Microbiologist Turned Astronaut Confronts Bacteria In Space
NASA Wants to Send Surgical Robots Into Space
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Before joining KQED, Lindsey was a science correspondent for The New York Times, The Boston Globe, Forbes and Scientific American. 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She was just readjusting to Earth after living without gravity for four months, hundreds of miles above the planet's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floating around up there, with blood rushing to her head like she was hanging upside-down on monkey bars, had been disorienting at first, though she eventually learned to move around using all four limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming back to Earth's gravity at the end of October was even more disorienting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rubins is used to drastic transitions. Oddly enough, her journey to space had started years before, in central Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you put your finger on a map in the middle of Africa, that's about where our field site was located,\" says Rubins, a microbiologist as well as an astronaut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 2007, and an airplane touching down on a grass runway in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had brought Rubins and her colleagues to study a nasty outbreak of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/\">monkey pox\u003c/a> in a remote village. She'd already spent time studying HIV, Ebola and smallpox in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time the airplane wouldn't be back for six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-365534\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Rubins donned a spacesuit to install equipment on the outside of the International Space Station.\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rubins donned a spacesuit to install equipment on the outside of the International Space Station. \u003ccite>(NASA Johnson/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rubins didn't know it at the time, but that remote expedition gave her experience she'd eventually draw on during a much bigger journey — to outer space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the work in Africa, Rubins returned to Cambridge, Mass., and \u003ca href=\"http://wi.mit.edu/news/archive/2007/new-whitehead-fellow-kate-rubins-studies-infectious-disease\">a fellowship\u003c/a> at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, where she spent a lot of time writing grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that paperwork was \"mind-numbing,\" Rubins says. Just to get a break, a colleague suggested they try filling out a different sort of application — to become NASA astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, I found the application online,\" Rubins says, and filled it out on a lark. \"I'll take this chance,\" she figured, \"and maybe it'll be a good story someday of how I applied to be an astronaut.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months later, she got a call from Houston asking her to come down for an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The world of sequencing and molecular biology has opened up to us on the space station.'\u003ccite>Kate Rubins, NASA astronaut\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rubins doesn't fit the normal astronaut profile. Many start out as military pilots, engineers or doctors — not microbiologists studying viruses. But she got the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a lot of growth in people's interest in doing biological research on the space station,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/julie-robinson-videos\">Julie Robinson\u003c/a>, NASA's chief scientist for the International Space Station program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the shuttle program ended in 2011, Robinson says, \"our commanders and our pilots had to be ready to land the shuttle, so that implied a really strong piloting [and] aerospace background, and that isn't as important now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/07/21/138564226/atlantis-on-schedule-for-landing-in-florida\">shuttle program ended\u003c/a> and U.S. astronauts started hitching rides to space on Russian rockets, the focus for the American personnel shifted away from piloting skills — they no longer have to be counted on to land the shuttle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's more important now is the time they spend in orbit, when they're carrying out a variety of experiments,\" says Robinson. \"We can take what we learn in space to help us understand aging, disease processes, and even the basic biology of cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another reason it's useful to have molecular biologists and microbiologists in space: While there aren't viruses like Ebola or monkeypox on the space station (astronauts get quarantined before liftoff to make sure of that), space travel has never been sterile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take this moment from the Apollo 10 mission in 1969, for example, when three astronauts on board notice a loose turd floating through their spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511891419/519751684\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, a few astronauts were sealed in a small capsule for a few days. But now there's the space station — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures\">a habitat\u003c/a> the size of a six-bedroom house that circles the Earth, about 200 miles above our heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The station may have started out pristine, but its astronaut crews didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cannot send up a sterile crew,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacefoundation.org/media/space-watch/new-gen-spotlight-not-your-typical-space-careers\">Sarah Castro-Wallace\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at