem>or\u003c/em> dad) is enough to cause problems despite the presence of a healthy copy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one,” said Linzhao Cheng, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351458/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific techniques for blood disorders. “But the alleles might differ in only one nucleotide,” one of the molecular “letters” that spell out the genetic code. “That makes allele-specific editing probably the most challenging situation for CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boston scientists, led by Dr. Qin Liu of the Ocular Genomics Institute at Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, aimed to remove the misspelled copy of the gene for rhodopsin, which makes up the rods (of rods and cones fame) in the eye. The misspelling consisted of a single wrong nucleotide. That seemingly minor glitch, called P23H, is enough to produce a rogue rhodopsin that is toxic to the healthy rhodopsins produced by the healthy copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just kills the photoreceptors,” said Dr. Stephen Rose, chief research officer at the Foundation Fighting Blindness, which helped fund Liu’s research. “But what if you could repair that one mutation and turn it back to the normal form? That’s the holy grail, to wave a magic wand and change a single wrong nucleotide to the right one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one.”\u003ccite>Linzhao Cheng, Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what Liu and her colleagues report doing in the paper to be published in\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/toc/crispr/0/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The CRISPR Journal\u003c/a>, whose first issue is due this month. They built standard CRISPR molecules: a target-finding molecule called a guide RNA and a snip-the-nucleotide enzyme, in this case a version of Cas9. They injected their CRISPR molecules under the retinas of days-old mice bred to have one good rhodopsin gene and one mutated copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing flopped. The target-finding molecule couldn’t tell the healthy gene from the one-letter-off copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the drawing board, the scientists, who included Editas Medicine co-founder J. Keith Joung of Massachusetts General Hospital, created target-finding molecules that looked for shorter regions of DNA, hoping to avoid editing the healthy gene. That produced better results: Cas9 edited only the mutant allele. But it did so in very few of the cells. As long as there is a lot of mutant rhodopsin compared to healthy rhodopsin, the mutant proteins will kill the eyes’ rods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third time was the charm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to using the short target-finding molecules, the scientists also tweaked Cas9 so it made a beeline for tiny DNA mile markers (called PAMs). The mile markers nearest the disease-causing allele are, luckily, different from those near the healthy one. Including the go-to-PAM instruction in their CRISPR produced accurate editing and a lot of it: There were nearly three times as many healthy rhodopsin molecules as mutant ones, compared to similar numbers of healthy and mutant rhodopsin in cells that had not been CRISPR’d. That translated into healthier eyes, with treated mice having five or six rows of photoreceptors compared with three or four in untreated mice. (The mice were not tested for eyesight, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sdpN9QvSR4CNAVKzz3djOr9Ogv4R5axT\"]As always with CRISPR, there is a danger of editing unintended regions of DNA. The scientists checked potential “off target” sites; nine were fine, and one was inadvertently edited in 3 percent of treated cells, though with no apparent ill effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nice work,” said biologist Tara Moore of Ulster University, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16279-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific CRISPR editing for eye diseases. Exploiting DNA’s tiny mile markers, the PAMs, offers the best shot at allele-specific editing, she said: “Otherwise it’s “a challenge,” and the chance of hitting the disease-causing DNA but sparing the healthy copy “is low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mouse study raises hopes that allele-specific editing might work not only for the mutation in retinitis pigmentosa but also “for most, if not all, human dominant alleles,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu said she was not permitted to speak to reporters about the paper until The CRISPR Journal published it. The study was also funded by the National Institutes of Health and Mass. General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/02/crispr-blindness-retinitis-pigmentosa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say new CRISPR method could one day treat other diseases involving a single mutated allele.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1517935014,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1004},"headData":{"title":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases | KQED","description":"Scientists say new CRISPR method could one day treat other diseases involving a single mutated allele.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases","datePublished":"2018-02-05T21:17:13.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-06T16:36:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439177 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439177","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/05/new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases/","disqusTitle":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003c/BR>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","path":"/futureofyou/439177/new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It might seem that scientists have never met a chunk of DNA they couldn’t edit in mice or isolated cells using\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR\u003cstrong> —\u003c/strong> from mutations causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deafness\u003c/a> to those for \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaap9004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\u003c/a> In fact, they are learning what every pencil- or Word-wielding editor knows: It’s much easier to improve something that’s in terrible shape than writing that’s near perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genome-editing, the challenge for CRISPR-wielding scientists is to edit only one of the two