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Computers armed with AI do everything from drive cars to pick movies you'll probably like. Some have warned we're putting too much trust in computers that appear to do wondrous things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what exactly do people mean when they talk about artificial intelligence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to find a universally accepted \u003ca href=\"https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/defining-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">definition\u003c/a> of artificial intelligence. Basically it's about getting a computer to be smart — getting it to do something that in the past only humans could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key to artificial intelligence is machine learning. Instead of telling a computer how to do something, you write a program that lets the computer figure out how to do something all on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's say you'd like a computer to be able to pick out one conversation in a crowded restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a problem that's been around for a long time,\" says computer scientist John Hershey, now at Google. \"When people start to lose their hearing this is one of the first things to go — the ability to separate one voice from another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hershey says nobody knows how our brains are able to separate voices, so it's difficult to tell a computer how to do it. But when he worked at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.merl.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory\u003c/a> in Cambridge, Mass., Hershey and his colleague Jonathan Le Roux used a technique called deep learning that allowed a computer, over time, to learn how to separate voices.[contextly_sidebar id=\"aSSAepQzkEyDhphKPsyhusdnA5B9qugK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/02/20/280232074/deep-learning-teaching-computers-to-tell-things-apart\">Deep learning\u003c/a> is all the rage in AI these days. It works something like this. You give the computer some input, in this case, the sound of people talking. To the computer, this is at first just meaningless noise. But then you give the computer a transcript of what the people were saying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a baby learning new words, the computer figures out what sounds go with what words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it has practiced, and practiced, and practiced, it can apply what it has learned to voices it's never heard before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hershey invited me to send him voices to see if his program could separate them from each other. I sent him a 10-second clip of NPR's Kelly McEvers and Ari Shapiro speaking simultaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what I sent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583321707/583325732\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's what the computer came up with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583321707/583333152\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the separated recording you can clearly hear what Kelly is saying, but there's still a bit of Ari's voice in the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hershey says the computer's flubs may be because Kelly's and Ari's voices are quite different from the voices used in the computer's training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's a problem, according to critics of the deep learning approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still need a lot of data to make this technique work,\" says New York University psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.psych.nyu.edu/gary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Marcus\u003c/a>, who works on artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep learning in computers resembles how scientists think the human brain works. The brain is made up of about 100 billion or so neurons. Researchers say the connections among these neurons change as people learn a new task. Something similar is going on inside a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But human brains learn a lot of stuff on their own. Marcus says for deep learning, you need a lot of data to train the computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And sometimes you can't find that data,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus worries people may be too enthralled with this approach to see its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the key questions right now is how risky is it if I make a crazy error?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So let's say the computer in a driver-less car sees someone wearing a T-shirt with a picture on it of a highway receding into the distance. It's just possible the computer would be misled that the road on the shirt was a real road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They make a mistake. They're not perfect. And the question is how much does that cost you?\" Marcus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that if you're using artificial intelligence to pick a song people might like, an error is hardly catastrophic. \"But if you made a pedestrian detector that's 99 percent correct that sounds good,\" he says, \"... then you do the math and think about how many people would die every day if you had a fleet of those cars and it's really not very good at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But computer scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.astroteller.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Astro Teller\u003c/a> is more positive about what AI can do. He heads a Google spinoff company \u003ca href=\"https://x.company/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called X\u003c/a>. First of all, he says, car-driving computers are already getting it right more than 99 percent of the time. He says even if they don't \u003cem>always\u003c/em> get it right, cars equipped with AI computers are likely to do way better than humans in unexpected situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also believes deep learning has its limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most people in the field of artificial intelligence are excited about deep learning, and the progress that it's making but I think very few of them think that it's going to be the whole nut,\" Teller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's convinced that researchers will come up with new AI techniques that will make computers much smarter than they are today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there are any inherent limits in the kinds of problems computers can solve,\" Teller says. \"And I hope that there aren't any limits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, having no limits poses its own set of interesting questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Computers+Learn+Like+Humans%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What exactly is artificial intelligence? How does it work? What are its limits?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521225363,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":932},"headData":{"title":"Can Computers Learn Like Humans? | KQED","description":"What exactly is artificial intelligence? How does it work? What are its limits?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Computers Learn Like Humans?","datePublished":"2018-03-16T18:31:49.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-16T18:36:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440231 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440231","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/16/can-computers-learn-like-humans/","disqusTitle":"Can Computers Learn Like Humans?","source":"Your Brain On Tech","nprByline":"Joe Palca\u003cbr />NPR All Tech Considered","nprImageAgency":"Sam Rowe for NPR","nprStoryId":"583321707","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=583321707&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/02/05/583321707/can-computers-learn-like-humans?ft=nprml&f=583321707","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 05 Feb 2018 21:56:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 05 Feb 2018 14:46:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 19 Feb 2018 07:27:42 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180205_atc_can_computers_learn_like_humans.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&aggIds=156490415&d=289&p=2&story=583321707&ft=nprml&f=583321707","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1583461897-8f4ffb.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1007&aggIds=156490415&d=289&p=2&story=583321707&ft=nprml&f=583321707","path":"/futureofyou/440231/can-computers-learn-like-humans","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180205_atc_can_computers_learn_like_humans.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1007&aggIds=156490415&d=289&p=2&story=583321707&ft=nprml&f=583321707","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world of artificial intelligence has exploded in recent years. Computers armed with AI do everything from drive cars to pick movies you'll probably like. Some have warned we're putting too much trust in computers that appear to do wondrous things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what exactly do people mean when they talk about artificial intelligence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to find a universally accepted \u003ca href=\"https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/defining-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">definition\u003c/a> of artificial intelligence. Basically it's about getting a computer to be smart — getting it to do something that in the past only humans could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key to artificial intelligence is machine learning. Instead of telling a computer how to do something, you write a program that lets the computer figure out how to do something all on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's say you'd like a computer to be able to pick out one conversation in a crowded restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a problem that's been around for a long time,\" says computer scientist John Hershey, now at Google. \"When people start to lose their hearing this is one of the first things to go — the ability to separate one voice from another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hershey says nobody knows how our brains are able to separate voices, so it's difficult to tell a computer how to do it. But when he worked at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.merl.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory\u003c/a> in Cambridge, Mass., Hershey and his colleague Jonathan Le Roux used a technique called deep learning that allowed a computer, over time, to learn how to separate voices.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/02/20/280232074/deep-learning-teaching-computers-to-tell-things-apart\">Deep learning\u003c/a> is all the rage in AI these days. It works something like this. You give the computer some input, in this case, the sound of people talking. To the computer, this is at first just meaningless noise. But then you give the computer a transcript of what the people were saying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a baby learning new words, the computer figures out what sounds go with what words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it has practiced, and practiced, and practiced, it can apply what it has learned to voices it's never heard before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hershey invited me to send him voices to see if his program could separate them from each other. I sent him a 10-second clip of NPR's Kelly McEvers and Ari Shapiro speaking simultaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what I sent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583321707/583325732\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's what the computer came up with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583321707/583333152\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the separated recording you can clearly hear what Kelly is saying, but there's still a bit of Ari's voice in the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hershey says the computer's flubs may be because Kelly's and Ari's voices are quite different from the voices used in the computer's training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's a problem, according to critics of the deep learning approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still need a lot of data to make this technique work,\" says New York University psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.psych.nyu.edu/gary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Marcus\u003c/a>, who works on artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep learning in computers resembles how scientists think the human brain works. The brain is made up of about 100 billion or so neurons. Researchers say the connections among these neurons change as people learn a new task. Something similar is going on inside a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But human brains learn a lot of stuff on their own. Marcus says for deep learning, you need a lot of data to train the computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And sometimes you can't find that data,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus worries people may be too enthralled with this approach to see its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the key questions right now is how risky is it if I make a crazy error?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So let's say the computer in a driver-less car sees someone wearing a T-shirt with a picture on it of a highway receding into the distance. It's just possible the computer would be misled that the road on the shirt was a real road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They make a mistake. They're not perfect. And the question is how much does that cost you?\" Marcus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that if you're using artificial intelligence to pick a song people might like, an error is hardly catastrophic. \"But if you made a pedestrian detector that's 99 percent correct that sounds good,\" he says, \"... then you do the math and think about how many people would die every day if you had a fleet of those cars and it's really not very good at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But computer scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.astroteller.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Astro Teller\u003c/a> is more positive about what AI can do. He heads a Google spinoff company \u003ca href=\"https://x.company/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called X\u003c/a>. First of all, he says, car-driving computers are already getting it right more than 99 percent of the time. He says even if they don't \u003cem>always\u003c/em> get it right, cars equipped with AI computers are likely to do way better than humans in unexpected situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also believes deep learning has its limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most people in the field of artificial intelligence are excited about deep learning, and the progress that it's making but I think very few of them think that it's going to be the whole nut,\" Teller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's convinced that researchers will come up with new AI techniques that will make computers much smarter than they are today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there are any inherent limits in the kinds of problems computers can solve,\" Teller says. \"And I hope that there aren't any limits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, having no limits poses its own set of interesting questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Computers+Learn+Like+Humans%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440231/can-computers-learn-like-humans","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440231"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_849","futureofyou_56","futureofyou_905","futureofyou_131"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440232","label":"source_futureofyou_440231"},"futureofyou_379828":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_379828","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"379828","score":null,"sort":[1495734058000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tech-insiders-call-out-facebook-for-literally-manipulating-your-brain","title":"Tech Insiders Call Out Facebook for Literally Manipulating Your Brain","publishDate":1495734058,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In today's world, you'd have to be looking at your phone all the time not to notice that people are looking at their phones all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The tycoons of social media have to stop pretending that they're friendly nerd-gods building a better world, and admit they're just tobacco farmers in t-shirts selling an addictive product to children.'\u003ccite>Bill Maher, on his HBO show\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some device owners are so enamored of their digital companions that even \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTOZjXjaCaE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">crossing a busy street\u003c/a> doesn't merit a little look-see at the 3-D world. Last year, when it came to \u003ca href=\"//ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/07/22/the-number-of-accident-reports-related-to-pokemon-go-is-getting-scary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing\u003c/a> Pokémon Go, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=KvA9ZgC73vc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nasioopener noopener noreferrer\">driving a car\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/15/health/pokemon-go-players-fall-down-cliff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">walking toward a cliff\u003c/a> didn't rate some people's full attention, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"uCXUgpDo1aspjSPrtQWwsV2HUIwMUSVL\"]Recently, a former Google \"design ethicist\" named Tristan Harris has been on a crusade of sorts calling out tech companies like Facebook, Google and Apple for using behavioral techniques and neuroscience to keep you compulsively glued to your phone and computer screens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris' campaign is starting to get a lot of media attention -- last month, \"60 Minutes\" ran a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/brain-hacking-tech-insiders-60-minutes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">segment\u003c/a> looking at the issue. That was followed by the comedian and tele-muckraker Bill Maher making it the subject of one of his HBO commentaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tycoons of social media have to stop pretending that they're friendly nerd-gods building a better world, and admit they're just tobacco farmers in t-shirts selling an addictive product to children,\" Maher opined. \"Because let's face it, checking your 'likes' is the new smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple, Google, Facebook? They are essentially drug dealers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's Maher's take (replete with his signature politically incorrect raunch):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDqoTDM7tio\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the comedian's view may seem over-the-top, KQED's Lesley McClurg recently reported the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/17/theres-growing-consensus-the-internet-is-addictive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> of a middle-school girl who became hooked on watching YouTube, before her parents sent her to to an actual addiction recovery clinic. The cost: $60,000, paid partly from their retirement accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reporting that story, McClurg interviewed Harris, the former Google ethicist. He called the practice of tech companies using scientific techniques that foster compulsivity \"brain hacking.