NASA Johnson Space Center. Astronauts need their gut bacteria and other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/218987212/microbiome\">friendly microbes\u003c/a> to help keep them healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for 16 years straight, crew after crew has been sweating, pooping and puking inside the space station. The microbes they release tend to stick around, because the station is essentially sealed — like an airplane that never gets opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, it's teeming with non-human life. It has its own \u003ca href=\"http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/astronaut-microbiome/overview/\">unique microbiome\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cem>Staphylococcus aureus\u003c/em> we'll find once in a while; \u003cem>Staphylococcus epidermidis\u003c/em> all the time,\" says Castro-Wallace, running down a list of resident space station microorganisms. There's also \u003cem>Staphylococcus hominis \u003c/em>(usually harmless)\u003cem>, Micrococcus luteus \u003c/em>(lives in the mouth and throat)\u003cem>, Burkholderia \u003c/em>(common in soil; some types can cause lung infection)\u003cem>, Sphingomonas \u003c/em>(common in water, and rarely harmful)\u003cem>, Penicillium\u003c/em> (the fungus we find in bread mold) and \u003cem>Aspergillus\u003c/em> (more mold), just to name a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, an entire wall panel of the station turned green with mold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine your shower curtain at its worst,\" says Castro-Wallace, pointing out that the wall of mold happened on the Russian side of the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's particularly interested in \u003cem>Staph. aureus; \u003c/em>a strain of the bacterium that's resistant to multiple drugs is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/\">a particular problem in hospitals,\u003c/a> and can turn something as simple as a paper cut dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it got into a cut, it could be life threatening,\" Castro-Wallace says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's become clear that scientists need to know what else is living up there, she says — particularly because \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524529/\">research suggests\u003c/a> that microgravity can change gene expression in certain bacteria and make them \u003ca href=\"http://aem.asm.org/content/68/11/5408.full\">more virulent\u003c/a>. (Castro-Wallace has found that \u003cem>Staph. aureus\u003c/em> changes color in simulated microgravity, an indicator that the bacterium might act differently in space than on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, astronauts swab surfaces of the station and send samples back to Houston for identification. But that can take weeks or months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a big reason why NASA hired Kate Rubins — and shot her into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-365539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Rubins works on an experiment inside the station's glovebox. Prior research has suggested that the microgravity of space can change gene expression in certain bacteria and make them more virulent. \" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rubins works on an experiment inside the station's glovebox. Prior research has suggested that the microgravity of space can change gene expression in certain bacteria and make them more virulent. \u003ccite>(NASA Johnson/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last July, after seven years of training at NASA — working at Mission Control, doing mock space expeditions underwater and flying supersonic fighter jets to keep her reflexes sharp — Rubins blasted off from Kazakhstan aboard a Russian rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She had 115 days to help set up a microbiology lab on the station. She drew on her earlier experience studying viruses — working quickly in a remote place, with minimal equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's actually an incredible amount of parallels between working in central Congo in a remote, isolated village and doing research aboard the space station,\" Rubins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I called her in space, while she was on the station last fall, Rubins had just gotten the lab up and running and was really excited about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's absolutely a working laboratory,\" she told me, as she floated around, describing the scene. \"We have experiments all over the place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks before, Rubins had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/dna_sequencing\">sequenced DNA \u003c/a>in space — the first time anyone had ever done that. The fact that the technology worked in microgravity showed that, in the near future, it should be possible to swab a moldy wall, for example, and immediately determine the type of mold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She'd also grown stem cells into heart cells without gravity, and — peering through a microscope that she'd set up — watched them beat in unison.