copies, or alleles, of every gene that people have, repairing the ever-so-slightly broken one and leaving the healthy one alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in one of the first research papers scheduled for publication in the first journal dedicated to research on CRISPR, scientists in Boston \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/01/29/197962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> “allele specific” editing of a gene that, when mutated, destroys the eye’s photoreceptors and causes the form of blindness called retinitis pigmentosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The achievement might one day help people with retinitis pigmentosa, which affects about 100,000 people in the U.S. But its greater significance is as a proof-of-concept. The hope is that the same trick might work in the hundreds of diseases, including Huntington’s disease and Marfan syndrome, where inheriting a single mutated gene (from mom \u003cem>or\u003c/em> dad) is enough to cause problems despite the presence of a healthy copy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one,” said Linzhao Cheng, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351458/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific techniques for blood disorders. “But the alleles might differ in only one nucleotide,” one of the molecular “letters” that spell out the genetic code. “That makes allele-specific editing probably the most challenging situation for CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boston scientists, led by Dr. Qin Liu of the Ocular Genomics Institute at Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, aimed to remove the misspelled copy of the gene for rhodopsin, which makes up the rods (of rods and cones fame) in the eye. The misspelling consisted of a single wrong nucleotide. That seemingly minor glitch, called P23H, is enough to produce a rogue rhodopsin that is toxic to the healthy rhodopsins produced by the healthy copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just kills the photoreceptors,” said Dr. Stephen Rose, chief research officer at the Foundation Fighting Blindness, which helped fund Liu’s research. “But what if you could repair that one mutation and turn it back to the normal form? That’s the holy grail, to wave a magic wand and change a single wrong nucleotide to the right one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one.”\u003ccite>Linzhao Cheng, Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what Liu and her colleagues report doing in the paper to be published in\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/toc/crispr/0/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The CRISPR Journal\u003c/a>, whose first issue is due this month. They built standard CRISPR molecules: a target-finding molecule called a guide RNA and a snip-the-nucleotide enzyme, in this case a version of Cas9. They injected their CRISPR molecules under the retinas of days-old mice bred to have one good rhodopsin gene and one mutated copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing flopped. The target-finding molecule couldn’t tell the healthy gene from the one-letter-off copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the drawing board, the scientists, who included Editas Medicine co-founder J. Keith Joung of Massachusetts General Hospital, created target-finding molecules that looked for shorter regions of DNA, hoping to avoid editing the healthy gene. That produced better results: Cas9 edited only the mutant allele. But it did so in very few of the cells. As long as there is a lot of mutant rhodopsin compared to healthy rhodopsin, the mutant proteins will kill the eyes’ rods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third time was the charm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to using the short target-finding molecules, the scientists also tweaked Cas9 so it made a beeline for tiny DNA mile markers (called PAMs). The mile markers nearest the disease-causing allele are, luckily, different from those near the healthy one. Including the go-to-PAM instruction in their CRISPR produced accurate editing and a lot of it: There were nearly three times as many healthy rhodopsin molecules as mutant ones, compared to similar numbers of healthy and mutant rhodopsin in cells that had not been CRISPR’d. That translated into healthier eyes, with treated mice having five or six rows of photoreceptors compared with three or four in untreated mice. (The mice were not tested for eyesight, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As always with CRISPR, there is a danger of editing unintended regions of DNA. The scientists checked potential “off target” sites; nine were fine, and one was inadvertently edited in 3 percent of treated cells, though with no apparent ill effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nice work,” said biologist Tara Moore of Ulster University, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16279-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific CRISPR editing for eye diseases. Exploiting DNA’s tiny mile markers, the PAMs, offers the best shot at allele-specific editing, she said: “Otherwise it’s “a challenge,” and the chance of hitting the disease-causing DNA but sparing the healthy copy “is low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mouse study raises hopes that allele-specific editing might work not only for the mutation in retinitis pigmentosa but also “for most, if not all, human dominant alleles,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu said she was not permitted to speak to reporters about the paper until The CRISPR Journal published it. The study was also funded by the National Institutes of Health and Mass. General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/02/crispr-blindness-retinitis-pigmentosa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439177/new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439177"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_94","futureofyou_17","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_271"],"collections":["futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439182","label":"futureofyou_1094"},"futureofyou_437505":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_437505","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"437505","score":null,"sort":[1512764850000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-looked-at-dna-that-was-supposed-to-come-from-a-yeti-and-heres-what-they-found","title":"Scientists Looked at DNA Supposedly From a Yeti and Here's What They Found","publishDate":1512764850,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Not yet, Yeti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new DNA study has debunked biological samples that allegedly came from the famous yet ever elusive creature that supposedly haunts the Himalayas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Americans, of course, first learned of the Yeti -- also known as the Abominable Snowman -- from the Christmas special \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hZrQQ7i_lY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, that guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In real life, or at least real-life folklore, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeti \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an ape-like creature that the Sherpa people of the Himalayas have historically \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">believed \u003c/a>to be a mystical being. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of Yeti-as-\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cryptozoological \u003c/a>phenomenon arose in the 19th century, and it really gained steam in 1951, when the mountaineering explorer Eric Shipton, while trekking along the Menlung Glacier near the Tibet-Nepal border, took a famous photograph of a large footprint next to a pickaxe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-437516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"715\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png 715w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-160x135.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-240x203.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-375x317.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-520x439.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, National Geographic \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interviewed\u003c/a> Daniel Taylor, author of \"Yeti: The Ecology of a Mystery.\" Taylor called the photo \"the Rosetta Stone in Yeti lore\" ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>What was captivating about the prints was that they’re really sharp. The snow was hard so the photo looks like a sort of plaster of Paris cast. The second feature was that the prints looked like a human footprint, but with a thumb. So, you get this primate-like feeling but hominoid at the same time. Its enormous size — 13 inches — also suggests a magnificent hominoid, a King Kong type of image! And the media grabbed it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Further Yeti-questing expeditions followed, including one by Edmund Hillary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many sightings over the years and even a few instances of people collecting biological samples like skin, hair, bones and teeth. These can be found in private collections or even in places like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/en/mmm/the-messner-mountain-museum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Messner Mountain Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Italian Alps. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All this has made for a great story, which is now a little less so. According to a recently released \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1868/20171804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DNA study\u003c/a>, it looks like at least nine of these samples have been identified as coming from known animals. Eight of them match one or the other of the two types of bears found in the area -- the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=WA0rWpOeGJDSjwOmk42ABA&q=himalayan+brown+bear&oq=him&gs_l=psy-ab.3.0.35i39k1l2j0i20i263i264k1j0i131k1j0i67k1j0i131k1j0i131i67k1l2j0j0i67k1.2368.2632.0.3978.4.3.0.0.0.0.125.220.1j1.2.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..2.2.219.0..0i46i67k1j46i67k1.0.E-x3DvE2RGw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Himalayan brown bear\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=tibetan+brown+bear\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tibetan brown bear\u003c/a>. A tooth that was examined actually came from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dog\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are probably other samples that can be tested, but for now, there is no genetic evidence that the creature known as the Yeti is real. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to do this analysis, these researchers needed to get good DNA from Himalayan black and brown bears. They got samples from a zoo in Pakistan as well as from the wild. There was already good data available for the Tibetan brown bear.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers focused on a small bit of mitochondrial DNA, which was easily obtainable from the fur samples the investigators had. mtDNA was also used because \u003c/span>most of the museum samples were beat up, requiring lots of copies in each sample's cells to increase the chances of finding usable DNA. mtDNA contains hundreds or even thousands of copies per cell instead of the usual two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Due to better technology, the scientists were also able to look at the entire sequence of mtDNA. That was not possible in earlier studies, and it allowed them to more precisely assign the samples to specific animals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the process, the researchers learned a bit about the evolutionary history of the Himalayan brown bear. They found that this type of bear originally split from other brown bears 650,000 years ago, the result of massive glaciers that are thought to have arrived, possibly isolating the Himalayan bears' ancestors from the original group. Left alone, they evolved into a new subspecies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that scientists have worked out the conditions for extracting and sequencing mtDNA, this method can be applied to other museum specimens. It might even be used to confirm \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">earlier work\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that showed Sasquatch samples most likely came from a horse, bear or wide variety of other common hairy beasts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, sometimes, science can be a real party pooper.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new DNA study has debunked biological samples that allegedly came from the famous yet ever-elusive creature that supposedly haunts the Himalayas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1513268636,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":674},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Looked at DNA Supposedly From a Yeti and Here's What They Found | KQED","description":"A new DNA study has debunked biological samples that allegedly came from the famous yet ever-elusive creature that supposedly haunts the Himalayas.