\" Harris now runs a nonprofit called\u003ca href=\"http://www.timewellspent.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Time Well Spent\u003c/a>, whose home page invites people to \"reclaim our minds from being hijacked by technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLtLeT9oxQnyqag7AVKQn1-WYUhKAHzj-b&v=tf9ZhU7zF8s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking about the current power of Google, Facebook and Apple to command our collective gaze, Harris tells McClurg: \"Never before in history have a handful of technology designers working at three tech companies ... influenced how a billion people spend their attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris says that good, ethical design is being trumped by the quest for profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If your company’s goal and your stock price is based on how much attention they get from someone, it’s not really about ethics,\" he says. \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They just have to do whatever it takes to get attention.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has created an eyeballs-seeking arms race.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Asking technology companies, asking content creators to be less good at what they do feels like a ridiculous ask.'\u003ccite>Gabe Zichermann, author of 'The Gamification Revolution,' speaking to '60 Minutes'\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"After you finish watching a YouTube video,\" Harris notes, \"it auto-plays the next one right away, so you don't have to make a conscious choice. Let's say that creates a 5 percent lift in how much time people spend on YouTube. So Facebook is sitting there watching their traffic get siphoned away, and Facebook says we have to make our videos auto-play, too.\" (Neither Google nor Facebook returned a request for comment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook, meanwhile, has every incentive to keep you mousing through its news feed so it can sell more ads. Harris says that's one reason the company uses continuous scroll, so that new content will keep opening up as you hit the bottom of the page. But he thinks a more ethical design would be to enable what an individual user wants to do at any given moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Let's say \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">your friend texts you that dinner's off,\" he says. \"\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So there you are with \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">no plans, and you\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> open up Facebook. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">t that moment, Facebook has \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">about 1,000 people whose job is to get you to just click and scroll and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">watch stuff on the news feed. And that will work. You'll probably end up \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sitting there, an hour later, just kind of having scrolled through the news feed.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At which point, says Harris, you will have fulfilled Facebook's mission, but perhaps not your own. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's not that we \u003cem>shouldn't\u003c/em> be concerned about book burning, but we \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be concerned about a society that distracts us from even wanting to read.' \u003ccite>Tristan Harris, former Google design ethicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what if Facebook actually asked you what you wanted to do, apart from just using Facebook? Like perhaps finding other people who have no plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"It’s about agency,\" says Harris. \"Facebook would have to have some way before you just get dropped in the newsfeed, to say, 'What do you want right now?'\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>B.J. Fogg runs the Persuasive Technology Lab at Stanford, which teaches students to use these sticky techniques. Many employees of top tech companies, including a cofounder of Instagram, have participated in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fogg says he got to know some of the early Facebook employees, and found them genuinely motivated by a desire to do good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The individual people at Facebook, the people that I met, really wanted to make the world more harmonious, bring people together, create empathy and so on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where I think Tristan (Harris) and I would agree a lot is that often their business goals can be at odds with the human-centered approach to design. There's a conflict there between what they need to do as an advertising company and what's going to be really good for people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Amusing Ourselves to Death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason this matters so much is that technology is going to get more and more persuasive, says Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sitting \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">at the very edge of what will become a virtual reality and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">augmented reality world. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If those worlds are e\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ven more persuasive in getting us to spend our time there, where is hum\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">an agency in that process?\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then a warning.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We have to have that conversation now because right now it's \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">driving toward not a good direction.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We have now developed a rigorous technology of the human mind, and that is both exciting and terrifying. We have the ability to twiddle some nobs in a machine learning dashboard we build, and around the world hundreds of thousands of people are going to quietly change their behavior ... .'\u003ccite>Ramsay Brown, co-founder, Dopamine Labs\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He cited a 1985 book, \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amusing Ourselves to Death\u003c/a>,\" by Neil Postman, that distinguished between two dystopian visions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's one that most people already know: the \"1984\" Big Brother, surveillance future. We have all been trained to look out for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there is this subtler second vision of power, which was the Aldous Huxley vision in \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brave New World\u003c/a>,\" that's so good at giving us amusement and little bits of trivia. In other words, it's not that we \u003cem>shouldn't\u003c/em> be concerned about book burning, but we \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be concerned about a society that distracts us from even wanting to read.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's the Dopamine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsay Brown is the co-founder of \u003ca href=\"https://usedopamine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dopamine Labs\u003c/a>, which uses artificial intelligence and neuroscience to help app writers attract and retain users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dopamine Labs makes no bones about what it's trying to do. From a \u003ca href=\"https://usedopamine.com/assets/pdf/Dopamine%20Labs%20Case%20Studies.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">promotional document\u003c/a> on its website.:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Keeping users engaged isn’t luck: it’s science. Give users the right \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/burst.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-392383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/burst.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a> of dopamine at the right moment and they’ll stay longer and use your app more.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with rewards and addictive substances. The company is not just being glib when it says it will deliver the chemical to users. Dr. Elias Aboujaoude, the director of Stanford’s Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinic, told KQED's McClurg that dopamine and other feel-good brain chemicals spike in people who compulsively use the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown told me that social media companies use a concept known as variable rewards, something that slot machines use to hook gamblers, to similarly keep users clicking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The brain isn't particularly craving any one little feel-good signal as much as it does a really good rhythm and pattern,\" Brown said. Both he and Harris say Facebook and Instagram tailor the timing of the \"notifications\" they deliver to users -- the messages you get that are indicated by a number in red at the top right of the screen -- in order to deliver shots of dopamine to users at times determined by an algorithm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes there’s nothing waiting for you, sometimes there’s a friend request or someone wrote on your wall,\" Brown told me. \"Sometimes there’s just kind of like filler crap. It’s not pertinent to your life, but Facebook's algorithms have figured out that showing it to you then is going to be slightly more surprising then not showing it to you at all or showing it to you later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These patterns will keep you coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Brown how he knew that's what Facebook was doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's obvious to anyone who knows the techniques,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvQxtotEX-M\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \"60 Minutes\" segment, Larry Rosen, a professor of psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills, who researches the psychology of tech, said typically, people check their phones every 15 minutes or less. They're not just craving dopamine; he said they're seeking relief from the stress hormone cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Half of the time, they check their phone, there’s no alert, no notification,\" said Rosen. \"It’s coming from inside their head, telling them, 'Gee I haven’t checked on Facebook for a while, I haven’t checked on this Twitter feed for a while. I wonder if someone commented on my Instagram post. That then generates cortisol and it starts to make you anxious. Eventually your goal is to get rid of that anxiety, so you check in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Anderson Cooper of \"60 Minutes\" put it: \"Their research suggests our phones are keeping us in a continual state of anxiety in which the only antidote is the phone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsay Brown says his own company uses this type of research to help only businesses or organizations it has determined are trying to do good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To break the habits we don't want in ourselves or make the habits we do want in ourselves,\" as he puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, Dopamine Labs created an \u003ca href=\"http://youjustneedspace.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">app\u003c/a> called \"Space,\" intended to help users break troublesome online habits by creating a delay before certain apps will open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple initially denied the app for placement in its app store. Brown says he was told by an Apple rep that the rejection came because any app that encouraged people to use other apps less was inappropriate for the store. After the \"60 Minutes\" segment aired, Apple \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/space-because-you-need-a-breather/id1187106675?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">accepted \u003c/a>the app. (An Apple spokesperson said the rejection had to do with a technical issue and that \"The adjustment had nothing to do with whether the app discouraged people from using other apps or not.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though Dopamine Labs might choose clients according to its own definition of doing good, I wondered if the application of techniques that are as powerful and potentially insidious as he and other researchers say they are is justified, no matter what the product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are in a bit of a Robert Oppenheimer moment,\" Brown said, citing the scientist who is often called the father of the atomic bomb, and who later expressed a deep ambivalence about his work\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have now developed a rigorous technology of the human mind, and that is both exciting and terrifying. We have the ability to twiddle some nobs in a machine learning dashboard we build, and around the world hundreds of thousands of people are going to quietly change their behavior in ways that, unbeknownst to them, feel second-nature but are really by design.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Which means that there's a deep ethical imperative for us to use it for good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What's the Harm?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED's McClurg reported, addictions to social media, video games, texting, shopping and pornography are not officially listed disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A consensus is growing, however, that compulsive online behavior is doing real harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of papers have been written on the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/07/06/does-facebook-really-make-you-depressed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">negative consequences of using Facebook\u003c/a>, alone. While some studies have also shown positive effects, Jean Twenge, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University and the author of \"Generation Me,\" says more rigorous research has come to a more negative conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Its pretty clear these days that spending more time on social media leads to a\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> more negative mood\u003c/a>,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge says her research shows that the proliferation of the smartphone is having big effects on people born around 1995. She say that's when the millennial generation morphs into \"iGen\" -- also known as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Z\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_303.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plummeting employment rate of young men\u003c/a> as one macro-development related to iGen, and \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cited \u003c/span>the work of University of Chicago economist Erik Hurst. Last year, in a university \u003ca href=\"https://bfi.uchicago.edu/news/scholar-profile/faculty-spotlight-erik-hurst\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">profile\u003c/a>, Hurst discussed his research on the dwindling percentage of young males without a college degree in the labor force and this trend's connection to leisure-time technology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the 2000s, employment rates for this group dropped sharply – more than in any other group. We have determined that, in general, they are not going back to school or switching careers, so what are they doing with their time? The hours that they are not working have been replaced almost one for one with leisure time. Seventy-five percent of this new leisure time falls into one category: video games. The average low-skilled, unemployed man in this group plays video games an average of 12, and sometimes upwards of 30 hours per week. This change marks a relatively major shift that makes me question its effect on their attachment to the labor market.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Attention Economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BJ Fogg says a lot of persuasion methods that Facebook and other tech companies use are not really new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He gave the example of Facebook birthday reminders, which often draw people back into the site to wish someone happy birthday. \"Reminders are not new,\" he said, citing Hallmark TV commercials about mother's day, for example. \"W\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">hat ‘s different today is that machines are being created to use these techniques.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, I am reminded that those of us who create text for public consumption have also been in the business of attention-grabbing for quite some time. This \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/12/how-the-media-came-to-embrace-clickbait-an-internet-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">excerpt\u003c/a> we recently posted from Tim Wu's book \"The Attention Merchants,\" is instructive; it takes you through the evolution and eventual mainstream adoption of clickbait -- those headlines that contain just the right words to whet your appetite for a click.