[contextly_sidebar id=\"muVELSNI1O0wS0Y6K8AgzoKVvZe3SIUx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rubins has proved that it's possible to do molecular biology at least 200 miles beyond Earth — and maybe 200 million miles away, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The world of sequencing and molecular biology has opened up to us on the space station,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and NASA's Julie Robinson are the kind of people who start sentences with the words \"When we go to Mars,\" as if the journey to that planet is as inevitable as their next trip to the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the plan,\" says Robinson. \"Absolutely,\" says Rubins, who is now Deputy Director of Human Health and Performance at Johnson Space Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003cstrong>--\u003c/strong> or if \u003cstrong>--\u003c/strong> that expedition happens, Mars-based biology labs will be crucial resources for astronauts there. They'll need the tools of molecular biology to identify non-human life, so these emissaries from Earth can make sure that they aren't contaminating Mars with their own microbes, and to be able to detect any new life forms they might encounter. They'll also need the labs to diagnose sick space travelers, so they don't waste precious antibiotics or antivirals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, of course, they'll need the technology to figure out what's growing on their walls. Because one thing is for sure: Any human-built Mars habitat will soon become at least as gross as the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Microbe+Hunter+Plies+Her+Trade+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meet Kate Rubins, a virus-hunter turned astronaut. When she sequenced DNA in space for the first time, she opened the door to a new era in space biology.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1491341599,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":50,"wordCount":1588},"headData":{"title":"Microbiologist Turned Astronaut Confronts Bacteria In Space | KQED","description":"Meet Kate Rubins, a virus-hunter turned astronaut. When she sequenced DNA in space for the first time, she opened the door to a new era in space biology.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Microbiologist Turned Astronaut Confronts Bacteria In Space","datePublished":"2017-04-04T18:05:23.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-04T21:33:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"354521 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=354521","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/04/microbiologist-turned-astronaut-confronts-bacteria-in-space/","disqusTitle":"Microbiologist Turned Astronaut Confronts Bacteria In Space","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Rae Ellen Bichell\u003cBR />NPR Shots\u003c/strong>","nprStoryId":"511891419","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=511891419&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/14/511891419/a-microbe-hunter-plies-her-trade-in-space?ft=nprml&f=511891419","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 14 Mar 2017 08:42:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 14 Mar 2017 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 14 Mar 2017 05:24:46 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/03/20170314_me_a_microbe_hunter_plies_her_trade_in_space.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=293&p=3&story=511891419&t=progseg&e=520080638&seg=10&ft=nprml&f=511891419","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1520087965-7f1e25.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=293&p=3&story=511891419&t=progseg&e=520080638&seg=10&ft=nprml&f=511891419","path":"/futureofyou/354521/microbiologist-turned-astronaut-confronts-bacteria-in-space","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/03/20170314_me_a_microbe_hunter_plies_her_trade_in_space.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=293&p=3&story=511891419&t=progseg&e=520080638&seg=10&ft=nprml&f=511891419","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few months ago, at her office in Houston, Kate Rubins was feeling weird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was dizzy, she says — \"staggering around like a 2-year-old who had just learned to walk.\" She was constantly looking at her desk to make sure the objects on top weren't floating away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rubins wasn't going nuts. She was just readjusting to Earth after living without gravity for four months, hundreds of miles above the planet's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floating around up there, with blood rushing to her head like she was hanging upside-down on monkey bars, had been disorienting at first, though she eventually learned to move around using all four limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming back to Earth's gravity at the end of October was even more disorienting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rubins is used to drastic transitions. Oddly enough, her journey to space had started years before, in central Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you put your finger on a map in the middle of Africa, that's about where our field site was located,\" says Rubins, a microbiologist as well as an astronaut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 2007, and an airplane touching down on a grass runway in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had brought Rubins and her colleagues to study a nasty outbreak of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/\">monkey pox\u003c/a> in a remote village. She'd already spent time studying HIV, Ebola and smallpox in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time the airplane wouldn't be back for six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-365534\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Rubins donned a spacesuit to install equipment on the outside of the International Space Station.\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins4.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rubins donned a spacesuit to install equipment on the outside of the International Space Station. \u003ccite>(NASA Johnson/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rubins didn't know it at the time, but that remote expedition gave her experience she'd eventually draw on during a much bigger journey — to outer space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the work in Africa, Rubins returned to Cambridge, Mass., and \u003ca href=\"http://wi.mit.edu/news/archive/2007/new-whitehead-fellow-kate-rubins-studies-infectious-disease\">a fellowship\u003c/a> at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, where she spent a lot of time writing grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that paperwork was \"mind-numbing,\" Rubins says. Just to get a break, a colleague suggested they try filling out a different sort of application — to become NASA astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, I found the application online,\" Rubins says, and filled it out on a lark. \"I'll take this chance,\" she figured, \"and maybe it'll be a good story someday of how I applied to be an astronaut.