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Virtual and Augmented Reality That Helps the Visually Impaired
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For Wheelchair Users, a RoboDesk For Electronic Devices (Video)
How Virtual Reality Worlds Inspire People With Disabilities
Techies and People With Disabilities Team Up for 'Makeathon'
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She was previously with Reuters, covering digital health and Apple and before that, she reported for Venture Beat. Christina was born and raised in London and has graduate degrees from University of London and the Stanford School of Journalism. Farr’s work has appeared in a variety of publications, including the New York Times, the Daily Telegraph, the Bay Citizen and SFGate.com. She has appeared as a featured expert on NBC, ABC and Reuters TV, among others, and frequently speaks at health and technology conferences. She is also co-founder of Ladies Who Vino, a networking group for women in technology and business.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christina Farr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cfarr"},"lindseyhoshaw":{"type":"authors","id":"5432","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"5432","found":true},"name":"Lindsey Hoshaw","firstName":"Lindsey","lastName":"Hoshaw","slug":"lindseyhoshaw","email":"lhoshaw@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Lindsey Hoshaw is a former interactive producer for KQED Science. Before joining KQED, Lindsey was a science correspondent for The New York Times, The Boston Globe, Forbes and Scientific American. On Twitter @lindseyhoshaw","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/274b07694c998eaa8f26cfabaa941186?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lindseyhoshaw","facebook":"lindsey.hoshaw.9","instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"bayareabites","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["edit_theme_options","subscriber"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_post_subscriptions","edit_usergroups","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload","leadcoordinator","editor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lindsey Hoshaw | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/274b07694c998eaa8f26cfabaa941186?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/274b07694c998eaa8f26cfabaa941186?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lindseyhoshaw"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_435960":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_435960","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"435960","score":null,"sort":[1509995619000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion","title":"Advanced Prenatal Testing Means More Gut-Wrenching Decisions Over Abortion","publishDate":1509995619,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Excerpts from \"The Other Scarlet 'A': Abortion's Relationship to Genetic Testing\" from THE GENE MACHINE by Bonnie Rochman. Copyright © 2017 by Bonnie Rochman. Used by permission of \u003ca href=\"https://us.macmillan.com/fsg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farrar, Straus and Giroux\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the second purple line appeared on the white plastic wand on a March morning in 2002, I knew next to nothing about pregnancy and even less about raising a child. It was years before I’d go on to cover parenting and pediatrics, and write about sequencing children’s genomes. Yet from the first days of that pregnancy, I was already enmeshed in the most cutting-edge technologies of the time, thanks to my friend Tali, whose son was due a week after mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">How people feel about disability and how that impacts their decisions around abortion are the real topics in any discussion about advanced prenatal testing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tali had recently moved to my home state of North Carolina from Israel, where nuchal translucency testing was standard. I had no idea what it was, but I figured it was important, judging by her level of outrage that this test to gauge Down syndrome risk — combination of an ultrasound to measure the collection of fluid under the skin on the back of a fetus’s neck, and a blood draw — wasn’t commonly available in the United States. Within days, she told me that she’d found a doctor who was getting certified to perform the testing. He needed subjects. Tali and I volunteered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had signed up blithely, without seriously considering what I’d do if the test result came back positive. I expected good news — and, fortunately, I got it. Now, more than a decade later, nuchal translucency is old hat. Other, more sophisticated tests have begun to usurp what was lauded as the latest in prenatal technology in the early aughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuchal translucency offered both Tali and me reassurance. But the various permutations of prenatal screening and testing do not always provide comfort. I am witness to that in the heart of midtown Manhattan, not far from Radio City Music Hall, in a clinic where a woman and her husband have just made a life-altering decision. The woman is 40 years old, with high cheekbones and skin the color of toasted almonds. She is 12-and-a-half weeks pregnant with one baby, but minutes earlier, before she sat down with me in an empty exam room, she was pregnant with two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"i4qdnvXQQLlENO4hP9XlMVjlFUStRjgc\"]Her journey to motherhood had not been easy. The twins had been conceived via in vitro fertilization after the woman and her partner had spent more than a year trying to get pregnant the old-fashioned way. A week before, she had had a microarray analysis that peered deeply into the genetic makeup of her twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microarray analyzes fetal cells for countless less apparent disorders that occur when a tiny snippet of DNA has been added somewhere it’s not supposed to be or deleted entirely, revealing genetic hiccups that previously could not be detected prenatally. Some of these changes are meaningless; others may be associated with autism or rare disorders such as DiGeorge syndrome, which is characterized by heart problems and a roughly 25 percent risk of developing schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the woman explained, “We made use of technology throughout this process, so it would be a shame not to take advantage of this [test]. I wanted to make sure that, given my age, there was nothing wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She knew that the microarray would reveal all sorts of genetic blips, DNA duplications and deletions too tiny to be seen under a microscope, some of which are associated with worrisome conditions and others of which aren’t understood. The test would also detect major chromosomal problems, of which Down syndrome is the most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Just because a patient can know something, must she? What is one of the most joyous times of life has turned into something ominous and fraught, loaded with the potential to go wrong.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even at age 40, just 1 of 100 pregnancies results in Down syndrome. And yet the couple beat those odds: one of the twins was confirmed to have the extra 21st chromosome that causes the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think it’s going to happen to you and then here it is. I still can’t get over the fact. Today we reduced the baby with Down syndrome,” the woman tells me, using a common euphemism for terminating one or more fetuses in cases where a woman is carrying more than she intends to deliver. Many doctors call this “fetal reduction.” She reflects on her decision, made possible by these new tests, as she lowers herself onto an exam table to rest. “I look at this as a sign from God. My mother believes in karma. I think this baby was only meant to be for twelve weeks and his suffering was shortened,” she says. She raises herself up on her elbows and looks at her husband. “Then I feel like, ‘Oh my god, I just killed a baby.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering that women have been getting pregnant for a very long time, prenatal diagnosis — the ability to peer inside the womb and emerge with a snapshot of fetal health — is a fairly recent development, a convergence of medical technologies such as amniocentesis and ultrasound with emerging insights about genes and chromosomes. But it’s the legalization of abortion in 1973 that really served as a catalyst for change. After all, without the ability to choose whether or not to continue a pregnancy, knowledge gleaned from prenatal diagnosis would have remained largely theoretical. With the decriminalization of abortion, what to do became a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are women who’d never opt for an abortion, it’s disingenuous to ignore the fact that terminating a pregnancy is one possible outcome of earlier, more sophisticated genetic tests. The issue of how people feel about disability and, in turn, how that impacts their decisions regarding abortion is an essential aspect of any discussion about advances in prenatal testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I don't understand why even women in their twenties aren't undergoing this testing. Knowledge is power.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yet abortion remains the elephant in the room when it comes to prenatal testing. When I discuss my work with colleagues and friends interested in the subject, some say, “ You’re not going to mention abortion, are you? My gut tells me that I think you’re walking into a minefield if that becomes a major part of the book.” Others say, “Abortion should definitely be a chapter. How could it not be?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the prenatal testing conversation centers on Down syndrome because the condition is so well- known, unlike others that affect far fewer people. One of every 792 babies born in the United States has Down syndrome. Compared to many other chromosomal conditions, however, Down syndrome is considered a relatively mild genetic complex. Chromosome 21 is the smallest chromosome, so the extra genetic material that accompanies a third copy is not as massive or overwhelming as it would be had it occurred on another, larger chromosome. The genetic disorder that results from a triplication of any chromosome is called a trisomy. A trisomy 22 baby, for example, probably would not make it to birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1970s, various epidemiologists began making the case that standardizing testing for Down syndrome was a public health priority. Since then, screening for Down syndrome has become broadly accepted by the medical community and, in turn, by many pregnant women and their partners. In 2007, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology expanded its prenatal screening recommendations to offer all women, regardless of age, the option of screening and diagnosis for genetic conditions, including Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the consequences is clear. In 2015, Brian Skotko, who co-directs the Down Syndrome Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, published a comprehensive look at Down syndrome live-birth rates in the United States. Between 2006 and 2010, he and his colleagues calculated that 30 percent fewer babies with Down syndrome were born than were expected, due to elective terminations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decisions about whether to have a baby with Down syndrome tend to vary geographically and by level of education. In the 2015 study, abortions for reasons of Down syndrome were highest in the Northeast and Hawaii and lowest in the South. Asians were the most likely to terminate due to Down syndrome, while Hispanics and American Indians were the least likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_370960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 507px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-370960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"507\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome.jpg 507w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome-375x249.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A baby girl with Down Syndrome and her mother. \u003ccite>( JGI/Tom Grill/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rise of Noninvasive Prenatal Screening \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various forms of prenatal testing have been around for decades, but when noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) debuted in 2011, its greater accuracy combined with its ease of use contributed to its rapid uptake. In a few short years, NIPS, also called cell-free DNA screening, has become pervasive in the prenatal-testing market. Rather than face off with a long needle or catheter guided through the cervix or abdomen late in the first trimester, or a long needle in the abdomen in the second trimester, a quick venipuncture can collect enough blood midway through the first trimester to gauge whether the fetus’s chromosomes are intact, with high accuracy and no in utero assault. Within a few weeks of a woman learning she’s pregnant, her blood contains fragments of fetal DNA (NIPS actually detects DNA from the placenta, considered a proxy for fetal DNA, that is free-floating in the mom’s bloodstream). The amount of cell- free DNA from the fetus and mother can then be analyzed to predict Down syndrome (and an increasing number of other chromosomal conditions) with up to 99 percent accuracy — though the concept of accuracy itself is nuanced and complex and fluctuates depending on the age of the mother. NIPS, being a blood test, also sidesteps the very small but still scary risk of miscarriage that accompanies CVS (short for \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/chorionic-villus-sampling/basics/definition/prc-20013566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chorionic villus sampling\u003c/a>) or amnio.