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we here at KQED have yet to hire a an actual neuroscientist to help us craft the perfect syntactic arrangement to make our post on the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/25/volunteer-brown-pelican-count-aims-to-measure-recovery-of-once-endangered-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California brown pelican count\u003c/a> irresistible to a mass audience, we have sat through any number of workshops led by self-styled audience-whisperers. And we do use software tools to try to figure out what works and what doesn't in terms of getting people to read an article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isn't that, crudely, \u003cem>some\u003c/em> form of brain hacking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point being: \u003cem>Everyone\u003c/em> is in quest of your eyeballs. The question is how far will people go to get them. Where the line gets crossed from superior business model to dirty rotten trick is the subject of much debate, from the halls of government to academia to Thanksgiving brouhahas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the \"60 Minutes\" segment, Gabe Zichermann, who consults for companies on how to use \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gamification\u003c/a>\" to make their digital products more appealing, argued that attracting audience is simply the name of the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Asking technology companies, asking content creators to be less good at what they do feels like a ridiculous ask,\" he said. \"It feels impossible. And also it’s very anti-capitalistic. This isn’t the system that we live in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other side of that, expressed by Bill Maher in his televised rant:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The moral rot in this country began when corporate America decided it wasn’t enough to just successfully sell your product; people needed to be addicted to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, while you wait for society to figure this issue out, it's probably best to take matters into your own compulsively typing hands. If you've ever said \"I wish I knew how to quit you\" to your phone, see Lesley McClurg's post, '\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/24/help-my-phone-is-ruining-my-life-8-tips-for-the-addicted\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Help! My Phone is Ruining My Life!\u003c/a>' for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/19/help-my-phone-is-ruining-my-life-8-tips-for-the-addicted/#tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eight tips\u003c/a> on how to detach.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A former Google ethicist is on a crusade to make people aware of what he says are manipulative techniques by tech companies to foster compulsive use of their products. The issue is now getting plenty of media play.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1503503229,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":75,"wordCount":2961},"headData":{"title":"Tech Insiders Call Out Facebook for Literally Manipulating Your Brain | KQED","description":"A former Google ethicist is on a crusade to make people aware of what he says are manipulative techniques by tech companies to foster compulsive use of their products. The issue is now getting plenty of media play.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tech Insiders Call Out Facebook for Literally Manipulating Your Brain","datePublished":"2017-05-25T17:40:58.000Z","dateModified":"2017-08-23T15:47:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"379828 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=379828","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/25/tech-insiders-call-out-facebook-for-literally-manipulating-your-brain/","disqusTitle":"Tech Insiders Call Out Facebook for Literally Manipulating Your Brain","source":"KQED Future of You","customPermalink":"2017/05/25/tristan-harris-brain-hacking/","path":"/futureofyou/379828/tech-insiders-call-out-facebook-for-literally-manipulating-your-brain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In today's world, you'd have to be looking at your phone all the time not to notice that people are looking at their phones all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The tycoons of social media have to stop pretending that they're friendly nerd-gods building a better world, and admit they're just tobacco farmers in t-shirts selling an addictive product to children.'\u003ccite>Bill Maher, on his HBO show\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some device owners are so enamored of their digital companions that even \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTOZjXjaCaE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">crossing a busy street\u003c/a> doesn't merit a little look-see at the 3-D world. Last year, when it came to \u003ca href=\"//ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/07/22/the-number-of-accident-reports-related-to-pokemon-go-is-getting-scary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing\u003c/a> Pokémon Go, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=KvA9ZgC73vc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nasioopener noopener noreferrer\">driving a car\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/15/health/pokemon-go-players-fall-down-cliff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">walking toward a cliff\u003c/a> didn't rate some people's full attention, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Recently, a former Google \"design ethicist\" named Tristan Harris has been on a crusade of sorts calling out tech companies like Facebook, Google and Apple for using behavioral techniques and neuroscience to keep you compulsively glued to your phone and computer screens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris' campaign is starting to get a lot of media attention -- last month, \"60 Minutes\" ran a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/brain-hacking-tech-insiders-60-minutes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">segment\u003c/a> looking at the issue. That was followed by the comedian and tele-muckraker Bill Maher making it the subject of one of his HBO commentaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tycoons of social media have to stop pretending that they're friendly nerd-gods building a better world, and admit they're just tobacco farmers in t-shirts selling an addictive product to children,\" Maher opined. \"Because let's face it, checking your 'likes' is the new smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Apple, Google, Facebook? They are essentially drug dealers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's Maher's take (replete with his signature politically incorrect raunch):\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/KDqoTDM7tio'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/KDqoTDM7tio'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>While the comedian's view may seem over-the-top, KQED's Lesley McClurg recently reported the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/17/theres-growing-consensus-the-internet-is-addictive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> of a middle-school girl who became hooked on watching YouTube, before her parents sent her to to an actual addiction recovery clinic. The cost: $60,000, paid partly from their retirement accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reporting that story, McClurg interviewed Harris, the former Google ethicist. He called the practice of tech companies using scientific techniques that foster compulsivity \"brain hacking.\" Harris now runs a nonprofit called\u003ca href=\"http://www.timewellspent.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Time Well Spent\u003c/a>, whose home page invites people to \"reclaim our minds from being hijacked by technology.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tf9ZhU7zF8s'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tf9ZhU7zF8s'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Speaking about the current power of Google, Facebook and Apple to command our collective gaze, Harris tells McClurg: \"Never before in history have a handful of technology designers working at three tech companies ... influenced how a billion people spend their attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris says that good, ethical design is being trumped by the quest for profit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If your company’s goal and your stock price is based on how much attention they get from someone, it’s not really about ethics,\" he says. \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They just have to do whatever it takes to get attention.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has created an eyeballs-seeking arms race.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Asking technology companies, asking content creators to be less good at what they do feels like a ridiculous ask.'\u003ccite>Gabe Zichermann, author of 'The Gamification Revolution,' speaking to '60 Minutes'\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"After you finish watching a YouTube video,\" Harris notes, \"it auto-plays the next one right away, so you don't have to make a conscious choice. Let's say that creates a 5 percent lift in how much time people spend on YouTube. So Facebook is sitting there watching their traffic get siphoned away, and Facebook says we have to make our videos auto-play, too.\" (Neither Google nor Facebook returned a request for comment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook, meanwhile, has every incentive to keep you mousing through its news feed so it can sell more ads. Harris says that's one reason the company uses continuous scroll, so that new content will keep opening up as you hit the bottom of the page. But he thinks a more ethical design would be to enable what an individual user wants to do at any given moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Let's say \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">your friend texts you that dinner's off,\" he says. \"\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So there you are with \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">no plans, and you\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> open up Facebook. A\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">t that moment, Facebook has \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">about 1,000 people whose job is to get you to just click and scroll and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">watch stuff on the news feed. And that will work. You'll probably end up \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sitting there, an hour later, just kind of having scrolled through the news feed.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At which point, says Harris, you will have fulfilled Facebook's mission, but perhaps not your own. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's not that we \u003cem>shouldn't\u003c/em> be concerned about book burning, but we \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be concerned about a society that distracts us from even wanting to read.' \u003ccite>Tristan Harris, former Google design ethicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what if Facebook actually asked you what you wanted to do, apart from just using Facebook? Like perhaps finding other people who have no plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"It’s about agency,\" says Harris. \"Facebook would have to have some way before you just get dropped in the newsfeed, to say, 'What do you want right now?'\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>B.J. Fogg runs the Persuasive Technology Lab at Stanford, which teaches students to use these sticky techniques. Many employees of top tech companies, including a cofounder of Instagram, have participated in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fogg says he got to know some of the early Facebook employees, and found them genuinely motivated by a desire to do good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The individual people at Facebook, the people that I met, really wanted to make the world more harmonious, bring people together, create empathy and so on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where I think Tristan (Harris) and I would agree a lot is that often their business goals can be at odds with the human-centered approach to design. There's a conflict there between what they need to do as an advertising company and what's going to be really good for people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Amusing Ourselves to Death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason this matters so much is that technology is going to get more and more persuasive, says Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sitting \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">at the very edge of what will become a virtual reality and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">augmented reality world. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If those worlds are e\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ven more persuasive in getting us to spend our time there, where is hum\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">an agency in that process?\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then a warning.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"We have to have that conversation now because right now it's \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">driving toward not a good direction.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We have now developed a rigorous technology of the human mind, and that is both exciting and terrifying. We have the ability to twiddle some nobs in a machine learning dashboard we build, and around the world hundreds of thousands of people are going to quietly change their behavior ... .'\u003ccite>Ramsay Brown, co-founder, Dopamine Labs\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He cited a 1985 book, \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amusing Ourselves to Death\u003c/a>,\" by Neil Postman, that distinguished between two dystopian visions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's one that most people already know: the \"1984\" Big Brother, surveillance future. We have all been trained to look out for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there is this subtler second vision of power, which was the Aldous Huxley vision in \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brave New World\u003c/a>,\" that's so good at giving us amusement and little bits of trivia. In other words, it's not that we \u003cem>shouldn't\u003c/em> be concerned about book burning, but we \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be concerned about a society that distracts us from even wanting to read.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's the Dopamine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsay Brown is the co-founder of \u003ca href=\"https://usedopamine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dopamine Labs\u003c/a>, which uses artificial intelligence and neuroscience to help app writers attract and retain users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dopamine Labs makes no bones about what it's trying to do. From a \u003ca href=\"https://usedopamine.com/assets/pdf/Dopamine%20Labs%20Case%20Studies.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">promotional document\u003c/a> on its website.:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Keeping users engaged isn’t luck: it’s science. Give users the right \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/burst.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-392383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/burst.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a> of dopamine at the right moment and they’ll stay longer and use your app more.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with rewards and addictive substances. The company is not just being glib when it says it will deliver the chemical to users. Dr. Elias Aboujaoude, the director of Stanford’s Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinic, told KQED's McClurg that dopamine and other feel-good brain chemicals spike in people who compulsively use the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown told me that social media companies use a concept known as variable rewards, something that slot machines use to hook gamblers, to similarly keep users clicking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The brain isn't particularly craving any one little feel-good signal as much as it does a really good rhythm and pattern,\" Brown said. Both he and Harris say Facebook and Instagram tailor the timing of the \"notifications\" they deliver to users -- the messages you get that are indicated by a number in red at the top right of the screen -- in order to deliver shots of dopamine to users at times determined by an algorithm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes there’s nothing waiting for you, sometimes there’s a friend request or someone wrote on your wall,\" Brown told me. \"Sometimes there’s just kind of like filler crap. It’s not pertinent to your life, but Facebook's algorithms have figured out that showing it to you then is going to be slightly more surprising then not showing it to you at all or showing it to you later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These patterns will keep you coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Brown how he knew that's what Facebook was doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's obvious to anyone who knows the techniques,\" he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gvQxtotEX-M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gvQxtotEX-M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In the \"60 Minutes\" segment, Larry Rosen, a professor of psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills, who researches the psychology of tech, said typically, people check their phones every 15 minutes or less. They're not just craving dopamine; he said they're seeking relief from the stress hormone cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Half of the time, they check their phone, there’s no alert, no notification,\" said Rosen. \"It’s coming from inside their head, telling them, 'Gee I haven’t checked on Facebook for a while, I haven’t checked on this Twitter feed for a while. I wonder if someone commented on my Instagram post. That then generates cortisol and it starts to make you anxious. Eventually your goal is to get rid of that anxiety, so you check in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Anderson Cooper of \"60 Minutes\" put it: \"Their research suggests our phones are keeping us in a continual state of anxiety in which the only antidote is the phone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsay Brown says his own company uses this type of research to help only businesses or organizations it has determined are trying to do good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To break the habits we don't want in ourselves or make the habits we do want in ourselves,\" as he puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, Dopamine Labs created an \u003ca href=\"http://youjustneedspace.