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Looked at DNA Supposedly From a Yeti and Here's What They Found","datePublished":"2017-12-08T20:27:30.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-14T16:23:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"437505 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437505","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/12/08/scientists-looked-at-dna-that-was-supposed-to-come-from-a-yeti-and-heres-what-they-found/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Looked at DNA Supposedly From a Yeti and Here's What They Found","nprByline":"Barry Starr and Jon Brooks\u003cbr />KQED Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/437505/scientists-looked-at-dna-that-was-supposed-to-come-from-a-yeti-and-heres-what-they-found","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Not yet, Yeti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new DNA study has debunked biological samples that allegedly came from the famous yet ever elusive creature that supposedly haunts the Himalayas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Americans, of course, first learned of the Yeti -- also known as the Abominable Snowman -- from the Christmas special \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/6hZrQQ7i_lY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/6hZrQQ7i_lY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Yeah, that guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In real life, or at least real-life folklore, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeti \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an ape-like creature that the Sherpa people of the Himalayas have historically \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">believed \u003c/a>to be a mystical being. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of Yeti-as-\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cryptozoological \u003c/a>phenomenon arose in the 19th century, and it really gained steam in 1951, when the mountaineering explorer Eric Shipton, while trekking along the Menlung Glacier near the Tibet-Nepal border, took a famous photograph of a large footprint next to a pickaxe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-437516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"715\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png 715w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-160x135.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-240x203.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-375x317.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-520x439.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, National Geographic \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interviewed\u003c/a> Daniel Taylor, author of \"Yeti: The Ecology of a Mystery.\" Taylor called the photo \"the Rosetta Stone in Yeti lore\" ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>What was captivating about the prints was that they’re really sharp. The snow was hard so the photo looks like a sort of plaster of Paris cast. The second feature was that the prints looked like a human footprint, but with a thumb. So, you get this primate-like feeling but hominoid at the same time. Its enormous size — 13 inches — also suggests a magnificent hominoid, a King Kong type of image! And the media grabbed it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Further Yeti-questing expeditions followed, including one by Edmund Hillary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many sightings over the years and even a few instances of people collecting biological samples like skin, hair, bones and teeth. These can be found in private collections or even in places like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/en/mmm/the-messner-mountain-museum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Messner Mountain Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Italian Alps. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All this has made for a great story, which is now a little less so. According to a recently released \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1868/20171804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DNA study\u003c/a>, it looks like at least nine of these samples have been identified as coming from known animals. Eight of them match one or the other of the two types of bears found in the area -- the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=WA0rWpOeGJDSjwOmk42ABA&q=himalayan+brown+bear&oq=him&gs_l=psy-ab.3.0.35i39k1l2j0i20i263i264k1j0i131k1j0i67k1j0i131k1j0i131i67k1l2j0j0i67k1.2368.2632.0.3978.4.3.0.0.0.0.125.220.1j1.2.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..2.2.219.0..0i46i67k1j46i67k1.0.E-x3DvE2RGw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Himalayan brown bear\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=tibetan+brown+bear\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tibetan brown bear\u003c/a>. A tooth that was examined actually came from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dog\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are probably other samples that can be tested, but for now, there is no genetic evidence that the creature known as the Yeti is real. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to do this analysis, these researchers needed to get good DNA from Himalayan black and brown bears. They got samples from a zoo in Pakistan as well as from the wild. There was already good data available for the Tibetan brown bear.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers focused on a small bit of mitochondrial DNA, which was easily obtainable from the fur samples the investigators had. mtDNA was also used because \u003c/span>most of the museum samples were beat up, requiring lots of copies in each sample's cells to increase the chances of finding usable DNA. mtDNA contains hundreds or even thousands of copies per cell instead of the usual two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Due to better technology, the scientists were also able to look at the entire sequence of mtDNA. That was not possible in earlier studies, and it allowed them to more precisely assign the samples to specific animals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the process, the researchers learned a bit about the evolutionary history of the Himalayan brown bear. They found that this type of bear originally split from other brown bears 650,000 years ago, the result of massive glaciers that are thought to have arrived, possibly isolating the Himalayan bears' ancestors from the original group. Left alone, they evolved into a new subspecies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that scientists have worked out the conditions for extracting and sequencing mtDNA, this method can be applied to other museum specimens. It might even be used to confirm \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">earlier work\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that showed Sasquatch samples most likely came from a horse, bear or wide variety of other common hairy beasts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, sometimes, science can be a real party pooper.