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The doctor said: 'I get people coming in here who ... want to know this is 100 percent fine. I can't give you 100 percent. I can give you 80 percent. And I said, \"I'm going to take those odds.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Initially reserved for women over 35, NIPS has now spread to younger women as well, and has spawned a $500 million industry expected to balloon to $2 billion by 2020. But who gets the testing ranges widely, depending upon who goes to the doctor in the first place. Lower-income women, due to lack of access, don’t seek out prenatal care nearly as regularly as more well-to-do mothers. If they do, they’re often too far along in their pregnancies to get screened. Due to geographic discrepancies in Medicaid coverage, NIPS or other tests may not be covered. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its high degree of accuracy, NIPS is not perfect. Nor does it equate with a diagnosis. NIPS is a screening test; it can be complicated by a lower-than-expected fraction of fetal DNA and even by an underlying maternal cancer diagnosis. Only CVS or amnio can offer confirmation. But the message is not always getting across to women — or their doctors. Cases have been reported of women coming close to terminating pregnancies they believed were affected based on NIPS results — only to learn that they were not. Experts blame the companies that market the tests for robust advertising that they say misleads patients — and some physicians — into believing that the results are equivalent to a diagnosis. To address misunderstanding, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a statement in 2015 stressing that any positive results need to be confirmed via other tests such as amniocentesis. In other words, ACOG emphasizes, a decision to have an abortion should not be based solely on the results of NIPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet there has been little public conversation about widespread prenatal screening and the “consequences of the transformation of every fetus — and not only the precious fetus produced thanks to complex technological interventions — into an ‘at risk’ entity, extensively tested, measured and evaluated by health professionals,” wrote the science historian Ilana Löwy in a paper about prenatal diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an op-ed in The New York Times, “\u003ca href=\"https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/the-t-m-i-pregnancy/?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The T.M.I. Pregnancy,\u003c/a>” Patricia Volk lamented that all the testing surrounding her daughter-in-law’s supposedly “normal” pregnancy had left them both feeling “guardedly happy.” She recounted a series of scary ultrasound findings that turned out to be nothing, and mused: “Prenatal science has helped a lot [of] people and people-to-be. But just because a patient can know something, must she? Odds are in this baby’s favor, yet every sonogram adds something scary to the pot. What is one of the most joyous times of life has turned into something ominous and fraught, loaded with the potential to go wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet one person’s anxiety is another’s sigh of relief. The debate over what testing and how much hinges on so many factors. In fact, two letters to the editor in response to “The T.M.I. Pregnancy” highlight why this push-and-pull is one of the great medical and social conundrums of our time. In one, Alastair Pullen describes his experience declining all testing during his wife’s first pregnancy “for all of the reasons this article mentions.” Halfway through the pregnancy, he and his wife agreed to an ultrasound and discovered their daughter had a fatal condition and would not survive long after birth. “Faced with a horrible decision,” Pullen writes, “we decided to induce preterm labor. Becket was stillborn. The only thing worse would have been if we had had no knowledge of her condition.” Pullen had first decided not to test but ended up grateful he changed his mind. He and his wife welcomed testing in later pregnancies; they now have three healthy children, and, he says, “the barrage of testing affirmed our excitement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingrid Chafee, on the other hand, gave birth when no tests were available. She was shocked when she delivered her firstborn in 1965, only to learn he had hydrocephalus and spina bifida. Surgery repaired much of the damage, but her son — who now holds a doctorate from Oxford — still has physical problems. She concludes: “He has said many times that he is glad that there were no ultrasound tests available at the time of his birth. If there had been, he wouldn’t be here. To know or not to know? It’s up to each to decide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Is a Gift and Who a Burden?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ethics of abortion are set to become much more complicated as more women have access to powerful genetic tests such as microarray, for these tests can identify genetic flaws that are not readily understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microarray had confirmed that the almond skinned woman who had the fetal reduction was carrying one twin with Down syndrome. But in the case of more ambiguous genetic errors in a boy named Ryan Docherty, confirmation was the easy part. It was the interpretation — figuring out the significance of the problems that microarray had detected in utero — that proved difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was pregnant, Ryan’s mom, Jen Sipress, had a microarray test. You’ll recall that chromosomal microarray analysis can detect deletions and duplications of genetic material — errors that are far smaller than an entire extra chromosome. But just because they’re smaller doesn’t mean they can’t wreak havoc. Some are associated with genetic disorders; many more aren’t associated with anything because they’re so newly discovered or because they don’t appear to be detrimental according to the limited amount of research that exists. Sipress, 42, is a New York City narcotics prosecutor; she thrives on evidence. When her test results came back, the evidence was disconcerting: Ryan, still in utero, had not one but two findings — “variants of uncertain significance” — inherited from his mother and his father. Docherty had passed down a duplication involving six genes, while Sipress had contributed a deletion on chromosome 15 involving four genes. In general, deletions are considered more worrisome than duplications; our bodies can often deal with some extra genetic material, but it’s not as easy to compensate for DNA gone AWOL. To make matters worse, one of the four missing genes had been associated in the medical literature with intellectual and developmental delay. Here’s where things got really confusing: Sipress was missing that same gene and she didn’t appear to be affected at all. She worked hard as the family’s primary income earner, putting drug dealers behind bars. She hadn’t even known she was missing any genes until the microarray results came back. But genes—or their absence — can affect people differently; it’s a phenomenon called “variable expressivity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the amniocentesis to collect fetal cells for the microarray analysis, Sipress and Docherty had decided that were they to learn that their unborn child wouldn’t be able to live independently as an adult, they would end the pregnancy. When they got the results, they leaned toward abortion. After talking to their doctor, Ron Wapner, author of a \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> study about microarray’s effectiveness, they changed their minds. As Sipress recalls, Wapner said, “‘I get people coming in here who . . . want to know this is 100 percent fine.’ And he said, ‘I can’t give you 100 percent. I can give you 80 percent.’ And I said, ‘I’m going to take those odds.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emotionally, it was a terrible time for Sipress and Docherty. Ryan was their first child, and he had been conceived after two rounds of IVF. But Sipress doesn’t regret finding out. “I don’t understand why even women in their 20s aren’t undergoing this testing,” she says. “Knowledge is power. Doesn’t everyone realize that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s certainly made for some awkward conversations with her husband’s family in Scotland, who know about the missing genes. “They ask if there is something wrong with the kid, and I say, ‘Technically, yes, but he’s not exhibiting any symptoms,’ ” says Sipress. To that end, Docherty, who stays home with Ryan, is a vigilant observer. “Are we still worried?” says Docherty. “Absolutely.” It’s easy to attribute every behavioral challenge — Ryan’s not a good sleeper, but neither are lots of babies — to the missing genes. Anticipating this, Wapner has cautioned them against engaging in this sort of genetic determinism. “He said, ‘Go about your business. If you feel something is really wrong, then you act.’ To be honest,” says Docherty, “Ryan doesn’t have a problem, as far as I can see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what end are we willing to go to detect disability? Once we find it, is there a dividing line between “good,” or tolerable, disabilities and “bad,” or intolerable, limitations? How do we decide which ones may warrant abortion and which are acceptable? What feels overwhelming to one person— the birth of a child with a genetic disorder— may feel like God’s gift to another. Who are we to judge what — who, more accurately—is a gift and who is a burden?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Advanced prenatal genetic testing transforms every fetus into an 'at risk' entity. And we should be talking about that, says author Bonnie Rochman in 'The Gene Machine.'","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1514584359,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":3388},"headData":{"title":"Advanced Prenatal Testing Means More Gut-Wrenching Decisions Over Abortion | KQED","description":"Advanced prenatal genetic testing transforms every fetus into an 'at risk' entity. And we should be talking about that, says author Bonnie Rochman in 'The Gene Machine.'","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Advanced Prenatal Testing Means More Gut-Wrenching Decisions Over Abortion","datePublished":"2017-11-06T19:13:39.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-29T21:52:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435960 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435960","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/06/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion/","disqusTitle":"Advanced Prenatal Testing Means More Gut-Wrenching Decisions Over Abortion","nprByline":"Bonnie Rochman","path":"/futureofyou/435960/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Excerpts from \"The Other Scarlet 'A': Abortion's Relationship to Genetic Testing\" from THE GENE MACHINE by Bonnie Rochman. Copyright © 2017 by Bonnie Rochman. Used by permission of \u003ca href=\"https://us.macmillan.com/fsg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farrar, Straus and Giroux\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the second purple line appeared on the white plastic wand on a March morning in 2002, I knew next to nothing about pregnancy and even less about raising a child. It was years before I’d go on to cover parenting and pediatrics, and write about sequencing children’s genomes. Yet from the first days of that pregnancy, I was already enmeshed in the most cutting-edge technologies of the time, thanks to my friend Tali, whose son was due a week after mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">How people feel about disability and how that impacts their decisions around abortion are the real topics in any discussion about advanced prenatal testing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tali had recently moved to my home state of North Carolina from Israel, where nuchal translucency testing was standard. I had no idea what it was, but I figured it was important, judging by her level of outrage that this test to gauge Down syndrome risk — combination of an ultrasound to measure the collection of fluid under the skin on the back of a fetus’s neck, and a blood draw — wasn’t commonly available in the United States. Within days, she told me that she’d found a doctor who was getting certified to perform the testing. He needed subjects. Tali and I volunteered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had signed up blithely, without seriously considering what I’d do if the test result came back positive. I expected good news — and, fortunately, I got it. Now, more than a decade later, nuchal translucency is old hat. Other, more sophisticated tests have begun to usurp what was lauded as the latest in prenatal technology in the early aughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuchal translucency offered both Tali and me reassurance. But the various permutations of prenatal screening and testing do not always provide comfort. I am witness to that in the heart of midtown Manhattan, not far from Radio City Music Hall, in a clinic where a woman and her husband have just made a life-altering decision. The woman is 40 years old, with high cheekbones and skin the color of toasted almonds. She is 12-and-a-half weeks pregnant with one baby, but minutes earlier, before she sat down with me in an empty exam room, she was pregnant with two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Her journey to motherhood had not been easy. The twins had been conceived via in vitro fertilization after the woman and her partner had spent more than a year trying to get pregnant the old-fashioned way. A week before, she had had a microarray analysis that peered deeply into the genetic makeup of her twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microarray analyzes fetal cells for countless less apparent disorders that occur when a tiny snippet of DNA has been added somewhere it’s not supposed to be or deleted entirely, revealing genetic hiccups that previously could not be detected prenatally. Some of these changes are meaningless; others may be associated with autism or rare disorders such as DiGeorge syndrome, which is characterized by heart problems and a roughly 25 percent risk of developing schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the woman explained, “We made use of technology throughout this process, so it would be a shame not to take advantage of this [test]. I wanted to make sure that, given my age, there was nothing wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She knew that the microarray would reveal all sorts of genetic blips, DNA duplications and deletions too tiny to be seen under a microscope, some of which are associated with worrisome conditions and others of which aren’t understood. The test would also detect major chromosomal problems, of which Down syndrome is the most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Just because a patient can know something, must she? What is one of the most joyous times of life has turned into something ominous and fraught, loaded with the potential to go wrong.