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">app\u003c/a> called \"Space,\" intended to help users break troublesome online habits by creating a delay before certain apps will open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple initially denied the app for placement in its app store. Brown says he was told by an Apple rep that the rejection came because any app that encouraged people to use other apps less was inappropriate for the store. After the \"60 Minutes\" segment aired, Apple \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/space-because-you-need-a-breather/id1187106675?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">accepted \u003c/a>the app. (An Apple spokesperson said the rejection had to do with a technical issue and that \"The adjustment had nothing to do with whether the app discouraged people from using other apps or not.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though Dopamine Labs might choose clients according to its own definition of doing good, I wondered if the application of techniques that are as powerful and potentially insidious as he and other researchers say they are is justified, no matter what the product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are in a bit of a Robert Oppenheimer moment,\" Brown said, citing the scientist who is often called the father of the atomic bomb, and who later expressed a deep ambivalence about his work\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have now developed a rigorous technology of the human mind, and that is both exciting and terrifying. We have the ability to twiddle some nobs in a machine learning dashboard we build, and around the world hundreds of thousands of people are going to quietly change their behavior in ways that, unbeknownst to them, feel second-nature but are really by design.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Which means that there's a deep ethical imperative for us to use it for good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What's the Harm?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED's McClurg reported, addictions to social media, video games, texting, shopping and pornography are not officially listed disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A consensus is growing, however, that compulsive online behavior is doing real harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of papers have been written on the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/07/06/does-facebook-really-make-you-depressed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">negative consequences of using Facebook\u003c/a>, alone. While some studies have also shown positive effects, Jean Twenge, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University and the author of \"Generation Me,\" says more rigorous research has come to a more negative conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Its pretty clear these days that spending more time on social media leads to a\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> more negative mood\u003c/a>,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge says her research shows that the proliferation of the smartphone is having big effects on people born around 1995. She say that's when the millennial generation morphs into \"iGen\" -- also known as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Z\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_303.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">plummeting employment rate of young men\u003c/a> as one macro-development related to iGen, and \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cited \u003c/span>the work of University of Chicago economist Erik Hurst. Last year, in a university \u003ca href=\"https://bfi.uchicago.edu/news/scholar-profile/faculty-spotlight-erik-hurst\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">profile\u003c/a>, Hurst discussed his research on the dwindling percentage of young males without a college degree in the labor force and this trend's connection to leisure-time technology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the 2000s, employment rates for this group dropped sharply – more than in any other group. We have determined that, in general, they are not going back to school or switching careers, so what are they doing with their time? The hours that they are not working have been replaced almost one for one with leisure time. Seventy-five percent of this new leisure time falls into one category: video games. The average low-skilled, unemployed man in this group plays video games an average of 12, and sometimes upwards of 30 hours per week. This change marks a relatively major shift that makes me question its effect on their attachment to the labor market.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Attention Economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BJ Fogg says a lot of persuasion methods that Facebook and other tech companies use are not really new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He gave the example of Facebook birthday reminders, which often draw people back into the site to wish someone happy birthday. \"Reminders are not new,\" he said, citing Hallmark TV commercials about mother's day, for example. \"W\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">hat ‘s different today is that machines are being created to use these techniques.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, I am reminded that those of us who create text for public consumption have also been in the business of attention-grabbing for quite some time. This \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/12/how-the-media-came-to-embrace-clickbait-an-internet-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">excerpt\u003c/a> we recently posted from Tim Wu's book \"The Attention Merchants,\" is instructive; it takes you through the evolution and eventual mainstream adoption of clickbait -- those headlines that contain just the right words to whet your appetite for a click.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we here at KQED have yet to hire a an actual neuroscientist to help us craft the perfect syntactic arrangement to make our post on the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/25/volunteer-brown-pelican-count-aims-to-measure-recovery-of-once-endangered-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California brown pelican count\u003c/a> irresistible to a mass audience, we have sat through any number of workshops led by self-styled audience-whisperers. And we do use software tools to try to figure out what works and what doesn't in terms of getting people to read an article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isn't that, crudely, \u003cem>some\u003c/em> form of brain hacking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point being: \u003cem>Everyone\u003c/em> is in quest of your eyeballs. The question is how far will people go to get them. Where the line gets crossed from superior business model to dirty rotten trick is the subject of much debate, from the halls of government to academia to Thanksgiving brouhahas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the \"60 Minutes\" segment, Gabe Zichermann, who consults for companies on how to use \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gamification\u003c/a>\" to make their digital products more appealing, argued that attracting audience is simply the name of the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Asking technology companies, asking content creators to be less good at what they do feels like a ridiculous ask,\" he said. \"It feels impossible. And also it’s very anti-capitalistic. This isn’t the system that we live in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other side of that, expressed by Bill Maher in his televised rant:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The moral rot in this country began when corporate America decided it wasn’t enough to just successfully sell your product; people needed to be addicted to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, while you wait for society to figure this issue out, it's probably best to take matters into your own compulsively typing hands. If you've ever said \"I wish I knew how to quit you\" to your phone, see Lesley McClurg's post, '\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/24/help-my-phone-is-ruining-my-life-8-tips-for-the-addicted\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Help! My Phone is Ruining My Life!\u003c/a>' for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/19/help-my-phone-is-ruining-my-life-8-tips-for-the-addicted/#tips\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eight tips\u003c/a> on how to detach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/379828/tech-insiders-call-out-facebook-for-literally-manipulating-your-brain","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_235","futureofyou_178","futureofyou_131","futureofyou_1183"],"featImg":"futureofyou_397048","label":"source_futureofyou_379828"},"futureofyou_125592":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_125592","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"125592","score":null,"sort":[1457719248000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt","title":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t","publishDate":1457719248,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>The Zika virus is certainly worrying. On Feb. 1, the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/\" target=\"_blank\">declared the cluster\u003c/a> of infant brain disorders that health experts strongly suspect is linked to the virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern#History\" target=\"_blank\">rare designation\u003c/a> defined by WHO as \"an extraordinary event,\" constituting a transnational public health risk potentially requiring a coordinated international response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last event to receive that designation was the spread of the Ebola virus in 2014. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people in West Africa\u003c/a> died from the disease -- a terrible toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated.'\u003ccite>Stephen Gehlbach,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Massachusetts-Amherst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., however, the ratio of fatalities (2) to panic (a lot) was off the charts, driven in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2014/dec/15/2014-lie-year-exaggerations-about-ebola/\" target=\"_blank\">unfounded speculation and erroneous information\u003c/a>. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/10/ebola_panic_anniversary_predictions_of_a_u_s_epidemic_didn_t_come_true.html\" target=\"_blank\">hindsight\u003c/a> (and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ebola-panic-in-us-spreading-much-faster-than-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">at the time\u003c/a>), this was obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will concern over Zika follow a similar trajectory? Hopefully not, though the fact that \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">more than 4 in 10 Americans\u003c/a> think the disease is usually fatal (it's not) is probably not a good sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indication that interest in the virus has outpaced the risk is a comparision of the explosive growth and geographical expansion of Zika searches on Google versus the areas of actual active transmission. Here's a global CDC map showing the current areas of Zika transmission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125990\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-125990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-800x479.jpg\" alt=\"zikamap\" width=\"800\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-768x460.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's a widget created by Google showing the spread of, not the virus, but searches related to it since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003ca href=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" target=\"_blank\">Click here for a full-screen map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not necessarily unexpected or even unwarranted, considering the potential \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-grows-linking-zika-microcephaly-and-other-nerve-syndromes/\" target=\"_blank\">awful effects of the virus \u003c/a>and the lack of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the Ebola hysteria in the U.S. presents us with a cautionary tale, according to Stephen Gehlbach, dean emeritus of the School of Public Health at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. \u003ca href=\"http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2016/02/18/threats-of-zika-stephen-gelbach\" target=\"_blank\">Writing for WBUR\u003c/a> in Boston, he wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Such distressing history should warn that Zika could provoke similar behaviors. How should we react?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By reasoned response. The health concerns are real. But science should supplant our fear, and evidence not emotion be our guide. While we wait for clarity, we need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated. As we learn more about this disease and monitor its spread, rational strategies to minimize risk will emerge.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you're a citizen of the United States, it's useful to note that officials here think widespread transmission in this country is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/26/464459350/big-zika-virus-outbreak-unlikely-in-the-u-s-officials-say\" target=\"_blank\">unlikely\u003c/a>, due to a climate that is mostly inhospitable to the species of mosquitoes spreading the virus, as well as the pervasive use of air conditioning and window screens. (Sexual transmission, however, is of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/03/08/who-tells-pregnant-women-not-visit-zika-affected-areas/81481592/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing concern\u003c/a>.) According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\">CDC\u003c/a>, there are currently 193 cases of people in the U.S. who acquired the disease while traveling internationally and zero cases of local transmission by mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while countries to our south are getting hard hit by the virus, an increase in microcephaly and other devastating neonatal malformations -- so widely publicized -- has been limited to Brazil and French Polynesia,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/10-march-2016/en/\" target=\"_blank\">current Zika situation report\u003c/a> from WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, high tech is on the case. Google has \u003ca href=\"https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/providing-support-to-combat-zika-in.html\" target=\"_blank\">put a volunteer team \u003c/a>of its engineers and data scientists to work in building a data platform to aid in the global effort to stop the spread of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ultimately, the goal of this open source platform is to identify the risk of Zika transmission for different regions and help UNICEF, governments and NGO’s decide how and where to focus their time and resources,\" Google said on its official blog last week. \"This set of tools is being prototyped for the Zika response, but will also be applicable to future emergencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a new, rapid test for the virus, which would allow health officials to better identify infection hot spots and intervene accordingly, is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/\" target=\"_blank\">being tested\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Google widget shows the spread of not the virus, but people around the world who are searching for it on the Internet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457722596,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t | KQED","description":"Google widget shows the spread of not the virus, but people around the world who are searching for it on the Internet.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t","datePublished":"2016-03-11T18:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-11T18:56:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"125592 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=125592","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt/","disqusTitle":"Interest in Zika Virus Explodes Worldwide, Even if Virus Doesn’t","path":"/futureofyou/125592/searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Zika virus is certainly worrying. On Feb. 1, the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/\" target=\"_blank\">declared the cluster\u003c/a> of infant brain disorders that health experts strongly suspect is linked to the virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern#History\" target=\"_blank\">rare designation\u003c/a> defined by WHO as \"an extraordinary event,\" constituting a transnational public health risk potentially requiring a coordinated international response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last event to receive that designation was the spread of the Ebola virus in 2014. More than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/case-counts.html\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people in West Africa\u003c/a> died from the disease -- a terrible toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated.'\u003ccite>Stephen Gehlbach,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Massachusetts-Amherst\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., however, the ratio of fatalities (2) to panic (a lot) was off the charts, driven in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2014/dec/15/2014-lie-year-exaggerations-about-ebola/\" target=\"_blank\">unfounded speculation and erroneous information\u003c/a>. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/10/ebola_panic_anniversary_predictions_of_a_u_s_epidemic_didn_t_come_true.html\" target=\"_blank\">hindsight\u003c/a> (and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ebola-panic-in-us-spreading-much-faster-than-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">at the time\u003c/a>), this was obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will concern over Zika follow a similar trajectory? Hopefully not, though the fact that \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">more than 4 in 10 Americans\u003c/a> think the disease is usually fatal (it's not) is probably not a good sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indication that interest in the virus has outpaced the risk is a comparision of the explosive growth and geographical expansion of Zika searches on Google versus the areas of actual active transmission. Here's a global CDC map showing the current areas of Zika transmission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125990\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-125990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-800x479.jpg\" alt=\"zikamap\" width=\"800\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-400x240.