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months later, she got a call from Houston asking her to come down for an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The world of sequencing and molecular biology has opened up to us on the space station.'\u003ccite>Kate Rubins, NASA astronaut\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rubins doesn't fit the normal astronaut profile. Many start out as military pilots, engineers or doctors — not microbiologists studying viruses. But she got the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a lot of growth in people's interest in doing biological research on the space station,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/julie-robinson-videos\">Julie Robinson\u003c/a>, NASA's chief scientist for the International Space Station program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the shuttle program ended in 2011, Robinson says, \"our commanders and our pilots had to be ready to land the shuttle, so that implied a really strong piloting [and] aerospace background, and that isn't as important now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/07/21/138564226/atlantis-on-schedule-for-landing-in-florida\">shuttle program ended\u003c/a> and U.S. astronauts started hitching rides to space on Russian rockets, the focus for the American personnel shifted away from piloting skills — they no longer have to be counted on to land the shuttle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's more important now is the time they spend in orbit, when they're carrying out a variety of experiments,\" says Robinson. \"We can take what we learn in space to help us understand aging, disease processes, and even the basic biology of cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another reason it's useful to have molecular biologists and microbiologists in space: While there aren't viruses like Ebola or monkeypox on the space station (astronauts get quarantined before liftoff to make sure of that), space travel has never been sterile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take this moment from the Apollo 10 mission in 1969, for example, when three astronauts on board notice a loose turd floating through their spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511891419/519751684\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, a few astronauts were sealed in a small capsule for a few days. But now there's the space station — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures\">a habitat\u003c/a> the size of a six-bedroom house that circles the Earth, about 200 miles above our heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The station may have started out pristine, but its astronaut crews didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cannot send up a sterile crew,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacefoundation.org/media/space-watch/new-gen-spotlight-not-your-typical-space-careers\">Sarah Castro-Wallace\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at NASA Johnson Space Center. Astronauts need their gut bacteria and other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/218987212/microbiome\">friendly microbes\u003c/a> to help keep them healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for 16 years straight, crew after crew has been sweating, pooping and puking inside the space station. The microbes they release tend to stick around, because the station is essentially sealed — like an airplane that never gets opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, it's teeming with non-human life. It has its own \u003ca href=\"http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/astronaut-microbiome/overview/\">unique microbiome\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cem>Staphylococcus aureus\u003c/em> we'll find once in a while; \u003cem>Staphylococcus epidermidis\u003c/em> all the time,\" says Castro-Wallace, running down a list of resident space station microorganisms. There's also \u003cem>Staphylococcus hominis \u003c/em>(usually harmless)\u003cem>, Micrococcus luteus \u003c/em>(lives in the mouth and throat)\u003cem>, Burkholderia \u003c/em>(common in soil; some types can cause lung infection)\u003cem>, Sphingomonas \u003c/em>(common in water, and rarely harmful)\u003cem>, Penicillium\u003c/em> (the fungus we find in bread mold) and \u003cem>Aspergillus\u003c/em> (more mold), just to name a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, an entire wall panel of the station turned green with mold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine your shower curtain at its worst,\" says Castro-Wallace, pointing out that the wall of mold happened on the Russian side of the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's particularly interested in \u003cem>Staph. aureus; \u003c/em>a strain of the bacterium that's resistant to multiple drugs is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/\">a particular problem in hospitals,\u003c/a> and can turn something as simple as a paper cut dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it got into a cut, it could be life threatening,\" Castro-Wallace says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's become clear that scientists need to know what else is living up there, she says — particularly because \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524529/\">research suggests\u003c/a> that microgravity can change gene expression in certain bacteria and make them \u003ca href=\"http://aem.asm.org/content/68/11/5408.full\">more virulent\u003c/a>. (Castro-Wallace has found that \u003cem>Staph. aureus\u003c/em> changes color in