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even at age 40, just 1 of 100 pregnancies results in Down syndrome. And yet the couple beat those odds: one of the twins was confirmed to have the extra 21st chromosome that causes the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think it’s going to happen to you and then here it is. I still can’t get over the fact. Today we reduced the baby with Down syndrome,” the woman tells me, using a common euphemism for terminating one or more fetuses in cases where a woman is carrying more than she intends to deliver. Many doctors call this “fetal reduction.” She reflects on her decision, made possible by these new tests, as she lowers herself onto an exam table to rest. “I look at this as a sign from God. My mother believes in karma. I think this baby was only meant to be for twelve weeks and his suffering was shortened,” she says. She raises herself up on her elbows and looks at her husband. “Then I feel like, ‘Oh my god, I just killed a baby.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering that women have been getting pregnant for a very long time, prenatal diagnosis — the ability to peer inside the womb and emerge with a snapshot of fetal health — is a fairly recent development, a convergence of medical technologies such as amniocentesis and ultrasound with emerging insights about genes and chromosomes. But it’s the legalization of abortion in 1973 that really served as a catalyst for change. After all, without the ability to choose whether or not to continue a pregnancy, knowledge gleaned from prenatal diagnosis would have remained largely theoretical. With the decriminalization of abortion, what to do became a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are women who’d never opt for an abortion, it’s disingenuous to ignore the fact that terminating a pregnancy is one possible outcome of earlier, more sophisticated genetic tests. The issue of how people feel about disability and, in turn, how that impacts their decisions regarding abortion is an essential aspect of any discussion about advances in prenatal testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I don't understand why even women in their twenties aren't undergoing this testing. Knowledge is power.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yet abortion remains the elephant in the room when it comes to prenatal testing. When I discuss my work with colleagues and friends interested in the subject, some say, “ You’re not going to mention abortion, are you? My gut tells me that I think you’re walking into a minefield if that becomes a major part of the book.” Others say, “Abortion should definitely be a chapter. How could it not be?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the prenatal testing conversation centers on Down syndrome because the condition is so well- known, unlike others that affect far fewer people. One of every 792 babies born in the United States has Down syndrome. Compared to many other chromosomal conditions, however, Down syndrome is considered a relatively mild genetic complex. Chromosome 21 is the smallest chromosome, so the extra genetic material that accompanies a third copy is not as massive or overwhelming as it would be had it occurred on another, larger chromosome. The genetic disorder that results from a triplication of any chromosome is called a trisomy. A trisomy 22 baby, for example, probably would not make it to birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1970s, various epidemiologists began making the case that standardizing testing for Down syndrome was a public health priority. Since then, screening for Down syndrome has become broadly accepted by the medical community and, in turn, by many pregnant women and their partners. In 2007, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology expanded its prenatal screening recommendations to offer all women, regardless of age, the option of screening and diagnosis for genetic conditions, including Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the consequences is clear. In 2015, Brian Skotko, who co-directs the Down Syndrome Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, published a comprehensive look at Down syndrome live-birth rates in the United States. Between 2006 and 2010, he and his colleagues calculated that 30 percent fewer babies with Down syndrome were born than were expected, due to elective terminations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decisions about whether to have a baby with Down syndrome tend to vary geographically and by level of education. In the 2015 study, abortions for reasons of Down syndrome were highest in the Northeast and Hawaii and lowest in the South. Asians were the most likely to terminate due to Down syndrome, while Hispanics and American Indians were the least likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_370960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 507px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-370960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"507\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome.jpg 507w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Down-syndrome-375x249.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A baby girl with Down Syndrome and her mother. \u003ccite>( JGI/Tom Grill/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rise of Noninvasive Prenatal Screening \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various forms of prenatal testing have been around for decades, but when noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) debuted in 2011, its greater accuracy combined with its ease of use contributed to its rapid uptake. In a few short years, NIPS, also called cell-free DNA screening, has become pervasive in the prenatal-testing market. Rather than face off with a long needle or catheter guided through the cervix or abdomen late in the first trimester, or a long needle in the abdomen in the second trimester, a quick venipuncture can collect enough blood midway through the first trimester to gauge whether the fetus’s chromosomes are intact, with high accuracy and no in utero assault. Within a few weeks of a woman learning she’s pregnant, her blood contains fragments of fetal DNA (NIPS actually detects DNA from the placenta, considered a proxy for fetal DNA, that is free-floating in the mom’s bloodstream). The amount of cell- free DNA from the fetus and mother can then be analyzed to predict Down syndrome (and an increasing number of other chromosomal conditions) with up to 99 percent accuracy — though the concept of accuracy itself is nuanced and complex and fluctuates depending on the age of the mother. NIPS, being a blood test, also sidesteps the very small but still scary risk of miscarriage that accompanies CVS (short for \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/chorionic-villus-sampling/basics/definition/prc-20013566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chorionic villus sampling\u003c/a>) or amnio.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The doctor said: 'I get people coming in here who ... want to know this is 100 percent fine. I can't give you 100 percent. I can give you 80 percent. And I said, \"I'm going to take those odds.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Initially reserved for women over 35, NIPS has now spread to younger women as well, and has spawned a $500 million industry expected to balloon to $2 billion by 2020. But who gets the testing ranges widely, depending upon who goes to the doctor in the first place. Lower-income women, due to lack of access, don’t seek out prenatal care nearly as regularly as more well-to-do mothers. If they do, they’re often too far along in their pregnancies to get screened. Due to geographic discrepancies in Medicaid coverage, NIPS or other tests may not be covered. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its high degree of accuracy, NIPS is not perfect. Nor does it equate with a diagnosis. NIPS is a screening test; it can be complicated by a lower-than-expected fraction of fetal DNA and even by an underlying maternal cancer diagnosis. Only CVS or amnio can offer confirmation. But the message is not always getting across to women — or their doctors. Cases have been reported of women coming close to terminating pregnancies they believed were affected based on NIPS results — only to learn that they were not. Experts blame the companies that market the tests for robust advertising that they say misleads patients — and some physicians — into believing that the results are equivalent to a diagnosis. To address misunderstanding, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a statement in 2015 stressing that any positive results need to be confirmed via other tests such as amniocentesis. In other words, ACOG emphasizes, a decision to have an abortion should not be based solely on the results of NIPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet there has been little public conversation about widespread prenatal screening and the “consequences of the transformation of every fetus — and not only the precious fetus produced thanks to complex technological interventions — into an ‘at risk’ entity, extensively tested, measured and evaluated by health professionals,” wrote the science historian Ilana Löwy in a paper about prenatal diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an op-ed in The New York Times, “\u003ca href=\"https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/the-t-m-i-pregnancy/?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The T.M.I. Pregnancy,\u003c/a>” Patricia Volk lamented that all the testing surrounding her daughter-in-law’s supposedly “normal” pregnancy had left them both feeling “guardedly happy.” She recounted a series of scary ultrasound findings that turned out to be nothing, and mused: “Prenatal science has helped a lot [of] people and people-to-be. But just because a patient can know something, must she? Odds are in this baby’s favor, yet every sonogram adds something scary to the pot. What is one of the most joyous times of life has turned into something ominous and fraught, loaded with the potential to go wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet one person’s anxiety is another’s sigh of relief. The debate over what testing and how much hinges on so many factors. In fact, two letters to the editor in response to “The T.M.I. Pregnancy” highlight why this push-and-pull is one of the great medical and social conundrums of our time. In one, Alastair Pullen describes his experience declining all testing during his wife’s first pregnancy “for all of the reasons this article mentions.” Halfway through the pregnancy, he and his wife agreed to an ultrasound and discovered their daughter had a fatal condition and would not survive long after birth. “Faced with a horrible decision,” Pullen writes, “we decided to induce preterm labor. Becket was stillborn. The only thing worse would have been if we had had no knowledge of her condition.” Pullen had first decided not to test but ended up grateful he changed his mind. He and his wife welcomed testing in later pregnancies; they now have three healthy children, and, he says, “the barrage of testing affirmed our excitement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingrid Chafee, on the other hand, gave birth when no tests were available. She was shocked when she delivered her firstborn in 1965, only to learn he had hydrocephalus and spina bifida. Surgery repaired much of the damage, but her son — who now holds a doctorate from Oxford — still has physical problems. She concludes: “He has said many times that he is glad that there were no ultrasound tests available at the time of his birth. If there had been, he wouldn’t be here. To know or not to know? It’s up to each to decide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who Is a Gift and Who a Burden?