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/zikamap-768x460.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's a widget created by Google showing the spread of, not the virus, but searches related to it since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003ca href=\"https://googledataorg.cartodb.com/u/googledata/viz/8642706a-dfef-11e5-9f8a-42010a14800b/embed_map\" target=\"_blank\">Click here for a full-screen map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not necessarily unexpected or even unwarranted, considering the potential \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-grows-linking-zika-microcephaly-and-other-nerve-syndromes/\" target=\"_blank\">awful effects of the virus \u003c/a>and the lack of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, the Ebola hysteria in the U.S. presents us with a cautionary tale, according to Stephen Gehlbach, dean emeritus of the School of Public Health at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. \u003ca href=\"http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2016/02/18/threats-of-zika-stephen-gelbach\" target=\"_blank\">Writing for WBUR\u003c/a> in Boston, he wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Such distressing history should warn that Zika could provoke similar behaviors. How should we react?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By reasoned response. The health concerns are real. But science should supplant our fear, and evidence not emotion be our guide. While we wait for clarity, we need to learn to live with some uncertainty. The health risks that surround us can be reduced but never eliminated. As we learn more about this disease and monitor its spread, rational strategies to minimize risk will emerge.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If you're a citizen of the United States, it's useful to note that officials here think widespread transmission in this country is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/26/464459350/big-zika-virus-outbreak-unlikely-in-the-u-s-officials-say\" target=\"_blank\">unlikely\u003c/a>, due to a climate that is mostly inhospitable to the species of mosquitoes spreading the virus, as well as the pervasive use of air conditioning and window screens. (Sexual transmission, however, is of \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/03/08/who-tells-pregnant-women-not-visit-zika-affected-areas/81481592/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing concern\u003c/a>.) According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\">CDC\u003c/a>, there are currently 193 cases of people in the U.S. who acquired the disease while traveling internationally and zero cases of local transmission by mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while countries to our south are getting hard hit by the virus, an increase in microcephaly and other devastating neonatal malformations -- so widely publicized -- has been limited to Brazil and French Polynesia,\" according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/10-march-2016/en/\" target=\"_blank\">current Zika situation report\u003c/a> from WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, high tech is on the case. Google has \u003ca href=\"https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/providing-support-to-combat-zika-in.html\" target=\"_blank\">put a volunteer team \u003c/a>of its engineers and data scientists to work in building a data platform to aid in the global effort to stop the spread of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ultimately, the goal of this open source platform is to identify the risk of Zika transmission for different regions and help UNICEF, governments and NGO’s decide how and where to focus their time and resources,\" Google said on its official blog last week. \"This set of tools is being prototyped for the Zika response, but will also be applicable to future emergencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a new, rapid test for the virus, which would allow health officials to better identify infection hot spots and intervene accordingly, is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/\" target=\"_blank\">being tested\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/125592/searches-for-zika-spread-around-the-world-virus-transmission-doesnt","authors":["80"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_131","futureofyou_799","futureofyou_753"],"featImg":"futureofyou_125990","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_72960":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_72960","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"72960","score":null,"sort":[1450886408000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-are-apple-google-samsung-and-intel-doing-in-health-care","title":"What are Apple, Google, Samsung and Intel doing in Health Care?","publishDate":1450886408,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>What these four tech giants are aiming to do in health care is change your life in some way for the better. Like they already have with phones, search, televisions and computer processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies have decades of experience building consumer products that revolutionize how people live and work, and they have ample resources to throw at any problem. Here's a look at where they're throwing resources in healthcare, from personal health to disease treatment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>APPLE \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 369px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \" width=\"369\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \u003ccite>(LMYang/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> In the past few years, Apple has signaled a major interest in health care. The company announced a slew of products including the Apple Watch, which tracks everything from your steps to your heart rate, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/researchkit/\" target=\"_blank\">ResearchKit\u003c/a>, which allows researchers to conduct clinical studies using iPhones. Apple CEO Tim Cook \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/tim-cook-on-jim-cramer-2015-3\" target=\"_blank\">recently said\u003c/a> he sees health care as one of the top three frontiers for Apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Some journalists (\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/05/us-apple-hiring-insight-idUSBREA4409020140505\" target=\"_blank\">myself included\u003c/a>) have speculated that Apple might delve deeper into diabetes management. The company has poached some top biomedical engineers, who were previously working on the holy grail for diabetes: a non-invasive device to monitor blood sugar continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Apple will face competition from Android, its chief rival, as the company attempts to push its operating system into health care. It may also need to grapple with federal regulators, like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, if it transitions from \"wellness\" apps and tools to helping the chronically-ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GOOGLE/ALPHABET \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73809\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73809\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An experimental contact lens being developed by Google can painlessly measure glucose levels in tears.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google is developing an experimental contact lens that would measure glucose levels painlessly in tears. \u003ccite>(Google)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Google's Life Sciences unit is putting its immense resources behind new initiatives to help people with diabetes live better. Researchers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/06/437570402/why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes\" target=\"_blank\">currently working on a contact lens\u003c/a> to measure blood sugar levels. The team is also developing products for other diseases, like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.liftware.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Liftware\u003c/a> stabilizing spoon for people with Parkinson's. The spoon helps people with hand tremors lift food to their mouths reliably and comfortably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Google will likely release its products for people with diabetes in the next five to ten years. Some hospitals are hoping Google will release software equivalent to Apple's HealthKit and ResearchKit, so they can develop programs to monitor patients who have Android devices. Google Glass,\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/02/medical-students-startup-uses-google-glass.html\" target=\"_blank\"> the company's Internet-connected headgear\u003c/a>, is already showing promise for surgical training, telemedicine and other uses, and will continue to make inroads in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Google's first health product, Google Health, shut down in 2011 because of a lack of traction. And the health sector doesn't respond as well to failure as techies in Silicon Valley do. Google may need to prove it learned from its mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SAMSUNG\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73810\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch, which tracks steps and other health metrics.\" width=\"395\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch tracks steps and other health metrics. \u003ccite>(Cheon Fong Liew/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Samsung has ambitious plans in health care. In the past few years, it has released \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/mobile/wearable-tech\" target=\"_blank\">wearable products\u003c/a> with health-tracking capabilities (the Gear smartwatch and Gear Fit wristband), as well as an app called S Health that aims to be a \u003ca href=\"http://shealth.samsung.com/\" target=\"_blank\">personal fitness coach\u003c/a> on a phone. The company has also developed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/business/by-industry/healthcare\" target=\"_blank\">slew of medical devices\u003c/a>, including diagnostic imaging equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Like Apple, Samsung is on a mission race to develop more sophisticated health-tracking for its devices. I wouldn't be surprised if Samsung, like Google, were investing resources and energies into innovative ways to track blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Samsung faces strong competition from Apple and Google, particularly with its consumer health products. It may also need to work more closely with federal regulators in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>INTEL \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \" width=\"385\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \u003ccite>(Karl-Martin Skontorp/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Intel, the computing company that made a name for itself with semiconductor chips, \u003ca href=\"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/healthcare-it/healthcare-overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">now boasts a health and life unit\u003c/a>. The company is delving into consumer health products with its recent acquisition of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mybasis.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Basis\u003c/a>, a health-tracking watch. The company is alsobuilding tools to help health systems deal with a massive amount of data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Intel's health researcher Eric Dishman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/speakers/eric_dishman\" target=\"_blank\">who is also a TED speaker\u003c/a>, is on a mission to provide more effective health care in the home rather than in the hospital. I hope to see more technologies from Intel that monitor people between doctor's visits, especially for people who are sick and/or aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Intel hasn't achieved much success with its wearables, particularly with younger generations. Intel lacks a certain \"cool\" factor when it comes to consumer health products.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"These tech giants have revolutionized people's work and personal lives. Can they do the same for healthcare?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477272879,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"What are Apple, Google, Samsung and Intel doing in Health Care? | KQED","description":"These tech giants have revolutionized people's work and personal lives. Can they do the same for healthcare?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What are Apple, Google, Samsung and Intel doing in Health Care?","datePublished":"2015-12-23T16:00:08.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T01:34:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72960 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=72960","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/23/what-are-apple-google-samsung-and-intel-doing-in-health-care/","disqusTitle":"What are Apple, Google, Samsung and Intel doing in Health Care?","source":"Big Ideas","path":"/futureofyou/72960/what-are-apple-google-samsung-and-intel-doing-in-health-care","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What these four tech giants are aiming to do in health care is change your life in some way for the better. Like they already have with phones, search, televisions and computer processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies have decades of experience building consumer products that revolutionize how people live and work, and they have ample resources to throw at any problem. Here's a look at where they're throwing resources in healthcare, from personal health to disease treatment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>APPLE \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 369px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \" width=\"369\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \u003ccite>(LMYang/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> In the past few years, Apple has signaled a major interest in health care. The company announced a slew of products including the Apple Watch, which tracks everything from your steps to your heart rate, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/researchkit/\" target=\"_blank\">ResearchKit\u003c/a>, which allows researchers to conduct clinical studies using iPhones. Apple CEO Tim Cook \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/tim-cook-on-jim-cramer-2015-3\" target=\"_blank\">recently said\u003c/a> he sees health care as one of the top three frontiers for Apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Some journalists (\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/05/us-apple-hiring-insight-idUSBREA4409020140505\" target=\"_blank\">myself included\u003c/a>) have speculated that Apple might delve deeper into diabetes management. The company has poached some top biomedical engineers, who were previously working on the holy grail for diabetes: a non-invasive device to monitor blood sugar continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Apple will face competition from Android, its chief rival, as the company attempts to push its operating system into health care. It may also need to grapple with federal regulators, like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, if it transitions from \"wellness\" apps and tools to helping the chronically-ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GOOGLE/ALPHABET \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73809\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73809\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An experimental contact lens being developed by Google can painlessly measure glucose levels in tears.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google is developing an experimental contact lens that would measure glucose levels painlessly in tears. \u003ccite>(Google)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Google's Life Sciences unit is putting its immense resources behind new initiatives to help people with diabetes live better. Researchers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/06/437570402/why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes\" target=\"_blank\">currently working on a contact lens\u003c/a> to measure blood sugar levels. The team is also developing products for other diseases, like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.liftware.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Liftware\u003c/a> stabilizing spoon for people with Parkinson's. The spoon helps people with hand tremors lift food to their mouths reliably and comfortably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Google will likely release its products for people with diabetes in the next five to ten years. Some hospitals are hoping Google will release software equivalent to Apple's HealthKit and ResearchKit, so they can develop programs to monitor patients who have Android devices. Google Glass,\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/02/medical-students-startup-uses-google-glass.html\" target=\"_blank\"> the company's Internet-connected headgear\u003c/a>, is already showing promise for surgical training, telemedicine and other uses, and will continue to make inroads in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Google's first health product, Google Health, shut down in 2011 because of a lack of traction. And the health sector doesn't respond as well to failure as techies in Silicon Valley do. Google may need to prove it learned from its mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SAMSUNG\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73810\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch, which tracks steps and other health metrics.