How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing
Ford Takes Us On a Tour of Memory Machinery. Did She Get it Right?
Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault
What Do Kavanaugh Accusations Tell Us About Memory?
Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains
A New Look At Why Our Brains Evolved To Be So Big
New Snail Research Could Shake Up Our Understanding of Memory
‘Superagers’ Maintain Memory Into 80s and 90s
A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory
Sponsored
window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={"attachmentsReducer":{"audio_0":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_0","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"}}},"audio_1":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_1","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"}}},"audio_2":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_2","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"}}},"audio_3":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_3","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"}}},"audio_4":{"type":"attachments","id":"audio_4","imgSizes":{"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"}}},"placeholder":{"type":"attachments","id":"placeholder","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-160x96.jpg","width":160,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-800x478.jpg","width":800,"height":478,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1020x610.jpg","width":1020,"height":610,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-960x574.jpg","width":960,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-240x143.jpg","width":240,"height":143,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-375x224.jpg","width":375,"height":224,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-520x311.jpg","width":520,"height":311,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1180x705.jpg","width":1180,"height":705,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-1920x1148.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/GettyImages-896326950-e1514998105161.jpg","width":1920,"height":1148}}},"futureofyou_444671":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_444671","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"444671","found":true},"title":"Christine Blasey Ford is sworn in before testifying to the Senate Judiciary Committee on Capitol Hill Sept. 27, 2018 in Washington, D.C.","publishDate":1538162809,"status":"inherit","parent":444670,"modified":1538162809,"caption":null,"credit":null,"description":"Christine Blasey Ford is sworn in before testifying to the Senate Judiciary Committee on Capitol Hill Sept. 27, 2018 in Washington, D.C.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-160x106.jpg","width":160,"height":106,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-800x529.jpg","width":800,"height":529,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-768x508.jpg","width":768,"height":508,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-1020x675.jpg","width":1020,"height":675,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-1200x794.jpg","width":1200,"height":794,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-1920x1271.jpg","width":1920,"height":1271,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-1180x781.jpg","width":1180,"height":781,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-960x635.jpg","width":960,"height":635,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-240x159.jpg","width":240,"height":159,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-375x248.jpg","width":375,"height":248,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-520x344.jpg","width":520,"height":344,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-1180x781.jpg","width":1180,"height":781,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-1920x1271.jpg","width":1920,"height":1271,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/dr-ford-and-memory_enl-2a1ebe83ba4b80c856b65e9eb3946982d3c9f823.jpg","width":1996,"height":1321}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_444650":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_444650","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"444650","found":true},"title":"US-COURT-POLITICS-ASSAULT","publishDate":1538087279,"status":"inherit","parent":444648,"modified":1538087312,"caption":"Christine Blasey Ford testifies before the US Senate Judiciary Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC, on September 27, 2018.","credit":"MELINA MARA/AFP/Getty Images","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-1200x800.jpg","width":1200,"height":800,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-960x640.jpg","width":960,"height":640,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1042080608.jpg","width":5971,"height":3981}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_444578":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_444578","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"444578","found":true},"title":"Senate Holds Confirmation Hearing For Brett Kavanaugh To Be Supreme Court Justice","publishDate":1537548200,"status":"inherit","parent":444575,"modified":1537548231,"caption":"Supreme Court nominee Judge Brett Kavanaugh testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee on the third day of his confirmation hearing on Capitol Hill September 6, 2018 in Washington, DC. \n\n","credit":"Drew Angerer/Getty Images","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-1200x800.jpg","width":1200,"height":800,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-960x640.jpg","width":960,"height":640,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027782144.jpg","width":6115,"height":4077}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_444559":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_444559","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"444559","found":true},"title":"Senate Holds Confirmation Hearing For Brett Kavanaugh To Be Supreme Court Justice","publishDate":1537512922,"status":"inherit","parent":444554,"modified":1537512963,"caption":"Supreme Court nominee Judge Brett Kavanaugh (L) testifies during the third day of his confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee as White House Counsel Don McGahn listens on Capitol Hill September 6, 2018 in Washington, DC. \n","credit":"Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-1200x800.jpg","width":1200,"height":800,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-960x640.jpg","width":960,"height":640,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1027859732.jpg","width":3000,"height":2000}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_443617":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_443617","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"443617","found":true},"title":"Can troops sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons? Two Marines who used to fired rocket launchers think they already know.","publishDate":1532621210,"status":"inherit","parent":443616,"modified":1532621314,"caption":null,"credit":"Sarah Gonzales for NPR","description":"Can troops sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons? Two Marines who used to fired rocket launchers think they already know.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-160x90.jpe","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-800x450.jpe","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-768x432.jpe","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-1020x574.jpe","width":1020,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-1200x675.jpe","width":1200,"height":675,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-1920x1080.jpe","width":1920,"height":1080,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-1180x664.jpe","width":1180,"height":664,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-960x540.jpe","width":960,"height":540,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-672x372.jpe","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-1038x576.jpe","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-240x135.jpe","width":240,"height":135,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-375x211.jpe","width":375,"height":211,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-520x292.jpe","width":520,"height":292,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-1180x664.jpe","width":1180,"height":664,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-1920x1080.jpe","width":1920,"height":1080,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-32x32.jpe","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-50x50.jpe","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-64x64.jpe","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-96x96.jpe","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-128x128.jpe","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6-150x150.jpe","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/sg_npr_brainblast_final_b_wide-71507b7e0d19dd653eaa6cbe6a0e97a59af7dde6.jpe","width":3000,"height":1687}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_442003":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_442003","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"442003","found":true},"title":"Medical experts studied the EEG condition of the patient","publishDate":1527117510,"status":"inherit","parent":442001,"modified":1527117529,"caption":null,"credit":"iStock","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-1200x800.jpg","width":1200,"height":800,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-960x640.jpg","width":960,"height":640,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/iStock-801333370.jpg","width":4500,"height":3000}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_441749":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_441749","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"441749","found":true},"title":"Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900 (1)","publishDate":1526925349,"status":"inherit","parent":441745,"modified":1526925372,"caption":null,"credit":"Hyacinth Empinado/STAT","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-160x90.jpg","width":160,"height":90,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-1020x574.jpg","width":1020,"height":574,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"complete_open_graph":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-1200x675.jpg","width":1200,"height":675,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-1180x664.jpg","width":1180,"height":664,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-960x540.jpg","width":960,"height":540,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-240x135.jpg","width":240,"height":135,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-375x211.jpg","width":375,"height":211,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-520x293.jpg","width":520,"height":293,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-1180x664.jpg","width":1180,"height":664,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/05/Snail-memory-transfer-1600x900-1.jpg","width":1600,"height":900}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_439764":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_439764","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"439764","found":true},"title":"Government Assistance Programs Aid Underprivileged Communities In New York State","publishDate":1519423711,"status":"inherit","parent":439750,"modified":1519423762,"caption":"Tamara Lycholaj, 89, speaks with a nutrition specialist on September 21, 2012 in Glen Spey, New York. ","credit":"John Moore/Getty Images","description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-160x107.jpg","width":160,"height":107,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-800x533.jpg","width":800,"height":533,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-1020x680.jpg","width":1020,"height":680,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-960x640.jpg","width":960,"height":640,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-240x160.jpg","width":240,"height":160,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-375x250.jpg","width":375,"height":250,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-520x347.jpg","width":520,"height":347,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-1180x787.jpg","width":1180,"height":787,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-1920x1280.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/GettyImages-152489329.jpg","width":3000,"height":2000}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"futureofyou_439353":{"type":"attachments","id":"futureofyou_439353","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"futureofyou","id":"439353","found":true},"title":"Brain MRI","publishDate":1518039471,"status":"inherit","parent":439352,"modified":1518039561,"caption":"Brain MRI.","credit":"BSIP/Collection Mix: Sub/Getty Images","description":"Brain MRI","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-160x104.jpg","width":160,"height":104,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-800x522.jpg","width":800,"height":522,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"medium_large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-768x502.jpg","width":768,"height":502,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"large":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-1020x666.jpg","width":1020,"height":666,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-lrg":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-1920x1254.jpg","width":1920,"height":1254,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-med":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-1180x771.jpg","width":1180,"height":771,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"fd-sm":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-960x627.jpg","width":960,"height":627,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"post-thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-672x372.jpg","width":672,"height":372,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twentyfourteen-full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-1038x576.jpg","width":1038,"height":576,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xxsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-240x157.jpg","width":240,"height":157,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xsmall":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-375x245.jpg","width":375,"height":245,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"small":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-520x340.jpg","width":520,"height":340,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"xlarge":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-1180x771.jpg","width":1180,"height":771,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"full-width":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-1920x1254.jpg","width":1920,"height":1254,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-50":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-50x50.jpg","width":50,"height":50,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/brain-mri-memory_enl-3e26b98fda4dd91e7bc0586e81a2442c48b5f3d0.jpg","width":1986,"height":1297}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"byline_futureofyou_444670":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_444670","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_444670","name":"Rhitu Chatterjee, NPR","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_444648":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_444648","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_444648","name":"Malcolm Ritter, The Associated Press","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_444575":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_444575","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_444575","name":"Nsikan Akpan\u003cbr />PBS Newshour","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_444554":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_444554","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_444554","name":"Malcolm Ritter, The Associated Press","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_443616":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_443616","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_443616","name":"Jon Hamilton, NPR","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_442001":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_442001","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_442001","name":"Malcolm Ritter\u003cbr />The Associated Press","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_441745":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_441745","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_441745","name":"Usha Lee McFarling\u003cbr />STAT","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_439750":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_439750","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_439750","name":"Lauran Neergaard\u003cbr />The Associated Press","isLoading":false},"byline_futureofyou_439352":{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_439352","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_439352","name":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","isLoading":false}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_444670":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444670","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444670","score":null,"sort":[1538163243000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-trauma-strengthens-memory-scientists-weigh-in-on-kavanaugh-hearing","title":"How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing","publishDate":1538163243,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>In Thursday's testimony at Judge Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation hearings, Christine Blasey Ford alleged Kavanaugh sexually assaulted her at a party in 1982, when she was 15 years old and he was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh staunchly denied these allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memory is fallible. A question on many people's minds, is how well can anyone recall something that happened over 35 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty well, say scientists, if the memory is of a traumatic event. That's because of the key role emotions play in making and storing memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded.’\u003ccite>Jim Hopper, Harvard University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On any given day, our brains only store or \"encode\" some of the things we experience. \"What we pay attention to is what's more likely to get encoded,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.jimhopper.com/\">Jim Hopper\u003c/a>, a teaching associate in psychology at Harvard University and a consultant on sexual assault and trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A region of the brain called the hippocampus plays an important role in this process. Ford referred to the hippocampus when questioned by Senator Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., about how she was so sure that Kavanaugh was the perpetrator of the alleged assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The hippocampus certainly plays a role in taking things into short-term memory and then transferring them and consolidating them into long-term memories,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an event elicits an emotional reaction in us, then it's more likely to make it into our memory. \"Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when something elicits an intense negative emotion, like a trauma, it's even more likely to be encoded in the brain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"L3kfMcbFb57nqlRcJppVmhyqT4zEaiHz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The stress hormones, cortisol, norepinephrine, that are released during a terrifying trauma tend to render the experience vivid and memorable, especially the central aspect, the most meaningful aspects of the experience for the victim,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcnallylab.com/\">Richard McNally\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Harvard University and the the author of the book, \u003cem>Remembering Trauma\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a high stress state \"alters the function of the hippocampus and puts it into a super encoding mode,\" says Hopper, especially early on during an event. That's why \"the central details [of the event] get burned into their memory and they may never forget them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's sexual assault victims, or soldiers in combat or survivors of an earthquake, people who've experienced traumatic events tend to remember the most essential and frightening elements of the events in vivid detail for life, says McNally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this doesn't mean that these memories include every detail of the event. The brain holds on to the most important stuff at the expense of the peripheral details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, a clerk at convenience store who gets robbed at gunpoint, says McNally. \"The person may often encode the features of the weapon, the gun pointed at him, but not recall whether or not the person was wearing glasses, because their attention is focused on the most central features of the experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McNally says this would explain why Ford says she remembers what happened during the alleged assault, but she can't remember the date of the party or its location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were forgotten because they were never encoded,\" says McNally. \"When somebody has an experience such as this, they're not necessarily saying, 'I better get down the address.' They're preoccupied with trying to escape this terrifying experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"people in general are not good about dating events, whether they're traumatic events or non traumatic events,\" he adds. Unless there are other clues to the date, most people tend to forget when something happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the memory of perpetrators of sexual assault, there's been little research on it, says Hopper. But what the research on emotions and memory suggests is the perpetrator's memory will depend on their emotional state, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If holding someone down and trying to take their clothes off was an entertaining experience, or a routine, familiar experience you're less likely to store that,\" he says. \"It really depends on how the perpetrator is relating to things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor that affects how memories are stored is alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Generally alcohol can make people forget things,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.muhealth.org/doctors/mary-miller-phd\">Mary Beth Miller\u003c/a>, a clinical psychologist at the University of Missouri-Columbia, who has studied the impact of alcohol consumption on making and retrieving memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html?utm_term=.4ec990e35857\">Ford told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> that she remembers Kavanaugh being \"stumbling drunk,\" whereas she recalls having one beer that night.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lcYeMn0WbceR2Ykc6LIyqTORnCVNryrk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other accusers who did not testify Thursday have also suggested Kavanaugh was part of a group of friends who indulged in heavy drinking in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his testimony, Kavanaugh said he likes beer, but denied ever drinking so much that he didn't remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says memory loss from alcohol — blackouts — \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa63/aa63.htm\">are very common\u003c/a> among young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a blackout, you're walking around, talking to people,\" says Miller. \"And a lot of times in a blackout people will be very coherent. You're just doing your thing, and people don't know, because it's hard to know if someone's in a blackout state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These blackouts are what scientists call \"fragmentary\" blackouts, where someone has partial memory loss, but \"you can usually recall, if someone reminds you later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fragmentary blackouts can occur at low blood alcohol concentrations, as low as 0.06, she says. (For comparison, the legal limit for driving is 0.08.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller also says that animal studies suggest that \"adolescent brains are actually more sensitive to the memory impairing effects of alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A permanent memory impairment, what scientists call \"en bloc blackout,\" has a beginning and an end, says Miller, and the person cannot remember anything that happened in between. She says these typically occur at a higher blood alcohol concentrations, around 0.24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because higher amounts of alcohol prevent short-term memory from being converted to long-term memory, says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And people with a history of heavy drinking are more likely to have more memory deficits,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Trauma+Affects+Memory%3A+Scientists+Weigh+In+On+The+Kavanaugh+Hearing&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Thursday's testimony, Christine Blasey Ford said that she was 100 percent certain that Judge Kavanaugh assaulted her in 1982. How can she be sure? What does science say about memory and trauma?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538163568,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1032},"headData":{"title":"How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing | KQED","description":"In Thursday's testimony, Christine Blasey Ford said that she was 100 percent certain that Judge Kavanaugh assaulted her in 1982. How can she be sure? What does science say about memory and trauma?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing","datePublished":"2018-09-28T19:34:03.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-28T19:39:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444670 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444670","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/28/how-trauma-strengthens-memory-scientists-weigh-in-on-kavanaugh-hearing/","disqusTitle":"How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing","nprByline":"Rhitu Chatterjee, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Win McNamee/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"652524372","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=652524372&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/28/652524372/how-trauma-affects-memory-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-kavanaugh-hearing?ft=nprml&f=652524372","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 28 Sep 2018 15:24:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 28 Sep 2018 15:24:42 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 28 Sep 2018 15:24:42 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444670/how-trauma-strengthens-memory-scientists-weigh-in-on-kavanaugh-hearing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Thursday's testimony at Judge Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation hearings, Christine Blasey Ford alleged Kavanaugh sexually assaulted her at a party in 1982, when she was 15 years old and he was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh staunchly denied these allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memory is fallible. A question on many people's minds, is how well can anyone recall something that happened over 35 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty well, say scientists, if the memory is of a traumatic event. That's because of the key role emotions play in making and storing memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded.’\u003ccite>Jim Hopper, Harvard University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On any given day, our brains only store or \"encode\" some of the things we experience. \"What we pay attention to is what's more likely to get encoded,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.jimhopper.com/\">Jim Hopper\u003c/a>, a teaching associate in psychology at Harvard University and a consultant on sexual assault and trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A region of the brain called the hippocampus plays an important role in this process. Ford referred to the hippocampus when questioned by Senator Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., about how she was so sure that Kavanaugh was the perpetrator of the alleged assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The hippocampus certainly plays a role in taking things into short-term memory and then transferring them and consolidating them into long-term memories,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an event elicits an emotional reaction in us, then it's more likely to make it into our memory. \"Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when something elicits an intense negative emotion, like a trauma, it's even more likely to be encoded in the brain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The stress hormones, cortisol, norepinephrine, that are released during a terrifying trauma tend to render the experience vivid and memorable, especially the central aspect, the most meaningful aspects of the experience for the victim,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcnallylab.com/\">Richard McNally\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Harvard University and the the author of the book, \u003cem>Remembering Trauma\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a high stress state \"alters the function of the hippocampus and puts it into a super encoding mode,\" says Hopper, especially early on during an event. That's why \"the central details [of the event] get burned into their memory and they may never forget them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's sexual assault victims, or soldiers in combat or survivors of an earthquake, people who've experienced traumatic events tend to remember the most essential and frightening elements of the events in vivid detail for life, says McNally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this doesn't mean that these memories include every detail of the event. The brain holds on to the most important stuff at the expense of the peripheral details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, a clerk at convenience store who gets robbed at gunpoint, says McNally. \"The person may often encode the features of the weapon, the gun pointed at him, but not recall whether or not the person was wearing glasses, because their attention is focused on the most central features of the experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McNally says this would explain why Ford says she remembers what happened during the alleged assault, but she can't remember the date of the party or its location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were forgotten because they were never encoded,\" says McNally. \"When somebody has an experience such as this, they're not necessarily saying, 'I better get down the address.' They're preoccupied with trying to escape this terrifying experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"people in general are not good about dating events, whether they're traumatic events or non traumatic events,\" he adds. Unless there are other clues to the date, most people tend to forget when something happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the memory of perpetrators of sexual assault, there's been little research on it, says Hopper. But what the research on emotions and memory suggests is the perpetrator's memory will depend on their emotional state, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If holding someone down and trying to take their clothes off was an entertaining experience, or a routine, familiar experience you're less likely to store that,\" he says. \"It really depends on how the perpetrator is relating to things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor that affects how memories are stored is alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Generally alcohol can make people forget things,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.muhealth.org/doctors/mary-miller-phd\">Mary Beth Miller\u003c/a>, a clinical psychologist at the University of Missouri-Columbia, who has studied the impact of alcohol consumption on making and retrieving memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html?utm_term=.4ec990e35857\">Ford told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> that she remembers Kavanaugh being \"stumbling drunk,\" whereas she recalls having one beer that night.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other accusers who did not testify Thursday have also suggested Kavanaugh was part of a group of friends who indulged in heavy drinking in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his testimony, Kavanaugh said he likes beer, but denied ever drinking so much that he didn't remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says memory loss from alcohol — blackouts — \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa63/aa63.htm\">are very common\u003c/a> among young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a blackout, you're walking around, talking to people,\" says Miller. \"And a lot of times in a blackout people will be very coherent. You're just doing your thing, and people don't know, because it's hard to know if someone's in a blackout state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These blackouts are what scientists call \"fragmentary\" blackouts, where someone has partial memory loss, but \"you can usually recall, if someone reminds you later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fragmentary blackouts can occur at low blood alcohol concentrations, as low as 0.06, she says. (For comparison, the legal limit for driving is 0.08.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller also says that animal studies suggest that \"adolescent brains are actually more sensitive to the memory impairing effects of alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A permanent memory impairment, what scientists call \"en bloc blackout,\" has a beginning and an end, says Miller, and the person cannot remember anything that happened in between. She says these typically occur at a higher blood alcohol concentrations, around 0.24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because higher amounts of alcohol prevent short-term memory from being converted to long-term memory, says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And people with a history of heavy drinking are more likely to have more memory deficits,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Trauma+Affects+Memory%3A+Scientists+Weigh+In+On+The+Kavanaugh+Hearing&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444670/how-trauma-strengthens-memory-scientists-weigh-in-on-kavanaugh-hearing","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444670"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1555"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444671","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_444648":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444648","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444648","score":null,"sort":[1538087854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ford-takes-us-on-a-tour-of-memory-machinery-did-she-get-it-right","title":"Ford Takes Us On a Tour of Memory Machinery. Did She Get it Right?","publishDate":1538087854,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In her testimony to a Senate committee, the woman who accused Brett Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her when they were teenagers dipped briefly into the mechanics of memory. Experts say she got it pretty much right.