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ethics of abortion are set to become much more complicated as more women have access to powerful genetic tests such as microarray, for these tests can identify genetic flaws that are not readily understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microarray had confirmed that the almond skinned woman who had the fetal reduction was carrying one twin with Down syndrome. But in the case of more ambiguous genetic errors in a boy named Ryan Docherty, confirmation was the easy part. It was the interpretation — figuring out the significance of the problems that microarray had detected in utero — that proved difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was pregnant, Ryan’s mom, Jen Sipress, had a microarray test. You’ll recall that chromosomal microarray analysis can detect deletions and duplications of genetic material — errors that are far smaller than an entire extra chromosome. But just because they’re smaller doesn’t mean they can’t wreak havoc. Some are associated with genetic disorders; many more aren’t associated with anything because they’re so newly discovered or because they don’t appear to be detrimental according to the limited amount of research that exists. Sipress, 42, is a New York City narcotics prosecutor; she thrives on evidence. When her test results came back, the evidence was disconcerting: Ryan, still in utero, had not one but two findings — “variants of uncertain significance” — inherited from his mother and his father. Docherty had passed down a duplication involving six genes, while Sipress had contributed a deletion on chromosome 15 involving four genes. In general, deletions are considered more worrisome than duplications; our bodies can often deal with some extra genetic material, but it’s not as easy to compensate for DNA gone AWOL. To make matters worse, one of the four missing genes had been associated in the medical literature with intellectual and developmental delay. Here’s where things got really confusing: Sipress was missing that same gene and she didn’t appear to be affected at all. She worked hard as the family’s primary income earner, putting drug dealers behind bars. She hadn’t even known she was missing any genes until the microarray results came back. But genes—or their absence — can affect people differently; it’s a phenomenon called “variable expressivity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the amniocentesis to collect fetal cells for the microarray analysis, Sipress and Docherty had decided that were they to learn that their unborn child wouldn’t be able to live independently as an adult, they would end the pregnancy. When they got the results, they leaned toward abortion. After talking to their doctor, Ron Wapner, author of a \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> study about microarray’s effectiveness, they changed their minds. As Sipress recalls, Wapner said, “‘I get people coming in here who . . . want to know this is 100 percent fine.’ And he said, ‘I can’t give you 100 percent. I can give you 80 percent.’ And I said, ‘I’m going to take those odds.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emotionally, it was a terrible time for Sipress and Docherty. Ryan was their first child, and he had been conceived after two rounds of IVF. But Sipress doesn’t regret finding out. “I don’t understand why even women in their 20s aren’t undergoing this testing,” she says. “Knowledge is power. Doesn’t everyone realize that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s certainly made for some awkward conversations with her husband’s family in Scotland, who know about the missing genes. “They ask if there is something wrong with the kid, and I say, ‘Technically, yes, but he’s not exhibiting any symptoms,’ ” says Sipress. To that end, Docherty, who stays home with Ryan, is a vigilant observer. “Are we still worried?” says Docherty. “Absolutely.” It’s easy to attribute every behavioral challenge — Ryan’s not a good sleeper, but neither are lots of babies — to the missing genes. Anticipating this, Wapner has cautioned them against engaging in this sort of genetic determinism. “He said, ‘Go about your business. If you feel something is really wrong, then you act.’ To be honest,” says Docherty, “Ryan doesn’t have a problem, as far as I can see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what end are we willing to go to detect disability? Once we find it, is there a dividing line between “good,” or tolerable, disabilities and “bad,” or intolerable, limitations? How do we decide which ones may warrant abortion and which are acceptable? What feels overwhelming to one person— the birth of a child with a genetic disorder— may feel like God’s gift to another. Who are we to judge what — who, more accurately—is a gift and who is a burden?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435960/advanced-prenatal-testing-will-mean-more-gut-wrenching-decisions-about-abortion","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435960"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_342","futureofyou_1439","futureofyou_587","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_1015","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1386","futureofyou_1388","futureofyou_520","futureofyou_1389"],"featImg":"futureofyou_436849","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_304003":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_304003","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"304003","score":null,"sort":[1482507010000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dolls-with-disabilities-escape-the-toy-hospital-go-mainstream","title":"Dolls With Disabilities Go Mainstream","publishDate":1482507010,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When Dominika Tamley chose \"Isebelle,\" her American Girl doll, she picked a toy whose hair and eye color matched her own. But the 10-year-old is quick to point out that's not the only way the doll resembles the real child who plays with her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She's like a mini-me,\" Tamley explained with pride. \"Because she has a hearing aid and I have a hearing aid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Girl has for years offered a wide variety of accessories reflecting \u003ca href=\"http://www.americangirl.com/shop/dolls/doll-hospital#hearing\">a range of disabilities\u003c/a>. Arm crutches, leg braces, a sporty red wheelchair and allergy-free lunch sets. You can order a doll without hair — like a child with cancer — or one outfitted with a diabetes kit that includes insulin pumps, pens, glucose tablets and a blood sugar monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The designer who worked on that had Type 1 diabetes, and it was a really personal item for him to create,\" said Stephanie Spanos, a public relations manager at American Girl. The designers developed the diabetes kit with the input of doctors, nurses and dietitians at American Family Children's Hospital in Madison, Wis., Spanos added. \"We introduced that at the very beginning of 2016 and it's been in and out of stock all year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Girl dolls, which can cost more than $100, often come with a built-in back story, such as Nellie, the Irish immigrant orphan, or Cécile, the Creole girl growing up in 1850s New Orleans. Some activists remain irked that no American Girl comes with a built-in back story related to a disability. (A petition to add one last year, during the 25\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, \u003ca href=\"http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160911_American_Girl_said_no_to_doll_with_disability__so_ex-Chesco_sisters_wrote_novel.html\">was unsuccessful\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, more and more mainstream companies are adding characters with disabilities to their roster of toys. Earlier this year, Lego introduced, for the first time, a figure of a little boy in a wheelchair. Significantly, he's not in the hospital — instead, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/LEGO-City-Town-60134-park/dp/B01CU9WX08/ref=pd_lpo_21_bs_img_2?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=0C4XNTVEGD1PDP1FHDEX\">he's part of a city park set\u003c/a>, representing people with disabilities out in the world. And in 2013, Toys R Us added its Journey Girls line of dolls, with accessories including \u003ca href=\"http://www.toysrus.com/buy/journey-girls-wheelchair-playset-5f5fcdf-55750766\">wheelchairs and crutches\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this good business? Or just good public relations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not about PR for us,\" said the chief merchandising officer of Toys R Us, Richard Barry. \"Our job as a company is to make sure we have the best assortment for all kids.\" Barry pointed out that Toys R Us catalog has also started including children with disabilities in its photos of kids playing with the company's toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representation of kids with disabilities was harder to find at a big-box store in the suburbs of Washington D.C., where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/2013/041613\">Rebecca Cokley\u003c/a> took me shopping. Cokley is executive director of the National Council on Disability, and the first female little person to have worked in the White House. She's 4 feet 2 inches tall and white, with red hair and freckles. \"My family is interracial and interspatial,\" she said. \"My husband's average height and African American. And, so, our kids are biracial dwarf kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were all kinds of toys Cokely liked in the aisles — she's a Lego nerd and a big fan of Batgirl, a character with her own deep \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/story/160174-batgirl-sheds-wheelchair/\">connection to the disability community\u003c/a>. But it was nearly impossible to find a single toy that represented disability. In the Barbie aisle, we found chef Barbies, vet Barbies and gymnast Barbies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why can't one of these come with a hearing aid?\" Cokely wondered. And Mattel has stopped making Becky, Barbie's friend who uses a wheelchair (although you can still find Becky dolls to buy on secondary retail sites online.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And look — there's Barbie's inaccessible dream house!\" Cokely said. \"It's got a working garage, but the elevator is too small for a wheelchair.\" It would be tough for Becky to come over for a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had more luck in the Star Wars aisle. Cokely noticed a Luke Skywalker doll that comes with a prosthetic arm. \"That counts!\" she exclaimed, with a wry aside: \"People do tend to claim Vader, but I don't know if that's a good thing or a bad thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from Luke, only one other toy (among many hundreds) explicitly represented a disability: Nemo. The friendly orange clownfish from the Pixar movie has one shortened fin, and the store sold a stuffed plush version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Both \u003cem>Finding Nemo\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Finding Dory\u003c/em> have been phenomenal resources for parents with disabilities,\" she said. \"Not only in terms of showing good examples of kids with disabilities, but also the challenges of being that overprotective helicopter parent.\" She pointed out that some toys – such as \u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WebAnimation/Snowdrop\">My Little Pony\u003c/a> — have been \u003ca href=\"http://copingwithpony.weebly.com/\">embraced by some disability activists\u003c/a>, but that so much of the toy section represented missed opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why don't we have any GI Joes that are disabled vets?\" Cokely asked. \"Think about that, what that would mean to a young boy whose dad's a vet or whose mom's a vet. To see their parents' experience reflected in the toys — that would be massive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research by social psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.gold.ac.uk/psychology/staff/jones-sian/\">Sian Jones\u003c/a> of Goldsmith University of London, as well as that of others, shows that all children benefit from playing with toys representing disability — \u003ca href=\"https://goldsmithspsychologyblog.wordpress.com/2016/06/06/one-like-me-toying-with-the-doll-industry/\">it heightens empathy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And activist \u003ca href=\"http://rebeccaatkinson.co.uk/toy-like-me/\">Rebecca Atkinson\u003c/a>, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toylikeme.org/\">Toy Like Me website\u003c/a> in the United Kingdom, told me she'd love it if every toybox included a wheelchair and a seeing-eye dog for children to play with. (Atkinson's website points consumers towards \u003ca href=\"http://www.toylikeme.org/toys/bespoke-toys/\">toys that represent disability\u003c/a>, and also creates playful images meant to inspire manufacturers, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.toylikeme.org/toys/makeovers/\">princesses with eye patches\u003c/a> and scars, and superheros with tracheostomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a niche market, Cokely added. One in four people will experience a disability at some point in their lives. \"Everyone has a family member with a disability,\" she said. \"Everyone knows someone with a disability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And playing with toys in an imagined world where, just like in real life, people walk or use wheelchairs or have hearing aids is a world where kids can imagine other kids — disabled and otherwise — as friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Dolls+With+Disabilities+Escape+The+Toy+Hospital%2C+Go+Mainstream&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Longtime toymakers are broadening their horizons — offering dolls and other figures with hearing aids, wheelchairs and insulin pumps in city scenes, not just hospitals. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1482457159,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1051},"headData":{"title":"Dolls With Disabilities Go Mainstream | KQED","description":"Longtime toymakers are broadening their horizons — offering dolls and other figures with hearing aids, wheelchairs and insulin pumps in city scenes, not just hospitals. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Dolls With Disabilities Go Mainstream","datePublished":"2016-12-23T15:30:10.000Z","dateModified":"2016-12-23T01:39:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"304003 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=304003","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/23/dolls-with-disabilities-escape-the-toy-hospital-go-mainstream/","disqusTitle":"Dolls With Disabilities Go Mainstream","source":"KQED Future of You","nprImageCredit":"Daniel Karmann","nprByline":"Neda Ulaby\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"AFP/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"505722057","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=505722057&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/18/505722057/dolls-with-disabilities-escape-the-toy-hospital-go-mainstream?ft=nprml&f=505722057","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sun, 18 Dec 2016 11:18:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sun, 18 Dec 2016 08:21:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sun, 18 Dec 2016 10:30:24 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2016/12/20161218_wesun_dolls_with_disabilities_escape_the_toy_hospital_go_mainstream.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=217&p=10&story=505722057&t=progseg&e=506045390&seg=13&ft=nprml&f=505722057","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1506045615-5fb2c2.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=217&p=10&story=505722057&t=progseg&e=506045390&seg=13&ft=nprml&f=505722057","path":"/futureofyou/304003/dolls-with-disabilities-escape-the-toy-hospital-go-mainstream","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2016/12/20161218_wesun_dolls_with_disabilities_escape_the_toy_hospital_go_mainstream.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=217&p=10&story=505722057&t=progseg&e=506045390&seg=13&ft=nprml&f=505722057","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Dominika Tamley chose \"Isebelle,\" her American Girl doll, she picked a toy whose hair and eye color matched her own. But the 10-year-old is quick to point out that's not the only way the doll resembles the real child who plays with her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She's like a mini-me,\" Tamley explained with pride. \"Because she has a hearing aid and I have a hearing aid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Girl has for years offered a wide variety of accessories reflecting \u003ca href=\"http://www.americangirl.com/shop/dolls/doll-hospital#hearing\">a range of disabilities\u003c/a>. Arm crutches, leg braces, a sporty red wheelchair and allergy-free lunch sets. You can order a doll without hair — like a child with cancer — or one outfitted with a diabetes kit that includes insulin pumps, pens, glucose tablets and a blood sugar monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The designer who worked on that had Type 1 diabetes, and it was a really personal item for him to create,\" said Stephanie Spanos, a public relations manager at American Girl. The designers developed the diabetes kit with the input of doctors, nurses and dietitians at American Family Children's Hospital in Madison, Wis., Spanos added. \"We introduced that at the very beginning of 2016 and it's been in and out of stock all year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Girl dolls, which can cost more than $100, often come with a built-in back story, such as Nellie, the Irish immigrant orphan, or Cécile, the Creole girl growing up in 1850s New Orleans. Some activists remain irked that no American Girl comes with a built-in back story related to a disability. (A petition to add one last year, during the 25\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, \u003ca href=\"http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160911_American_Girl_said_no_to_doll_with_disability__so_ex-Chesco_sisters_wrote_novel.html\">was unsuccessful\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, more and more mainstream companies are adding characters with disabilities to their roster of toys. Earlier this year, Lego introduced, for the first time, a figure of a little boy in a wheelchair. Significantly, he's not in the hospital — instead, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/LEGO-City-Town-60134-park/dp/B01CU9WX08/ref=pd_lpo_21_bs_img_2?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=0C4XNTVEGD1PDP1FHDEX\">he's part of a city park set\u003c/a>, representing people with disabilities out in the world. And in 2013, Toys R Us added its Journey Girls line of dolls, with accessories including \u003ca href=\"http://www.toysrus.com/buy/journey-girls-wheelchair-playset-5f5fcdf-55750766\">wheelchairs and crutches\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this good business? Or just good public relations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not about PR for us,\" said the chief merchandising officer of Toys R Us, Richard Barry. \"Our job as a company is to make sure we have the best assortment for all kids.\" Barry pointed out that Toys R Us catalog has also started including children with disabilities in its photos of kids playing with the company's toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representation of kids with disabilities was harder to find at a big-box store in the suburbs of Washington D.C., where \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/2013/041613\">Rebecca Cokley\u003c/a> took me shopping. Cokley is executive director of the National Council on Disability, and the first female little person to have worked in the White House. She's 4 feet 2 inches tall and white, with red hair and freckles. \"My family is interracial and interspatial,\" she said. \"My husband's average height and African American. And, so, our kids are biracial dwarf kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were all kinds of toys Cokely liked in the aisles — she's a Lego nerd and a big fan of Batgirl, a character with her own deep \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/story/160174-batgirl-sheds-wheelchair/\">connection to the disability community\u003c/a>. But it was nearly impossible to find a single toy that represented disability. In the Barbie aisle, we found chef Barbies, vet Barbies and gymnast Barbies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why can't one of these come with a hearing aid?\" Cokely wondered. And Mattel has stopped making Becky, Barbie's friend who uses a wheelchair (although you can still find Becky dolls to buy on secondary retail sites online.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And look — there's Barbie's inaccessible dream house!\" Cokely said. \"It's got a working garage, but the elevator is too small for a wheelchair.\" It would be tough for Becky to come over for a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had more luck in the Star Wars aisle. Cokely noticed a Luke Skywalker doll that comes with a prosthetic arm. \"That counts!\" she exclaimed, with a wry aside: \"People do tend to claim Vader, but I don't know if that's a good thing or a bad thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from Luke, only one other toy (among many hundreds) explicitly represented a disability: Nemo. The friendly orange clownfish from the Pixar movie has one shortened fin, and the store sold a stuffed plush version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Both \u003cem>Finding Nemo\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Finding Dory\u003c/em> have been phenomenal resources for parents with disabilities,\" she said. \"Not only in terms of showing good examples of kids with disabilities, but also the challenges of being that overprotective helicopter parent.\" She pointed out that some toys – such as \u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WebAnimation/Snowdrop\">My Little Pony\u003c/a> — have been \u003ca href=\"http://copingwithpony.weebly.com/\">embraced by some disability activists\u003c/a>, but that so much of the toy section represented missed opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why don't we have any GI Joes that are disabled vets?\" Cokely asked. \"Think about that, what that would mean to a young boy whose dad's a vet or whose mom's a vet. To see their parents' experience reflected in the toys — that would be massive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research by social psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.gold.ac.uk/psychology/staff/jones-sian/\">Sian Jones\u003c/a> of Goldsmith University of London, as well as that of others, shows that all children benefit from playing with toys representing disability — \u003ca href=\"https://goldsmithspsychologyblog.wordpress.com/2016/06/06/one-like-me-toying-with-the-doll-industry/\">it heightens empathy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And activist \u003ca href=\"http://rebeccaatkinson.co.uk/toy-like-me/\">Rebecca Atkinson\u003c/a>, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toylikeme.org/\">Toy Like Me website\u003c/a> in the United Kingdom, told me she'd love it if every toybox included a wheelchair and a seeing-eye dog for children to play with. (Atkinson's website points consumers towards \u003ca href=\"http://www.toylikeme.org/toys/bespoke-toys/\">toys that represent disability\u003c/a>, and also creates playful images meant to inspire manufacturers, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.toylikeme.org/toys/makeovers/\">princesses with eye patches\u003c/a> and scars, and superheros with tracheostomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a niche market, Cokely added. One in four people will experience a disability at some point in their lives. \"Everyone has a family member with a disability,\" she said. \"Everyone knows someone with a disability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And playing with toys in an imagined world where, just like in real life, people walk or use wheelchairs or have hearing aids is a world where kids can imagine other kids — disabled and otherwise — as friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Dolls+With+Disabilities+Escape+The+Toy+Hospital%2C+Go+Mainstream&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/304003/dolls-with-disabilities-escape-the-toy-hospital-go-mainstream","authors":["byline_futureofyou_304003"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_587"],"featImg":"futureofyou_304004","label":"source_futureofyou_304003"},"futureofyou_279800":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_279800","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"279800","score":null,"sort":[1479862074000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"virtual-and-augmented-reality-gear-can-help-the-visually-impaired","title":"Virtual and Augmented Reality That Helps the Visually Impaired","publishDate":1479862074,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of CNET's \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/tech-enabled/\" target=\"_blank\">Tech Enabled\u003c/a>\" series about the role technology plays in helping the disability community.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality and augmented reality are often associated with gaming. For many people, the allure has to do with the ability to visit an alien world or an exotic location -- to go someplace or do something they couldn't do otherwise. Bridging worlds seems to be a sweet spot for these technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VR and AR don't necessarily have to take users to far-off or fictional places. They also can better connect people with vision issues to the everyday world. Most take for granted the ability to sit at a computer at work and read the text on the screen, or freely and confidently walk around their home or office. These technologies aim to help people reclaim some of the vision they may have lost and to make it easier to function in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization estimates that 246 million people have low vision, which includes blurry vision, tunnel vision or blind spots that can't be corrected. The WHO also estimates that 90 percent of those who have vision problems, not just low vision, tend to have low incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank Werblin, professor of neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, is working to bring a lower-cost vision aid to the low-vision community. About a year and a half ago, he realized he could do this by piggybacking on virtual-reality technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_284322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-284322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\" alt=\"IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \" width=\"719\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png 719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-160x106.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-240x159.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-375x249.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-520x345.