\" width=\"395\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch tracks steps and other health metrics. \u003ccite>(Cheon Fong Liew/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Samsung has ambitious plans in health care. In the past few years, it has released \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/mobile/wearable-tech\" target=\"_blank\">wearable products\u003c/a> with health-tracking capabilities (the Gear smartwatch and Gear Fit wristband), as well as an app called S Health that aims to be a \u003ca href=\"http://shealth.samsung.com/\" target=\"_blank\">personal fitness coach\u003c/a> on a phone. The company has also developed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/business/by-industry/healthcare\" target=\"_blank\">slew of medical devices\u003c/a>, including diagnostic imaging equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Like Apple, Samsung is on a mission race to develop more sophisticated health-tracking for its devices. I wouldn't be surprised if Samsung, like Google, were investing resources and energies into innovative ways to track blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Samsung faces strong competition from Apple and Google, particularly with its consumer health products. It may also need to work more closely with federal regulators in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>INTEL \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \" width=\"385\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \u003ccite>(Karl-Martin Skontorp/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Intel, the computing company that made a name for itself with semiconductor chips, \u003ca href=\"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/healthcare-it/healthcare-overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">now boasts a health and life unit\u003c/a>. The company is delving into consumer health products with its recent acquisition of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mybasis.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Basis\u003c/a>, a health-tracking watch. The company is alsobuilding tools to help health systems deal with a massive amount of data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Intel's health researcher Eric Dishman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/speakers/eric_dishman\" target=\"_blank\">who is also a TED speaker\u003c/a>, is on a mission to provide more effective health care in the home rather than in the hospital. I hope to see more technologies from Intel that monitor people between doctor's visits, especially for people who are sick and/or aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Intel hasn't achieved much success with its wearables, particularly with younger generations. Intel lacks a certain \"cool\" factor when it comes to consumer health products.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/72960/what-are-apple-google-samsung-and-intel-doing-in-health-care","authors":["3252"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060"],"tags":["futureofyou_235","futureofyou_131","futureofyou_685","futureofyou_684","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_683"],"featImg":"futureofyou_86619","label":"source_futureofyou_72960"},"futureofyou_34158":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_34158","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"34158","score":null,"sort":[1441383356000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes","title":"Why Google is Going All in on Diabetes","publishDate":1441383356,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Millions of people with diabetes prick their finger more than five times a day to monitor their blood glucose levels. And that's a painful and expensive process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Google's Life Sciences division is putting its immense resources behind new initiatives aimed at helping them better live with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really hard for people to manage their blood sugar,\" said Jacquelyn Miller, a Google Life Sciences spokeswoman, in an interview with KQED. \"We're hoping to take some of the guesswork out of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week the new Google Life Sciences unit announced that diabetes is the company's first major disease target. It may come as a surprise that Google, a company that helps people search online for flights and restaurants, and dabbles in other ventures like self-driving cars, is investing in new therapies to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Michael Chae, executive director of the Bay Area Chapter at the American Diabetes Association, Google's decision is a no brainer. It's a highly lucrative opportunity -- in 2012, the total cost of managing diabetes was $245 billion in the U.S. alone -- and the timing is just right for technology companies to enter the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been an explosion of wearables, data and analytics,\" he said. \"People with diabetes are more comfortable living in a measured world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chae envisions a future where people with diabetes can measure their blood glucose levels on a continuous basis, using painless methods. One of Google's emerging products is a contact lens embedded with a glitter-sized sensor that can measure glucose levels in tears. \"There's a whole lot of innovation at once,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I Didn't Feel Like a Normal Human Being'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methods that Cyrus Khambatta uses to manage his Type 1 diabetes haven't changed much in the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khambatta, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mangomannutrition.com\">a nutritionist\u003c/a> based in San Francisco was diagnosed with the disease at the age of 22. Each day, he pricks his finger between six and 10 times. He uses a lancet to draw a little blood, which he adds to a test strip, and feeds the strip into a glucose meter to check his blood sugar levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before meals and exercise, he injects himself with a syringe filled with insulin. He dials up the amount of insulin based on the data from the glucose meter. The insulin required at any given time is related to many factors, including stress, sleep, exercise and diet, Khambatta explained, and involves a high attention to detail combined with some degree of guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unlike a migraine or acne, diabetes management is all about developing an understanding and manipulation of numbers over time,\" he said. \"Diabetes is very quantitative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Khambatta regulates his insulin levels with a glucose meter, syringe and lancet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed.jpg 1046w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Khambatta regulates his insulin levels with a glucose meter, syringe and lancet. \u003ccite>(Cyrus Khambatta )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Khambatta describes his style for managing disease as \"old school\" compared to some of his peers. Many other diabetes sufferers use more modern alternatives for glucose monitoring, such as a patch with \u003ca href=\"http://www.dexcom.com/continuous-glucose-monitoring\">tiny needle-based sensors under the skin\u003c/a>, which connects to a transmitter and an insulin pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Khambatta, these options still require a good deal of effort, as the sensor needs to be changed every two to three days, and they serve as a constant visual reminder of his condition. When he tried them, he said: \"I didn't feel like a normal human being.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the near future, he said he also hopes that companies will develop non-invasive, continuous glucose monitoring, which wouldn't draw blood or cause pain or trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the holy grail,\" said Cameron Sepah, medical director from \u003ca href=\"https://omadahealth.com/\">Omada Health\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based company that focuses on technology for diabetes prevention. Sepah said such a sophisticated blood sugar-tracking system could be paired with a device that delivers insulin, and thus act as an \"artificial pancreas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health companies have been working on this for years,\" he said. \"But Google has a history of taking on very ambitious projects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Google? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google made a name for itself with search technology, but it has dabbled in more ambitious \"moonshot\" projects from self-driving cars to stratospheric Internet balloons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The life sciences' team, which initially worked with Google's secretive research arm Google X, spun out from the Google search engine business in August. Both entities will be held under an umbrella organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/10/google-alphabet-parent-company\">called Alphabet. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's really hard for people to manage their blood sugar. We're hoping to take some of the guesswork out of it.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Jacquelyn Miller, spokesperson for Google Life Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The life sciences unit is led by molecular biologist Andy Conrad, who has helped the company secure partnerships with top drug makers and medical device companies. Conrad seems to be taking a different tack than the \u003ca href=\"http://www.informationweek.com/healthcare/electronic-health-records/5-reasons-why-google-health-failed/d/d-id/1098623?\">the ill-fated \"Google Health\u003c/a>\" team, which offered a personal health record product and closed in 2011 because of a lack of traction, by seeking the input and assistance of more established players in the medical sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google Life Sciences earlier this week announced a partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanofi.us/l/us/en/index.jsp\">Sanofi\u003c/a>, maker of an insulin inhaler and a slew of other products for people with diabetes. It is also working with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jnj.com/\">Johnson & Johnson \u003c/a>on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/robotics-surgeons-google-jandj\">surgical robots\u003c/a>; Novartis and Dexcom on \u003ca href=\"https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-license-google-smart-lens-technology\">diabetes-related projects\u003c/a>, and Biogen on\u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-27/google-biogen-seek-reasons-for-advance-of-multiple-sclerosis\"> potential treatments for multiple sclerosis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the diabetes opportunity appears to be the primary focus. Data and analytics is Google's area of expertise, and as Miller puts it, diabetes management is fundamentally an \"information problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with diabetes lack clear information about how variables like nutrition and exercise affect their blood sugar levels, she said. And these kind of insights could help them adjust their insulin levels and avoid serious outcomes, like stroke, heart disease and hypoglycemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't expect any of the products from the Life Sciences team to hit the market next week. Given the technical challenges and the regulatory requirements, experts say, it could take years before any new device reaches patients.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"\"It's really hard for people [with diabetes] to manage their blood sugar,\" Google told KQED. \"We're hoping to take some of the guesswork out of it.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477274349,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1063},"headData":{"title":"Why Google is Going All in on Diabetes | KQED","description":""It's really hard for people to manage their blood sugar," Google told KQED. "We're hoping to take some of the guesswork out of it."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Google is Going All in on Diabetes","datePublished":"2015-09-04T16:15:56.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T01:59:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34158 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=34158","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/09/04/why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes/","disqusTitle":"Why Google is Going All in on Diabetes","source":"Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/34158/why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Millions of people with diabetes prick their finger more than five times a day to monitor their blood glucose levels. And that's a painful and expensive process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Google's Life Sciences division is putting its immense resources behind new initiatives aimed at helping them better live with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really hard for people to manage their blood sugar,\" said Jacquelyn Miller, a Google Life Sciences spokeswoman, in an interview with KQED. \"We're hoping to take some of the guesswork out of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week the new Google Life Sciences unit announced that diabetes is the company's first major disease target. It may come as a surprise that Google, a company that helps people search online for flights and restaurants, and dabbles in other ventures like self-driving cars, is investing in new therapies to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Michael Chae, executive director of the Bay Area Chapter at the American Diabetes Association, Google's decision is a no brainer. It's a highly lucrative opportunity -- in 2012, the total cost of managing diabetes was $245 billion in the U.S. alone -- and the timing is just right for technology companies to enter the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been an explosion of wearables, data and analytics,\" he said. \"People with diabetes are more comfortable living in a measured world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chae envisions a future where people with diabetes can measure their blood glucose levels on a continuous basis, using painless methods. One of Google's emerging products is a contact lens embedded with a glitter-sized sensor that can measure glucose levels in tears. \"There's a whole lot of innovation at once,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I Didn't Feel Like a Normal Human Being'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methods that Cyrus Khambatta uses to manage his Type 1 diabetes haven't changed much in the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khambatta, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mangomannutrition.com\">a nutritionist\u003c/a> based in San Francisco was diagnosed with the disease at the age of 22. Each day, he pricks his finger between six and 10 times. He uses a lancet to draw a little blood, which he adds to a test strip, and feeds the strip into a glucose meter to check his blood sugar levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before meals and exercise, he injects himself with a syringe filled with insulin. He dials up the amount of insulin based on the data from the glucose meter. The insulin required at any given time is related to many factors, including stress, sleep, exercise and diet, Khambatta explained, and involves a high attention to detail combined with some degree of guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unlike a migraine or acne, diabetes management is all about developing an understanding and manipulation of numbers over time,\" he said. \"Diabetes is very quantitative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Khambatta regulates his insulin levels with a glucose meter, syringe and lancet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/unnamed.jpg 1046w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Khambatta regulates his insulin levels with a glucose meter, syringe and lancet. \u003ccite>(Cyrus Khambatta )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Khambatta describes his style for managing disease as \"old school\" compared to some of his peers. Many other diabetes sufferers use more modern alternatives for glucose monitoring, such as a patch with \u003ca href=\"http://www.dexcom.com/continuous-glucose-monitoring\">tiny needle-based sensors under the skin\u003c/a>, which connects to a transmitter and an insulin pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Khambatta, these options still require a good deal of effort, as the sensor needs to be changed every two to three days, and they serve as a constant visual reminder of his condition. When he tried them, he said: \"I didn't feel like a normal human being.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the near future, he said he also hopes that companies will develop non-invasive, continuous glucose monitoring, which wouldn't draw blood or cause pain or trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the holy grail,\" said Cameron Sepah, medical director from \u003ca href=\"https://omadahealth.com/\">Omada Health\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based company that focuses on technology for diabetes prevention. Sepah said such a sophisticated blood sugar-tracking system could be paired with a device that delivers insulin, and thus act as an \"artificial pancreas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health companies have been working on this for years,\" he said. \"But Google has a history of taking on very ambitious projects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Google? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google made a name for itself with search technology, but it has dabbled in more ambitious \"moonshot\" projects from self-driving cars to stratospheric Internet balloons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The life sciences' team, which initially worked with Google's secretive research arm Google X, spun out from the Google search engine business in August. Both entities will be held under an umbrella organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/10/google-alphabet-parent-company\">called Alphabet. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's really hard for people to manage their blood sugar. We're hoping to take some of the guesswork out of it.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Jacquelyn Miller, spokesperson for Google Life Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The life sciences unit is led by molecular biologist Andy Conrad, who has helped the company secure partnerships with top drug makers and medical device companies. Conrad seems to be taking a different tack than the \u003ca href=\"http://www.informationweek.com/healthcare/electronic-health-records/5-reasons-why-google-health-failed/d/d-id/1098623?