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437505/scientists-looked-at-dna-that-was-supposed-to-come-from-a-yeti-and-heres-what-they-found","authors":["byline_futureofyou_437505"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_17","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_1411"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437516","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_435554":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_435554","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"435554","score":null,"sort":[1505931472000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"editing-embryo-dna-yields-clues-about-early-human-development","title":"Editing Embryo DNA Yields Clues About Early Human Development","publishDate":1505931472,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>For the first time, scientists have edited the DNA in human embryos to make a fundamental discovery about the earliest days of human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By modifying a key gene in very early-stage embryos, the researchers demonstrated that a gene plays a crucial role in making sure embryos develop normally, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding might someday lead to new ways for doctors to help \u003ca href=\"Understanding%20early%20human%20embryonic%20development%20is%20of%20great%20importance,%20and%20gene%20editing%20is%20a%20powerful%20tool%20to%20answer%20questions%20that%20will%20ultimately%20improve%20human%20health\">infertile couples\u003c/a> have children, and could aid future efforts to use embryonic \u003ca href=\"https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/1.htm\">stem cells\u003c/a> to treat incurable diseases, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"DxiouDx6uOtnloxxAdrx1bpm338DaD5e\"]The work also provides the first direct evidence that manipulating DNA in human embryos can yield insights into how a single cell becomes a complex human. That has been the major justification for allowing scientists to change human DNA in ways that could be passed town to future generations, a step that had long been considered off limits because of fears about safety and opening the door to \"designer babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This proof of principle lays out a framework for future investigations that could transform our understanding of human biology,\" the researchers write in \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature24033\">reporting\u003c/a> their findings in the journal \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement was seconded by other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It opens up a new area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://vesta.cumc.columbia.edu/stemcell/facdb/profile/profile.php?id=de2220\">Dietrich Egli\u003c/a>, a Columbia University biologist who studies stem cells and was not involved in the study. \"Understanding early human embryonic development is of great importance, and gene-editing is a powerful tool to answer questions that will ultimately improve human health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"eUKe54zdnORrdRfzHHEn5FhZ3YPM6Geu\"]But the research is renewing a long, intense debate about whether it's ethical to make changes in the genes in eggs, sperm or very early embryos that would be passed down to succeeding generations. While using gene editing for basic research about human development may be useful, critics worry it could lead to attempts to create genetically modified babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concerns are that we would be opening the door to fertility clinics vying to offer gene-editing to make future children taller or stronger or whatever they wanted to market,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/user/25\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who heads the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group. \"That could put us into a situation where some children were perceived to be biologically superior to other children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes just weeks after \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">another team\u003c/a> of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/02/540975224/scientists-precisely-edit-dna-in-human-embryos-to-fix-a-disease-gene\">reported\u003c/a> the group had for the first time edited the DNA in human embryos to correct a genetic defect that causes a heart disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research was led by \u003ca href=\"https://www.crick.ac.uk/kathy-niakan\">Kathy Niakan, \u003c/a>a developmental biologist at the Francis Crick Institute in London. Niakan's team used a powerful gene-editing technique known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to disable a gene that produces a protein known as OCT4. The procedure was performed in 41 embryos donated by women undergoing treatment for infertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, more than 80 percent of the embryos with the disabled gene failed to develop into a blastocyst, a ball of 200 cells that is the stage when embryos are usually implanted into the womb during in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.htm\">IVF\u003c/a>). Many cases of infertility occur because embryos fail to reach this stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That tells us that OCT4 is really important for the development of a human blastocyst,\" Niakan told reporters during a briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By understanding the key genes that are involved in the development of the blastocyst, this can really inform our understanding of this important, critical window of human development,\" Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments also show that the gene is involved in forming the cells that eventually become the placenta, the organ that nourishes a developing embryo in the womb, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, OCT4 helps embryonic stem cells specialize into various tissues, which could help scientists figure out how to turn stem cells into replacement cells, tissues and perhaps entire organs to treat diseases, Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unexpected finding, the researchers discovered the gene functions differently in human embryos than in mouse embryos. That shows the need for experiments on human embryos and not just animal embryos, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is opening up the possibility of using a really powerful, precise genetics tool to understand gene function,\" Niakan says. \"We would have never gained this insight had we not really studied the function of this gene in human embryos.