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \u003ccite>(Sarah Tew/CNET)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is an app that uses a Samsung Gear VR headset. It's responsive to the wearer's head movements and will magnify whatever they're directly looking at, while still providing a wide field of view. It's meant to help users better see the world, even read on a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges he's trying to address is cost. Wearable vision aids can go as high as $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a huge price gap between a magnifying glass, which you could buy for $25 or $50, and what these people could really use, which is a wearable portable device, which is many thousands of dollars,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is available online for $2,500, and in certain clinics around the country on an experimental basis. The price includes the software, headset and phone needed to power the Gear VR. Werblin, who for 44 years has been studying the way the retina functions, even took it to the California School for the Blind in Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lazy Eye No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werblin's not the first to use virtual-reality hardware. James Blaha had dealt with amblyopia, or lazy eye, his whole life. In the process of researching the condition and tinkering with an early Oculus Rift VR headset, the now-founder and CEO of Vivid Vision, a company that makes therapy solutions for the condition, discovered he could strengthen his weaker eye using virtual reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amblyopia occurs when one eye is far less effective than the other, and the brain tries to suppress it. This creates problems with depth perception that can make it hard to cross a busy street or drive, among other things. Conventional wisdom in the medical field has held that if the problem isn't fixed by the age of 8, it won't be fixed at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blaha is proving that idea wrong. By cranking up the brightness in the goggles for just his weaker eye, he essentially forced his brain to stop suppressing the eye. He started seeing in 3D for the first time in his life, including seeing the keys on his keyboard in relief. These days, he has 90 percent normal depth perception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sort of outside the context of VR, particularly for the patients who use it, and definitely for the doctors who are not playing any of the VR games, typically,\" Blaha said of his company, which now has ties to about 50 clinics in the US and Canada, plus a few in Europe and Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivid Vision is also working with UC Berkeley on improving depth perception in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the people who have difficulty seeing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OxSight, formerly known as VA-ST, is a startup out of the University of Oxford that makes applications for those with vision problems. Its SmartSpecs headset is built as a portable device for those who are legally blind or partially sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs, which don't have a price just yet, boost the visibility of objects and faces by accentuating those objects and their edges against a darkened background. They even work in darkness, helping users find doorways or navigate around furniture. SmartSpecs' algorithms look for things like faces, including facial expressions, and text in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the real trick is coming up with ways of delivering relevant information to the user without bombarding them with irrelevant info,\" said co-founder Stephen Hicks, who is also a university research lecturer and Royal Academy of Engineering enterprise fellow at Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs wants to give users more confidence and independence. It's set to launch mid 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the potential,\" he said, \"to make a dent in this feeling of isolation and helplessness that many visually impaired individuals experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Often associated with gaming, VR and AR don't necessarily have to take users to far-off or fictional places. They can also better connect people who have vision issues to the everyday world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1479866409,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":906},"headData":{"title":"Virtual and Augmented Reality That Helps the Visually Impaired | KQED","description":"Often associated with gaming, VR and AR don't necessarily have to take users to far-off or fictional places. They can also better connect people who have vision issues to the everyday world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Virtual and Augmented Reality That Helps the Visually Impaired","datePublished":"2016-11-23T00:47:54.000Z","dateModified":"2016-11-23T02:00:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"279800 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=279800","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/22/virtual-and-augmented-reality-gear-can-help-the-visually-impaired/","disqusTitle":"Virtual and Augmented Reality That Helps the Visually Impaired","customPermalink":"2016/11/18/virtual-and-augmented-reality-gear-can-help-the-visually-impaired/","nprByline":"Erin Carson\u003cbr />CNET","path":"/futureofyou/279800/virtual-and-augmented-reality-gear-can-help-the-visually-impaired","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of CNET's \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/tech-enabled/\" target=\"_blank\">Tech Enabled\u003c/a>\" series about the role technology plays in helping the disability community.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality and augmented reality are often associated with gaming. For many people, the allure has to do with the ability to visit an alien world or an exotic location -- to go someplace or do something they couldn't do otherwise. Bridging worlds seems to be a sweet spot for these technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VR and AR don't necessarily have to take users to far-off or fictional places. They also can better connect people with vision issues to the everyday world. Most take for granted the ability to sit at a computer at work and read the text on the screen, or freely and confidently walk around their home or office. These technologies aim to help people reclaim some of the vision they may have lost and to make it easier to function in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization estimates that 246 million people have low vision, which includes blurry vision, tunnel vision or blind spots that can't be corrected. The WHO also estimates that 90 percent of those who have vision problems, not just low vision, tend to have low incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank Werblin, professor of neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, is working to bring a lower-cost vision aid to the low-vision community. About a year and a half ago, he realized he could do this by piggybacking on virtual-reality technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_284322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-284322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png\" alt=\"IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \" width=\"719\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR.png 719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-160x106.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-240x159.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-375x249.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/11/GearVR-520x345.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">IrisVision is an app that magnifies whatever the user is looking at. It can be used with a Samsung Gear VR headset, pictured.. \u003ccite>(Sarah Tew/CNET)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is an app that uses a Samsung Gear VR headset. It's responsive to the wearer's head movements and will magnify whatever they're directly looking at, while still providing a wide field of view. It's meant to help users better see the world, even read on a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges he's trying to address is cost. Wearable vision aids can go as high as $15,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a huge price gap between a magnifying glass, which you could buy for $25 or $50, and what these people could really use, which is a wearable portable device, which is many thousands of dollars,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IrisVision is available online for $2,500, and in certain clinics around the country on an experimental basis. The price includes the software, headset and phone needed to power the Gear VR. Werblin, who for 44 years has been studying the way the retina functions, even took it to the California School for the Blind in Fremont, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lazy Eye No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werblin's not the first to use virtual-reality hardware. James Blaha had dealt with amblyopia, or lazy eye, his whole life. In the process of researching the condition and tinkering with an early Oculus Rift VR headset, the now-founder and CEO of Vivid Vision, a company that makes therapy solutions for the condition, discovered he could strengthen his weaker eye using virtual reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amblyopia occurs when one eye is far less effective than the other, and the brain tries to suppress it. This creates problems with depth perception that can make it hard to cross a busy street or drive, among other things. Conventional wisdom in the medical field has held that if the problem isn't fixed by the age of 8, it won't be fixed at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blaha is proving that idea wrong. By cranking up the brightness in the goggles for just his weaker eye, he essentially forced his brain to stop suppressing the eye. He started seeing in 3D for the first time in his life, including seeing the keys on his keyboard in relief. These days, he has 90 percent normal depth perception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sort of outside the context of VR, particularly for the patients who use it, and definitely for the doctors who are not playing any of the VR games, typically,\" Blaha said of his company, which now has ties to about 50 clinics in the US and Canada, plus a few in Europe and Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivid Vision is also working with UC Berkeley on improving depth perception in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the people who have difficulty seeing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OxSight, formerly known as VA-ST, is a startup out of the University of Oxford that makes applications for those with vision problems. Its SmartSpecs headset is built as a portable device for those who are legally blind or partially sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs, which don't have a price just yet, boost the visibility of objects and faces by accentuating those objects and their edges against a darkened background. They even work in darkness, helping users find doorways or navigate around furniture. SmartSpecs' algorithms look for things like faces, including facial expressions, and text in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the real trick is coming up with ways of delivering relevant information to the user without bombarding them with irrelevant info,\" said co-founder Stephen Hicks, who is also a university research lecturer and Royal Academy of Engineering enterprise fellow at Oxford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SmartSpecs wants to give users more confidence and independence. It's set to launch mid 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the potential,\" he said, \"to make a dent in this feeling of isolation and helplessness that many visually impaired individuals experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/279800/virtual-and-augmented-reality-gear-can-help-the-visually-impaired","authors":["byline_futureofyou_279800"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1063"],"tags":["futureofyou_627","futureofyou_1130","futureofyou_587","futureofyou_380"],"featImg":"futureofyou_284322","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_279603":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_279603","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"279603","score":null,"sort":[1479151436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"monkeys-regain-control-of-paralyzed-legs-with-help-of-an-implant-video","title":"Monkeys Regain Control Of Paralyzed Legs With Help Of An Implant (Video)","publishDate":1479151436,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.php?storyId=501029887&mediaId=501203372\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, neurosurgeon Jocelyne Bloch emerged from a 10-hour surgery that she hadn't done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of my patients are humans,\" says Bloch, who works at the Lausanne University Hospital in Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This patient was a rhesus macaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkey's spinal cord had been partially cut. So while his brain was fine and his legs were fine, the two couldn't communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Normally, the brain is giving commands, and the legs are responding to the commands through the spinal cord. When you have a spinal cord lesion, then this command is interrupted,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.chuv.ch/neurochirurgie/nch_home/nch-le-service-en-bref/nch-notre-equipe/nch-nos-medecins/nch-notre-equipe-nos-medecins-bio-jocelyne-bloch.htm\">Bloch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloch and her colleagues were testing a device that might circumvent the injured nerves and help the brain talk to the legs another way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She placed electrodes in the part of the monkey's brain that controls leg movement, and docked a wireless transmitter on the outside of his skull. Then, she put another set of electrodes along the spinal cord, below the injury. She also implanted an instrument in one leg so they could record muscle activity there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six days later, Bloch and her colleagues switched on a device to pick up signals from the electrodes in the monkey's brain, pass them through a computer, and then send them to the electrodes in the spine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a few seconds you saw the leg moving, and that's something that would not have happened naturally,\" she says. Without the procedure, it would've likely taken months before the leg was able to move at all, Bloch says. Within a few days, the monkey was back on its feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.