[contextly_sidebar id=\"MgBzvQhdBHjEstqurrr3K1yckpneYUdI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked Thursday how she could be sure it was Kavanaugh who put a hand over her mouth to keep her quiet, psychologist Christine Blasey Ford cited levels of chemical messengers called norepinephrine and epinephrine in her brain at the time of the alleged attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said those chemicals helped encode memories in a brain region called the hippocampus, so that the main memory was “locked there” while other details “kind of drift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, she said a memory of Kavanaugh and another teen laughing during the assault was “indelible in the hippocampus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memories are not highly detailed recordings of events retrieved with perfect accuracy. They are shaped by beliefs and expectations. For that reason, experts told The Associated Press last week that both Ford and Kavanaugh, who denies that any assault happened, may both firmly believe what they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which one believes his or her version more strongly is no tipoff to what really happened, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Confidence is not a good guide to whether or not someone is telling the truth,” said Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. “If they think they’re telling the truth, they could plausibly both be confident about it.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"amJ6lQEUSDSPlTWgnGoBA7CSFAZGM5RJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and forget it, said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And both people could be completely honest about their recollections, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rubin noted the obvious fact that people can forget things they did while drunk. But he said the man in that scenario could forget about the event even if he had been sober.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in memory and the brain said Ford’s quick tour of memory machinery was generally correct. Levels of the brain substances she cited go up when a person is alarmed, and they help memories become laid down more strongly in the hippocampus, said Elizabeth Phelps, a Harvard University psychologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helps people vividly recall central parts of an emotional experience, while details are typically lost, said Lila Davachi of Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s clear the hippocampus is key to the initial laying down of memory, there’s some debate about its role in long-term memory, Phelps said. Various pieces of an experience — sounds, sights and thoughts — are perceived in different parts of the brain. And initially the hippocampus serves as sort of the center of a web that holds those perceptions together as a memory, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years pass and the memory becomes consolidated, it’s not clear whether the hippocampus continues to play that central role, or whether the various parts of a memory are connected by other means, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Experts in memory and the brain say Christine Blasey Ford’s quick tour of memory machinery was generally correct","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538087854,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":564},"headData":{"title":"Ford Takes Us On a Tour of Memory Machinery. Did She Get it Right? | KQED","description":"Experts in memory and the brain say Christine Blasey Ford’s quick tour of memory machinery was generally correct","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ford Takes Us On a Tour of Memory Machinery. Did She Get it Right?","datePublished":"2018-09-27T22:37:34.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-27T22:37:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444648 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444648","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/27/ford-takes-us-on-a-tour-of-memory-machinery-did-she-get-it-right/","disqusTitle":"Ford Takes Us On a Tour of Memory Machinery. Did She Get it Right?","source":"Health","nprByline":"Malcolm Ritter, The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/444648/ford-takes-us-on-a-tour-of-memory-machinery-did-she-get-it-right","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In her testimony to a Senate committee, the woman who accused Brett Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her when they were teenagers dipped briefly into the mechanics of memory. Experts say she got it pretty much right.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked Thursday how she could be sure it was Kavanaugh who put a hand over her mouth to keep her quiet, psychologist Christine Blasey Ford cited levels of chemical messengers called norepinephrine and epinephrine in her brain at the time of the alleged attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said those chemicals helped encode memories in a brain region called the hippocampus, so that the main memory was “locked there” while other details “kind of drift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, she said a memory of Kavanaugh and another teen laughing during the assault was “indelible in the hippocampus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memories are not highly detailed recordings of events retrieved with perfect accuracy. They are shaped by beliefs and expectations. For that reason, experts told The Associated Press last week that both Ford and Kavanaugh, who denies that any assault happened, may both firmly believe what they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which one believes his or her version more strongly is no tipoff to what really happened, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Confidence is not a good guide to whether or not someone is telling the truth,” said Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. “If they think they’re telling the truth, they could plausibly both be confident about it.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and forget it, said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And both people could be completely honest about their recollections, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rubin noted the obvious fact that people can forget things they did while drunk. But he said the man in that scenario could forget about the event even if he had been sober.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts in memory and the brain said Ford’s quick tour of memory machinery was generally correct. Levels of the brain substances she cited go up when a person is alarmed, and they help memories become laid down more strongly in the hippocampus, said Elizabeth Phelps, a Harvard University psychologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helps people vividly recall central parts of an emotional experience, while details are typically lost, said Lila Davachi of Columbia University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s clear the hippocampus is key to the initial laying down of memory, there’s some debate about its role in long-term memory, Phelps said. Various pieces of an experience — sounds, sights and thoughts — are perceived in different parts of the brain. And initially the hippocampus serves as sort of the center of a web that holds those perceptions together as a memory, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years pass and the memory becomes consolidated, it’s not clear whether the hippocampus continues to play that central role, or whether the various parts of a memory are connected by other means, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444648/ford-takes-us-on-a-tour-of-memory-machinery-did-she-get-it-right","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444648"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_1429"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444650","label":"source_futureofyou_444648"},"futureofyou_444575":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444575","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444575","score":null,"sort":[1537563631000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault","title":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault","publishDate":1537563631,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Politics aside, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-the-sexual-assault-accusation-against-kavanaugh-unfolded-in-one-timeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sexual assault allegation\u003c/a> against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh has raised questions — and misconceptions — about adolescent development, the teenage brain and how we remember traumatic events.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oVwS9sAVwJuJIuPB30rT7TxJBIWVcbC9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: “Boys will be boys,” or the idea that teenagers can’t help but follow their impulses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/09/16/what-kavanaugh-did-teen-irrelevant-so-whether-hes-nice/1328274002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In USA Today,\u003c/a> education professor Jonathan Zimmerman wrote that “Of course [Kavanaugh] was different then; he was a third of the age he is now. And teens do stupid, dangerous and destructive things.” Law journalist Emily Bazelon of New York Times Magazine \u003ca href=\"https://art19.com/shows/today-explained/episodes/29d28815-9a41-43af-9430-1d102f3f5920\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> that “we know the adolescent brain is still developing, and teenagers on average aren’t super good at impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another centers around what Christine Blasey Ford, who accused Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her while the two were teenagers, remembered. Fox News’ Tucker Carlson said Tuesday that “Human memory is notoriously unreliable, especially over time” and Vox’s Alvin Chang echoed “To be clear, Carlson’s point isn’t entirely off-base. Research shows that our \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/4/20/17109764/deepfake-ai-false-memory-psychology-mandela-effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory is pretty bad\u003c/a>, which is why most of us probably don’t remember a drunken night last month, much less 36 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These characterizations oversimplify how the teenage brain and memories work, particularly when it comes to sexual trauma, according to four neuroscientists and three criminologists who spoke with the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is tempting to write off sexual aggression as an unfortunate consequence of adolescent impulsivity, in reality, risky behaviors like sexual assault involve brain capabilities that are established before and after our teenage years. Moreover, the company we keep plays as big a role in sexual assault as impulses. And traumatic memories tend to last for the survivors, no matter the age they are when an incident occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what science tells us know about teenagers, sexual assault and remembering trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Only certain kinds of people commit sexual assault\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: There’s really no typical profile for a sexual assaulter because so few cases are reported.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 750,000 people \u003ca href=\"https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were raped and sexually assaulted in 2015 and 2016\u003c/a>, but only 37 percent of these cases were reported to the police, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey. This limits our understanding of who commits sexual assault and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unlike other types of criminal offenders, those who commit sexual offenses can be very varied,” said Elizabeth Jeglic, a clinical psychologist at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “We see people in the Catholic Church. We see doctors, we see lawyers but we also see people who have less education. It’s across the board, across socioeconomic status, across race and ethnicity.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"LN4oM3H9IgZZNB6Oa5vxQB6txCbEDXeZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General patterns do emerge:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Men commit \u003ca href=\"https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/SOO.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90 to 95 percent\u003c/a> of sexual assaults.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/sartkit/about/about-sa-notes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Most of the perpetrators are white \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The overwhelming majority of these cases involve men attacking women, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-understudied-female-sexual-predator/503492/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">male-on-male and female-on-male sex crimes\u003c/a> are common, too.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Data also shows sexual assault disproportionately affects youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Younger persons are more likely to be both offenders and victims of crime, including rape and sexual assault,” said Janet L. Lauritsen, a criminology and criminal justice professor at University of Missouri – St. Louis. “Adolescents — ages 12 to 17 — have slightly higher [sexual victimization] rates than 18 to 34 year old. The risks are about eight to nine times greater for women under age 34 than for women ages 50 and above.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sexual offenses begin to spike right as men head to college. Once puberty begins around the age of 10, the rate of arrests for rape begins to steadily rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, 18.5 per 100,000 males aged 10 to 17 are arrested for rape, according to data provided to the PBS NewsHour by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. For college-aged men, this figure nearly doubles to 32.9 per 100,000, but arrests drop off as males reach their mid- to late-20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trends in sexual offenses parallel key stages in mental development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: The teenage brain is underdeveloped and reckless\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Impulsivity is a tendency with adolescence, not an absolute. Young children and teenagers can make rational decisions and exhibit impulse control.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-control, regardless of age, involves a balance between rational decision-making and our desires for rewards like sex, food and emotional fulfillment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These exist in two separate parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primal part of the brain that handles emotions, impulses and aggression resides toward the back of our heads, near our ears. Our decision-making centers — for controlling impulses, planning and organization and judging consequences — live right behind the forehead in the frontal lobes, namely, the prefrontal cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How we balance the two depends on how our brains build their wiring. This happens as soon as we’re born and lasts through about age 30. When we’re born, our brains are messy. We have more neurons (nerve cells) than we need to survive and an overabundance of communication lines between those cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During childhood and adolescence, our minds constantly rewire — pruning and rebuilding connections — through a process called synaptic plasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the building blocks for synaptic plasticity are set at higher levels in the childhood and adolescent brain than they will be in adults,” said Frances Jensen, chair of neurology department at the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>. “That’s why adolescents and children can learn things much more rapidly than adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our primal areas become fully wired before the ones made for rational thinking. That’s because some of the messages sent between neurons must travel long distances across paths coated in a fatty substance called myelin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process starts in the back of the brain, with the emotions; myelin development here wraps up by early adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mapping-brain-maturation-and-cognitive-development-Paus/45c4a3f12f1bdceb150875be7a8c66488310cd32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frontal lobes lag behind\u003c/a>, which means the paths that carry decision-making skills don’t catch up until your late 20s. Some studies show the parts of the brain controlling emotionality, sexuality and risk-reward are turned on twice as much in teenagers compared to adults exposed to the same experience, Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, teenagers can be quick to react emotionally and to seek instant gratification — because those parts of their brains are operating at a faster speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why adolescents can become addicted to all manner of things — opioids, cannabis videogames,” Jensen said. “Addiction is just another form of plasticity, except with your reward circuit. They are more rapidly hardwiring themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tendency to overvalue rewards and emotions continues until the frontal lobes catch up, plug into the primal brain and suppress these reactions. Girls grow out of these habits about two years, on average, before boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that’s why teenagers often get cast as unruly louts, whose actions are ruled by their impulsive choices. But that’s not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People often talk about adolescence as if we do not have the cognitive ability to decide what is right and wrong or to control our behaviors. This is not true. It’s too simplistic,” said Tomas Paus, director of the population neuroscience and developmental neuroimaging program at the Bloorview Research Institute in Toronto. “By the age of 12 or 13, our brains are pretty mature. There is no hardcore evidence that young people completely lack impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Sexual assault is driven largely by impulses.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Peer pressure serves as one of the most powerful determinants of sexual assault, said Walter DeKeseredy, a sociologist and the director of the Research Center on Violence at West Virginia University.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find with college students is that those who are most likely to sexually assault women have friends who encourage that and friends who do it,” DeKeseredy said. “If men in these groups feel that they’re not getting as much sex as their friends, then they’re more likely to engage in sexual aggression so that they could live up to their peers’ expectations.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"UGfNM1LxoY5BttEBSH2MEuVdPGl56a1H\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This concept becomes apparent when you consider how teenagers behave under peer pressure. Our brains are continually shaped — from childhood to adulthood — by our social enclave, Paus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behavioral experiments show if a teenager is sitting alone in a room, they’re much less likely to take risks than if they are in the presence of their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something about being around your peers during adolescence that changes the way your brain works,” said Laurence Steinberg, a psychologist at Temple University who led the work behind this discovery. Using brain scans, his team found the sway of peer pressure fades as people age into adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pattern means the adolescent brain can decide between right and wrong. They can choose to suppress their impulses in the right context, Paus said. Teenage girls go through the same evolution of their primal brains, emotions and impulses as boys — but are far less likely to commit sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeKeseredy argued that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity. Psychological tests show individuals with histories of rape tend to struggle with impulse control, but not everybody who commits rape has an impulse control problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeglic and Steinberg agreed, citing that a large number of rapes are premeditated. About 90 percent of sexually assaults involve people who already knew each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Our memories are fickle, so we cannot trust ones from long ago.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Every time you recall a traumatic memory, its details get stronger.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our memories guide how we behave in the future. When we encounter a welcoming person or place, we build memories to lead us back there. In contrast, if something hurts us — like the first time we burn our hands on a stove — we remember to avoid it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traumatic experiences take normal memory formation to another level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any experience that threatens our survival is remembered and recorded very fast,” said Jacek Debiec, a psychiatrist and neuroscientist at the University of Michigan who studies traumatic memories and how their stored in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans typically need repetition to learn and remember. But traumatic memories can form after a single, life-threatening event because, from an evolutionary perspective, your brain may have only one chance to capture it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, traumatic memories last our whole lives and are vivid — filled with details like sounds, scents and sights. Traumatic memories are reinforced by our brain’s fear center — the amygdala — as well as by stress hormones like cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memories aren’t static — in the short-term or in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate hours after we make a memory, it is unstable and vulnerable to editing. Once this window of opportunity passes, our memories become more lasting and persistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling an event after days, months or years can also open the door to memory editing due to phenomena called reactivation and reconsolidation. Tucker Carlson and Alvin Chang hint at these processes in their commentaries — but leave out a crucial exception:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling a traumatic memory typically strengthens it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our experiments, when the traumatic memories are activated, there is an associated arousal and higher levels of norepinephrine, which mediates arousal,” Debiec said. “Then these traumatic memories are strengthened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When editing does occur, it tends to only influence peripheral details — like what an attacker was wearing. Central aspects surrounding an event, namely ones with emotional significance — like the people involved and the mode attack — stay consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens to memory formation when a person is drunk?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blasey Ford said she had one beer the night of incident but alleges that Kavanaugh and Judge were heavily intoxicated. (Kavanaugh has “categorically and unequivocally” denied the allegation of sexual assault altogether). Large amounts of alcohol can block memory formation, Debiec said, but if a person is able to remember details that accompany the event, then it’s likely the alcohol didn’t distort the original memory\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traumatic memories are biologically privileged,” Debiec said. “Unlearning trauma takes much more time and effort, and it probably never could be fully complete.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Experts argue that that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537548716,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":59,"wordCount":2103},"headData":{"title":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault | KQED","description":"Experts argue that that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault","datePublished":"2018-09-21T21:00:31.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-21T16:51:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444575 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444575","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/21/why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault/","disqusTitle":"Why ‘Boys Will be Boys’ is an Unscientific Excuse for Assault","nprByline":"Nsikan Akpan\u003cbr />PBS Newshour","path":"/futureofyou/444575/why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Politics aside, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-the-sexual-assault-accusation-against-kavanaugh-unfolded-in-one-timeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sexual assault allegation\u003c/a> against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh has raised questions — and misconceptions — about adolescent development, the teenage brain and how we remember traumatic events.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One: “Boys will be boys,” or the idea that teenagers can’t help but follow their impulses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/09/16/what-kavanaugh-did-teen-irrelevant-so-whether-hes-nice/1328274002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In USA Today,\u003c/a> education professor Jonathan Zimmerman wrote that “Of course [Kavanaugh] was different then; he was a third of the age he is now. And teens do stupid, dangerous and destructive things.” Law journalist Emily Bazelon of New York Times Magazine \u003ca href=\"https://art19.com/shows/today-explained/episodes/29d28815-9a41-43af-9430-1d102f3f5920\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> that “we know the adolescent brain is still developing, and teenagers on average aren’t super good at impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another centers around what Christine Blasey Ford, who accused Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her while the two were teenagers, remembered. Fox News’ Tucker Carlson said Tuesday that “Human memory is notoriously unreliable, especially over time” and Vox’s Alvin Chang echoed “To be clear, Carlson’s point isn’t entirely off-base. Research shows that our \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/4/20/17109764/deepfake-ai-false-memory-psychology-mandela-effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory is pretty bad\u003c/a>, which is why most of us probably don’t remember a drunken night last month, much less 36 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These characterizations oversimplify how the teenage brain and memories work, particularly when it comes to sexual trauma, according to four neuroscientists and three criminologists who spoke with the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is tempting to write off sexual aggression as an unfortunate consequence of adolescent impulsivity, in reality, risky behaviors like sexual assault involve brain capabilities that are established before and after our teenage years. Moreover, the company we keep plays as big a role in sexual assault as impulses. And traumatic memories tend to last for the survivors, no matter the age they are when an incident occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what science tells us know about teenagers, sexual assault and remembering trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Only certain kinds of people commit sexual assault\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: There’s really no typical profile for a sexual assaulter because so few cases are reported.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 750,000 people \u003ca href=\"https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were raped and sexually assaulted in 2015 and 2016\u003c/a>, but only 37 percent of these cases were reported to the police, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey. This limits our understanding of who commits sexual assault and why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unlike other types of criminal offenders, those who commit sexual offenses can be very varied,” said Elizabeth Jeglic, a clinical psychologist at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “We see people in the Catholic Church. We see doctors, we see lawyers but we also see people who have less education. It’s across the board, across socioeconomic status, across race and ethnicity.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General patterns do emerge:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Men commit \u003ca href=\"https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/SOO.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90 to 95 percent\u003c/a> of sexual assaults.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/sartkit/about/about-sa-notes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Most of the perpetrators are white \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The overwhelming majority of these cases involve men attacking women, though \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-understudied-female-sexual-predator/503492/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">male-on-male and female-on-male sex crimes\u003c/a> are common, too.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Data also shows sexual assault disproportionately affects youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Younger persons are more likely to be both offenders and victims of crime, including rape and sexual assault,” said Janet L. Lauritsen, a criminology and criminal justice professor at University of Missouri – St. Louis. “Adolescents — ages 12 to 17 — have slightly higher [sexual victimization] rates than 18 to 34 year old. The risks are about eight to nine times greater for women under age 34 than for women ages 50 and above.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sexual offenses begin to spike right as men head to college. Once puberty begins around the age of 10, the rate of arrests for rape begins to steadily rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, 18.5 per 100,000 males aged 10 to 17 are arrested for rape, according to data provided to the PBS NewsHour by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. For college-aged men, this figure nearly doubles to 32.9 per 100,000, but arrests drop off as males reach their mid- to late-20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trends in sexual offenses parallel key stages in mental development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: The teenage brain is underdeveloped and reckless\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Impulsivity is a tendency with adolescence, not an absolute. Young children and teenagers can make rational decisions and exhibit impulse control.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-control, regardless of age, involves a balance between rational decision-making and our desires for rewards like sex, food and emotional fulfillment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These exist in two separate parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primal part of the brain that handles emotions, impulses and aggression resides toward the back of our heads, near our ears. Our decision-making centers — for controlling impulses, planning and organization and judging consequences — live right behind the forehead in the frontal lobes, namely, the prefrontal cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How we balance the two depends on how our brains build their wiring. This happens as soon as we’re born and lasts through about age 30. When we’re born, our brains are messy. We have more neurons (nerve cells) than we need to survive and an overabundance of communication lines between those cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During childhood and adolescence, our minds constantly rewire — pruning and rebuilding connections — through a process called synaptic plasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the building blocks for synaptic plasticity are set at higher levels in the childhood and adolescent brain than they will be in adults,” said Frances Jensen, chair of neurology department at the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062067869/the-teenage-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults\u003c/a>. “That’s why adolescents and children can learn things much more rapidly than adults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our primal areas become fully wired before the ones made for rational thinking. That’s because some of the messages sent between neurons must travel long distances across paths coated in a fatty substance called myelin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process starts in the back of the brain, with the emotions; myelin development here wraps up by early adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mapping-brain-maturation-and-cognitive-development-Paus/45c4a3f12f1bdceb150875be7a8c66488310cd32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frontal lobes lag behind\u003c/a>, which means the paths that carry decision-making skills don’t catch up until your late 20s. Some studies show the parts of the brain controlling emotionality, sexuality and risk-reward are turned on twice as much in teenagers compared to adults exposed to the same experience, Jensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, teenagers can be quick to react emotionally and to seek instant gratification — because those parts of their brains are operating at a faster speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why adolescents can become addicted to all manner of things — opioids, cannabis videogames,” Jensen said. “Addiction is just another form of plasticity, except with your reward circuit. They are more rapidly hardwiring themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tendency to overvalue rewards and emotions continues until the frontal lobes catch up, plug into the primal brain and suppress these reactions. Girls grow out of these habits about two years, on average, before boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that’s why teenagers often get cast as unruly louts, whose actions are ruled by their impulsive choices. But that’s not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People often talk about adolescence as if we do not have the cognitive ability to decide what is right and wrong or to control our behaviors. This is not true. It’s too simplistic,” said Tomas Paus, director of the population neuroscience and developmental neuroimaging program at the Bloorview Research Institute in Toronto. “By the age of 12 or 13, our brains are pretty mature. There is no hardcore evidence that young people completely lack impulse control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Sexual assault is driven largely by impulses.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Peer pressure serves as one of the most powerful determinants of sexual assault, said Walter DeKeseredy, a sociologist and the director of the Research Center on Violence at West Virginia University.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find with college students is that those who are most likely to sexually assault women have friends who encourage that and friends who do it,” DeKeseredy said. “If men in these groups feel that they’re not getting as much sex as their friends, then they’re more likely to engage in sexual aggression so that they could live up to their peers’ expectations.