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Doudna, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who led efforts to develop CRISPR, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the most fundamental aspects of becoming human is, how do egg and sperm cells combine to form embryos that develop into a person?\" \u003ca href=\"http://rna.berkeley.edu/\">Doudna \u003c/a>says. \"So understanding the genetic basis for that is, in my view, one of the fundamental aspects of developmental biology — or all of biology in a way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists sparked an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=401655818\">uproar\u003c/a> when they reported attempts to use CRISPR to edit human embryos. And in 2016, the British government approved editing of human embryos for research purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the British government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval\u003c/a>, Niakan began her experiments. Scientists in Sweden have begun \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">similar research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded \u003c/a>that editing DNA in humans could be permissible in certain circumstances. That has critics like Darnovsky worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a world already plagued by distressing levels of inequality, that seems like a very bad idea,\" Darnovsky says. \"We don't want to add ideas that some people are biologically better and some people are biologically inferior to others. That is an idea that has led to horrific abuses throughout history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Niakan defends the work, saying she is only interested in making fundamental discoveries about basic human biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As with any technology, as with any tool, it can be used for a variety of different purposes,\" Niakan says. \"We're choosing to use it to uncover critical roles of genes in development that can increase our knowledge about how human embryos develop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Editing+Embryo+DNA+Yields+Clues+About+Early+Human+Development&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers disabled a gene that they think helps determine which human embryos will develop normally. The technique they used is controversial because it could be used to change babies' DNA.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1506007645,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":992},"headData":{"title":"Editing Embryo DNA Yields Clues About Early Human Development | KQED","description":"Researchers disabled a gene that they think helps determine which human embryos will develop normally. The technique they used is controversial because it could be used to change babies' DNA.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Editing Embryo DNA Yields Clues About Early Human Development","datePublished":"2017-09-20T18:17:52.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-21T15:27:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435554 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435554","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/editing-embryo-dna-yields-clues-about-early-human-development/","disqusTitle":"Editing Embryo DNA Yields Clues About Early Human Development","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/146944972/rob-stein\">Rob Stein\u003c/a>\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy of The Francis Crick Institute","nprStoryId":"551779921","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=551779921&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/20/551779921/editing-embryo-dna-yields-clues-about-early-human-development?ft=nprml&f=551779921","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 20 Sep 2017 13:16:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 20 Sep 2017 13:16:22 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 20 Sep 2017 13:16:22 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/435554/editing-embryo-dna-yields-clues-about-early-human-development","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time, scientists have edited the DNA in human embryos to make a fundamental discovery about the earliest days of human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By modifying a key gene in very early-stage embryos, the researchers demonstrated that a gene plays a crucial role in making sure embryos develop normally, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding might someday lead to new ways for doctors to help \u003ca href=\"Understanding%20early%20human%20embryonic%20development%20is%20of%20great%20importance,%20and%20gene%20editing%20is%20a%20powerful%20tool%20to%20answer%20questions%20that%20will%20ultimately%20improve%20human%20health\">infertile couples\u003c/a> have children, and could aid future efforts to use embryonic \u003ca href=\"https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/1.htm\">stem cells\u003c/a> to treat incurable diseases, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The work also provides the first direct evidence that manipulating DNA in human embryos can yield insights into how a single cell becomes a complex human. That has been the major justification for allowing scientists to change human DNA in ways that could be passed town to future generations, a step that had long been considered off limits because of fears about safety and opening the door to \"designer babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This proof of principle lays out a framework for future investigations that could transform our understanding of human biology,\" the researchers write in \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature24033\">reporting\u003c/a> their findings in the journal \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement was seconded by other scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It