A Scientist Deploys Light and Sound to Reveal the Brain
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Scientist Deploys Light and Sound to Reveal the Brain","publishDate":1438099560,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Lihong Wang creates the sort of medical technology you'd expect to find on the starship Enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang, a professor of biomedical engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, has already helped develop instruments that can detect individual cancer cells in the bloodstream and oxygen consumption deep within the body. He has also created a camera that shoots at 100 billion frames a second, fast enough to freeze an object traveling at the speed of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really about turning some of these ideas that we thought were science fiction into fact,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nibib.nih.gov/about-nibib/staff/richard-conroy\">Richard Conroy\u003c/a>, who directs the Division of Applied Science & Technology at the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang's ultimate goal is to use a combination of light and sound to solve the mysteries of the human brain. The brain is a \"magical black box we still don't understand,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang describes himself as a toolmaker. And when President Obama unveiled his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/04/02/176060875/obama-s-brain-map-plan-a-most-audacious-project\">BRAIN initiative\u003c/a> a couple of years ago to accelerate efforts to understand how we think and learn and remember, Wang realized that brain researchers really needed a tool he'd been working on for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to conquer the brain,\" \u003ca href=\"http://bme.wustl.edu/people/Pages/faculty-bio.aspx?faculty=19\">Wang\u003c/a> says. \"But even for a mouse brain, which is only a few millimeters thick, we really don't have a technique that allows us to see throughout the whole brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current brain-imaging techniques such as functional MRI or PET scans all have drawbacks. They're slow, or not sharp enough, or they can only see things near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Wang has been developing another approach, one he believes will be fast enough to monitor brain activity in real time and sharp enough to reveal an individual brain cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang's initial idea was to use light. There was a problem, though — one that's obvious if you hold your hand up to a light bulb. When light enters the body, it starts bouncing around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-18556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/07/laser-1_custom-fc17ee201db1c2ba9294b981d9ef20d7556924d7-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A nanosecond pulsed laser beam starts the photoacoustic imaging process.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/07/laser-1_custom-fc17ee201db1c2ba9294b981d9ef20d7556924d7-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/07/laser-1_custom-fc17ee201db1c2ba9294b981d9ef20d7556924d7-s800-c85-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nanosecond pulsed laser beam starts the photoacoustic imaging process. \u003ccite>(Geoff Story/Courtesy of Washington University in St. Louis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is why we can't even see our own bone in the hands,\" Wang says. \"Because light, after, like, a millimeter, it becomes hopeless to get a very good sharp image.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang thought he had a solution. It involved sound. Sound waves don't bounce around much in the body, which is why an ultrasound can show a growing fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ultrasound images are blurry, sometimes so blurry it's hard to tell a boy from a girl. So Wang began experimenting with a technique that blends the speed and precision of light with the penetrating ability of sound. It's called photoacoustic imaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're combining the strengths of two forms of energy, light and sound, in a single form of imaging,\" Wang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, photoacoustic imaging has become a very big deal in the scientific world. And so has Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, he published more than 50 scientific papers. So far his research has attracted nearly $50 million in grant funding. And Caltech was impressed enough to lure him away from Washington University. His lab will be moved from St. Louis to Pasadena over the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Wang seems to be everywhere, delivering speeches, leading meetings and sitting on scientific advisory boards. \"It's really nonstop, right? You have to sleep, but then, other than that, you try to work all the time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang has so many projects going that his lab now has teams working on four different floors of one research building at Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those projects is Wang's latest photoacoustic microscope, which occupies much of a metal workbench the size of a pingpong table. Jinyang Liang, a postdoc, shows me how the device turns light into sound and sound into images of a living brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So that big guy, metal box there, is a laser,\" Liang tells me. During an experiment, the laser generates pulses of light that travel through a maze of mirrors and filters before reaching an anesthetized mouse on the other side of the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the pulses of light enter the mouse's skull and brain, they start to bounce around. But enough light energy gets through to cause molecules of brain tissue to vibrate. And those vibrations produce distinctive sound waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So light goes into the brain, and sounds come out. And just a few months ago, those sounds allowed a lab team to create high-speed, highly detailed, three-dimensional images of a mouse brain at work. \"When I first saw that, I was amazed,\" Liang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So was Richard Conroy at the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. He says he's often amazed by Wang, who has been funded by the institute for more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's