%20php?storyId=501029887&mediaId=501203372\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its balance wasn't so good, but its brain and leg were communicating enough for the monkey to walk on a treadmill. Bloch did the same surgery in a second monkey, with similar results after two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature20118\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, researchers have focused on getting brain signals to control machines, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/mind-controlled-robot-arms-show-promise-1.10652\">like a robotic arm\u003c/a>, but this experiment was about re-establishing control over the body itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group worked with rodents for 10 years before moving to experiments in monkeys for another seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here they're kind of closing the loop, where they're driving that stimulation based on activity decoded from the brain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehabmedicine.pitt.edu/people/bios/collinger_2016.html\">Jen Collinger\u003c/a>, a bioengineer at the University of Pittsburgh whose work focuses on getting paralyzed patients to operate robotic arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems the principles learned in rats are now translating into primates,\" says Collinger, who was not involved in the study. \"And that gives more confidence that it might also translate into humans.\" But, she says, there are still some major hoops to jump through. For example, it's unclear if the technology would work long-term, or if it would support the balance and weight-bearing required with walking on two feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Swiss study agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will take at least another decade in order to achieve the full translation in humans, with no guarantee whatsoever that it will be a successful endeavor,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://courtine-lab.epfl.ch/\">Gregoire Courtine\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an accompanying commentary\u003cem>,\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ion/staff/profile/andrewjackson.html#research\">Andrew Jackson \u003c/a>of the Institute of Neuroscience at Newcastle University in the U.K. pointed out that researchers have recently come up with some pretty incredible devices — like those allowing people to control computers and robots with their thoughts — but have not been able to create a self-contained, wireless connection between human brain and limb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Jackson points out, the pace of translating technology like this from primates to humans has been remarkably quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is therefore not unreasonable to speculate that we could see the first clinical demonstrations of interfaces between the brain and spinal cord by the end of the decade,\" Jackson wrote, especially because the components described in the study already are approved for human use in Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Swiss group has started a clinical trial in eight people with partial leg paralysis. Two participants are now recovering from surgery where, like the monkeys, they received electrode implants in the spinal cord. Researchers want to know if the electrodes could help speed up or augment natural recovery in people with partially damaged nerve connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Monkeys+Regain+Control+Of+Paralyzed+Legs+With+Help+Of+An+Implant&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Two monkeys with spinal cord injuries were able to move after a wireless implant restored the connection between brain and legs. But any help for people will be years away, researchers say.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1479423575,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":726},"headData":{"title":"Monkeys Regain Control Of Paralyzed Legs With Help Of An Implant (Video) | KQED","description":"Two monkeys with spinal cord injuries were able to move after a wireless implant restored the connection between brain and legs. But any help for people will be years away, researchers say.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Monkeys Regain Control Of Paralyzed Legs With Help Of An Implant (Video)","datePublished":"2016-11-14T19:23:56.000Z","dateModified":"2016-11-17T22:59:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"279603 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=279603","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/14/monkeys-regain-control-of-paralyzed-legs-with-help-of-an-implant-video/","disqusTitle":"Monkeys Regain Control Of Paralyzed Legs With Help Of An Implant (Video)","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Alain Herzog/EPFL","nprStoryId":"501029887","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=501029887&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/09/501029887/monkeys-regain-control-of-paralyzed-legs-with-help-of-an-implant?ft=nprml&f=501029887","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 09 Nov 2016 14:08:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 09 Nov 2016 13:03:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 09 Nov 2016 14:08:38 -0500","path":"/futureofyou/279603/monkeys-regain-control-of-paralyzed-legs-with-help-of-an-implant-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.php?storyId=501029887&mediaId=501203372\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, neurosurgeon Jocelyne Bloch emerged from a 10-hour surgery that she hadn't done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of my patients are humans,\" says Bloch, who works at the Lausanne University Hospital in Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This patient was a rhesus macaque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkey's spinal cord had been partially cut. So while his brain was fine and his legs were fine, the two couldn't communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Normally, the brain is giving commands, and the legs are responding to the commands through the spinal cord. When you have a spinal cord lesion, then this command is interrupted,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.chuv.ch/neurochirurgie/nch_home/nch-le-service-en-bref/nch-notre-equipe/nch-nos-medecins/nch-notre-equipe-nos-medecins-bio-jocelyne-bloch.htm\">Bloch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloch and her colleagues were testing a device that might circumvent the injured nerves and help the brain talk to the legs another way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She placed electrodes in the part of the monkey's brain that controls leg movement, and docked a wireless transmitter on the outside of his skull. Then, she put another set of electrodes along the spinal cord, below the injury. She also implanted an instrument in one leg so they could record muscle activity there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six days later, Bloch and her colleagues switched on a device to pick up signals from the electrodes in the monkey's brain, pass them through a computer, and then send them to the electrodes in the spine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a few seconds you saw the leg moving, and that's something that would not have happened naturally,\" she says. Without the procedure, it would've likely taken months before the leg was able to move at all, Bloch says. Within a few days, the monkey was back on its feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.%20php?storyId=501029887&mediaId=501203372\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its balance wasn't so good, but its brain and leg were communicating enough for the monkey to walk on a treadmill. Bloch did the same surgery in a second monkey, with similar results after two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature20118\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, researchers have focused on getting brain signals to control machines, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/mind-controlled-robot-arms-show-promise-1.10652\">like a robotic arm\u003c/a>, but this experiment was about re-establishing control over the body itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group worked with rodents for 10 years before moving to experiments in monkeys for another seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here they're kind of closing the loop, where they're driving that stimulation based on activity decoded from the brain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehabmedicine.pitt.edu/people/bios/collinger_2016.html\">Jen Collinger\u003c/a>, a bioengineer at the University of Pittsburgh whose work focuses on getting paralyzed patients to operate robotic arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems the principles learned in rats are now translating into primates,\" says Collinger, who was not involved in the study. \"And that gives more confidence that it might also translate into humans.\" But, she says, there are still some major hoops to jump through. For example, it's unclear if the technology would work long-term, or if it would support the balance and weight-bearing required with walking on two feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Swiss study agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will take at least another decade in order to achieve the full translation in humans, with no guarantee whatsoever that it will be a successful endeavor,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://courtine-lab.epfl.ch/\">Gregoire Courtine\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and a co-author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an accompanying commentary\u003cem>,\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ion/staff/profile/andrewjackson.html#research\">Andrew Jackson \u003c/a>of the Institute of Neuroscience at Newcastle University in the U.K. pointed out that researchers have recently come up with some pretty incredible devices — like those allowing people to control computers and robots with their thoughts — but have not been able to create a self-contained, wireless connection between human brain and limb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Jackson points out, the pace of translating technology like this from primates to humans has been remarkably quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is therefore not unreasonable to speculate that we could see the first clinical demonstrations of interfaces between the brain and spinal cord by the end of the decade,\" Jackson wrote, especially because the components described in the study already are approved for human use in Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Swiss group has started a clinical trial in eight people with partial leg paralysis. Two participants are now recovering from surgery where, like the monkeys, they received electrode implants in the spinal cord. Researchers want to know if the electrodes could help speed up or augment natural recovery in people with partially damaged nerve connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Monkeys+Regain+Control+Of+Paralyzed+Legs+With+Help+Of+An+Implant&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/279603/monkeys-regain-control-of-paralyzed-legs-with-help-of-an-implant-video","authors":["byline_futureofyou_279603"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_587","futureofyou_1124"],"featImg":"futureofyou_279604","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_266273":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_266273","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"266273","score":null,"sort":[1476903341000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"segway-inventor-says-hell-make-improvements-to-advanced-wheelchair","title":"Segway Inventor Says He'll Make Improvements to Advanced Wheelchair","publishDate":1476903341,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Thirteen years ago, just as the United States began what was to become its longest war, a futuristic wheelchair hit the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DeviceApprovalsandClearances/Recently-ApprovedDevices/ucm082381.htm\">iBOT allowed\u003c/a> paralyzed people, including many veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan, to stand up by rising to eye level. It also did something no wheelchair ever had: climb stairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though users loved it, the iBOT \u003ca href=\"http://hereandnow.legacy.wbur.org/2011/12/26/ibot-johnson-phase\">went out of production in 2009\u003c/a> when Johnson & Johnson discontinued it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was very disappointed,\" says disabled veteran Gary Linfoot, a former Army helicopter pilot. \"I knew my tent was up, I had one, but I knew there were other people out there who could use this device, this technology and it would not be available to them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, the iBOT could be coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toyota announced this year that it's bankrolling a reboot of the iBOT, which the machine's inventor, Dean Kamen, says will allow him to make some improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With advances in computers, the advances in solid-state gyros and electronics ... we can take a hundred pounds out of it. We can take a lot of cost out of it. We can improve it,\" he told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamen is widely known as the inventor of the Segway, which was actually a byproduct from development of the iBOT. The first iteration