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This concept becomes apparent when you consider how teenagers behave under peer pressure. Our brains are continually shaped — from childhood to adulthood — by our social enclave, Paus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behavioral experiments show if a teenager is sitting alone in a room, they’re much less likely to take risks than if they are in the presence of their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something about being around your peers during adolescence that changes the way your brain works,” said Laurence Steinberg, a psychologist at Temple University who led the work behind this discovery. Using brain scans, his team found the sway of peer pressure fades as people age into adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This pattern means the adolescent brain can decide between right and wrong. They can choose to suppress their impulses in the right context, Paus said. Teenage girls go through the same evolution of their primal brains, emotions and impulses as boys — but are far less likely to commit sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeKeseredy argued that sexual assault has more ties to power and control than impulsivity. Psychological tests show individuals with histories of rape tend to struggle with impulse control, but not everybody who commits rape has an impulse control problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeglic and Steinberg agreed, citing that a large number of rapes are premeditated. About 90 percent of sexually assaults involve people who already knew each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Myth: Our memories are fickle, so we cannot trust ones from long ago.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: Every time you recall a traumatic memory, its details get stronger.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our memories guide how we behave in the future. When we encounter a welcoming person or place, we build memories to lead us back there. In contrast, if something hurts us — like the first time we burn our hands on a stove — we remember to avoid it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traumatic experiences take normal memory formation to another level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any experience that threatens our survival is remembered and recorded very fast,” said Jacek Debiec, a psychiatrist and neuroscientist at the University of Michigan who studies traumatic memories and how their stored in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans typically need repetition to learn and remember. But traumatic memories can form after a single, life-threatening event because, from an evolutionary perspective, your brain may have only one chance to capture it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, traumatic memories last our whole lives and are vivid — filled with details like sounds, scents and sights. Traumatic memories are reinforced by our brain’s fear center — the amygdala — as well as by stress hormones like cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memories aren’t static — in the short-term or in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate hours after we make a memory, it is unstable and vulnerable to editing. Once this window of opportunity passes, our memories become more lasting and persistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling an event after days, months or years can also open the door to memory editing due to phenomena called reactivation and reconsolidation. Tucker Carlson and Alvin Chang hint at these processes in their commentaries — but leave out a crucial exception:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling a traumatic memory typically strengthens it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In our experiments, when the traumatic memories are activated, there is an associated arousal and higher levels of norepinephrine, which mediates arousal,” Debiec said. “Then these traumatic memories are strengthened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When editing does occur, it tends to only influence peripheral details — like what an attacker was wearing. Central aspects surrounding an event, namely ones with emotional significance — like the people involved and the mode attack — stay consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens to memory formation when a person is drunk?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blasey Ford said she had one beer the night of incident but alleges that Kavanaugh and Judge were heavily intoxicated. (Kavanaugh has “categorically and unequivocally” denied the allegation of sexual assault altogether). Large amounts of alcohol can block memory formation, Debiec said, but if a person is able to remember details that accompany the event, then it’s likely the alcohol didn’t distort the original memory\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traumatic memories are biologically privileged,” Debiec said. “Unlearning trauma takes much more time and effort, and it probably never could be fully complete.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444575/why-boys-will-be-boys-is-an-unscientific-excuse-for-assault","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444575"],"categories":["futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_818","futureofyou_1429","futureofyou_215"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444578","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_444554":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444554","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444554","score":null,"sort":[1537545602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"memorys-frailty-may-be-playing-role-in-kavanaugh-matter","title":"What Do Kavanaugh Accusations Tell Us About Memory?","publishDate":1537545602,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>She says he sexually assaulted her; he denies it. Is somebody deliberately lying?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that because of how memory works, it’s possible that both Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford — the woman who says a drunken Kavanaugh pinned her to a bed and groped her at a party when they were teenagers in the early 1980s — believe what they say.[contextly_sidebar id=\"aGFI2U13RVFON4GWTLLls7lLOiR2jou1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And which one of them believes his or her version more strongly is no tipoff to what really happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Confidence is not a good guide to whether or not someone is telling the truth,” said Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. “If they think they’re telling the truth, they could plausibly both be confident about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nation ponders the accusations from Ford that could derail Kavanaugh’s nomination, the possibility that one of them simply got it wrong has been floated on Capitol Hill. Ford’s lawyers have said some senators appear to have made up their mind that she is “mistaken” and confused. Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah told CNN, “Somebody’s mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a person’s memory is not like a video recorder, perfectly capturing an objective record of everything that happens for later retrieval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Memory is mostly true but sometimes unreliable,” said psychologist Jennifer Talarico of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. Generally, “we get the gist mostly right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your beliefs and expectations shape what you perceive in your life and how you later remember those events, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are constructing the reality out there as it happens, and therefore you get stuck with that ... as the most accurate you can have for your memory,” said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University. “That’s all you have to base your memory on.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"whv9WgAL0RAIu9Kk3FDpIVBBXEXkxLjZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and simply forget it later on, Rubin said. And both could be completely honest about their recollections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, when people make mistakes in recalling an event, they unknowingly slip in details that would be typical on such occasions, Talarico said. (She would not speculate on particular memories at issue in the Kavanaugh matter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to emotionally charged events, it’s typical to remember a central person or an item such as a gun but forget the context and details, Newcombe said. “You have this vivid central thing and everything else is fuzzy,” she said. “Emotion makes one thing go up and the other go down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it would be wrong to challenge Ford’s memory of the alleged incident over inability to recall details, Newcombe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford, a 51-year-old California psychology professor, told The Washington Post that she told nobody about the alleged incident in any detail until 2012, while in couples therapy. Her husband said he recalled her using Kavanaugh’s last name at that time.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JPgu1jHhQDzw6C74gfXRYE1kGCDVjvC4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts cited a classic case of how memory can fail: the 1973 Senate committee testimony of John Dean, former counsel to President Richard Nixon, regarding the Watergate affair. He testified about conversations that, it later turned out, had been recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1981, a psychologist published a comparison of his testimony to the tapes and found that even though Dean was basically right about the existence of a cover-up, his accounts of conversations were often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Kavanaugh matter, Rubin said, “We don’t have the tapes for what happened at the party.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Experts say that because of how memory works, it’s possible that both Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford believe what they say.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537513873,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":660},"headData":{"title":"What Do Kavanaugh Accusations Tell Us About Memory? | KQED","description":"Experts say that because of how memory works, it’s possible that both Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford believe what they say.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Do Kavanaugh Accusations Tell Us About Memory?","datePublished":"2018-09-21T16:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-21T07:11:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444554 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444554","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/21/memorys-frailty-may-be-playing-role-in-kavanaugh-matter/","disqusTitle":"What Do Kavanaugh Accusations Tell Us About Memory?","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Malcolm Ritter, The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/444554/memorys-frailty-may-be-playing-role-in-kavanaugh-matter","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>She says he sexually assaulted her; he denies it. Is somebody deliberately lying?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not necessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that because of how memory works, it’s possible that both Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford — the woman who says a drunken Kavanaugh pinned her to a bed and groped her at a party when they were teenagers in the early 1980s — believe what they say.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And which one of them believes his or her version more strongly is no tipoff to what really happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Confidence is not a good guide to whether or not someone is telling the truth,” said Nora Newcombe, a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. “If they think they’re telling the truth, they could plausibly both be confident about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nation ponders the accusations from Ford that could derail Kavanaugh’s nomination, the possibility that one of them simply got it wrong has been floated on Capitol Hill. Ford’s lawyers have said some senators appear to have made up their mind that she is “mistaken” and confused. Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah told CNN, “Somebody’s mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say a person’s memory is not like a video recorder, perfectly capturing an objective record of everything that happens for later retrieval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Memory is mostly true but sometimes unreliable,” said psychologist Jennifer Talarico of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. Generally, “we get the gist mostly right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your beliefs and expectations shape what you perceive in your life and how you later remember those events, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are constructing the reality out there as it happens, and therefore you get stuck with that ... as the most accurate you can have for your memory,” said David Rubin, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University. “That’s all you have to base your memory on.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in a situation where a woman fears being raped by a man, her memories might be shaped by that fear into a recollection that overestimates the threat, whereas the man might consider it “just playing around” and simply forget it later on, Rubin said. And both could be completely honest about their recollections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, when people make mistakes in recalling an event, they unknowingly slip in details that would be typical on such occasions, Talarico said. (She would not speculate on particular memories at issue in the Kavanaugh matter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to emotionally charged events, it’s typical to remember a central person or an item such as a gun but forget the context and details, Newcombe said. “You have this vivid central thing and everything else is fuzzy,” she said. “Emotion makes one thing go up and the other go down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it would be wrong to challenge Ford’s memory of the alleged incident over inability to recall details, Newcombe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford, a 51-year-old California psychology professor, told The Washington Post that she told nobody about the alleged incident in any detail until 2012, while in couples therapy. Her husband said he recalled her using Kavanaugh’s last name at that time.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts cited a classic case of how memory can fail: the 1973 Senate committee testimony of John Dean, former counsel to President Richard Nixon, regarding the Watergate affair. He testified about conversations that, it later turned out, had been recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1981, a psychologist published a comparison of his testimony to the tapes and found that even though Dean was basically right about the existence of a cover-up, his accounts of conversations were often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Kavanaugh matter, Rubin said, “We don’t have the tapes for what happened at the party.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444554/memorys-frailty-may-be-playing-role-in-kavanaugh-matter","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444554"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1555"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444559","label":"source_futureofyou_444554"},"futureofyou_443616":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443616","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443616","score":null,"sort":[1532628046000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains","title":"Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains","publishDate":1532628046,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Chris Ferrari was just 18 the first time he balanced a rocket launcher on his right shoulder and aimed it at a practice target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your adrenaline's going and you're trying to focus on getting that round to hit, and then you go to squeeze that trigger and, you know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boom!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is loud enough to burst the eardrums of anyone not wearing military-grade hearing protection. And the blast wave from the weapon is so powerful it feels like a whole-body punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's exhilarating,\" says Chris's buddy Daniel, a former gunner in the Marine Corps who asked that we not use his last name. \"When you feel a concussive wave, it's an awesome thing. It fills you with awe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also may do bad things to your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that troops who repeatedly fire powerful, shoulder-launched weapons can \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/acn/article/31/6/622/2236746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experience short-term problems with memory and thinking\u003c/a>. They may also feel nauseated, fatigued and dizzy. In short, they have symptoms like \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of a concussion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still not clear whether firing these weapons can lead to long-term brain damage. But Chris and Daniel suspect that, for them, it may have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in the Marines, Daniel and Chris spent two years in the late 1990s firing a rocket launcher called the shoulder-launched multipurpose assault weapon, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/smaw.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SMAW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were a team. Chris loaded the rockets. Daniel pulled the trigger. Then they would switch places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And together, they fired hundreds of rounds in training exercises around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's me and Daniel at the base of Mount Fuji, posing for a picture with our SMAW,\" Chris says as he leafs through an album of photographs Daniel put together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SMAW is one of several modern weapons light enough for one person to carry but powerful enough to blow up a tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel and Chris say they felt like their brains had been rattled every time they fired the SMAW. And they fired it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris and I were incredibly good shots,\" Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We never missed,\" Chris adds. \"We were always selected by our sergeant and our leaders to do the firing because they wanted to see the explosion, you know, they wanted to see the target get hit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the two men fired the SMAW again and again, some of the thrill began to fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every shot \"felt like the world was caving in on you,\" Chris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military limits the number of times troops can fire heavy weapons like the SMAW in a single day. But the limits are based on concern about hearing loss, not brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 20 years ago, safety wasn't taken very seriously, Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember they were saying you're only allowed to shoot three of these things a day because it's, like, really bad for you,\" he says. \"And then I would shoot three and then you [Chris] would shoot three. And then the guys 10 feet from us would shoot six and then the other team would shoot six.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris had a lot of headaches, and sometimes couldn't think straight after a day on the range. \"You feel odd and you feel out of place and you feel exhausted and tired,\" he says. \"But, you know, you're a Marine and you learn to put it away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until you can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, that happened during a joint training exercise in Malaysia. Their platoon was still setting up, Chris says, \"and all of sudden out of nowhere: Boom!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malaysian troops just a few feet away had fired an antitank weapon called the \u003ca href=\"https://saab.com/land/weapon-systems/support-weapons/at4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AT4\u003c/a>. The blast wave hit Daniel hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was, like, absolutely dizzy,\" Daniel says. \"I was absolutely disjointed. I felt nauseous, like I really felt like I needed to throw up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Daniel told his sergeant. \"And it was just: 'Shut your face. Are you complaining? Why is everyone else OK and you're not?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blast Injuries Overlooked\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, in the 1990s, the military pretty much assumed a fighter's brain was fine unless there was some external sign of injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was because, at the time, no one really understood how an invisible blast wave could damage the brain without leaving a mark, says Tracie Lattimore, who directs the Army's traumatic brain injury program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science wasn't up to speed,\" she says. \"It just didn't exist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since 2007, Lattimore says, the Department of Defense has spent about a billion dollars studying traumatic brain injuries, including those caused by blast exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, the research focused on bomb blasts, especially those from the improvised explosive devices that had become common in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, Lattimore says, the military's research has expanded beyond IEDs to include the effects of blasts from weapons like the one Chris and Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you talk to us in a year from now, I think we're going to have exponential growth in our knowledge coming out of these current studies and our future studies,\" Lattimore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, that could help the hundreds of thousands of veterans who have fired these weapons in the past couple of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, people like Daniel and Chris have no way to know whether firing heavy weapons could have affected their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris wonders whether all those blasts might be the reason he once landed in a military hospital for two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened after a weeklong training exercise in the California desert near Twentynine Palms. Thousands of troops took part and Daniel and Chris fired lots and lots of rockets. They also set off lots of explosives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days after the exercise ended, Daniel noticed that Chris was awake in the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He just got up and started walking out of the room in his stinking underwear,\" Daniel says. \"And I was like, 'Hey Chris, what's going on?' And he was just kind of like looking through me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't remember it,\" Chris says. \"But I know that they put me in the hospital and thought I had spinal meningitis or something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't. And the doctors never pinpointed another cause. They clearly thought something was wrong with his brain. But at the time, no one would have thought to ask whether the problem was caused by the weapons Chris had fired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris's military career ended one morning when his platoon left on a bus and he didn't get on it. Ultimately, he got a bad conduct discharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been nearly two decades since Chris and Daniel fired the SMAW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've both settled in Northern California, which is where they grew up. And they both have symptoms that could be from a brain injury — or something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has lots of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why does this hurt on my body? Why do I feel lost? Why can't I concentrate on stuff as long [as I used to]?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris also has trouble controlling his emotions, something he says wasn't a problem before his military service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, it's his memory that's the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I used to be photographic. Now I'm forgetful,\" he says. \"I'm 40, that's ... I don't know, man. Maybe I'm getting old.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Chris and Daniel have problems with balance and orientation. For Daniel it can happen when he turns his head quickly or stumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I lose my spatial orientation,\" he says. \"I don't know where I am. Vision gets blurrier. Even sound is kind of muffled.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are common symptoms of damage to the brain's \u003ca href=\"https://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorder/human-balance-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vestibular system\u003c/a>, something that affects many people who have experienced a traumatic brain injury from a bomb blast or blow to the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncertain Coverage \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Daniel and Chris were never in combat and never were injured in any obvious way during training. That means it's not clear whether they are entitled to care from doctors and hospitals run by the Department of Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has never tried to get care from the VA. But Daniel has. And he learned that the VA doesn't have an obvious category for people like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel had never connected his symptoms with his time as a Marine until he heard a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/20/506146595/pentagon-shelves-blast-gauges-meant-to-detect-battlefield-brain-injuries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radio story\u003c/a> on NPR suggesting that certain military weapons might be powerful enough to give the shooter a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I went back to the VA and I said I want to be tested for TBI,\" he says. \"And they said great.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They handed him a questionnaire. The first question asked where he had been in combat. But he hadn't been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second question asked: \"Were you hit by an IED?\" Daniel says it went on: \"Was it a grenade explosion? Was a bomb dropped too close to you?\" So I couldn't actually answer the questionnaire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All he'd done was fire a rocket launcher in training exercises, over and over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VA doctors see quite a few veterans like Daniel, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtondc.va.gov/management/index.asp?cx=1&key=15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joel Scholten\u003c/a>, who's in charge of physical medicine and rehabilitation for the VA. He says the conversation usually goes like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While I was training we fired a certain type of weapon. I felt dizzy or had some ringing in my ears after that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Scholten asks if the veteran was ever near a bomb blast or took a blow to the head. Many say yes. And for them, VA guidelines call for a full examination for traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for veterans like Daniel, coverage is uncertain. That's because there still isn't clear evidence that training with heavy weapons can cause long-term problems with things like memory, thinking and balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These symptoms are what we call nonspecific,\" Scholten says. \"So they're not unique to traumatic brain injury, and in fact there is no symptom that happens only with traumatic brain injury or concussion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a medical perspective, the lack of a box to tick is not a big deal. Treatments usually focus on improving a patient's symptoms, regardless of the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For instance, someone with cognitive or concentration impairments, we would focus our therapy on how to improve concentration,\" Scholten says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paying for therapy is another matter. The VA gives priority to veterans whose medical problems can be linked to their service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since military scientists still aren't sure whether firing a powerful weapon can have long-term effects, Daniel says the VA is sending him the bill. He's being asked to pay out of pocket for high-tech brain scans and other tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love the VA,\" Daniel says. \"I have nothing bad to say about the VA. The individuals there get it. They really do. But their hands are typically tied by their process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blastinjuryresearch.amedd.army.mil/index.cfm/sos/neurological_effects_of_repeated_exposure\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> now underway should help clear up whether people like Daniel could have been harmed by the weapons they fired, Scholten says. And the results of those studies will be used to update the VA's guidelines on who gets checked out for a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the next iteration, will we or should we expand to include training exposures?\" Scholten says. \"Possibly so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they do, it could mean evaluating the brains of tens of thousands of veterans who trained with weapons like the one Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Jon Hamilton at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:jhamilton@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>jhamilton@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Marines+Who+Fired+Rocket+Launchers+Now+Worry+About+Their+Brains+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The military is trying to figure out whether troops can sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons. Two Marines who used to shoot these weapons think they already know.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1532621576,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":78,"wordCount":1929},"headData":{"title":"Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains | KQED","description":"The military is trying to figure out whether troops can sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons. Two Marines who used to shoot these weapons think they already know.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains","datePublished":"2018-07-26T18:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-26T16:12:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443616 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443616","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/26/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains/","disqusTitle":"Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Sarah Gonzales for NPR","nprStoryId":"632243103","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=632243103&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/25/632243103/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains?ft=nprml&f=632243103","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 25 Jul 2018 23:41:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 25 Jul 2018 12:47:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 25 Jul 2018 23:41:33 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/07/20180725_atc_marines_who_fired_rocket_launchers_now_worry_about_their_brains_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=433&p=2&story=632243103&ft=nprml&f=632243103","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1632411345-1c0e90.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=433&p=2&story=632243103&ft=nprml&f=632243103","audioTrackLength":434,"path":"/futureofyou/443616/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/07/20180725_atc_marines_who_fired_rocket_launchers_now_worry_about_their_brains_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=433&p=2&story=632243103&ft=nprml&f=632243103","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chris Ferrari was just 18 the first time he balanced a rocket launcher on his right shoulder and aimed it at a practice target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your adrenaline's going and you're trying to focus on getting that round to hit, and then you go to squeeze that trigger and, you know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boom!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is loud enough to burst the eardrums of anyone not wearing military-grade hearing protection. And the blast wave from the weapon is so powerful it feels like a whole-body punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's exhilarating,\" says Chris's buddy Daniel, a former gunner in the Marine Corps who asked that we not use his last name. \"When you feel a concussive wave, it's an awesome thing. It fills you with awe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also may do bad things to your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that troops who repeatedly fire powerful, shoulder-launched weapons can \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/acn/article/31/6/622/2236746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experience short-term problems with memory and thinking\u003c/a>. They may also feel nauseated, fatigued and dizzy. In short, they have symptoms like \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of a concussion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still not clear whether firing these weapons can lead to long-term brain damage. But Chris and Daniel suspect that, for them, it may have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in the Marines, Daniel and Chris spent two years in the late 1990s firing a rocket launcher called the shoulder-launched multipurpose assault weapon, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/smaw.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SMAW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were a team. Chris loaded the rockets. Daniel pulled the trigger. Then they would switch places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And together, they fired hundreds of rounds in training exercises around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's me and Daniel at the base of Mount Fuji, posing for a picture with our SMAW,\" Chris says as he leafs through an album of photographs Daniel put together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SMAW is one of several modern weapons light enough for one person to carry but powerful enough to blow up a tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel and Chris say they felt like their brains had been rattled every time they fired the SMAW. And they fired it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris and I were incredibly good shots,\" Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We never missed,\" Chris adds. \"We were always selected by our sergeant and our leaders to do the firing because they wanted to see the explosion, you know, they wanted to see the target get hit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the two men fired the SMAW again and again, some of the thrill began to fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every shot \"felt like the world was caving in on you,\" Chris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military limits the number of times troops can fire heavy weapons like the SMAW in a single day. But the limits are based on concern about hearing loss, not brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 20 years ago, safety wasn't taken very seriously, Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember they were saying you're only allowed to shoot three of these things a day because it's, like, really bad for you,\" he says. \"And then I would shoot three and then you [Chris] would shoot three. And then the guys 10 feet from us would shoot six and then the other team would shoot six.