one of these unique people who's able to take technologies and ideas from one field and apply them to a different field,\" Conroy says. \"So, for example, his work trying to target light at individual cells within the body — that's really borrowing ideas from astronomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photoacoustic imaging can do more than reveal the brain, Conroy says. Wang's lab has helped develop systems that use the technique to show tumors of the breast and skin, and even detect individual cancer cells in the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Conroy says that's just the beginning. \"It's research that really pushes the limits of our understanding of how to image in space and time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that could eventually lead to devices as futuristic as the medical tricorder on the starship Enterprise, Conroy says. \"It would be great to have a device like they had in \u003cem>Star Trek\u003c/em>. You could just lie there, the beam of light would pass over you, it would be able to tell everything that was wrong with you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photoacoustic imaging can't do that yet. It still hasn't been used on a human brain. But Wang says he follows a simple rule in his lab: \"Never say impossible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for Wang, that approach seems to work. A couple of years ago, he got some very special funding from the National Institutes of Health. \"This is a grant that gives you unbridled funds for you to do anything you see fit, essentially,\" he says. \"So we were really emboldened to explore very new directions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those directions involved a camera. The goal was to build the fastest camera ever — a camera so fast it could take pictures of light itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang picked a small team that included Jinyang Liang, an expert in optics. \"We thought, man, I mean, it sounds crazy, but can we see the propagation of light? Because that's literally the fastest object in the universe,\" Liang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang suggested an approach to achieve this seemingly impossible feat. And about six months later, the team was showing their boss the first movie ever of a pulse of light reflecting off a mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the moment, I feel like he is speechless because, you know, no one has ever seen this before,\" Liang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang recalls being awed, but not exactly surprised. \"Science really has no limit, you know,\" he says. \"The minute that you reach one limit, you are trying to break it, trying to reach the next limit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for Wang, that next limit lies somewhere inside the black box that is the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Scientist+Deploys+Light+And+Sound+To+Reveal+The+Brain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Try to look inside the brain, and you're not going to get very far. But photoacoustic imaging may be a solution for the shortcomings of conventional imaging. It uses lasers to make the brain sing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477280363,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1267},"headData":{"title":"A Scientist Deploys Light and Sound to Reveal the Brain | KQED","description":"Try to look inside the brain, and you're not going to get very far. But photoacoustic imaging may be a solution for the shortcomings of conventional imaging. 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He has also created a camera that shoots at 100 billion frames a second, fast enough to freeze an object traveling at the speed of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really about turning some of these ideas that we thought were science fiction into fact,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nibib.nih.gov/about-nibib/staff/richard-conroy\">Richard Conroy\u003c/a>, who directs the Division of Applied Science & Technology at the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang's ultimate goal is to use a combination of light and sound to solve the mysteries of the human brain. The brain is a \"magical black box we still don't understand,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang describes himself as a toolmaker. And when President Obama unveiled his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/04/02/176060875/obama-s-brain-map-plan-a-most-audacious-project\">BRAIN initiative\u003c/a> a couple of years ago to accelerate efforts to understand how we think and learn and remember, Wang realized that brain researchers really needed a tool he'd been working on for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to conquer the brain,\" \u003ca href=\"http://bme.wustl.edu/people/Pages/faculty-bio.aspx?faculty=19\">Wang\u003c/a> says. \"But even for a mouse brain, which is only a few millimeters thick, we really don't have a technique that allows us to see throughout the whole brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current brain-imaging techniques such as functional MRI or PET scans all have drawbacks. They're slow, or not sharp enough, or they can only see things near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Wang has been developing another approach, one he believes will be fast enough to monitor brain activity in real time and sharp enough to reveal an individual brain cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang's initial idea was to use light. There was a problem, though — one that's obvious if you hold your hand up to a light bulb. When light enters the body, it starts bouncing around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18556\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-18556\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/07/laser-1_custom-fc17ee201db1c2ba9294b981d9ef20d7556924d7-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A nanosecond pulsed laser beam starts the photoacoustic imaging process.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/07/laser-1_custom-fc17ee201db1c2ba9294b981d9ef20d7556924d7-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/07/laser-1_custom-fc17ee201db1c2ba9294b981d9ef20d7556924d7-s800-c85-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nanosecond pulsed laser beam starts the photoacoustic imaging process. \u003ccite>(Geoff Story/Courtesy of Washington University in St. Louis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is why we can't even see our own bone in the hands,\" Wang says. \"Because light, after, like, a millimeter, it becomes hopeless to get a very good sharp image.