opens up a new area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://vesta.cumc.columbia.edu/stemcell/facdb/profile/profile.php?id=de2220\">Dietrich Egli\u003c/a>, a Columbia University biologist who studies stem cells and was not involved in the study. \"Understanding early human embryonic development is of great importance, and gene-editing is a powerful tool to answer questions that will ultimately improve human health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But the research is renewing a long, intense debate about whether it's ethical to make changes in the genes in eggs, sperm or very early embryos that would be passed down to succeeding generations. While using gene editing for basic research about human development may be useful, critics worry it could lead to attempts to create genetically modified babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concerns are that we would be opening the door to fertility clinics vying to offer gene-editing to make future children taller or stronger or whatever they wanted to market,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/user/25\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who heads the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group. \"That could put us into a situation where some children were perceived to be biologically superior to other children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes just weeks after \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">another team\u003c/a> of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/02/540975224/scientists-precisely-edit-dna-in-human-embryos-to-fix-a-disease-gene\">reported\u003c/a> the group had for the first time edited the DNA in human embryos to correct a genetic defect that causes a heart disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research was led by \u003ca href=\"https://www.crick.ac.uk/kathy-niakan\">Kathy Niakan, \u003c/a>a developmental biologist at the Francis Crick Institute in London. Niakan's team used a powerful gene-editing technique known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to disable a gene that produces a protein known as OCT4. The procedure was performed in 41 embryos donated by women undergoing treatment for infertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, more than 80 percent of the embryos with the disabled gene failed to develop into a blastocyst, a ball of 200 cells that is the stage when embryos are usually implanted into the womb during in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.htm\">IVF\u003c/a>). Many cases of infertility occur because embryos fail to reach this stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That tells us that OCT4 is really important for the development of a human blastocyst,\" Niakan told reporters during a briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By understanding the key genes that are involved in the development of the blastocyst, this can really inform our understanding of this important, critical window of human development,\" Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments also show that the gene is involved in forming the cells that eventually become the placenta, the organ that nourishes a developing embryo in the womb, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, OCT4 helps embryonic stem cells specialize into various tissues, which could help scientists figure out how to turn stem cells into replacement cells, tissues and perhaps entire organs to treat diseases, Niakan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unexpected finding, the researchers discovered the gene functions differently in human embryos than in mouse embryos. That shows the need for experiments on human embryos and not just animal embryos, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is opening up the possibility of using a really powerful, precise genetics tool to understand gene function,\" Niakan says. \"We would have never gained this insight had we not really studied the function of this gene in human embryos.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Doudna, a biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who led efforts to develop CRISPR, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the most fundamental aspects of becoming human is, how do egg and sperm cells combine to form embryos that develop into a person?\" \u003ca href=\"http://rna.berkeley.edu/\">Doudna \u003c/a>says. \"So understanding the genetic basis for that is, in my view, one of the fundamental aspects of developmental biology — or all of biology in a way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists sparked an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=401655818\">uproar\u003c/a> when they reported attempts to use CRISPR to edit human embryos. And in 2016, the British government approved editing of human embryos for research purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the British government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval\u003c/a>, Niakan began her experiments. Scientists in Sweden have begun \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">similar research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded \u003c/a>that editing DNA in humans could be permissible in certain circumstances. That has critics like Darnovsky worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a world already plagued by distressing levels of inequality, that seems like a very bad idea,\" Darnovsky says. \"We don't want to add ideas that some people are biologically better and some people are biologically inferior to others. That is an idea that has led to horrific abuses throughout history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Niakan defends the work, saying she is only interested in making fundamental discoveries about basic human biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As with any technology, as with any tool, it can be used for a variety of different purposes,\" Niakan says. \"We're choosing to use it to uncover critical roles of genes in development that can increase our knowledge about how human embryos develop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Editing+Embryo+DNA+Yields+Clues+About+Early+Human+Development&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435554/editing-embryo-dna-yields-clues-about-early-human-development","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435554"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_94","futureofyou_744","futureofyou_23"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435555","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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