simulated microgravity, an indicator that the bacterium might act differently in space than on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, astronauts swab surfaces of the station and send samples back to Houston for identification. But that can take weeks or months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a big reason why NASA hired Kate Rubins — and shot her into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-365539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Rubins works on an experiment inside the station's glovebox. Prior research has suggested that the microgravity of space can change gene expression in certain bacteria and make them more virulent. \" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Rubins2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rubins works on an experiment inside the station's glovebox. Prior research has suggested that the microgravity of space can change gene expression in certain bacteria and make them more virulent. \u003ccite>(NASA Johnson/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last July, after seven years of training at NASA — working at Mission Control, doing mock space expeditions underwater and flying supersonic fighter jets to keep her reflexes sharp — Rubins blasted off from Kazakhstan aboard a Russian rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She had 115 days to help set up a microbiology lab on the station. She drew on her earlier experience studying viruses — working quickly in a remote place, with minimal equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's actually an incredible amount of parallels between working in central Congo in a remote, isolated village and doing research aboard the space station,\" Rubins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I called her in space, while she was on the station last fall, Rubins had just gotten the lab up and running and was really excited about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's absolutely a working laboratory,\" she told me, as she floated around, describing the scene. \"We have experiments all over the place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks before, Rubins had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/dna_sequencing\">sequenced DNA \u003c/a>in space — the first time anyone had ever done that. The fact that the technology worked in microgravity showed that, in the near future, it should be possible to swab a moldy wall, for example, and immediately determine the type of mold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She'd also grown stem cells into heart cells without gravity, and — peering through a microscope that she'd set up — watched them beat in unison.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rubins has proved that it's possible to do molecular biology at least 200 miles beyond Earth — and maybe 200 million miles away, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The world of sequencing and molecular biology has opened up to us on the space station,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and NASA's Julie Robinson are the kind of people who start sentences with the words \"When we go to Mars,\" as if the journey to that planet is as inevitable as their next trip to the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the plan,\" says Robinson. \"Absolutely,\" says Rubins, who is now Deputy Director of Human Health and Performance at Johnson Space Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003cstrong>--\u003c/strong> or if \u003cstrong>--\u003c/strong> that expedition happens, Mars-based biology labs will be crucial resources for astronauts there. They'll need the tools of molecular biology to identify non-human life, so these emissaries from Earth can make sure that they aren't contaminating Mars with their own microbes, and to be able to detect any new life forms they might encounter. They'll also need the labs to diagnose sick space travelers, so they don't waste precious antibiotics or antivirals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, of course, they'll need the technology to figure out what's growing on their walls. Because one thing is for sure: Any human-built Mars habitat will soon become at least as gross as the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Microbe+Hunter+Plies+Her+Trade+In+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/354521/microbiologist-turned-astronaut-confronts-bacteria-in-space","authors":["byline_futureofyou_354521"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1229","futureofyou_1231","futureofyou_1228","futureofyou_1232","futureofyou_1230","futureofyou_68","futureofyou_810","futureofyou_271"],"featImg":"futureofyou_365532","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_129502":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_129502","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"129502","score":null,"sort":[1459540834000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa-wants-to-send-surgical-robots-into-space","title":"NASA Wants to Send Surgical Robots Into Space","publishDate":1459540834,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>It sounds like \u003ca href=\"http://applieddexterity.com/local-news-coverage-of-raven-in-enders-game/\" target=\"_blank\">something out of a Sci-Fi movie\u003c/a>. NASA wants to send surgical robots on resupply missions, like the SpaceX 8 flight that's going to the International Space Station \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-targets-early-april-for-eighth-spacex-cargo-launch\" target=\"_blank\">next week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the advances being made in surgical robotics, one day a surgeon on Earth could send instructions to a medical robot from millions of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">NASA is considering remote surgery on the Space Station, but one day the technology could be used on a mission to colonize Mars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Eventually remotely controlled surgical robots could travel with astronauts on a mission to colonize Mars. But that's a long time in space (at least a few years) and a ruptured appendix or other emergency is bound to happen. And surgery in space would be difficult without gravity and other luxuries we have back here on earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So before surgical robots can 'scrub up' for medical emergencies in deep space, NASA is working with robotics companies to perfect small scale tele-dissection exercises, first here on earth, then on the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remote dissection on the International Space Station provides an extreme test case for long distance telesurgery,\" says David Drajeske, CEO of robotics company \u003ca href=\"http://applieddexterity.