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris had a lot of headaches, and sometimes couldn't think straight after a day on the range. \"You feel odd and you feel out of place and you feel exhausted and tired,\" he says. \"But, you know, you're a Marine and you learn to put it away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until you can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, that happened during a joint training exercise in Malaysia. Their platoon was still setting up, Chris says, \"and all of sudden out of nowhere: Boom!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malaysian troops just a few feet away had fired an antitank weapon called the \u003ca href=\"https://saab.com/land/weapon-systems/support-weapons/at4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AT4\u003c/a>. The blast wave hit Daniel hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was, like, absolutely dizzy,\" Daniel says. \"I was absolutely disjointed. I felt nauseous, like I really felt like I needed to throw up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Daniel told his sergeant. \"And it was just: 'Shut your face. Are you complaining? Why is everyone else OK and you're not?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blast Injuries Overlooked\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, in the 1990s, the military pretty much assumed a fighter's brain was fine unless there was some external sign of injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was because, at the time, no one really understood how an invisible blast wave could damage the brain without leaving a mark, says Tracie Lattimore, who directs the Army's traumatic brain injury program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science wasn't up to speed,\" she says. \"It just didn't exist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since 2007, Lattimore says, the Department of Defense has spent about a billion dollars studying traumatic brain injuries, including those caused by blast exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, the research focused on bomb blasts, especially those from the improvised explosive devices that had become common in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, Lattimore says, the military's research has expanded beyond IEDs to include the effects of blasts from weapons like the one Chris and Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you talk to us in a year from now, I think we're going to have exponential growth in our knowledge coming out of these current studies and our future studies,\" Lattimore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, that could help the hundreds of thousands of veterans who have fired these weapons in the past couple of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, people like Daniel and Chris have no way to know whether firing heavy weapons could have affected their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris wonders whether all those blasts might be the reason he once landed in a military hospital for two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened after a weeklong training exercise in the California desert near Twentynine Palms. Thousands of troops took part and Daniel and Chris fired lots and lots of rockets. They also set off lots of explosives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days after the exercise ended, Daniel noticed that Chris was awake in the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He just got up and started walking out of the room in his stinking underwear,\" Daniel says. \"And I was like, 'Hey Chris, what's going on?' And he was just kind of like looking through me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't remember it,\" Chris says. \"But I know that they put me in the hospital and thought I had spinal meningitis or something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't. And the doctors never pinpointed another cause. They clearly thought something was wrong with his brain. But at the time, no one would have thought to ask whether the problem was caused by the weapons Chris had fired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris's military career ended one morning when his platoon left on a bus and he didn't get on it. Ultimately, he got a bad conduct discharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been nearly two decades since Chris and Daniel fired the SMAW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've both settled in Northern California, which is where they grew up. And they both have symptoms that could be from a brain injury — or something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has lots of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why does this hurt on my body? Why do I feel lost? Why can't I concentrate on stuff as long [as I used to]?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris also has trouble controlling his emotions, something he says wasn't a problem before his military service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, it's his memory that's the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I used to be photographic. Now I'm forgetful,\" he says. \"I'm 40, that's ... I don't know, man. Maybe I'm getting old.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Chris and Daniel have problems with balance and orientation. For Daniel it can happen when he turns his head quickly or stumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I lose my spatial orientation,\" he says. \"I don't know where I am. Vision gets blurrier. Even sound is kind of muffled.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are common symptoms of damage to the brain's \u003ca href=\"https://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorder/human-balance-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vestibular system\u003c/a>, something that affects many people who have experienced a traumatic brain injury from a bomb blast or blow to the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncertain Coverage \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Daniel and Chris were never in combat and never were injured in any obvious way during training. That means it's not clear whether they are entitled to care from doctors and hospitals run by the Department of Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has never tried to get care from the VA. But Daniel has. And he learned that the VA doesn't have an obvious category for people like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel had never connected his symptoms with his time as a Marine until he heard a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/20/506146595/pentagon-shelves-blast-gauges-meant-to-detect-battlefield-brain-injuries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radio story\u003c/a> on NPR suggesting that certain military weapons might be powerful enough to give the shooter a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I went back to the VA and I said I want to be tested for TBI,\" he says. \"And they said great.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They handed him a questionnaire. The first question asked where he had been in combat. But he hadn't been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second question asked: \"Were you hit by an IED?\" Daniel says it went on: \"Was it a grenade explosion? Was a bomb dropped too close to you?\" So I couldn't actually answer the questionnaire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All he'd done was fire a rocket launcher in training exercises, over and over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VA doctors see quite a few veterans like Daniel, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtondc.va.gov/management/index.asp?cx=1&key=15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joel Scholten\u003c/a>, who's in charge of physical medicine and rehabilitation for the VA. He says the conversation usually goes like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While I was training we fired a certain type of weapon. I felt dizzy or had some ringing in my ears after that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Scholten asks if the veteran was ever near a bomb blast or took a blow to the head. Many say yes. And for them, VA guidelines call for a full examination for traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for veterans like Daniel, coverage is uncertain. That's because there still isn't clear evidence that training with heavy weapons can cause long-term problems with things like memory, thinking and balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These symptoms are what we call nonspecific,\" Scholten says. \"So they're not unique to traumatic brain injury, and in fact there is no symptom that happens only with traumatic brain injury or concussion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a medical perspective, the lack of a box to tick is not a big deal. Treatments usually focus on improving a patient's symptoms, regardless of the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For instance, someone with cognitive or concentration impairments, we would focus our therapy on how to improve concentration,\" Scholten says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paying for therapy is another matter. The VA gives priority to veterans whose medical problems can be linked to their service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since military scientists still aren't sure whether firing a powerful weapon can have long-term effects, Daniel says the VA is sending him the bill. He's being asked to pay out of pocket for high-tech brain scans and other tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love the VA,\" Daniel says. \"I have nothing bad to say about the VA. The individuals there get it. They really do. But their hands are typically tied by their process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blastinjuryresearch.amedd.army.mil/index.cfm/sos/neurological_effects_of_repeated_exposure\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> now underway should help clear up whether people like Daniel could have been harmed by the weapons they fired, Scholten says. And the results of those studies will be used to update the VA's guidelines on who gets checked out for a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the next iteration, will we or should we expand to include training exposures?\" Scholten says. \"Possibly so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they do, it could mean evaluating the brains of tens of thousands of veterans who trained with weapons like the one Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Jon Hamilton at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:jhamilton@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>jhamilton@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Marines+Who+Fired+Rocket+Launchers+Now+Worry+About+Their+Brains+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443616/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443616"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1413","futureofyou_1358","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_1408","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1047"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443617","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_442001":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442001","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442001","score":null,"sort":[1527202858000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"study-offers-new-look-at-why-our-brains-evolved-to-be-so-big","title":"A New Look At Why Our Brains Evolved To Be So Big","publishDate":1527202858,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Why do people have such big brains? Some researchers asked a really powerful brain — a computer — and got back a surprising answer.[contextly_sidebar id=\"d0DIuOWUOwVJhoxMb7LQpHdQ7uLJlr7Q\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In relation to body size, our brains are huge, about six times larger than one would expect from other mammals. And this three-pound organ sucks up fully 20 percent of the body’s energy needs. Evolutionary theory says to build and maintain something that costly, there must have been a very good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what is it? Did our ancestors need more brainpower to cope with the environment, such as finding and storing food? Or was it driven more by the social complexities of dealing with their peers? Or was it all about the challenge of learning and teaching cultural knowledge?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have tried to tease out an answer mostly by analyzing correlations, like how brain size relates to the size of social groups in living apes and our fossil ancestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mauricio Gonzalez-Forero and Andy Gardner of St. Andrews University in Scotland turned instead to computer simulations. They report the result in a paper released Wednesday by the journal Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers created a hypothetical population of females, focusing on just one sex for simplicity, and followed them as they faced the challenges of living. The researchers plugged in data on things like a newborn’s brain size and the energy costs of the brain and reproductive organs. And they simulated tasks that resemble the environmental and social challenges included in theories about brain evolution.[contextly_sidebar id=\"BoHBcN3FhLEeIu2K51PXBnKupNSL1pYA\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The computer pondered how the pressures of each challenge might affect changes of brain size over time. Drawing on evolutionary theory, it calculated how much energy the females would be expected to invest in growing the brain versus other tissues under the different challenges. It found that stronger mental demands tended to produce bigger brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gonzalez-Forero said he and Gardner expected a strong contribution to bigger brains from social challenges, which he said has been the favorite idea for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their surprise, the computer said about 60 percent of the effect on boosting brain size came from an individual dealing with the environment on one’s own, as in finding, storing and cooking food, and making stone tools. Another 30 percent came from cooperating to deal with the environment, such as banding together to hunt. The final 10 percent from competition between groups of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the study didn’t specifically look at the impact of cultural tasks, it gave evidence of a substantial influence from them, too, Gonzalez-Forero said. He plans to assess cultural factors in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the results are not intended to be the final word, but rather an encouragement for other researchers to use computer simulation for studying the question of brain size. Much exciting work remains to be done, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts unconnected to the study were skeptical of the conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Falk, a brain-evolution expert at Florida State University, said the work doesn’t assess the longstanding hypothesis that the development of language may have driven expansion of the brain. Gonzalez-Forero said the language idea is to some extent part of the cultural factors that remain to be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk also said the simulation strategy may have overemphasized the role of energy demands in influencing brain growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at Oxford University, and paleoanthropologist Richard Potts of the Smithsonian Institution said they didn’t think the simulation adequately mimicked the lives our ancestors lived.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The human brain, a three-pound organ, sucks up fully 20 percent of the body’s energy needs. Evolutionary theory says to build and maintain something that costly, there must have been a very good reason.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1527119718,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":601},"headData":{"title":"A New Look At Why Our Brains Evolved To Be So Big | KQED","description":"The human brain, a three-pound organ, sucks up fully 20 percent of the body’s energy needs. Evolutionary theory says to build and maintain something that costly, there must have been a very good reason.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A New Look At Why Our Brains Evolved To Be So Big","datePublished":"2018-05-24T23:00:58.000Z","dateModified":"2018-05-23T23:55:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442001 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442001","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/05/24/study-offers-new-look-at-why-our-brains-evolved-to-be-so-big/","disqusTitle":"A New Look At Why Our Brains Evolved To Be So Big","source":"Environment","nprByline":"Malcolm Ritter\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/442001/study-offers-new-look-at-why-our-brains-evolved-to-be-so-big","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Why do people have such big brains? Some researchers asked a really powerful brain — a computer — and got back a surprising answer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In relation to body size, our brains are huge, about six times larger than one would expect from other mammals. And this three-pound organ sucks up fully 20 percent of the body’s energy needs. Evolutionary theory says to build and maintain something that costly, there must have been a very good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what is it? Did our ancestors need more brainpower to cope with the environment, such as finding and storing food? Or was it driven more by the social complexities of dealing with their peers? Or was it all about the challenge of learning and teaching cultural knowledge?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have tried to tease out an answer mostly by analyzing correlations, like how brain size relates to the size of social groups in living apes and our fossil ancestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mauricio Gonzalez-Forero and Andy Gardner of St. Andrews University in Scotland turned instead to computer simulations. They report the result in a paper released Wednesday by the journal Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers created a hypothetical population of females, focusing on just one sex for simplicity, and followed them as they faced the challenges of living. The researchers plugged in data on things like a newborn’s brain size and the energy costs of the brain and reproductive organs. And they simulated tasks that resemble the environmental and social challenges included in theories about brain evolution.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The computer pondered how the pressures of each challenge might affect changes of brain size over time. Drawing on evolutionary theory, it calculated how much energy the females would be expected to invest in growing the brain versus other tissues under the different challenges. It found that stronger mental demands tended to produce bigger brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gonzalez-Forero said he and Gardner expected a strong contribution to bigger brains from social challenges, which he said has been the favorite idea for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their surprise, the computer said about 60 percent of the effect on boosting brain size came from an individual dealing with the environment on one’s own, as in finding, storing and cooking food, and making stone tools. Another 30 percent came from cooperating to deal with the environment, such as banding together to hunt. The final 10 percent from competition between groups of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the study didn’t specifically look at the impact of cultural tasks, it gave evidence of a substantial influence from them, too, Gonzalez-Forero said. He plans to assess cultural factors in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the results are not intended to be the final word, but rather an encouragement for other researchers to use computer simulation for studying the question of brain size. Much exciting work remains to be done, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts unconnected to the study were skeptical of the conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Falk, a brain-evolution expert at Florida State University, said the work doesn’t assess the longstanding hypothesis that the development of language may have driven expansion of the brain. Gonzalez-Forero said the language idea is to some extent part of the cultural factors that remain to be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk also said the simulation strategy may have overemphasized the role of energy demands in influencing brain growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at Oxford University, and paleoanthropologist Richard Potts of the Smithsonian Institution said they didn’t think the simulation adequately mimicked the lives our ancestors lived.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442001/study-offers-new-look-at-why-our-brains-evolved-to-be-so-big","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442001"],"categories":["futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1438","futureofyou_1047"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442003","label":"source_futureofyou_442001"},"futureofyou_441745":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_441745","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"441745","score":null,"sort":[1526929207000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-snail-research-could-shake-up-our-understanding-of-memory","title":"New Snail Research Could Shake Up Our Understanding of Memory","publishDate":1526929207,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>UCLA neuroscientists reported Monday that they have transferred a memory from one animal to another via injections of RNA, a startling result that challenges the widely held view of where and how memories are stored in the brain. [contextly_sidebar id=\"li8sZlyeZueTl33XPD1EtLOaLArCiTWy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding from the lab of David Glanzman hints at the potential for new RNA-based treatments to one day restore lost memories and, if correct, could shake up the field of memory and learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty shocking,” said Dr. Todd Sacktor, a neurologist and memory researcher at SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, N.Y. “The big picture is we’re working out the basic alphabet of how memories are stored for the first time.” He was not involved in the research, which was \u003ca href=\"http://www.eneuro.org/content/early/2018/05/14/ENEURO.0038-18.2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in eNeuro\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eneuro.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online journal\u003c/a> of the Society for Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientists are expected to view the research more cautiously. The work is in snails, animals that have proven a powerful model organism for neuroscience but whose simple brains work far differently than those of humans. The experiments will need to be replicated, including in animals with more complex brains. And the results fly in the face of a massive amount of evidence supporting the deeply entrenched idea that memories are stored through changes in the strength of connections, or synapses, between neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If he’s right, this would be absolutely earth-shattering,” said Tomás Ryan, an assistant professor at Trinity College Dublin, whose lab hunts for engrams, or the physical traces of memory. “But I don’t think it’s right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman knows his unceremonial demotion of the synapse is not going to go over well in the field. “I expect a lot of astonishment and skepticism,” he said. “I don’t expect people are going to have a parade for me at the next Society for Neuroscience meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even his own colleagues were dubious. “It took me a long time to convince the people in my lab to do the experiment,” he said. “They thought it was nuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman’s experiments — funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation — involved giving mild electrical shocks to the marine snail Aplysia californica. Shocked snails learn to withdraw their delicate siphons and gills for nearly a minute as a defense when they subsequently receive a weak touch; snails that have not been shocked withdraw only briefly.[contextly_sidebar id=\"hBHp5EEY5u6iaZayEtFqvfhgpnNXWkKq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers extracted RNA from the nervous systems of snails that had been shocked and injected the material into unshocked snails. RNA’s primary role is to serve as a messenger inside cells, carrying protein-making instructions from its cousin DNA. But when this RNA was injected, these naive snails withdrew their siphons for extended periods of time after a soft touch. Control snails that received injections of RNA from snails that had not received shocks did not withdraw their siphons for as long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as if we transferred a memory,” Glanzman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman’s group went further, showing that Aplysia sensory neurons in Petri dishes were more excitable, as they tend to be after being shocked, if they were exposed to RNA from shocked snails. Exposure to RNA from snails that had never been shocked did not cause the cells to become more excitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The results, said Glanzman, suggest that memories may be stored within the nucleus of neurons, where RNA is synthesized and can act on DNA to turn genes on and off. He said he thought memory storage involved these epigenetic changes — changes in the activity of genes and not in the DNA sequences that make up those genes — that are mediated by RNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This view challenges the widely held notion that memories are stored by enhancing synaptic connections between neurons. Rather, Glanzman sees synaptic changes that occur during memory formation as flowing from the information that the RNA is carrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This idea is radical and definitely challenges the field,” said Li-Huei Tsai, a neuroscientist who directs the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tsai, who recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874022/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major review on memory formation\u003c/a>, called Glanzman’s study “impressive and interesting” and said a number of studies support the notion that epigenetic mechanisms play some role in memory formation, which is likely a complex and multifaceted process. But she said she strongly disagreed with Glanzman’s notion that synaptic connections do not play a key role in memory storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trinity College’s Ryan, like Glanzman, stands with a minority of neuroscientists — some call them rebels — who \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28548457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">question the idea\u003c/a> that memory is stored through synaptic strength. In 2015, Ryan was lead author of a Science paper with MIT Nobelist Susumu Tonegawa that showed \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023136\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memories could be retrieved\u003c/a> even after synapse strengthening was blocked. Ryan said he is pursuing the idea that memories are stored through ensembles of neurons bound together by new synaptic connections, not by strengthening of existing connections.[contextly_sidebar id=\"U81WeRFYsnSgGUp9A3OIFy9mt8TlGFLL\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan knows Glanzman and trusts his work. He said he believes the data in the new paper. But he doesn’t think the behavior of the snails, or the cells, proves that RNA is transferring memories. He said he doesn’t understand how RNA, which works on a time scale of minutes to hours, could be causing memory recall that is almost instantaneous, or how RNA could connect numerous parts of the brain, like the auditory and visual systems, that are involved in more complex memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Glanzman said he is convinced RNA is playing a role that eclipses the synapse. In 2014, his lab showed that \u003ca href=\"https://elifesciences.org/articles/03896\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memories of shocks that had been lost\u003c/a> in snails due to a series of experimental procedures could be recovered — but the synapse patterns that were lost with the memory reformed in random ways when the memories were recovered, suggesting memories were not stored there. Glanzman’s lab and others have also shown that long-term memory formation can be blocked by preventing epigenetic changes, even when synapse formation or strengthening is not altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Synapses can come and go, but the memory can still be there,” he said, saying he sees synapses as merely the “reflection of knowledge held in the nucleus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman has studied memory for more than three decades. He did postdoctoral work with none other than Eric Kandel — the neuroscientist who shared the 2000 Nobel prize for research on Aplysia, probing the role of the synapse in memory — and he said he has spent most of his career believing that synaptic change was the key to memory storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said a series of findings from other labs and his own in recent years have led him to start questioning the synaptic dogma. He calls himself “a recovering synaptologist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skepticism over Glanzman’s research may be in part because the work harkens back to an unnerving episode in science involving an unconventional psychologist, James V. McConnell, who spent years at the University of Michigan attempting to prove that something outside the brain — a factor he called “memory RNA” — could transfer memories. In the ’50s and ’60s, McConnell trained flatworms and then fed the bodies of trained worms to untrained worms. The untrained worms then appeared to exhibit the behavior of the trained worms they’d cannibalized, suggesting that memories were somehow transferred. He also showed that trained worms that were beheaded could remember their training after they grew new heads.[contextly_sidebar id=\"F5HcwGf5fX0A2ZqbT4U7VYdgDDaJshog\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the work was replicated by some other labs, McConnell’s work was largely ridiculed and is often described as a cautionary tale because so much time and money was spent by other labs trying, often unsuccessfully, to replicate the work. (McConnell died in 1990, five years after he’d been a target of the Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, developmental biologist Michael Levin at Tufts has \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/18/8225321/memory-research-flatworm-cannibalism-james-mcconnell-michael-levin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">replicated McConnell’s experiments\u003c/a> on headless worms under more controlled settings and thinks McConnell may have indeed been correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman said one of McConnell’s students, Al Jacobson, demonstrated the transfer of memories between flatworms via RNA injections, coincidentally while an assistant professor at UCLA. The work was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/209599a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature in 1966\u003c/a> but Jacobsen never received tenure, perhaps because of doubts about his findings. The experiment was, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC224185/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">replicated in rats\u003c/a> shortly afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman learned about McConnell’s work — and his satirical journal “Worm Runner’s Digest” — while he was a psychology undergraduate at Indiana University but never took the results seriously. Now, while he’s still not convinced McConnell was exactly right about being able to transfer memories, he does think both McConnell and Jacobson were onto something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in the memory field can be tough for those who challenge the status quo. SUNY’s Sacktor, for example, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/23/memory-research-neuroscience/\">spent more than 25 years\u003c/a> — despite the skepticism, rejection, and outright derision of fellow scientists — chasing down a single molecule, PKMzeta, that he believes is critical to the formation of long-term memories and may be connected to the RNA mechanisms that Glanzman has uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes in the field are high because memory is so key to our sense of self and many scientists feel understanding the workings of memory is something that should have been figured out by now. “It’s the last of the great 20th-century questions in biology,” Sacktor said. “Some aspect has made it difficult for neuroscientists to figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difficulty may be due in part to the overwhelming focus on synaptic strength. Some 12,000 papers have been published on synaptic strength without providing a good explanation for how memories are stored, Ryan noted, adding that he applauds Glanzman for opening up a new path, radical as it is, to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is we know so little about memory,” Ryan said. “I’m excited about any new vistas and avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/14/memory-transfer-between-snails-challenges-standard-theory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The finding could shake up the field of memory and hints at the possibility for new RNA-based treatments to one day restore lost memories.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1526926150,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1748},"headData":{"title":"New Snail Research Could Shake Up Our Understanding of Memory | KQED","description":"The finding could shake up the field of memory and hints at the possibility for new RNA-based treatments to one day restore lost memories.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Snail Research Could Shake Up Our Understanding of Memory","datePublished":"2018-05-21T19:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2018-05-21T18:09:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"441745 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=441745","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/05/21/new-snail-research-could-shake-up-our-understanding-of-memory/","disqusTitle":"New Snail Research Could Shake Up Our Understanding of Memory","source":"Health","nprByline":"Usha Lee McFarling\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/441745/new-snail-research-could-shake-up-our-understanding-of-memory","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>UCLA neuroscientists reported Monday that they have transferred a memory from one animal to another via injections of RNA, a startling result that challenges the widely held view of where and how memories are stored in the brain. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding from the lab of David Glanzman hints at the potential for new RNA-based treatments to one day restore lost memories and, if correct, could shake up the field of memory and learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty shocking,” said Dr. Todd Sacktor, a neurologist and memory researcher at SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, N.Y. “The big picture is we’re working out the basic alphabet of how memories are stored for the first time.” He was not involved in the research, which was \u003ca href=\"http://www.eneuro.org/content/early/2018/05/14/ENEURO.0038-18.2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in eNeuro\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eneuro.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online journal\u003c/a> of the Society for Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientists are expected to view the research more cautiously. The work is in snails, animals that have proven a powerful model organism for neuroscience but whose simple brains work far differently than those of humans. The experiments will need to be replicated, including in animals with more complex brains. And the results fly in the face of a massive amount of evidence supporting the deeply entrenched idea that memories are stored through changes in the strength of connections, or synapses, between neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If he’s right, this would be absolutely earth-shattering,” said Tomás Ryan, an assistant professor at Trinity College Dublin, whose lab hunts for engrams, or the physical traces of memory. “But I don’t think it’s right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman knows his unceremonial demotion of the synapse is not going to go over well in the field. “I expect a lot of astonishment and skepticism,” he said. “I don’t expect people are going to have a parade for me at the next Society for Neuroscience meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even his own colleagues were dubious. “It took me a long time to convince the people in my lab to do the experiment,” he said. “They thought it was nuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman’s experiments — funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation — involved giving mild electrical shocks to the marine snail Aplysia californica. Shocked snails learn to withdraw their delicate siphons and gills for nearly a minute as a defense when they subsequently receive a weak touch; snails that have not been shocked withdraw only briefly.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers extracted RNA from the nervous systems of snails that had been shocked and injected the material into unshocked snails. RNA’s primary role is to serve as a messenger inside cells, carrying protein-making instructions from its cousin DNA. But when this RNA was injected, these naive snails withdrew their siphons for extended periods of time after a soft touch. Control snails that received injections of RNA from snails that had not received shocks did not withdraw their siphons for as long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s as if we transferred a memory,” Glanzman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman’s group went further, showing that Aplysia sensory neurons in Petri dishes were more excitable, as they tend to be after being shocked, if they were exposed to RNA from shocked snails. Exposure to RNA from snails that had never been shocked did not cause the cells to become more excitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The results, said Glanzman, suggest that memories may be stored within the nucleus of neurons, where RNA is synthesized and can act on DNA to turn genes on and off. He said he thought memory storage involved these epigenetic changes — changes in the activity of genes and not in the DNA sequences that make up those genes — that are mediated by RNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This view challenges the widely held notion that memories are stored by enhancing synaptic connections between neurons. Rather, Glanzman sees synaptic changes that occur during memory formation as flowing from the information that the RNA is carrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This idea is radical and definitely challenges the field,” said Li-Huei Tsai, a neuroscientist who directs the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tsai, who recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874022/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major review on memory formation\u003c/a>, called Glanzman’s study “impressive and interesting” and said a number of studies support the notion that epigenetic mechanisms play some role in memory formation, which is likely a complex and multifaceted process. But she said she strongly disagreed with Glanzman’s notion that synaptic connections do not play a key role in memory storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trinity College’s Ryan, like Glanzman, stands with a minority of neuroscientists — some call them rebels — who \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28548457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">question the idea\u003c/a> that memory is stored through synaptic strength. In 2015, Ryan was lead author of a Science paper with MIT Nobelist Susumu Tonegawa that showed \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023136\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memories could be retrieved\u003c/a> even after synapse strengthening was blocked. Ryan said he is pursuing the idea that memories are stored through ensembles of neurons bound together by new synaptic connections, not by strengthening of existing connections.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan knows Glanzman and trusts his work. He said he believes the data in the new paper. But he doesn’t think the behavior of the snails, or the cells, proves that RNA is transferring memories. He said he doesn’t understand how RNA, which works on a time scale of minutes to hours, could be causing memory recall that is almost instantaneous, or how RNA could connect numerous parts of the brain, like the auditory and visual systems, that are involved in more complex memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Glanzman said he is convinced RNA is playing a role that eclipses the synapse. In 2014, his lab showed that \u003ca href=\"https://elifesciences.org/articles/03896\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memories of shocks that had been lost\u003c/a> in snails due to a series of experimental procedures could be recovered — but the synapse patterns that were lost with the memory reformed in random ways when the memories were recovered, suggesting memories were not stored there. Glanzman’s lab and others have also shown that long-term memory formation can be blocked by preventing epigenetic changes, even when synapse formation or strengthening is not altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Synapses can come and go, but the memory can still be there,” he said, saying he sees synapses as merely the “reflection of knowledge held in the nucleus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman has studied memory for more than three decades. He did postdoctoral work with none other than Eric Kandel — the neuroscientist who shared the 2000 Nobel prize for research on Aplysia, probing the role of the synapse in memory — and he said he has spent most of his career believing that synaptic change was the key to memory storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said a series of findings from other labs and his own in recent years have led him to start questioning the synaptic dogma. He calls himself “a recovering synaptologist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The skepticism over Glanzman’s research may be in part because the work harkens back to an unnerving episode in science involving an unconventional psychologist, James V. McConnell, who spent years at the University of Michigan attempting to prove that something outside the brain — a factor he called “memory RNA” — could transfer memories. In the ’50s and ’60s, McConnell trained flatworms and then fed the bodies of trained worms to untrained worms. The untrained worms then appeared to exhibit the behavior of the trained worms they’d cannibalized, suggesting that memories were somehow transferred. He also showed that trained worms that were beheaded could remember their training after they grew new heads.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the work was replicated by some other labs, McConnell’s work was largely ridiculed and is often described as a cautionary tale because so much time and money was spent by other labs trying, often unsuccessfully, to replicate the work. (McConnell died in 1990, five years after he’d been a target of the Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, developmental biologist Michael Levin at Tufts has \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/18/8225321/memory-research-flatworm-cannibalism-james-mcconnell-michael-levin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">replicated McConnell’s experiments\u003c/a> on headless worms under more controlled settings and thinks McConnell may have indeed been correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman said one of McConnell’s students, Al Jacobson, demonstrated the transfer of memories between flatworms via RNA injections, coincidentally while an assistant professor at UCLA. The work was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/209599a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature in 1966\u003c/a> but Jacobsen never received tenure, perhaps because of doubts about his findings. The experiment was, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC224185/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">replicated in rats\u003c/a> shortly afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glanzman learned about McConnell’s work — and his satirical journal “Worm Runner’s Digest” — while he was a psychology undergraduate at Indiana University but never took the results seriously. Now, while he’s still not convinced McConnell was exactly right about being able to transfer memories, he does think both McConnell and Jacobson were onto something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in the memory field can be tough for those who challenge the status quo. SUNY’s Sacktor, for example, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/23/memory-research-neuroscience/\">spent more than 25 years\u003c/a> — despite the skepticism, rejection, and outright derision of fellow scientists — chasing down a single molecule, PKMzeta, that he believes is critical to the formation of long-term memories and may be connected to the RNA mechanisms that Glanzman has uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes in the field are high because memory is so key to our sense of self and many scientists feel understanding the workings of memory is something that should have been figured out by now. “It’s the last of the great 20th-century questions in biology,” Sacktor said. “Some aspect has made it difficult for neuroscientists to figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difficulty may be due in part to the overwhelming focus on synaptic strength. Some 12,000 papers have been published on synaptic strength without providing a good explanation for how memories are stored, Ryan noted, adding that he applauds Glanzman for opening up a new path, radical as it is, to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is we know so little about memory,” Ryan said. “I’m excited about any new vistas and avenues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/14/memory-transfer-between-snails-challenges-standard-theory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/441745/new-snail-research-could-shake-up-our-understanding-of-memory","authors":["byline_futureofyou_441745"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_294"],"featImg":"futureofyou_441749","label":"source_futureofyou_441745"},"futureofyou_439750":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439750","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439750","score":null,"sort":[1519426064000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"superagers-maintain-memory-into-80s-and-90s","title":"‘Superagers’ Maintain Memory Into 80s and 90s","publishDate":1519426064,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1093,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>It's pretty extraordinary for people in their 80s and 90s to keep the same sharp memory as someone several decades younger, and now scientists are peeking into the brains of these \"superagers\" to uncover their secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work is the flip side of the disappointing hunt for new drugs to fight or prevent Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, \"why don't we figure out what it is we might need to do to maximize our memory?\" said neuroscientist Emily Rogalski, who leads the SuperAging study at Northwestern University in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the brain shrink with age, one of the reasons why most [contextly_sidebar id=\"G3H8QC9o82TylnWZAr296D2zVHqEWAob\"]people experience a gradual slowing of at least some types of memory late in life, even if they avoid diseases like Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out that superagers' brains aren't shrinking nearly as fast as their peers'. And autopsies of the first superagers to die during the study show they harbor a lot more of a special kind of nerve cell in a deep brain region that's important for attention, Rogalski told a recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These elite elders are \"more than just an oddity or a rarity,\" said neuroscientist Molly Wagster of the National Institute on Aging, which helps fund the research. \"There's the potential for learning an enormous amount and applying it to the rest of us, and even to those who may be on a trajectory for some type of neurodegenerative disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does it take to be a superager? A youthful brain in the body of someone 80 or older. Rogalski's team has given a battery of tests to more than 1,000 people who thought they'd qualify, and only about 5 percent pass. The key \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory challenge\u003c/a>: Listen to 15 unrelated words, and a half-hour later recall at least nine. That's the norm for 50-year-olds, but the average 80-year-old recalls five. Some superagers remember them all.[contextly_sidebar id=\"CmEYEjCmwB2h2qN7hBJIIlooU2YvQ8dj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't mean you're any smarter,\" stressed superager William \"Bill\" Gurolnick, who turns 87 next month and joined the study two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor can he credit protective genes: Gurolnick's father developed Alzheimer's in his 50s. He thinks his own \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/2018/02/12/the-memory-of-stuff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stellar memory\u003c/a> is bolstered by keeping busy. He bikes, and plays tennis and water volleyball. He stays social through regular lunches and meetings with a men's group he co-founded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Absolutely that's a critical factor about keeping your wits about you,\" exclaimed Gurolnick, fresh off his monthly gin game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Scans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski's superagers tend to be extroverts and report strong social networks, but otherwise they come from all walks of life, making it hard to find a common trait \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/04/11/emotions-are-a-construct-of-the-brain-says-psychologist-lisa-feldman-barrett/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for brain health\u003c/a>. Some went to college, some didn't. Some have high IQs, some are average. She's studied people who've experienced enormous trauma, including a Holocaust survivor; fitness buffs and smokers; teetotalers and those who tout a nightly martini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But deep in their brains is where she's finding compelling hints that somehow, superagers are more resilient against the ravages of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, brain scans showed that a superager's cortex — an outer brain layer critical for memory and other key functions — is much thicker than normal for their age. It looks more like the cortex of healthy 50- and 60-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear if they were born that way. But Rogalski's team found another possible explanation: A superager's cortex doesn't shrink as fast. Over 18 months, average 80-somethings experienced more than twice the rate of loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another clue: Deeper in the brain, that attention region is larger in superagers, too. And inside, autopsies showed that brain region was packed with unusual large, spindly neurons — a special and little understood type called von Economo neurons thought to play a role in social processing and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The superagers had four to five times more of those neurons than the typical octogenarian, Rogalski said — more even than the average young adult.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AJFvjFXNb2dpYXWnAkrRzU9vWHQngSNl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Northwestern study isn't the only attempt at unraveling long-lasting memory. At the University of California, Irvine, Dr. Claudia Kawas studies the oldest-old, people 90 and above. Some have Alzheimer's. Some have maintained excellent memory and some are in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 40 percent of the oldest-old who showed no symptoms of dementia in life nonetheless have full-fledged signs of Alzheimer's disease\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/08/09/lag-in-brain-donation-hampers-understanding-of-dementia-in-blacks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> in their brains\u003c/a> at death, Kawas told the AAAS meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski also found varying amounts of amyloid and tau, hallmark Alzheimer's proteins, in the brains of some superagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists are exploring how these people deflect damage. Maybe superagers have different pathways\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/06/obesity-can-lead-to-memory-loss/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to brain health.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are living long and living well,\" Rogalski said. \"Are there modifiable things we can think about today, in our everyday lives\" to do the same?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are peeking into the brains of \"superagers\" to uncover their secrets to sharp memory.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1519426064,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":835},"headData":{"title":"‘Superagers’ Maintain Memory Into 80s and 90s | KQED","description":"Scientists are peeking into the brains of "superagers" to uncover their secrets to sharp memory.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"‘Superagers’ Maintain Memory Into 80s and 90s","datePublished":"2018-02-23T22:47:44.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-23T22:47:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439750 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439750","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/23/superagers-maintain-memory-into-80s-and-90s/","disqusTitle":"‘Superagers’ Maintain Memory Into 80s and 90s","nprByline":"Lauran Neergaard\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/439750/superagers-maintain-memory-into-80s-and-90s","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's pretty extraordinary for people in their 80s and 90s to keep the same sharp memory as someone several decades younger, and now scientists are peeking into the brains of these \"superagers\" to uncover their secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work is the flip side of the disappointing hunt for new drugs to fight or prevent Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, \"why don't we figure out what it is we might need to do to maximize our memory?\" said neuroscientist Emily Rogalski, who leads the SuperAging study at Northwestern University in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the brain shrink with age, one of the reasons why most \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>people experience a gradual slowing of at least some types of memory late in life, even if they avoid diseases like Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out that superagers' brains aren't shrinking nearly as fast as their peers'. And autopsies of the first superagers to die during the study show they harbor a lot more of a special kind of nerve cell in a deep brain region that's important for attention, Rogalski told a recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These elite elders are \"more than just an oddity or a rarity,\" said neuroscientist Molly Wagster of the National Institute on Aging, which helps fund the research. \"There's the potential for learning an enormous amount and applying it to the rest of us, and even to those who may be on a trajectory for some type of neurodegenerative disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does it take to be a superager? A youthful brain in the body of someone 80 or older. Rogalski's team has given a battery of tests to more than 1,000 people who thought they'd qualify, and only about 5 percent pass. The key \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory challenge\u003c/a>: Listen to 15 unrelated words, and a half-hour later recall at least nine. That's the norm for 50-year-olds, but the average 80-year-old recalls five. Some superagers remember them all.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't mean you're any smarter,\" stressed superager William \"Bill\" Gurolnick, who turns 87 next month and joined the study two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor can he credit protective genes: Gurolnick's father developed Alzheimer's in his 50s. He thinks his own \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/2018/02/12/the-memory-of-stuff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stellar memory\u003c/a> is bolstered by keeping busy. He bikes, and plays tennis and water volleyball. He stays social through regular lunches and meetings with a men's group he co-founded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Absolutely that's a critical factor about keeping your wits about you,\" exclaimed Gurolnick, fresh off his monthly gin game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Scans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski's superagers tend to be extroverts and report strong social networks, but otherwise they come from all walks of life, making it hard to find a common trait \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/04/11/emotions-are-a-construct-of-the-brain-says-psychologist-lisa-feldman-barrett/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for brain health\u003c/a>. Some went to college, some didn't. Some have high IQs, some are average. She's studied people who've experienced enormous trauma, including a Holocaust survivor; fitness buffs and smokers; teetotalers and those who tout a nightly martini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But deep in their brains is where she's finding compelling hints that somehow, superagers are more resilient against the ravages of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, brain scans showed that a superager's cortex — an outer brain layer critical for memory and other key functions — is much thicker than normal for their age. It looks more like the cortex of healthy 50- and 60-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear if they were born that way. But Rogalski's team found another possible explanation: A superager's cortex doesn't shrink as fast. Over 18 months, average 80-somethings experienced more than twice the rate of loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another clue: Deeper in the brain, that attention region is larger in superagers, too. And inside, autopsies showed that brain region was packed with unusual large, spindly neurons — a special and little understood type called von Economo neurons thought to play a role in social processing and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The superagers had four to five times more of those neurons than the typical octogenarian, Rogalski said — more even than the average young adult.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Northwestern study isn't the only attempt at unraveling long-lasting memory. At the University of California, Irvine, Dr. Claudia Kawas studies the oldest-old, people 90 and above. Some have Alzheimer's. Some have maintained excellent memory and some are in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 40 percent of the oldest-old who showed no symptoms of dementia in life nonetheless have full-fledged signs of Alzheimer's disease\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/08/09/lag-in-brain-donation-hampers-understanding-of-dementia-in-blacks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> in their brains\u003c/a> at death, Kawas told the AAAS meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski also found varying amounts of amyloid and tau, hallmark Alzheimer's proteins, in the brains of some superagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists are exploring how these people deflect damage. Maybe superagers have different pathways\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/06/obesity-can-lead-to-memory-loss/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to brain health.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are living long and living well,\" Rogalski said. \"Are there modifiable things we can think about today, in our everyday lives\" to do the same?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439750/superagers-maintain-memory-into-80s-and-90s","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439750"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_999","futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1008","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1047"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439764","label":"futureofyou_1093"},"futureofyou_439352":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439352","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439352","score":null,"sort":[1518040330000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","title":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","publishDate":1518040330,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1096,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>A little electrical brain stimulation can go a long way in boosting memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to deliver a tiny pulse of electricity to exactly the right place at exactly the right moment, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02753-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> in Tuesday's \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw a 15 percent improvement in memory,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.sas.upenn.edu/people/michael-kahana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Kahana\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach hints at a new way of treating people with memory problems caused by a brain injury or Alzheimer's disease, Kahana says. But the technology is still far from widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana has spent years trying to understand why the brain often fails to store information we want it to keep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're trying to study a list of items, sometimes the items stick and sometimes we have momentary lapses where we don't seem to remember anything,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"w3ybK8P4RrrgdzChQHgt9AKIj7mlCTPN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana and a team of researchers thought there must be a way to help the brain do better. So they had a computer learn to recognize patterns of electrical activity indicating that the brain was about to have a memory lapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team had the computer intervene by delivering a pulse of electricity to different areas of the brain just before the lapse was going to occur. And in the area involved in recalling words, the approach worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we stimulated the left temporal cortex, we found that memory was improved significantly,\" Kahana says. \"When we stimulated other parts of the brain, memory was, by and large, impaired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done with 25 patients with epilepsy who were in the hospital awaiting surgery to treat their seizures. That meant doctors had already inserted wires into their brains to monitor electrical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science.\"\u003ccite>Michael Sperling, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But epilepsy patients tend to have memory problems and other brain anomalies, says \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/find-a-doctor/s/sperling-michael-r.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Sperling\u003c/a>, an author of the study and director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still really lack any experiments in people with other conditions to know for certain whether [the treatment] would prove effective or not,\" Sperling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Sperling is optimistic that the research will lead to an implantable device that can improve memory in at least some patients. \"There's a good chance that something like this will come available,\" he says, \"I would hope within the next half dozen years, or so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memory research is being funded by the military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. It's part of an effort by the agency to develop technologies to help military personnel and veterans with memory problems caused by brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/staff/dr-justin-sanchez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justin Sanchez\u003c/a>, who directs DARPA's biological technologies office. \"We wanted a real technology that could ultimately make its way out into the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DARPA-funded scientists are already working on a version of the brain stimulation system that could be implanted in a person, Sanchez says. And this sort of technology could eventually extend beyond people who have memory impairments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If any of us could get a 15 percent boost in our memory, that would be transformative,\" Sanchez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Technology that uses electrical stimulation could eventually help people with memory problems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518040330,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":563},"headData":{"title":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory | KQED","description":"Technology that uses electrical stimulation could eventually help people with memory problems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","datePublished":"2018-02-07T21:52:10.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-07T21:52:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439352 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439352","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory/","disqusTitle":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","nprImageCredit":"BSIP","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Collection Mix: Sub/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"583633391","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=583633391&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/06/583633391/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-can-help-the-brain-form-lasting-memories?ft=nprml&f=583633391","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 21:05:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 13:35:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 18:00:40 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180206_atc_a_tiny_pulse_of_electricity_can_help_the_brain_form_lasting_memories.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1583778487-177409.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","path":"/futureofyou/439352/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180206_atc_a_tiny_pulse_of_electricity_can_help_the_brain_form_lasting_memories.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A little electrical brain stimulation can go a long way in boosting memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to deliver a tiny pulse of electricity to exactly the right place at exactly the right moment, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02753-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> in Tuesday's \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw a 15 percent improvement in memory,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.sas.upenn.edu/people/michael-kahana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Kahana\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach hints at a new way of treating people with memory problems caused by a brain injury or Alzheimer's disease, Kahana says. But the technology is still far from widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana has spent years trying to understand why the brain often fails to store information we want it to keep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're trying to study a list of items, sometimes the items stick and sometimes we have momentary lapses where we don't seem to remember anything,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana and a team of researchers thought there must be a way to help the brain do better. So they had a computer learn to recognize patterns of electrical activity indicating that the brain was about to have a memory lapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team had the computer intervene by delivering a pulse of electricity to different areas of the brain just before the lapse was going to occur. And in the area involved in recalling words, the approach worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we stimulated the left temporal cortex, we found that memory was improved significantly,\" Kahana says. \"When we stimulated other parts of the brain, memory was, by and large, impaired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done with 25 patients with epilepsy who were in the hospital awaiting surgery to treat their seizures. That meant doctors had already inserted wires into their brains to monitor electrical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science.\"\u003ccite>Michael Sperling, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But epilepsy patients tend to have memory problems and other brain anomalies, says \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/find-a-doctor/s/sperling-michael-r.