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang thought he had a solution. It involved sound. Sound waves don't bounce around much in the body, which is why an ultrasound can show a growing fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ultrasound images are blurry, sometimes so blurry it's hard to tell a boy from a girl. So Wang began experimenting with a technique that blends the speed and precision of light with the penetrating ability of sound. It's called photoacoustic imaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're combining the strengths of two forms of energy, light and sound, in a single form of imaging,\" Wang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, photoacoustic imaging has become a very big deal in the scientific world. And so has Wang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, he published more than 50 scientific papers. So far his research has attracted nearly $50 million in grant funding. And Caltech was impressed enough to lure him away from Washington University. His lab will be moved from St. Louis to Pasadena over the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Wang seems to be everywhere, delivering speeches, leading meetings and sitting on scientific advisory boards. \"It's really nonstop, right? You have to sleep, but then, other than that, you try to work all the time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang has so many projects going that his lab now has teams working on four different floors of one research building at Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those projects is Wang's latest photoacoustic microscope, which occupies much of a metal workbench the size of a pingpong table. Jinyang Liang, a postdoc, shows me how the device turns light into sound and sound into images of a living brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So that big guy, metal box there, is a laser,\" Liang tells me. During an experiment, the laser generates pulses of light that travel through a maze of mirrors and filters before reaching an anesthetized mouse on the other side of the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the pulses of light enter the mouse's skull and brain, they start to bounce around. But enough light energy gets through to cause molecules of brain tissue to vibrate. And those vibrations produce distinctive sound waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So light goes into the brain, and sounds come out. And just a few months ago, those sounds allowed a lab team to create high-speed, highly detailed, three-dimensional images of a mouse brain at work. \"When I first saw that, I was amazed,\" Liang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So was Richard Conroy at the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. He says he's often amazed by Wang, who has been funded by the institute for more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's one of these unique people who's able to take technologies and ideas from one field and apply them to a different field,\" Conroy says. \"So, for example, his work trying to target light at individual cells within the body — that's really borrowing ideas from astronomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photoacoustic imaging can do more than reveal the brain, Conroy says. Wang's lab has helped develop systems that use the technique to show tumors of the breast and skin, and even detect individual cancer cells in the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Conroy says that's just the beginning. \"It's research that really pushes the limits of our understanding of how to image in space and time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that could eventually lead to devices as futuristic as the medical tricorder on the starship Enterprise, Conroy says. \"It would be great to have a device like they had in \u003cem>Star Trek\u003c/em>. You could just lie there, the beam of light would pass over you, it would be able to tell everything that was wrong with you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photoacoustic imaging can't do that yet. It still hasn't been used on a human brain. But Wang says he follows a simple rule in his lab: \"Never say impossible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for Wang, that approach seems to work. A couple of years ago, he got some very special funding from the National Institutes of Health. \"This is a grant that gives you unbridled funds for you to do anything you see fit, essentially,\" he says. \"So we were really emboldened to explore very new directions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those directions involved a camera. The goal was to build the fastest camera ever — a camera so fast it could take pictures of light itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang picked a small team that included Jinyang Liang, an expert in optics. \"We thought, man, I mean, it sounds crazy, but can we see the propagation of light? Because that's literally the fastest object in the universe,\" Liang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang suggested an approach to achieve this seemingly impossible feat. And about six months later, the team was showing their boss the first movie ever of a pulse of light reflecting off a mirror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the moment, I feel like he is speechless because, you know, no one has ever seen this before,\" Liang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang recalls being awed, but not exactly surprised. \"Science really has no limit, you know,\" he says. \"The minute that you reach one limit, you are trying to break it, trying to reach the next limit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for Wang, that next limit lies somewhere inside the black box that is the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Scientist+Deploys+Light+And+Sound+To+Reveal+The+Brain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/18550/a-scientist-deploys-light-and-sound-to-reveal-the-brain","authors":["byline_futureofyou_18550"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_138","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_543","futureofyou_544"],"featImg":"futureofyou_18554","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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