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Applied Dexterity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drajeske's company has been working with NASA to test RAVEN, a human-assisted robot that can perform minimally invasive surgery, though RAVEN isn't yet approved for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//giphy.com/embed/6Wo5RmeBk3zmo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RAVEN and its open-source software were developed at the University of Washington and are now used at 18 research labs around the world and at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Johnson Space Center \u003c/a>in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February Drajeske and his team installed RAVEN in the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility\" target=\"_blank\">Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility\u003c/a> (where moon rocks have been stored since 1979) and for a week they taught four NASA staffers how to perform laparoscopic surgery using the device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA staffers used two handheld devices attached to a desktop computer to manipulate the robot, which was in the other room with the specimen. Video footage from a camera above the rodent appeared on the computer screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment also simulated the expected time delay between the controller on the ground and the space station, which is about one second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remote rodent dissections provide two opportunities, first to test the logistics of remote surgery and second, to collect tissue samples in a micro-gravity environment, which has degenerative effects on the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In orbit, tissue samples reveal how micro-gravity affects an organism's immune system, muscles and bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronauts often experience muscle wasting and bone loss because there’s no gravitational weight on their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_137351\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-137351\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston.jpg\" alt=\"From left to right: Roboticist Andrew Lewis, John Raiti, Applied Dexterity CEO David Drajeske \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1875\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston.jpg 2500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left to right: Roboticist Andrew Lewis, research engineer John Raiti and Applied Dexterity CEO David Drajeske \u003ccite>(Applied Dexterity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But taking animal tissue samples to measure this is laborious and time-consuming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Astronaut Scott Kelly has said doing a day of dissections is similar to doing a space walk—it can be mentally taxing,\" says Drajeske.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drajeske estimates that RAVEN could reduce crew time spent on dissections by 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Space Station National Lab Office Manager Mike Read observed the RAVEN testing at the Johnson Space Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From a tech development perspective, it could have a lot of applications in space operations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal is to send something up like RAVEN. It could help a future mission and also have terrestrial benefits,\" says Read referring to RAVEN's applications for developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drajeske's team would also need to build a smaller version of RAVEN that would fit in the space station's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/350.html\" target=\"_blank\">micro-gravity glovebox\u003c/a>—a sealed environment used to contain biological experiments and avoid contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there are big picture questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you get authorization to operate in space?\" asks Drajeske. \"There is definitely a learning curve.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The space agency hopes to send a remotely controlled medical robot to the International Space Station.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1459795325,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":647},"headData":{"title":"NASA Wants to Send Surgical Robots Into Space | KQED","description":"The space agency hopes to send a remotely controlled medical robot to the International Space Station.