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Sperling\u003c/a>, an author of the study and director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still really lack any experiments in people with other conditions to know for certain whether [the treatment] would prove effective or not,\" Sperling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Sperling is optimistic that the research will lead to an implantable device that can improve memory in at least some patients. \"There's a good chance that something like this will come available,\" he says, \"I would hope within the next half dozen years, or so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memory research is being funded by the military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. It's part of an effort by the agency to develop technologies to help military personnel and veterans with memory problems caused by brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/staff/dr-justin-sanchez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justin Sanchez\u003c/a>, who directs DARPA's biological technologies office. \"We wanted a real technology that could ultimately make its way out into the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DARPA-funded scientists are already working on a version of the brain stimulation system that could be implanted in a person, Sanchez says. And this sort of technology could eventually extend beyond people who have memory impairments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If any of us could get a 15 percent boost in our memory, that would be transformative,\" Sanchez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439352/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439352"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_999","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439353","label":"futureofyou_1096"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/planet-money","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"}},"politicalbreakdown":{"id":"politicalbreakdown","title":"Political Breakdown","tagline":"Politics from a personal perspective","info":"Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.","airtime":"THU 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Political Breakdown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"11"},"link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"}},"pri-the-world":{"id":"pri-the-world","title":"PRI's The World: Latest Edition","info":"Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.","airtime":"MON-FRI 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world","meta":{"site":"news","source":"PRI"},"link":"/radio/program/pri-the-world","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/","rss":"http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"}},"radiolab":{"id":"radiolab","title":"Radiolab","info":"A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.","airtime":"SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/radiolab","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/","rss":"https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"}},"reveal":{"id":"reveal","title":"Reveal","info":"Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. The warmest, wittiest cocktail party - it's spirited and civil, brainy and boisterous, peppered with musical interludes. Fast paced and playful, it's the most fun you can have with language without getting your mouth washed out with soap. Our motto: It's not important to know the answers, it's important to like the answers!","airtime":"SUN 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Says-You-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.saysyouradio.com/","meta":{"site":"comedy","source":"Pipit and Finch"},"link":"/radio/program/says-you","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/says-you!/id1050199826","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Says-You-p480/","rss":"https://saysyou.libsyn.com/rss"}},"science-friday":{"id":"science-friday","title":"Science Friday","info":"Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.","airtime":"FRI 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/science-friday","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"}},"science-podcast":{"id":"science-podcast","title":"KQED Science News","tagline":"From the lab, to your ears","info":"KQED Science explores science and environment news, trends, and events from the Bay Area and beyond.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-News-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"kqed","order":"17"},"link":"/science/category/science-podcast","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqed-science-news/id214663465","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2dzLmtxZWQub3JnL3NjaWVuY2UvZmVlZC8","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed-science-news","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/category/science-podcast/feed/podcast"}},"selected-shorts":{"id":"selected-shorts","title":"Selected Shorts","info":"Spellbinding short stories by established and emerging writers take on a new life when they are performed by stars of the stage and screen.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Selected-Shorts-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pri.org/programs/selected-shorts","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"pri"},"link":"/radio/program/selected-shorts","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=253191824&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Selected-Shorts-p31792/","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/selectedshorts"}},"snap-judgment":{"id":"snap-judgment","title":"Snap Judgment","info":"The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.","airtime":"SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://snapjudgment.org","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/snap-judgment","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=283657561&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Snap-Judgment-p243817/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/snapjudgment-wnyc"}},"soldout":{"id":"soldout","title":"SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America","tagline":"A new future for housing","info":"Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/soldout","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":3},"link":"/podcasts/soldout","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america","tunein":"https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vc29sZG91dA"}},"ted-radio-hour":{"id":"ted-radio-hour","title":"TED Radio Hour","info":"The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.","airtime":"SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/ted-radio-hour","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"}},"tech-nation":{"id":"tech-nation","title":"Tech Nation Radio Podcast","info":"Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.","airtime":"FRI 10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://technation.podomatic.com/","meta":{"site":"science","source":"Tech Nation Media"},"link":"/radio/program/tech-nation","subscribe":{"rss":"https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"}},"thebay":{"id":"thebay","title":"The Bay","tagline":"Local news to keep you rooted","info":"Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED The Bay","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/thebay","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"6"},"link":"/podcasts/thebay","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM4MjU5Nzg2MzI3","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"}},"californiareport":{"id":"californiareport","title":"The California Report","tagline":"California, day by day","info":"KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The California Report","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareport","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"9"},"link":"/californiareport","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1MDAyODE4NTgz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"}},"californiareportmagazine":{"id":"californiareportmagazine","title":"The California Report Magazine","tagline":"Your state, your stories","info":"Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.","airtime":"FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/californiareportmagazine","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"10"},"link":"/californiareportmagazine","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"}},"theleap":{"id":"theleap","title":"The Leap","tagline":"What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?","info":"Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Leap","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/theleap","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"14"},"link":"/podcasts/theleap","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM0NTcwODQ2MjY2","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"}},"masters-of-scale":{"id":"masters-of-scale","title":"Masters of Scale","info":"Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.","airtime":"Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://mastersofscale.com/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WaitWhat"},"link":"/radio/program/masters-of-scale","subscribe":{"apple":"http://mastersofscale.app.link/","rss":"https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"}},"the-moth-radio-hour":{"id":"the-moth-radio-hour","title":"The Moth Radio Hour","info":"Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.","airtime":"SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://themoth.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"prx"},"link":"/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/","rss":"http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"}},"the-new-yorker-radio-hour":{"id":"the-new-yorker-radio-hour","title":"The New Yorker Radio Hour","info":"The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.","airtime":"SAT 10am-11am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"}},"the-takeaway":{"id":"the-takeaway","title":"The Takeaway","info":"The Takeaway is produced in partnership with its national audience. It delivers perspective and analysis to help us better understand the day’s news. Be a part of the American conversation on-air and online.","airtime":"MON-THU 12pm-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Takeaway-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/takeaway","meta":{"site":"news","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/the-takeaway","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-takeaway/id363143310?mt=2","tuneIn":"http://tunein.com/radio/The-Takeaway-p150731/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/takeawaypodcast"}},"this-american-life":{"id":"this-american-life","title":"This American Life","info":"This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.","airtime":"SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wbez"},"link":"/radio/program/this-american-life","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","rss":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"}},"truthbetold":{"id":"truthbetold","title":"Truth Be Told","tagline":"Advice by and for people of color","info":"We’re the friend you call after a long day, the one who gets it. Through wisdom from some of the greatest thinkers of our time, host Tonya Mosley explores what it means to grow and thrive as a Black person in America, while discovering new ways of being that serve as a portal to more love, more healing, and more joy.","airtime":"","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Truth-Be-Told-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Truth Be Told with Tonya Mosley","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.kqed.ord/podcasts/truthbetold","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr","order":"12"},"link":"/podcasts/truthbetold","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/truth-be-told/id1462216572","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS90cnV0aC1iZS10b2xkLXBvZGNhc3QvZmVlZA","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/719210818/truth-be-told","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/s?fid=398170&refid=stpr","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/587DhwTBxke6uvfwDfaV5N"}},"wait-wait-dont-tell-me":{"id":"wait-wait-dont-tell-me","title":"Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!","info":"Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.","airtime":"SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"}},"washington-week":{"id":"washington-week","title":"Washington Week","info":"For 50 years, Washington Week has been the most intelligent and up to date conversation about the most important news stories of the week. Washington Week is the longest-running news and public affairs program on PBS and features journalists -- not pundits -- lending insight and perspective to the week's important news stories.","airtime":"SAT 1:30am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/washington-week.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/washington-week","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/washington-week-audio-pbs/id83324702?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Current-Affairs/Washington-Week-p693/","rss":"http://feeds.pbs.org/pbs/weta/washingtonweek-audio"}},"weekend-edition-saturday":{"id":"weekend-edition-saturday","title":"Weekend Edition Saturday","info":"Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.","airtime":"SAT 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"},"weekend-edition-sunday":{"id":"weekend-edition-sunday","title":"Weekend Edition Sunday","info":"Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.","airtime":"SUN 5am-10am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"},"world-affairs":{"id":"world-affairs","title":"World Affairs","info":"The world as we knew it is undergoing a rapid transformation…so what's next? Welcome to WorldAffairs, your guide to a changing world. We give you the context you need to navigate across borders and ideologies. Through sound-rich stories and in-depth interviews, we break down what it means to be a global citizen on a hot, crowded planet. Our hosts, Ray Suarez, Teresa Cotsirilos and Philip Yun help you make sense of an uncertain world, one story at a time.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/World-Affairs-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg ","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.worldaffairs.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"World Affairs"},"link":"/radio/program/world-affairs","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/world-affairs/id101215657?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/WorldAffairs-p1665/","rss":"https://worldaffairs.libsyn.com/rss"}},"on-shifting-ground":{"id":"on-shifting-ground","title":"On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez","info":"Geopolitical turmoil. A warming planet. Authoritarians on the rise. We live in a chaotic world that’s rapidly shifting around us. “On Shifting Ground with Ray Suarez” explores international fault lines and how they impact us all. Each week, NPR veteran Ray Suarez hosts conversations with journalists, leaders and policy experts to help us read between the headlines – and give us hope for human resilience.","airtime":"MON 10pm, TUE 1am, SAT 3am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/12/onshiftingground-600x600-1.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://worldaffairs.org/radio-podcast/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"On Shifting Ground"},"link":"/radio/program/on-shifting-ground","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/on-shifting-ground/id101215657","rss":"https://feeds.libsyn.com/36668/rss"}},"hidden-brain":{"id":"hidden-brain","title":"Hidden Brain","info":"Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain","airtime":"SUN 7pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"NPR"},"link":"/radio/program/hidden-brain","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"}},"city-arts":{"id":"city-arts","title":"City Arts & Lectures","info":"A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.cityarts.net/","airtime":"SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am","meta":{"site":"news","source":"City Arts & Lectures"},"link":"https://www.cityarts.net","subscribe":{"tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/","rss":"https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"}},"white-lies":{"id":"white-lies","title":"White Lies","info":"In 1965, Rev. James Reeb was murdered in Selma, Alabama. Three men were tried and acquitted, but no one was ever held to account. Fifty years later, two journalists from Alabama return to the city where it happened, expose the lies that kept the murder from being solved and uncover a story about guilt and memory that says as much about America today as it does about the past.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/White-Lies-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510343/white-lies","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/white-lies","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/whitelies","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1462650519?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM0My9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/12yZ2j8vxqhc0QZyRES3ft?si=LfWYEK6URA63hueKVxRLAw","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510343/podcast.xml"}},"rightnowish":{"id":"rightnowish","title":"Rightnowish","tagline":"Art is where you find it","info":"Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/rightnowish","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"kqed","order":"5"},"link":"/podcasts/rightnowish","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast","apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"}},"jerrybrown":{"id":"jerrybrown","title":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","tagline":"Lessons from a lifetime in politics","info":"The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"16"},"link":"/podcasts/jerrybrown","subscribe":{"npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/","tuneIn":"http://tun.in/pjGcK","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9zZXJpZXMvamVycnlicm93bi9mZWVkL3BvZGNhc3Qv"}},"the-splendid-table":{"id":"the-splendid-table","title":"The Splendid Table","info":"\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.splendidtable.org/","airtime":"SUN 10-11 pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/the-splendid-table"}},"racesReducer":{"5921":{"id":"5921","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":158422,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.96,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Doris Matsui","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":89456,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tom Silva","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":48920,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Mandel","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":20046,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:00:38.194Z"},"5922":{"id":"5922","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rudy Recile","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Garamendi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5924":{"id":"5924","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":185034,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.95,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark DeSaulnier","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":121265,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katherine Piccinini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34883,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nolan Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":19459,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Sweeney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":7606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mohamed Elsherbini","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1821,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-09T01:02:32.415Z"},"5926":{"id":"5926","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":153801,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.85,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lateefah Simon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":85905,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Tran","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22964,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Daysog","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17197,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Slauson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9699,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Glenn Kaplan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6785,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4243,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Abdur Sikder","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2847,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ned Nuerge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2532,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Andre Todd","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:22:36.062Z"},"5928":{"id":"5928","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":125831,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.89,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Eric Swalwell","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":83989,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Vin Kruttiventi","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":22106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alison Hayden","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11928,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luis Reynoso","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7808,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:51:36.366Z"},"5930":{"id":"5930","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":182188,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sam Liccardo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":38492,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Evan Low","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30261,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Joe Simitian","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":30256,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Ohtaki","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23283,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Peter Dixon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14677,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rishi Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12383,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karl Ryan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11563,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Julie Lythcott-Haims","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11386,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ahmed Mostafa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5814,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Greg Tanaka","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joby Bernstein","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1652,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-05-02T14:15:13.232Z"},"5931":{"id":"5931","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":117534,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.9,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ro Khanna","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73941,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anita Chen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31539,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ritesh Tandon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":5728,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mario Ramirez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4491,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Joe Dehn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":1835,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T01:50:53.956Z"},"5932":{"id":"5932","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":96302,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.88,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Zoe Lofgren","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":49323,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Peter Hernandez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":31622,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Charlene Nijmeh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":10614,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Lawrence Milan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2712,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Luele Kifle","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2031,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:26:02.706Z"},"5963":{"id":"5963","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":139085,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Greer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38079,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Rogers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":27126,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rusty Hicks","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25615,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ariel Kelley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Frankie Myers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":17694,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ted Williams","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9550,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Click","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1538,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-22T21:38:36.711Z"},"5972":{"id":"5972","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":99775,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lori Wilson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":50085,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dave Ennis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":26074,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Wanda Wallis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14638,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeffrey Flack","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8978,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-08T02:01:24.524Z"},"5973":{"id":"5973","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":143532,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Damon Connolly","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":111275,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andy Podshadley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17240,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Eryn Cervantes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15017,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:25:32.262Z"},"5975":{"id":"5975","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 14","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":106997,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Buffy Wicks","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":78678,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Margot Smith","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18251,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Utkarsh Jain","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":10068,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:30:34.539Z"},"5976":{"id":"5976","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":97144,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sonia Ledo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":30946,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Anamarie Farias","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":29512,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Monica Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":24775,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Karen Mitchoff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11911,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T00:19:38.858Z"},"5977":{"id":"5977","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 16","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joseph Rubay","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rebecca Bauer-Kahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5978":{"id":"5978","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 17","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":111003,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Haney","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":90915,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Manuel Noris-Barrera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13843,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Otto Duke","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":6245,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:36:19.697Z"},"5979":{"id":"5979","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 18","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":86008,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mia Bonta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":73040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andre Sandford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":4575,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Mindy Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4389,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Cheyenne Kenney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-05-02T14:13:20.724Z"},"5980":{"id":"5980","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":113959,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Catherine Stefani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":64960,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":33035,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nadia Flamenco","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":8335,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Arjun Sodhani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":7629,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-11T23:50:23.109Z"},"5981":{"id":"5981","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 20","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Ortega","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5982":{"id":"5982","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 21","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Gilham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Diane Papan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"5984":{"id":"5984","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 23","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":116963,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Marc Berman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":67106,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lydia Kou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":23699,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Gus Mattammal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":13277,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Allan Marson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12881,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:13:06.280Z"},"5987":{"id":"5987","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 26","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":72753,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Patrick Ahrens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25036,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tara Sreekrishnan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19600,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sophie Song","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15954,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Omar Din","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":8772,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bob Goodwyn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":2170,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ashish Garg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1221,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T21:06:29.070Z"},"5989":{"id":"5989","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 28","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Gail Pellerin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Liz Lawler","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6010":{"id":"6010","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 49","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Fong","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Long Liu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6018":{"id":"6018","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":229348,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":98.93,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jared Huffman","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":169005,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Chris Coulombe","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":37372,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tief Gibbs","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18437,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jolian Kangas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":3166,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Brisendine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":1368,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:46:10.103Z"},"6020":{"id":"6020","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":187640,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":97.16,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":118147,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John Munn","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":56232,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Andrew Engdahl","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":11202,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Niket Patwardhan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":2059,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:30:57.980Z"},"6025":{"id":"6025","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":121271,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":98.93,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Harder","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":60396,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Lincoln","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":36346,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"John McBride","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":15525,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Khalid Jafri","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9004,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:49:44.113Z"},"6031":{"id":"6031","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Anna Kramer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Kevin Mullin","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6035":{"id":"6035","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":203670,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.8,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jimmy Panetta","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":132540,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jason Anderson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":58120,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Sean Dougherty","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Grn","voteCount":13010,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-07T00:23:46.779Z"},"6066":{"id":"6066","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jamie Gallagher","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Aaron Draper","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6067":{"id":"6067","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 4","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Cecilia Aguiar-Curry","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6087":{"id":"6087","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 