\">the ill-fated \"Google Health\u003c/a>\" team, which offered a personal health record product and closed in 2011 because of a lack of traction, by seeking the input and assistance of more established players in the medical sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google Life Sciences earlier this week announced a partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanofi.us/l/us/en/index.jsp\">Sanofi\u003c/a>, maker of an insulin inhaler and a slew of other products for people with diabetes. It is also working with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jnj.com/\">Johnson & Johnson \u003c/a>on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/robotics-surgeons-google-jandj\">surgical robots\u003c/a>; Novartis and Dexcom on \u003ca href=\"https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-license-google-smart-lens-technology\">diabetes-related projects\u003c/a>, and Biogen on\u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-27/google-biogen-seek-reasons-for-advance-of-multiple-sclerosis\"> potential treatments for multiple sclerosis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the diabetes opportunity appears to be the primary focus. Data and analytics is Google's area of expertise, and as Miller puts it, diabetes management is fundamentally an \"information problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with diabetes lack clear information about how variables like nutrition and exercise affect their blood sugar levels, she said. And these kind of insights could help them adjust their insulin levels and avoid serious outcomes, like stroke, heart disease and hypoglycemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't expect any of the products from the Life Sciences team to hit the market next week. Given the technical challenges and the regulatory requirements, experts say, it could take years before any new device reaches patients.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/34158/why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes","authors":["3252"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060"],"tags":["futureofyou_309","futureofyou_131","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_34595","label":"source_futureofyou_34158"},"futureofyou_6154":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_6154","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"6154","score":null,"sort":[1435170302000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"google-and-broad-institute-team-up-to-bring-genomic-analysis-to-the-cloud","title":"Google and Broad Institute Team Up to Bring Genomic Analysis to the Cloud","publishDate":1435170302,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"google.com\">Google\u003c/a> has teamed up with one of the world's top genomics centers, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute of MIT\u003c/a> and Harvard, to work on a series of projects it claims will propel biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For the first joint project, engineers from both organizations will bring \"GATK,\" the Broad Institute's widely-used genome analysis toolkit, onto Google's cloud service and into the hands of researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"The limiting factor is no longer getting the DNA sequenced,\" said Dr. Barry Starr, a Stanford geneticist and a contributor to KQED. \"It is now interpreting all of that information in a meaningful way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute alone \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532266/google-wants-to-store-your-genome/\">analyzed a massive 200 terabytes\u003c/a> of raw data in a single month. In the past decade, the institute has genotyped more than 1.4 million biological samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google isn't the only tech company vying to use cloud-based technology to store and analyze this massive volume of genetic information. This is a point of competition between Google, IBM, Amazon, and Microsoft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Google is now the only public cloud provider to offer the GATK toolkit as a service. By making the software available in the cloud, researchers can run it on large data-sets without access to local computing -- and that frees up both time and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"GATK was already available to researchers and tens of thousands have used the software to analyze their data,\" said Starr. \"Google adds the power of being able to handle much more data at a time.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Google Genomics' product manager Jonathan Bingham told KQED two groups will benefit most from this partnership: small research groups who lack sophisticated computing, and any individual who wants to analyze large genomic data sets without needing to download them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Broad Institute has got a tremendous amount of expertise working with large numbers of biological samples and huge volumes of genomic data,\" Bingham explained. \"Meanwhile, Google has built the infrastructure and tools to process and analyze the data and keep it secure.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The toolkit will be available for free to nonprofits and academics. Businesses will need to \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk/about/#licensing\">pay to license it\u003c/a> from the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some genetics experts say this announcement is evidence that the health industry is increasingly willing to embrace cloud computing. In the past, health organizations have been hesitant due to concerns about compliance and security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"This suggests that the genomics industry has moved beyond the cloud debate,\" said Jonathan Hirsch, president and co-founder of Syapse, a Silicon Valley-based company that wants to bring more genomics data into routine clinical use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"It is OK for researchers and clinicians to do genomics work in the cloud, and trust that cloud provider's hardware and software.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the future, Bingham said there may be opportunities to work on projects to further our genetic understanding of cancer and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But for now, he said, the organizations are focused on \"general purpose\" tools that aren't specific to a disease and can be used by researchers everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Google has teamed up with one of the world's top genomics centers, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, to work on a series of projects it claims will propel biomedical research.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477281302,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":532},"headData":{"title":"Google and Broad Institute Team Up to Bring Genomic Analysis to the Cloud | KQED","description":"Google has teamed up with one of the world's top genomics centers, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, to work on a series of projects it claims will propel biomedical research.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Google and Broad Institute Team Up to Bring Genomic Analysis to the Cloud","datePublished":"2015-06-24T18:25:02.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T03:55:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6154 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=6154","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/06/24/google-and-broad-institute-team-up-to-bring-genomic-analysis-to-the-cloud/","disqusTitle":"Google and Broad Institute Team Up to Bring Genomic Analysis to the Cloud","path":"/futureofyou/6154/google-and-broad-institute-team-up-to-bring-genomic-analysis-to-the-cloud","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"google.com\">Google\u003c/a> has teamed up with one of the world's top genomics centers, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute of MIT\u003c/a> and Harvard, to work on a series of projects it claims will propel biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For the first joint project, engineers from both organizations will bring \"GATK,\" the Broad Institute's widely-used genome analysis toolkit, onto Google's cloud service and into the hands of researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"The limiting factor is no longer getting the DNA sequenced,\" said Dr. Barry Starr, a Stanford geneticist and a contributor to KQED. \"It is now interpreting all of that information in a meaningful way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Broad Institute alone \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532266/google-wants-to-store-your-genome/\">analyzed a massive 200 terabytes\u003c/a> of raw data in a single month. In the past decade, the institute has genotyped more than 1.4 million biological samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google isn't the only tech company vying to use cloud-based technology to store and analyze this massive volume of genetic information. This is a point of competition between Google, IBM, Amazon, and Microsoft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Google is now the only public cloud provider to offer the GATK toolkit as a service. By making the software available in the cloud, researchers can run it on large data-sets without access to local computing -- and that frees up both time and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"GATK was already available to researchers and tens of thousands have used the software to analyze their data,\" said Starr. \"Google adds the power of being able to handle much more data at a time.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Google Genomics' product manager Jonathan Bingham told KQED two groups will benefit most from this partnership: small research groups who lack sophisticated computing, and any individual who wants to analyze large genomic data sets without needing to download them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Broad Institute has got a tremendous amount of expertise working with large numbers of biological samples and huge volumes of genomic data,\" Bingham explained. \"Meanwhile, Google has built the infrastructure and tools to process and analyze the data and keep it secure.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The toolkit will be available for free to nonprofits and academics. Businesses will need to \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk/about/#licensing\">pay to license it\u003c/a> from the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some genetics experts say this announcement is evidence that the health industry is increasingly willing to embrace cloud computing. In the past, health organizations have been hesitant due to concerns about compliance and security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"This suggests that the genomics industry has moved beyond the cloud debate,\" said Jonathan Hirsch, president and co-founder of Syapse, a Silicon Valley-based company that wants to bring more genomics data into routine clinical use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"It is OK for researchers and clinicians to do genomics work in the cloud, and trust that cloud provider's hardware and software.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the future, Bingham said there may be opportunities to work on projects to further our genetic understanding of cancer and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But for now, he said, the organizations are focused on \"general purpose\" tools that aren't specific to a disease and can be used by researchers everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/6154/google-and-broad-institute-team-up-to-bring-genomic-analysis-to-the-cloud","authors":["3252"],"categories":["futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_465","futureofyou_91","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_196","futureofyou_131","futureofyou_453"],"featImg":"futureofyou_6396","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_2217":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_2217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"2217","score":null,"sort":[1429724180000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"google-glass-in-the-er-health-care-moves-one-step-closer-to-star-trek","title":"Google Glass in the ER? Health Care Moves One Step Closer to Star Trek","publishDate":1429724180,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Contributor | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":172,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Imagine walking into an emergency room with an awful rash and waiting hours to see a doctor until, finally, a physician who doesn’t have specific knowledge of your condition gives you an ointment and a referral to a dermatologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change if a technological device like \u003ca href=\"https://developers.google.com/glass/distribute/glass-at-work\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Google Glass\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, which is a wearable computer that is smaller than an ink pen and includes a camera function, could be strapped to an emergency room doctor’s head or to his or her eyeglasses and used to beam a specialist in to see patients at the bedside. Not only would a patient get a more specific initial diagnosis and treatment, but a second visit to a dermatologist might not be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2250434\">Researchers\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> did just this for a small sample of people at the emergency room of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2014/04/2014-04-47-news-porter-lifespan.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Rhode Island Hospital\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Providence. They found during the course of the study that 93.5 percent of patients who were seen with a skin problem liked the experience, and 96.8 percent were confident in the accuracy of the video equipment and that their privacy was protected.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There had been a lot of talk about using Glass in health care, but at the time that we designed the study, no one had actually tried it. No one knew if it would work,” said Megan Ranney, a study author and assistant professor of emergency medicine and policy at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There’s nothing more frustrating [for the patient than] to be seen, leave with diagnostic uncertainty, and have to go somewhere else. \"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Paul Porter, emergency room physician at Rhode Island Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>ER doctors normally have to page an on-call specialist – in the study, a dermatologist — to talk through the patient’s condition. With that information, the dermatologist makes a judgment call about the treatment, usually without ever seeing the patient. If there’s no dermatologist available, which can frequently be the situation, doctors do what they can but then refer the patient for follow-up dermatological care. Many rural and community hospitals do not have dermatologists on staff and it’s up to the emergency physician to care for the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, researchers instead had the physicians connect via Google Glass, enabling the specialist to see on his or her office iPad or computer what the ER doctor was seeing in person. The ER doctor was able to communicate with the dermatologist, and both physicians could ask questions of the patient in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve rolled the first and second visit into this one visit. You have the specialist at the bedside, and if you get better, you don’t need to have follow-up,” said Paul Porter, a physician in the emergency department of \u003ca href=\"http://www.rhodeislandhospital.org/Newsroom/News.aspx?NewsId=70595/The-Doctor-Will-See-You-Now:-How-the-ED-Team-at-Rhode-Island-Hospital-Used-Google-Glass-to-Diagnose-Skin-Conditions/\">Rhode Island Hospital and study author. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing more frustrating [for the patient than] to be seen, leave with diagnostic uncertainty, and have to go somewhere else. … People don’t want that answer,” said Porter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency rooms across the country may already use telemedicine technology for patients with skin or other visible conditions, but many of those machines can cost as much as to $60,000 — not to mention the expense of maintenance and support. Google Glass costs less than $2,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, many ERs either don’t have the funds to obtain a telemedicine “cart,” or don’t use it because the size – four to six square feet – can be too large for that setting, said Edward Boyer, a professor of emergency medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crowding in emergency rooms means we physically do not have enough room to manage the patients they have in them. A dermatology cart is not a little thing, and a lot of ERs don’t have that much spare room to store and wheel around one of those things,” said Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There had been a lot of talk about using Glass in health care, but at the time that we designed the study, no one had actually tried it.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Megan Ranney, assistant professor of emergency medicine and policy at Brown University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ next step is to study whether Google Glass or similar headset technology could be used for other ER patients, such as those showing signs of stroke or who may have been exposed to poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could see them virtually, could we save the money of transport, keep them in the community intensive care unit, and give better patient care?” Chai said, noting that even if ERs in smaller or rural settings don’t have access to telemedicine, they may be able to afford this type of device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latter instances, poison control center toxicologists are always available, though mainly consulted via the telephone. But these patients commonly have visual symptoms such as seizures, said Peter Chai, a lead author and fellow in medical toxicology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. And, if a person is severely ill due to poisoning, they are flown via helicopter to the closest major hospital, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.rhodeislandhospital.org/Newsroom/News.aspx?NewsId=65544/Rhode-Island-Hospital-Launches-Country%E2%80%99s-First-Google-Glass-Study-in-Emergency-Department-Setting/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a> surveyed 31 people with skin conditions in the Rhode Island Hospital emergency department for six months, and was published as a research letter in JAMA Dermatology April 15. Google Glass is currently not available commercially, but health care providers can get the device through \u003ca href=\"https://pristine.io/video-calls/\">health care technology companies.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">\u003ci>Kaiser Health News\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ci> (KHN) is a nonprofit national health policy news service. \u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For a recent study, researchers at Brown University asked physicians to use Google Glass while treating a small sample of people in the emergency room. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477282958,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":940},"headData":{"title":"Google Glass in the ER? Health Care Moves One Step Closer to Star Trek | KQED","description":"For a recent study, researchers at Brown University asked physicians to use Google Glass while treating a small sample of people in the emergency room. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Google Glass in the ER? Health Care Moves One Step Closer to Star Trek","datePublished":"2015-04-22T17:36:20.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T04:22:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2217 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=2217","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/04/22/google-glass-in-the-er-health-care-moves-one-step-closer-to-star-trek/","disqusTitle":"Google Glass in the ER? Health Care Moves One Step Closer to Star Trek","nprByline":"Lisa Gillespie, Kaiser Health News ","path":"/futureofyou/2217/google-glass-in-the-er-health-care-moves-one-step-closer-to-star-trek","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine walking into an emergency room with an awful rash and waiting hours to see a doctor until, finally, a physician who doesn’t have specific knowledge of your condition gives you an ointment and a referral to a dermatologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change if a technological device like \u003ca href=\"https://developers.google.com/glass/distribute/glass-at-work\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Google Glass\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, which is a wearable computer that is smaller than an ink pen and includes a camera function, could be strapped to an emergency room doctor’s head or to his or her eyeglasses and used to beam a specialist in to see patients at the bedside. Not only would a patient get a more specific initial diagnosis and treatment, but a second visit to a dermatologist might not be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2250434\">Researchers\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> did just this for a small sample of people at the emergency room of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2014/04/2014-04-47-news-porter-lifespan.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Rhode Island Hospital\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Providence. They found during the course of the study that 93.5 percent of patients who were seen with a skin problem liked the experience, and 96.8 percent were confident in the accuracy of the video equipment and that their privacy was protected.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There had been a lot of talk about using Glass in health care, but at the time that we designed the study, no one had actually tried it. No one knew if it would work,” said Megan Ranney, a study author and assistant professor of emergency medicine and policy at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There’s nothing more frustrating [for the patient than] to be seen, leave with diagnostic uncertainty, and have to go somewhere else. \"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Paul Porter, emergency room physician at Rhode Island Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>ER doctors normally have to page an on-call specialist – in the study, a dermatologist — to talk through the patient’s condition. With that information, the dermatologist makes a judgment call about the treatment, usually without ever seeing the patient. If there’s no dermatologist available, which can frequently be the situation, doctors do what they can but then refer the patient for follow-up dermatological care. Many rural and community hospitals do not have dermatologists on staff and it’s up to the emergency physician to care for the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, researchers instead had the physicians connect via Google Glass, enabling the specialist to see on his or her office iPad or computer what the ER doctor was seeing in person. The ER doctor was able to communicate with the dermatologist, and both physicians could ask questions of the patient in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve rolled the first and second visit into this one visit. You have the specialist at the bedside, and if you get better, you don’t need to have follow-up,” said Paul Porter, a physician in the emergency department of \u003ca href=\"http://www.rhodeislandhospital.org/Newsroom/News.aspx?NewsId=70595/The-Doctor-Will-See-You-Now:-How-the-ED-Team-at-Rhode-Island-Hospital-Used-Google-Glass-to-Diagnose-Skin-Conditions/\">Rhode Island Hospital and study author. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing more frustrating [for the patient than] to be seen, leave with diagnostic uncertainty, and have to go somewhere else. … People don’t want that answer,” said Porter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency rooms across the country may already use telemedicine technology for patients with skin or other visible conditions, but many of those machines can cost as much as to $60,000 — not to mention the expense of maintenance and support. Google Glass costs less than $2,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, many ERs either don’t have the funds to obtain a telemedicine “cart,” or don’t use it because the size – four to six square feet – can be too large for that setting, said Edward Boyer, a professor of emergency medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crowding in emergency rooms means we physically do not have enough room to manage the patients they have in them. A dermatology cart is not a little thing, and a lot of ERs don’t have that much spare room to store and wheel around one of those things,” said Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There had been a lot of talk about using Glass in health care, but at the time that we designed the study, no one had actually tried it.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Megan Ranney, assistant professor of emergency medicine and policy at Brown University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ next step is to study whether Google Glass or similar headset technology could be used for other ER patients, such as those showing signs of stroke or who may have been exposed to poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could see them virtually, could we save the money of transport, keep them in the community intensive care unit, and give better patient care?” Chai said, noting that even if ERs in smaller or rural settings don’t have access to telemedicine, they may be able to afford this type of device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latter instances, poison control center toxicologists are always available, though mainly consulted via the telephone. But these patients commonly have visual symptoms such as seizures, said Peter Chai, a lead author and fellow in medical toxicology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. And, if a person is severely ill due to poisoning, they are flown via helicopter to the closest major hospital, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.rhodeislandhospital.org/Newsroom/News.aspx?NewsId=65544/Rhode-Island-Hospital-Launches-Country%E2%80%99s-First-Google-Glass-Study-in-Emergency-Department-Setting/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a> surveyed 31 people with skin conditions in the Rhode Island Hospital emergency department for six months, and was published as a research letter in JAMA Dermatology April 15. Google Glass is currently not available commercially, but health care providers can get the device through \u003ca href=\"https://pristine.io/video-calls/\">health care technology companies.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">\u003ci>Kaiser Health News\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ci> (KHN) is a nonprofit national health policy news service. \u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/2217/google-glass-in-the-er-health-care-moves-one-step-closer-to-star-trek","authors":["byline_futureofyou_2217"],"series":["futureofyou_172"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060"],"tags":["futureofyou_228","futureofyou_138","futureofyou_131","futureofyou_226","futureofyou_230","futureofyou_225","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_231","futureofyou_229","futureofyou_227"],"featImg":"futureofyou_2220","label":"futureofyou_172"},"futureofyou_903":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_903","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"903","score":null,"sort":[1427486304000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"robotics-surgeons-google-jandj","title":"Robotic Surgeons on the Horizon From Google, Johnson & Johnson Team","publishDate":1427486304,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Your surgeon's favorite new assistant? A robotic arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may seem like the stuff of science fiction, but nimble robot hands are routinely used by surgeons in complex surgeries today. The field has grown dramatically in recent years, with hospitals around the country performing thousands of robot-assisted surgeries every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, search giant Google is trying its hand at surgical robotics by teaming up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ethicon.com/\">Ethicon,\u003c/a> a subsidiary of medical giant \u003ca href=\"http://www.jnj.com/\">Johnson & Johnson.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jnj.com/news/all/Johnson-Johnson-Announces-Definitive-Agreement-To-Collaborate-With-Google-To-Advance-Surgical-Robotics\">In a news announcement on Friday\u003c/a>, the companies said they would share resources and expertise to create a \"robotic-assisted surgical platform\" to develop new tools and capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unlikely that Google will develop any surgical hardware of its own. But it's software could certainly prove useful to enhance robot surgeries, with more advanced imaging sensors, cameras and monitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may seem odd that an Internet search company is looking into surgical robotics. But Google has been exploring opportunities in the medical sector since 2008, when it introduced its ill-fated Google Health initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Google's research arm, Google X, has a small but fast-growing team of experts drawn from the biotech and Life Sciences world, who are working on projects like a \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/leoking/2014/07/15/google-smart-contact-lens-focuses-on-healthcare-billions/\">glucose-monitoring contact lens. \u003c/a> Its futuristic hardware, Google Glass, has already been used in the operating theater. \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/google-glass-enters-the-operating-room/\">Surgeons use it to record procedures or live-stream \u003c/a>feeds of operations to medical professionals in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Google, the partnership presents an opportunity to bring innovative technology to hospitals and improve its brand in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surgical robotics is an increasingly attractive field for both health and technology companies, as it can increase surgical accuracy and access. And patients often experience less scarring, trauma and a shorter recovery time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top hospitals, like NYU Langone, \u003ca href=\"http://nyulangone.org/locations/robotic-surgery-center\">have been using robots for about a decade \u003c/a>for a long list of surgical procedures, including lung and cardiac surgeries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But surgical robotics hasn't been without its critics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/new-concerns-on-robotic-surgeries/?_r=0\">reports have pointed to a rising number of botched surgeries\u003c/a>, resulting from robot-assisted surgeries. This has led to fears that doctors are under too much pressure to use robots in surgery, but haven't been adequately trained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have called for increased monitoring and a more thorough evaluation into the benefits and drawbacks of surgical robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns aside, other companies in the space say Google's involvement is an indication that surgical robotics is poised to explode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunnyvale based \u003ca href=\"http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/\">Intuitive Surgical\u003c/a>, one of the best known companies selling surgical robots, said this announcement demonstrates that computer-assisted surgery \"won't sit on the sidelines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Computer-assisted surgery will continue to flourish around the globe and competitors have been expected,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Watch a TED talk below, featuring Intuitive Surgical's Catherine Mohr, for more information on robot-assisted surgery.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIICVeGW4RY]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Google is teaming up with medical giant Johnson & Johnson to advance the field of robotic surgery.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1434049177,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":515},"headData":{"title":"Robotic Surgeons on the Horizon From Google, Johnson & Johnson Team | KQED","description":"Google is teaming up with medical giant Johnson & Johnson to advance the field of robotic surgery.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Robotic Surgeons on the Horizon From Google, Johnson & Johnson Team","datePublished":"2015-03-27T19:58:24.000Z","dateModified":"2015-06-11T18:59:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"903 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=903","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/03/27/robotics-surgeons-google-jandj/","disqusTitle":"Robotic Surgeons on the Horizon From Google, Johnson & Johnson Team","customPermalink":"robotics-surgeons-google-jandj","path":"/futureofyou/903/robotics-surgeons-google-jandj","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Your surgeon's favorite new assistant? A robotic arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may seem like the stuff of science fiction, but nimble robot hands are routinely used by surgeons in complex surgeries today. The field has grown dramatically in recent years, with hospitals around the country performing thousands of robot-assisted surgeries every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, search giant Google is trying its hand at surgical robotics by teaming up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ethicon.com/\">Ethicon,\u003c/a> a subsidiary of medical giant \u003ca href=\"http://www.jnj.com/\">Johnson & Johnson.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jnj.com/news/all/Johnson-Johnson-Announces-Definitive-Agreement-To-Collaborate-With-Google-To-Advance-Surgical-Robotics\">In a news announcement on Friday\u003c/a>, the companies said they would share resources and expertise to create a \"robotic-assisted surgical platform\" to develop new tools and capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unlikely that Google will develop any surgical hardware of its own. But it's software could certainly prove useful to enhance robot surgeries, with more advanced imaging sensors, cameras and monitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may seem odd that an Internet search company is looking into surgical robotics. But Google has been exploring opportunities in the medical sector since 2008, when it introduced its ill-fated Google Health initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Google's research arm, Google X, has a small but fast-growing team of experts drawn from the biotech and Life Sciences world, who are working on projects like a \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/leoking/2014/07/15/google-smart-contact-lens-focuses-on-healthcare-billions/\">glucose-monitoring contact lens. \u003c/a> Its futuristic hardware, Google Glass, has already been used in the operating theater. \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/google-glass-enters-the-operating-room/\">Surgeons use it to record procedures or live-stream \u003c/a>feeds of operations to medical professionals in other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Google, the partnership presents an opportunity to bring innovative technology to hospitals and improve its brand in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surgical robotics is an increasingly attractive field for both health and technology companies, as it can increase surgical accuracy and access. And patients often experience less scarring, trauma and a shorter recovery time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top hospitals, like NYU Langone, \u003ca href=\"http://nyulangone.org/locations/robotic-surgery-center\">have been using robots for about a decade \u003c/a>for a long list of surgical procedures, including lung and cardiac surgeries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But surgical robotics hasn't been without its critics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/new-concerns-on-robotic-surgeries/?_r=0\">reports have pointed to a rising number of botched surgeries\u003c/a>, resulting from robot-assisted surgeries. This has led to fears that doctors are under too much pressure to use robots in surgery, but haven't been adequately trained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have called for increased monitoring and a more thorough evaluation into the benefits and drawbacks of surgical robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns aside, other companies in the space say Google's involvement is an indication that surgical robotics is poised to explode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunnyvale based \u003ca href=\"http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/\">Intuitive Surgical\u003c/a>, one of the best known companies selling surgical robots, said this announcement demonstrates that computer-assisted surgery \"won't sit on the sidelines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Computer-assisted surgery will continue to flourish around the globe and competitors have been expected,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Watch a TED talk below, featuring Intuitive Surgical's Catherine Mohr, for more information on robot-assisted surgery.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fIICVeGW4RY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fIICVeGW4RY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/903/robotics-surgeons-google-jandj","authors":["3252"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_131","futureofyou_134","futureofyou_133","futureofyou_132","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_129","futureofyou_130"],"featImg":"futureofyou_912","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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