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA Wants to Send Surgical Robots Into Space","datePublished":"2016-04-01T20:00:34.000Z","dateModified":"2016-04-04T18:42:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"129502 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=129502","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/01/nasa-wants-to-send-surgical-robots-into-space/","disqusTitle":"NASA Wants to Send Surgical Robots Into Space","path":"/futureofyou/129502/nasa-wants-to-send-surgical-robots-into-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It sounds like \u003ca href=\"http://applieddexterity.com/local-news-coverage-of-raven-in-enders-game/\" target=\"_blank\">something out of a Sci-Fi movie\u003c/a>. NASA wants to send surgical robots on resupply missions, like the SpaceX 8 flight that's going to the International Space Station \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-targets-early-april-for-eighth-spacex-cargo-launch\" target=\"_blank\">next week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the advances being made in surgical robotics, one day a surgeon on Earth could send instructions to a medical robot from millions of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">NASA is considering remote surgery on the Space Station, but one day the technology could be used on a mission to colonize Mars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Eventually remotely controlled surgical robots could travel with astronauts on a mission to colonize Mars. But that's a long time in space (at least a few years) and a ruptured appendix or other emergency is bound to happen. And surgery in space would be difficult without gravity and other luxuries we have back here on earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So before surgical robots can 'scrub up' for medical emergencies in deep space, NASA is working with robotics companies to perfect small scale tele-dissection exercises, first here on earth, then on the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Remote dissection on the International Space Station provides an extreme test case for long distance telesurgery,\" says David Drajeske, CEO of robotics company \u003ca href=\"http://applieddexterity.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Applied Dexterity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drajeske's company has been working with NASA to test RAVEN, a human-assisted robot that can perform minimally invasive surgery, though RAVEN isn't yet approved for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//giphy.com/embed/6Wo5RmeBk3zmo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RAVEN and its open-source software were developed at the University of Washington and are now used at 18 research labs around the world and at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Johnson Space Center \u003c/a>in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February Drajeske and his team installed RAVEN in the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility\" target=\"_blank\">Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility\u003c/a> (where moon rocks have been stored since 1979) and for a week they taught four NASA staffers how to perform laparoscopic surgery using the device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA staffers used two handheld devices attached to a desktop computer to manipulate the robot, which was in the other room with the specimen. Video footage from a camera above the rodent appeared on the computer screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment also simulated the expected time delay between the controller on the ground and the space station, which is about one second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remote rodent dissections provide two opportunities, first to test the logistics of remote surgery and second, to collect tissue samples in a micro-gravity environment, which has degenerative effects on the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In orbit, tissue samples reveal how micro-gravity affects an organism's immune system, muscles and bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronauts often experience muscle wasting and bone loss because there’s no gravitational weight on their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_137351\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-137351\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston.jpg\" alt=\"From left to right: Roboticist Andrew Lewis, John Raiti, Applied Dexterity CEO David Drajeske \" width=\"2500\" height=\"1875\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston.jpg 2500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/NASA_houston-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left to right: Roboticist Andrew Lewis, research engineer John Raiti and Applied Dexterity CEO David Drajeske \u003ccite>(Applied Dexterity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But taking animal tissue samples to measure this is laborious and time-consuming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Astronaut Scott Kelly has said doing a day of dissections is similar to doing a space walk—it can be mentally taxing,\" says Drajeske.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drajeske estimates that RAVEN could reduce crew time spent on dissections by 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Space Station National Lab Office Manager Mike Read observed the RAVEN testing at the Johnson Space Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From a tech development perspective, it could have a lot of applications in space operations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our goal is to send something up like RAVEN. It could help a future mission and also have terrestrial benefits,\" says Read referring to RAVEN's applications for developing countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drajeske's team would also need to build a smaller version of RAVEN that would fit in the space station's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/350.html\" target=\"_blank\">micro-gravity glovebox\u003c/a>—a sealed environment used to contain biological experiments and avoid contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there are big picture questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you get authorization to operate in space?\" asks Drajeske. \"There is definitely a learning curve.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/129502/nasa-wants-to-send-surgical-robots-into-space","authors":["5432"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_809","futureofyou_810"],"featImg":"futureofyou_129529","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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