24","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":66643,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alex Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45544,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Brunton","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14951,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marti Souza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6148,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T23:23:49.770Z"},"6088":{"id":"6088","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 25","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":69560,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ash Kalra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":35821,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Ted Stroll","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":18255,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Lan Ngo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":15484,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-14T02:40:57.200Z"},"6092":{"id":"6092","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State House, District 29","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Robert Rivas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"J.W. Paine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6223":{"id":"6223","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 46","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lou Correa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"David Pan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6530":{"id":"6530","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":222193,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Thom Bogue","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":61776,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christopher Cabaldon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":59041,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Rozzana Verder-Aliga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":45546,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jackie Elward","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41127,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jimih Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":14703,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-15T01:24:31.539Z"},"6531":{"id":"6531","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":171623,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jim Shoemaker","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":74935,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jerry McNerney","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":57040,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Carlos Villapudua","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":39648,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T20:07:46.382Z"},"6532":{"id":"6532","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":192446,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jesse Arreguín","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61837,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Jovanka Beckles","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34025,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Dan Kalb","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28842,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Kathryn Lybarger","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":28041,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sandre Swanson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":22862,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jeanne Solnordal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16839,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-16T00:58:11.533Z"},"6533":{"id":"6533","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tim Grayson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marisol Rubio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6534":{"id":"6534","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":228260,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Scott Wiener","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":166592,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Yvette Corkrean","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34438,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Cynthia Cravens","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":18513,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jing Xiong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":8717,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T02:01:51.597Z"},"6535":{"id":"6535","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":227191,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Josh Becker","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":167127,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Alexander Glew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":42788,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Christina Laskowski","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":17276,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T01:56:24.964Z"},"6536":{"id":"6536","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":180231,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dave Cortese","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":124440,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Robert Howell","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34173,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Tony Loaiza","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":21618,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-13T01:15:45.365Z"},"6548":{"id":"6548","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"State Senate, District 39","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":0,"uncontested":true,"precinctsReportPercentage":0,"eevp":0,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Akilah Weber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bob Divine","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":0,"isWinner":true}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:00:30.000Z"},"6611":{"id":"6611","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":188732,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Nancy Pelosi","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":138285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Bruce Lou","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":16285,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marjorie Mikels","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":9363,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Bianca Von Krieg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":7634,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Zeng","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":6607,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jason Boyce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":4325,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Larry Nichelson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3482,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eve Del Castello","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2751,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-12T00:31:55.445Z"},"8589":{"id":"8589","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7276537,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.66,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2299507,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2292414,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1115606,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":714408,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":240723,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Bradley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":98180,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":61755,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sharleta Bassett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":54422,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sarah Liew","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":38483,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Laura Garza ","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":34320,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Reiss","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":34283,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":34056,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gail Lightfoot","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"Lib","voteCount":33046,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Denice Gary-Pandol","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":25494,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"James Macauley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":23168,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Harmesh Kumar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21522,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Peterson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21076,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Douglas Pierce","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":19371,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Major Singh","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":16965,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"John Rose","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14577,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Perry Pound","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":14134,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Raji Rab","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":13558,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Mark Ruzon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":13429,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Forrest Jones","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"AIP","voteCount":13027,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stefan Simchowitz","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":12717,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Martin Veprauskas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":9714,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Don Grundmann","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"NPP","voteCount":6582,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T05:01:46.589Z"},"8686":{"id":"8686","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":3589127,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.75,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Biden","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":3200188,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Marianne Williamson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":145690,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Dean Phillips","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":99981,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Armando Perez-Serrato","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":42925,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Gabriel Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":41261,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"President Boddie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":25373,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Stephen Lyons","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":21008,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eban Cambridge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":12701,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:12:27.559Z"},"8688":{"id":"8688","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"President,","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":2466569,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.58,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Donald Trump","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":1953947,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Nikki Haley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":430792,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ron DeSantis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":35581,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Chris Christie","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":20164,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Vivek Ramaswamy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":11069,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Rachel Swift","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":4231,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"David Stuckenberg","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3895,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Ryan Binkley","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3563,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Asa Hutchinson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":3327,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:13:19.766Z"},"81993":{"id":"81993","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"U.S. Senate, Class I Unexpired Term","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top2","totalVotes":7358837,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":99.66,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Steve Garvey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":2444940,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Adam Schiff","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":2155146,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"Katie Porter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":1269194,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Barbara Lee","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":863278,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Eric Early","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"R","voteCount":448788,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Christina Pascucci","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":109421,"isWinner":false},{"candidateName":"Sepi Gilani","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"D","voteCount":68070,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-06T04:31:08.186Z"},"82014":{"id":"82014","type":"apRace","location":"State of California","raceName":"Proposition, 1 - Behavioral Health Services Program","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceType":"top1","totalVotes":7221972,"precinctsReportPercentage":100,"eevp":100,"tabulationStatus":"End of AP Tabulation","dateUpdated":"May 9, 2024","timeUpdated":"2:18 PM","source":"AP","candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3624998,"isWinner":true},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":null,"voteCount":3596974,"isWinner":false}],"winnerDateTime":"2024-03-21T00:11:06.265Z"},"timeLoaded":"May 10, 2024 5:56 PM","nationalRacesLoaded":true,"localRacesLoaded":true,"overrides":[{"id":"5921","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5922","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 8","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5924","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 10","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5926","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/congress-12th-district"},{"id":"5928","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5930","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/congress-16th-district"},{"id":"5931","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5932","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5963","raceName":"State Assembly, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5972","raceName":"State Assembly, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5973","raceName":"State Assembly, District 12","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5975","raceName":"State Assembly, District 14","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5976","raceName":"State Assembly, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/state-assembly"},{"id":"5977","raceName":"State Assembly, District 16","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5978","raceName":"State Assembly, District 17","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5979","raceName":"State Assembly, District 18","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5980","raceName":"State Assembly, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5981","raceName":"State Assembly, District 20","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5982","raceName":"State Assembly, District 21","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"5984","raceName":"State Assembly, District 23","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-assembly-23rd-district"},{"id":"5987","raceName":"State Assembly, District 26","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/state-assembly-26th-district"},{"id":"5989","raceName":"State Assembly, District 28","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6010","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6018","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 2","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6020","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6025","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6031","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6035","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 19","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6067","raceName":"State Assembly, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6087","raceName":"State Assembly, District 24","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6088","raceName":"State Assembly, District 25","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6092","raceName":"State Assembly, District 29","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6223","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 4","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6530","raceName":"State Senate, District 3","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-3rd-district"},{"id":"6531","raceName":"State Senate, District 5","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6532","raceName":"State Senate, District 7","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/state-senate-7th-district"},{"id":"6533","raceName":"State Senate, District 9","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6534","raceName":"State Senate, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6535","raceName":"State Senate, District 13","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6536","raceName":"State Senate, District 15","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"6611","raceName":"U.S. House of Representatives, District 11","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":""},{"id":"8589","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Full Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/senator"},{"id":"8686","raceName":"California Democratic Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 496 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president/democrat"},{"id":"8688","raceName":"California Republican Presidential Primary","raceDescription":"Candidates are competing for 169 delegates.","raceReadTheStory":"https://kqed.org/elections/results/president/republican"},{"id":"81993","raceName":"U.S. Senate (Partial/Unexpired Term)","raceDescription":"Top two candidates advance to general election."},{"id":"82014","raceName":"Proposition 1","raceDescription":"Bond and mental health reforms. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/california/proposition-1"}],"AlamedaJudge5":{"id":"AlamedaJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":200601,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Terry Wiley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":200601}]},"AlamedaJudge12":{"id":"AlamedaJudge12","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 12","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":240853,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mark Fickes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":133009},{"candidateName":"Michael P. Johnson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107844}]},"AlamedaBoard2":{"id":"AlamedaBoard2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 2","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33580,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Lewis","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6943},{"candidateName":"Angela Normand","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":26637}]},"AlamedaBoard5":{"id":"AlamedaBoard5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 5","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":26072,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Guadalupe \"Lupe\" Angulo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7521},{"candidateName":"Janevette Cole","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13338},{"candidateName":"Joe Orlando Ramos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5213}]},"AlamedaBoard6":{"id":"AlamedaBoard6","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Education, Trustee Area 6","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":30864,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"John Guerrero","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9989},{"candidateName":"Eileen McDonald","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20875}]},"AlamedaSup1":{"id":"AlamedaSup1","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":41038,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Haubert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":41038}]},"AlamedaSup2":{"id":"AlamedaSup2","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":31034,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Elisa Márquez","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":31034}]},"AlamedaSup4":{"id":"AlamedaSup4","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":57007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jennifer Esteen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22400},{"candidateName":"Nate Miley","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34607}]},"AlamedaSup5":{"id":"AlamedaSup5","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":81059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Ben Bartlett","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13518},{"candidateName":"Nikki Fortunato Bas","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":27597},{"candidateName":"John J. Bauters","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":16783},{"candidateName":"Ken Berrick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7520},{"candidateName":"Omar Farmer","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1240},{"candidateName":"Gregory Hodge","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3419},{"candidateName":"Chris Moore","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7428},{"candidateName":"Gerald Pechenuk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":305},{"candidateName":"Lorrel Plimier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3249}]},"AlamedaBoard7":{"id":"AlamedaBoard7","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Flood Control & Water Conservation District Director, Zone 7, Full Term","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":134340,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Alan Burnham","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15723},{"candidateName":"Sandy Figuers","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22454},{"candidateName":"Laurene K. Green","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":30343},{"candidateName":"Kathy Narum","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23833},{"candidateName":"Seema Badar","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7468},{"candidateName":"Catherine Brown","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":34519}]},"AlamedaAuditor":{"id":"AlamedaAuditor","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Oakland Auditor","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":59227,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Houston","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59227}]},"AlamedaMeasureA":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Civil service. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282335,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":167903},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":114432}]},"AlamedaMeasureB":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Alameda County. Recall rules. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/alameda/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":282683,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182200},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":100483}]},"AlamedaMeasureD":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Oakland. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":79797,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":59852},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19945}]},"AlamedaMeasureE":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Alameda Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":22692,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17280},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5412}]},"AlamedaMeasureF":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"Piedmont. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":4855,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3673},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1182}]},"AlamedaMeasureG":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Albany Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":5898,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4651},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1247}]},"AlamedaMeasureH":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Berkeley Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":33331,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":29418},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913}]},"AlamedaMeasureI":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Hayward Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":21929,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14151},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7778}]},"AlamedaMeasureJ":{"id":"AlamedaMeasureJ","type":"localRace","location":"Alameda","raceName":"Measure J","raceDescription":"San Leandro Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:02 PM","dateUpdated":"April 1, 2024","totalVotes":12338,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7784},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4554}]},"CCD2":{"id":"CCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":45776,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Candace Andersen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":45776}]},"CCD3":{"id":"CCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":25120,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Diane Burgis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":25120}]},"CCD5":{"id":"CCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":37045,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Barbanica","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14338},{"candidateName":"Jelani Killings","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5683},{"candidateName":"Shanelle Scales-Preston","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12993},{"candidateName":"Iztaccuauhtli Hector Gonzalez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4031}]},"CCMeasureA":{"id":"CCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Martinez. Appoint City Clerk. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":11513,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7554},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3959}]},"CCMeasureB":{"id":"CCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Antioch Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17971,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10397},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7574}]},"CCMeasureC":{"id":"CCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Martinez Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":9230,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6917},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2313}]},"CCMeasureD":{"id":"CCMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Contra Costa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Moraga School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:45 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":6007,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4052},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1955}]},"MarinD2":{"id":"MarinD2","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":18466,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Brian Colbert","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7971},{"candidateName":"Heather McPhail Sridharan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4851},{"candidateName":"Ryan O'Neil","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2647},{"candidateName":"Gabe Paulson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2997}]},"MarinD3":{"id":"MarinD3","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":13274,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Moulton-Peters","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13274}]},"MarinD4":{"id":"MarinD4","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":12986,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Dennis Rodoni","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10086},{"candidateName":"Francis Drouillard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2900}]},"MarinLarkspurCC":{"id":"MarinLarkspurCC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Larkspur City Council (Short Term)","raceDescription":"Top candidate wins seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4176,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Stephanie Andre","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2514},{"candidateName":"Claire Paquette","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1008},{"candidateName":"Lana Scott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":654}]},"MarinRossCouncil":{"id":"MarinRossCouncil","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Ross Town Council","raceDescription":"Top three candidates win seat.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top3","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1740,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Charles William \"Bill\" Kircher, Jr.","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":536},{"candidateName":"Mathew Salter","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":502},{"candidateName":"Shadi Aboukhater","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":187},{"candidateName":"Teri Dowling","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":515}]},"MarinMeasureA":{"id":"MarinMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Tamalpais Union High School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":45345,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24376},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20969}]},"MarinMeasureB":{"id":"MarinMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":132,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":62},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":70}]},"MarinMeasureC":{"id":"MarinMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Belvedere. Appropriation limit. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":870,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":679},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureD":{"id":"MarinMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Larkspur. Rent stabilization. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-d","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":4955,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2573},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2382}]},"MarinMeasureE":{"id":"MarinMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Ross. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/marin/measure-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":874,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":683},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":191}]},"MarinMeasureF":{"id":"MarinMeasureF","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure F","raceDescription":"San Anselmo. Flood Control and Water Conservation District. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":5193,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3083},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2110}]},"MarinMeasureG":{"id":"MarinMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Bel Marin Keys Community Services District. Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":830,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":661},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":169}]},"MarinMeasureH":{"id":"MarinMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, fire protection. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1738,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1369},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":369}]},"MarinMeasureI":{"id":"MarinMeasureI","type":"localRace","location":"Marin","raceName":"Measure I","raceDescription":"Marinwood Community Services District. Appropriations limit, parks. Passes with a majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:54 PM","dateUpdated":"March 27, 2024","totalVotes":1735,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1336},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":399}]},"NapaD2":{"id":"NapaD2","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":8351,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Liz Alessio","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6340},{"candidateName":"Doris Gentry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2011}]},"NapaD4":{"id":"NapaD4","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":7306,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Amber Manfree","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3913},{"candidateName":"Pete Mott","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3393}]},"NapaD5":{"id":"NapaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/napa/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":5356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mariam Aboudamous","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2379},{"candidateName":"Belia Ramos","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2977}]},"NapaMeasureD":{"id":"NapaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Howell Mountain Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":741,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":367},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":374}]},"NapaMeasureU":{"id":"NapaMeasureU","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Lake Berryessa Resort Improvement District. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":86,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":63},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23}]},"NapaMeasureU1":{"id":"NapaMeasureU1","type":"localRace","location":"Napa","raceName":"Measure U","raceDescription":"Yountville. Appropriations limit. Passes with majority vote. ","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"April 3, 2024","totalVotes":925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":793},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":132}]},"SFJudge1":{"id":"SFJudge1","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-1","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202960,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Begert","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":124943},{"candidateName":"Chip Zecher","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":78017}]},"SFJudge13":{"id":"SFJudge13","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Seat 13","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/superior-court-seat-13","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":202386,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jean Myungjin Roland","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":90012},{"candidateName":"Patrick S. Thompson","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":112374}]},"SFPropA":{"id":"SFPropA","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition A","raceDescription":"Housing bond. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":225187,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":158497},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":66690}]},"SFPropB":{"id":"SFPropB","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition B","raceDescription":"Police staffing. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222954,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":61580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":161374}]},"SFPropC":{"id":"SFPropC","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition C","raceDescription":"Transfer tax exemption. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":220349,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":116311},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":104038}]},"SFPropD":{"id":"SFPropD","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition D","raceDescription":"Ethics laws. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222615,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":198584},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":24031}]},"SFPropE":{"id":"SFPropE","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition E","raceDescription":"Police policies. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-e","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222817,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":120529},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":102288}]},"SFPropF":{"id":"SFPropF","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition F","raceDescription":"Drug screening. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanfrancisco/proposition-f","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":224004,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":130214},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":93790}]},"SFPropG":{"id":"SFPropG","type":"localRace","location":"San Francisco","raceName":"Proposition G","raceDescription":"Eighth-grade algebra. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:50 PM","dateUpdated":"March 21, 2024","totalVotes":222704,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":182066},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":40638}]},"SMJudge4":{"id":"SMJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":108919,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Sarah Burdick","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":108919}]},"SMD1":{"id":"SMD1","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":29650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jackie Speier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":20353},{"candidateName":"Ann Schneider","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9297}]},"SMD4":{"id":"SMD4","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sanmateo/supervisor-4th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22725,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Antonio Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5730},{"candidateName":"Lisa Gauthier","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10358},{"candidateName":"Celeste Brevard","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1268},{"candidateName":"Paul Bocanegra","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1909},{"candidateName":"Maggie Cornejo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3460}]},"SMD5":{"id":"SMD5","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":19937,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Canepa","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":19937}]},"SMMeasureB":{"id":"SMMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"County Service Area #1 (Highlands). Special tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1360},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":189}]},"SMMeasureC":{"id":"SMMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Jefferson Elementary School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":12234,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8543},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3691}]},"SMMeasureE":{"id":"SMMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Woodside Elementary School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":1392,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":910},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":482}]},"SMMeasureG":{"id":"SMMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Pacifica School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":11548,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7067},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4481}]},"SMMeasureH":{"id":"SMMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"San Mateo","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"San Carlos School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:56 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":9938,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6283},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3655}]},"SCJudge5":{"id":"SCJudge5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":301953,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Jay Boyarsky","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":142549},{"candidateName":"Nicole M. Ford","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":52147},{"candidateName":"Johnene Linda Stebbins","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":107257}]},"SCD2":{"id":"SCD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-2nd-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":44059,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Corina Herrera-Loera","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10519},{"candidateName":"Jennifer Margaret Celaya","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2394},{"candidateName":"Madison Nguyen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":12794},{"candidateName":"Betty Duong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14031},{"candidateName":"Nelson McElmurry","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4321}]},"SCD3":{"id":"SCD3","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":42549,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Otto Lee","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42549}]},"SCD5":{"id":"SCD5","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/santaclara/supervisor-5th-district","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":88712,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Margaret Abe-Koga","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":37172},{"candidateName":"Sally J. Lieber","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":21962},{"candidateName":"Barry Chang","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6164},{"candidateName":"Peter C. Fung","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":17892},{"candidateName":"Sandy Sans","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5522}]},"SCSJMayor":{"id":"SCSJMayor","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José Mayor","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":167064,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Matt Mahan","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":144701},{"candidateName":"Tyrone Wade","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":22363}]},"SCSJD2":{"id":"SCSJD2","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14131,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Joe Lopez","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4950},{"candidateName":"Pamela Campos","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436},{"candidateName":"Vanessa Sandoval","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2719},{"candidateName":"Babu Prasad","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3026}]},"SCSJD4":{"id":"SCSJD4","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14322,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kansen Chu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5931},{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8391}]},"SCSJD6":{"id":"SCSJD6","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":25108,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"David Cohen","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9875},{"candidateName":"Alex Shoor","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3850},{"candidateName":"Angelo \"A.J.\" Pasciuti","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2688},{"candidateName":"Michael Mulcahy","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8695}]},"SCSJD8":{"id":"SCSJD8","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 8","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":21462,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Tam Truong","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6982},{"candidateName":"Domingo Candelas","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8466},{"candidateName":"Sukhdev Singh Bainiwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5513},{"candidateName":"Surinder Kaur Dhaliwal","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":501}]},"SCSJD10":{"id":"SCSJD10","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"San José City Council, District 10","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top2","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":22799,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"George Casey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8805},{"candidateName":"Arjun Batra","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8354},{"candidateName":"Lenka Wright","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5640}]},"SCMeasureA":{"id":"SCMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed city clerk. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20315,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6580},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":13735}]},"SCMeasureB":{"id":"SCMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Santa Clara. Appointed police chief. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":20567,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5680},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":14887}]},"SCMeasureC":{"id":"SCMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Santa Clara","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Sunnyvale School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:05 PM","dateUpdated":"April 4, 2024","totalVotes":14656,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10261},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4395}]},"SolanoD15":{"id":"SolanoD15","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Department 15","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":81709,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mike Thompson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":36844},{"candidateName":"Bryan J. Kim","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":44865}]},"SolanoD1":{"id":"SolanoD1","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/supervisor-1st-district","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":13786,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Michael Wilson","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6401},{"candidateName":"Cassandra James","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7385}]},"SolanoD2":{"id":"SolanoD2","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 2","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":19903,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Monica Brown","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10951},{"candidateName":"Nora Dizon","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3135},{"candidateName":"Rochelle Sherlock","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5817}]},"SolanoD5":{"id":"SolanoD5","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":17888,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Mitch Mashburn","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11210},{"candidateName":"Chadwick J. Ledoux","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6678}]},"SolanoEducation":{"id":"SolanoEducation","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Sacramento County Board of Education","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":3650,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Heather Davis","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2960},{"candidateName":"Shazleen Khan","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":690}]},"SolanoMeasureA":{"id":"SolanoMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Benicia. Hotel tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-a","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10136,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7869},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2267}]},"SolanoMeasureB":{"id":"SolanoMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Benicia. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/solano/measure-b","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10164,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7335},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":2829}]},"SolanoMeasureC":{"id":"SolanoMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Benicia Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":10112,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6316},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3796}]},"SolanoMeasureN":{"id":"SolanoMeasureN","type":"localRace","location":"Solano","raceName":"Measure N","raceDescription":"Davis Joint Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"7:08 PM","dateUpdated":"March 28, 2024","totalVotes":15,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10}]},"SonomaJudge3":{"id":"SonomaJudge3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":115405,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Kristine M. Burk","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":79498},{"candidateName":"Beki Berrey","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":35907}]},"SonomaJudge4":{"id":"SonomaJudge4","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 4","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":86789,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Paul J. Lozada","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":86789}]},"SonomaJudge6":{"id":"SonomaJudge6","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Superior Court Judge, Office 6","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":117990,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Omar Figueroa","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":42236},{"candidateName":"Kenneth English","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":75754}]},"SonomaD1":{"id":"SonomaD1","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 1","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":30348,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Rebecca Hermosillo","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23958},{"candidateName":"Jonathan Mathieu","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":6390}]},"SonomaD3":{"id":"SonomaD3","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 3","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/supervisor-3rd-district","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":16312,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Chris Coursey","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":11346},{"candidateName":"Omar Medina","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":4966}]},"SonomaD5":{"id":"SonomaD5","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Board of Supervisors, District 5","raceDescription":"Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"top1","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":23356,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Lynda Hopkins","candidateIncumbent":true,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":23356}]},"SonomaMeasureA":{"id":"SonomaMeasureA","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure A","raceDescription":"Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":13756,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":10320},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3436}]},"SonomaMeasureB":{"id":"SonomaMeasureB","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure B","raceDescription":"Petaluma Joint Union High School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":24877,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":15795},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":9082}]},"SonomaMeasureC":{"id":"SonomaMeasureC","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure C","raceDescription":"Fort Ross School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":286,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":159},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":127}]},"SonomaMeasureD":{"id":"SonomaMeasureD","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure D","raceDescription":"Harmony Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":1925,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":1089},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":836}]},"SonomaMeasureE":{"id":"SonomaMeasureE","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure E","raceDescription":"Petaluma City (Elementary) School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":11133,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":7622},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":3511}]},"SonomaMeasureG":{"id":"SonomaMeasureG","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure G","raceDescription":"Rincon Valley Union School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.","raceReadTheStory":"","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":14577,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":8668},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":5909}]},"SonomaMeasureH":{"id":"SonomaMeasureH","type":"localRace","location":"Sonoma","raceName":"Measure H","raceDescription":"Sonoma County. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.","raceReadTheStory":"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/sonoma/measure-h","raceType":"yesNo","timeUpdated":"6:51 PM","dateUpdated":"March 29, 2024","totalVotes":145261,"candidates":[{"candidateName":"Yes","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":89646},{"candidateName":"No","candidateIncumbent":false,"candidateParty":"","voteCount":55615}]}},"radioSchedulesReducer":{},"listsReducer":{"posts/futureofyou?tag=memory":{"isFetching":false,"latestQuery":{"from":0,"postsToRender":9},"tag":null,"vitalsOnly":true,"totalRequested":9,"isLoading":false,"isLoadingMore":true,"total":14,"items":["futureofyou_444670","futureofyou_444648","futureofyou_444575","futureofyou_444554","futureofyou_443616","futureofyou_442001","futureofyou_441745","futureofyou_439750","futureofyou_439352"]}},"recallGuideReducer":{"intros":{},"policy":{},"candidates":{}},"savedPostsReducer":{},"pfsSessionReducer":{},"siteSettingsReducer":{},"subscriptionsReducer":{},"termsReducer":{"about":{"name":"About","type":"terms","id":"about","slug":"about","link":"/about","taxonomy":"site"},"arts":{"name":"Arts & Culture","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"description":"KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.","type":"terms","id":"arts","slug":"arts","link":"/arts","taxonomy":"site"},"artschool":{"name":"Art School","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"artschool","slug":"artschool","link":"/artschool","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareabites":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"bayareabites","slug":"bayareabites","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"bayareahiphop":{"name":"Bay Area Hiphop","type":"terms","id":"bayareahiphop","slug":"bayareahiphop","link":"/bayareahiphop","taxonomy":"site"},"campaign21":{"name":"Campaign 21","type":"terms","id":"campaign21","slug":"campaign21","link":"/campaign21","taxonomy":"site"},"checkplease":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"checkplease","slug":"checkplease","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"education":{"name":"Education","grouping":["education"],"type":"terms","id":"education","slug":"education","link":"/education","taxonomy":"site"},"elections":{"name":"Elections","type":"terms","id":"elections","slug":"elections","link":"/elections","taxonomy":"site"},"events":{"name":"Events","type":"terms","id":"events","slug":"events","link":"/events","taxonomy":"site"},"event":{"name":"Event","alias":"events","type":"terms","id":"event","slug":"event","link":"/event","taxonomy":"site"},"filmschoolshorts":{"name":"Film School Shorts","type":"terms","id":"filmschoolshorts","slug":"filmschoolshorts","link":"/filmschoolshorts","taxonomy":"site"},"food":{"name":"KQED food","grouping":["food","bayareabites","checkplease"],"type":"terms","id":"food","slug":"food","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"forum":{"name":"Forum","relatedContentQuery":"posts/forum?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"forum","slug":"forum","link":"/forum","taxonomy":"site"},"futureofyou":{"name":"Future of You","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"futureofyou","slug":"futureofyou","link":"/futureofyou","taxonomy":"site"},"jpepinheart":{"name":"KQED food","relatedContentQuery":"trending/food,bayareabites,checkplease","parent":"food","type":"terms","id":"jpepinheart","slug":"jpepinheart","link":"/food","taxonomy":"site"},"liveblog":{"name":"Live Blog","type":"terms","id":"liveblog","slug":"liveblog","link":"/liveblog","taxonomy":"site"},"livetv":{"name":"Live TV","parent":"tv","type":"terms","id":"livetv","slug":"livetv","link":"/livetv","taxonomy":"site"},"lowdown":{"name":"The Lowdown","relatedContentQuery":"posts/lowdown?","parent":"news","type":"terms","id":"lowdown","slug":"lowdown","link":"/lowdown","taxonomy":"site"},"mindshift":{"name":"Mindshift","parent":"news","description":"MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.","type":"terms","id":"mindshift","slug":"mindshift","link":"/mindshift","taxonomy":"site"},"news":{"name":"News","grouping":["news","forum"],"type":"terms","id":"news","slug":"news","link":"/news","taxonomy":"site"},"perspectives":{"name":"Perspectives","parent":"radio","type":"terms","id":"perspectives","slug":"perspectives","link":"/perspectives","taxonomy":"site"},"podcasts":{"name":"Podcasts","type":"terms","id":"podcasts","slug":"podcasts","link":"/podcasts","taxonomy":"site"},"pop":{"name":"Pop","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"pop","slug":"pop","link":"/pop","taxonomy":"site"},"pressroom":{"name":"Pressroom","type":"terms","id":"pressroom","slug":"pressroom","link":"/pressroom","taxonomy":"site"},"quest":{"name":"Quest","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"quest","slug":"quest","link":"/quest","taxonomy":"site"},"radio":{"name":"Radio","grouping":["forum","perspectives"],"description":"Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.","type":"terms","id":"radio","slug":"radio","link":"/radio","taxonomy":"site"},"root":{"name":"KQED","image":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","imageWidth":1200,"imageHeight":630,"headData":{"title":"KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California","description":"KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."},"type":"terms","id":"root","slug":"root","link":"/root","taxonomy":"site"},"science":{"name":"Science","grouping":["science","futureofyou"],"description":"KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.","type":"terms","id":"science","slug":"science","link":"/science","taxonomy":"site"},"stateofhealth":{"name":"State of Health","parent":"science","type":"terms","id":"stateofhealth","slug":"stateofhealth","link":"/stateofhealth","taxonomy":"site"},"support":{"name":"Support","type":"terms","id":"support","slug":"support","link":"/support","taxonomy":"site"},"thedolist":{"name":"The Do List","parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"thedolist","slug":"thedolist","link":"/thedolist","taxonomy":"site"},"trulyca":{"name":"Truly CA","grouping":["arts","pop","trulyca"],"parent":"arts","type":"terms","id":"trulyca","slug":"trulyca","link":"/trulyca","taxonomy":"site"},"tv":{"name":"TV","type":"terms","id":"tv","slug":"tv","link":"/tv","taxonomy":"site"},"voterguide":{"name":"Voter Guide","parent":"elections","alias":"elections","type":"terms","id":"voterguide","slug":"voterguide","link":"/voterguide","taxonomy":"site"},"futureofyou_1047":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1047","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1047","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"memory","slug":"memory","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"memory Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null,"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png","width":1200,"height":630},"twImageSize":{"file":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"}},"ttid":1047,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/memory"},"source_futureofyou_444648":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_444648","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Health","isLoading":false},"source_futureofyou_444554":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_444554","meta":{"override":true},"name":"DIY Health","isLoading":false},"source_futureofyou_442001":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_442001","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Environment","isLoading":false},"source_futureofyou_441745":{"type":"terms","id":"source_futureofyou_441745","meta":{"override":true},"name":"Health","isLoading":false},"futureofyou_1":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"KQED Future Of You","slug":"future-of-you","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/future-of-you"},"futureofyou_73":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_73","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"73","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"KQED News","slug":"kqed-news","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"KQED News Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":73,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/kqed-news"},"futureofyou_204":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_204","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"204","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"mental health","slug":"mental-health","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"mental health Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":204,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/mental-health"},"futureofyou_1555":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1555","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1555","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"trauma","slug":"trauma","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"trauma Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1555,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/trauma"},"futureofyou_1060":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1060","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1060","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"DIY Health","slug":"diy-health","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1060,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/category/diy-health"},"futureofyou_56":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_56","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"56","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"brain","slug":"brain","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"brain Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":56,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/brain"},"futureofyou_1429":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1429","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1429","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"sexual assault","slug":"sexual-assault","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"sexual assault Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1429,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/sexual-assault"},"futureofyou_1093":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1093","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1093","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"DIY Health","slug":"diy-health","taxonomy":"collection","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1093,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/collection/diy-health"},"futureofyou_818":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_818","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"818","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"rape","slug":"rape","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"rape Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":818,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/rape"},"futureofyou_215":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_215","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"215","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"women","slug":"women","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"women Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":215,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/women"},"futureofyou_1413":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1413","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1413","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"brain injury","slug":"brain-injury","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"brain injury Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1413,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/brain-injury"},"futureofyou_1358":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1358","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1358","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"CTE","slug":"cte","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"CTE Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1358,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/cte"},"futureofyou_141":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_141","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"141","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"disease","slug":"disease","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"disease Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":141,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/disease"},"futureofyou_1408":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1408","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1408","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"headache","slug":"headache","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"headache Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1408,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/headache"},"futureofyou_61":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_61","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"61","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Health","slug":"health","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Health Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":61,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/health"},"futureofyou_1438":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1438","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1438","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"human body","slug":"human-body","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"human body Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1438,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/human-body"},"futureofyou_54":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_54","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"54","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Future of You","slug":"future-of-you","taxonomy":"program","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Future of You Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":54,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/program/future-of-you"},"futureofyou_294":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_294","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"294","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"research","slug":"research","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"research Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":294,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/research"},"futureofyou_999":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_999","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"999","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Alzheimer's","slug":"alzheimers","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Alzheimer's Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":999,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/alzheimers"},"futureofyou_1008":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1008","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1008","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"elderly","slug":"elderly","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"elderly Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1008,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/elderly"},"futureofyou_23":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_23","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"23","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"news","slug":"news","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"news Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":23,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/news"},"futureofyou_271":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_271","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"271","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"science","slug":"science","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"science Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":271,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/science"},"futureofyou_35":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_35","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"35","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"technology","slug":"technology","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"technology Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":35,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/tag/technology"},"futureofyou_1096":{"type":"terms","id":"futureofyou_1096","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"futureofyou","id":"1096","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Your Brain on Tech","slug":"your-brain-on-tech","taxonomy":"collection","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Your Brain on Tech Archives | KQED Arts","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1096,"isLoading":false,"link":"/futureofyou/collection/your-brain-on-tech"}},"userAgentReducer":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)","isBot":true},"userPermissionsReducer":{"wpLoggedIn":false},"localStorageReducer":{},"browserHistoryReducer":[],"eventsReducer":{},"fssReducer":{},"tvDailyScheduleReducer":{},"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer":{},"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer":{},"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer":{},"userAccountReducer":{"routeTo":"","showDeleteConfirmModal":false,"user":{"userId":"","isFound":false,"firstName":"","lastName":"","phoneNumber":"","email":"","articles":[]}},"youthMediaReducer":{},"checkPleaseReducer":{"filterData":{},"restaurantData":[]},"reframeReducer":{"attendee":null},"location":{"pathname":"/futureofyou/tag/memory","previousPathname":"/"}}