of the wheelchair had a $25,000 price tag — too high even for the department of Veterans Affairs in most cases. Most veterans who had iBOTs got them from veterans charities, and all but a few are now sitting in the garage, with nowhere to service them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Toyota is interested in some of the machine's balancing technology, possibly to be used in the company's \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/10171645/\">robotic helpers for the aging\u003c/a>. And that could mean new parts and new life for existing iBOTs as well as a new version of the chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps that the Food and Drug Administration reclassified the iBOT from its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/Overview/ClassifyYourDevice/\">strictest regulatory category\u003c/a> for medical devices Class 3, alongside replacement heart valves, to Class 2, alongside condoms. That will also lower the expense of the machine, and Kamen says testimony by veterans using the machine was one key to persuading the FDA to make that switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people like Linfoot, it was a game changer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lost the use of his legs after a 2008 helicopter crash south of Baghdad. \"I wasn't shot down or anything,\" he says. \"It was just a mechanical malfunction. Probably a $25 part failed and we lost all power to the rotor system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linfoot and his co-pilot survived, but the impact left Linfoot paralyzed below the chest. The iBOT allows him to navigate street curbs and the hills around his home north of Nashville, Tenn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It goes beyond just reaching in the cabinet to get the cookies that my wife might hide up there, or the good booze,\" he says, sitting on top of what looks like an easy chair balanced on a pair of unicycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus the ability to stand up is huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you go out to a social setting, back up at 6 feet, talking to somebody eye to eye, you get this sense of dignity,\" he says. \"The disability just kind of fades into the background.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamen said he hopes stories like Linfoot's will help persuade his new backers to return the iBOT to production and make it available to a wider group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reason some of these veterans need these things is they've literally given up pieces of their body for this country,\" he says. \"The least we can do is give them back the best technology that is currently available.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several other companies have designed chairs that can get people with spinal injuries \u003ca href=\"http://levousa.com/\">up to eye level\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tracfab.com\">even off-road\u003c/a>. But doctors at the department of Veterans Affairs are more excited about inventions that can actually get veterans walking again. The health effects of immobility for paralyzed people are just like the effects of sitting down all the time for able-bodied people, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sitting is the new smoking,\" says Dr. Will Bauman, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/cent/bronx.html\">Center of Excellence on the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury\u003c/a> at the James J. Peters VA Medical Center in the Bronx. He and Dr. Ann Spungen, associate director of the center, have studied the secondary health effects of paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just like you and I, if we sat around all day, we already know that's the worst thing can do to ourselves,\" says Spungen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immobilized people are prone to weakened bones, higher blood pressure, urinary tract infections and constipation that can be debilitating. At the Bronx VA, veterans have been using an exoskeleton called a ReWalk to get them moving again. It's like a backpack with robotic leg braces that allows patients to walk using crutches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, devices \u003ca href=\"http://eksobionics.com/\">like these\u003c/a> aren't that useful outside a safe, flat surface. Regular therapy with these machines can help reduce pain and promote better sleep, Spungen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With as little as four to six hours of walking a week, about half of patients lost more than a kilogram of body fat, says Spungen. For many problems, she says, \"the best cure is to take a walk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Reboot+For+Wheelchair+That+Can+Stand+Up+And+Climb+Stairs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Toyota announced this year that it's backing the return of the iBOT, which went out of production in 2009. Inventor Dean Kamen says a reboot would include improvements using the latest technology.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476903374,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":888},"headData":{"title":"Segway Inventor Says He'll Make Improvements to Advanced Wheelchair | KQED","description":"Toyota announced this year that it's backing the return of the iBOT, which went out of production in 2009. Inventor Dean Kamen says a reboot would include improvements using the latest technology.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Segway Inventor Says He'll Make Improvements to Advanced Wheelchair","datePublished":"2016-10-19T18:55:41.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-19T18:56:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"266273 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=266273","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/19/segway-inventor-says-hell-make-improvements-to-advanced-wheelchair/","disqusTitle":"Segway Inventor Says He'll Make Improvements to Advanced Wheelchair","nprByline":"Quil Lawrence\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Quil Lawrence/NPR","nprStoryId":"498276146","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=498276146&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/17/498276146/a-reboot-for-wheelchair-that-can-stand-up-and-climb-stairs?ft=nprml&f=498276146","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 18 Oct 2016 16:47:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 17 Oct 2016 16:16:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 18 Oct 2016 16:47:40 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/10/20161017_atc_wheelchair_hed.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=290&p=2&story=498276146&t=progseg&e=498291986&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=498276146","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1498292090-f082fc.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=290&p=2&story=498276146&t=progseg&e=498291986&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=498276146","path":"/futureofyou/266273/segway-inventor-says-hell-make-improvements-to-advanced-wheelchair","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/10/20161017_atc_wheelchair_hed.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=290&p=2&story=498276146&t=progseg&e=498291986&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=498276146","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thirteen years ago, just as the United States began what was to become its longest war, a futuristic wheelchair hit the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DeviceApprovalsandClearances/Recently-ApprovedDevices/ucm082381.htm\">iBOT allowed\u003c/a> paralyzed people, including many veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan, to stand up by rising to eye level. It also did something no wheelchair ever had: climb stairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though users loved it, the iBOT \u003ca href=\"http://hereandnow.legacy.wbur.org/2011/12/26/ibot-johnson-phase\">went out of production in 2009\u003c/a> when Johnson & Johnson discontinued it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was very disappointed,\" says disabled veteran Gary Linfoot, a former Army helicopter pilot. \"I knew my tent was up, I had one, but I knew there were other people out there who could use this device, this technology and it would not be available to them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, the iBOT could be coming back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toyota announced this year that it's bankrolling a reboot of the iBOT, which the machine's inventor, Dean Kamen, says will allow him to make some improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With advances in computers, the advances in solid-state gyros and electronics ... we can take a hundred pounds out of it. We can take a lot of cost out of it. We can improve it,\" he told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamen is widely known as the inventor of the Segway, which was actually a byproduct from development of the iBOT. The first iteration of the wheelchair had a $25,000 price tag — too high even for the department of Veterans Affairs in most cases. Most veterans who had iBOTs got them from veterans charities, and all but a few are now sitting in the garage, with nowhere to service them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Toyota is interested in some of the machine's balancing technology, possibly to be used in the company's \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/10171645/\">robotic helpers for the aging\u003c/a>. And that could mean new parts and new life for existing iBOTs as well as a new version of the chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps that the Food and Drug Administration reclassified the iBOT from its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/Overview/ClassifyYourDevice/\">strictest regulatory category\u003c/a> for medical devices Class 3, alongside replacement heart valves, to Class 2, alongside condoms. That will also lower the expense of the machine, and Kamen says testimony by veterans using the machine was one key to persuading the FDA to make that switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people like Linfoot, it was a game changer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He lost the use of his legs after a 2008 helicopter crash south of Baghdad. \"I wasn't shot down or anything,\" he says. \"It was just a mechanical malfunction. Probably a $25 part failed and we lost all power to the rotor system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linfoot and his co-pilot survived, but the impact left Linfoot paralyzed below the chest. The iBOT allows him to navigate street curbs and the hills around his home north of Nashville, Tenn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It goes beyond just reaching in the cabinet to get the cookies that my wife might hide up there, or the good booze,\" he says, sitting on top of what looks like an easy chair balanced on a pair of unicycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus the ability to stand up is huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you go out to a social setting, back up at 6 feet, talking to somebody eye to eye, you get this sense of dignity,\" he says. \"The disability just kind of fades into the background.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamen said he hopes stories like Linfoot's will help persuade his new backers to return the iBOT to production and make it available to a wider group of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reason some of these veterans need these things is they've literally given up pieces of their body for this country,\" he says. \"The least we can do is give them back the best technology that is currently available.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several other companies have designed chairs that can get people with spinal injuries \u003ca href=\"http://levousa.com/\">up to eye level\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tracfab.com\">even off-road\u003c/a>. But doctors at the department of Veterans Affairs are more excited about inventions that can actually get veterans walking again. The health effects of immobility for paralyzed people are just like the effects of sitting down all the time for able-bodied people, they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sitting is the new smoking,\" says Dr. Will Bauman, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/cent/bronx.html\">Center of Excellence on the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury\u003c/a> at the James J. Peters VA Medical Center in the Bronx. He and Dr. Ann Spungen, associate director of the center, have studied the secondary health effects of paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just like you and I, if we sat around all day, we already know that's the worst thing can do to ourselves,\" says Spungen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immobilized people are prone to weakened bones, higher blood pressure, urinary tract infections and constipation that can be debilitating. At the Bronx VA, veterans have been using an exoskeleton called a ReWalk to get them moving again. It's like a backpack with robotic leg braces that allows patients to walk using crutches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, devices \u003ca href=\"http://eksobionics.com/\">like these\u003c/a> aren't that useful outside a safe, flat surface. Regular therapy with these machines can help reduce pain and promote better sleep, Spungen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With as little as four to six hours of walking a week, about half of patients lost more than a kilogram of body fat, says Spungen. For many problems, she says, \"the best cure is to take a walk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Reboot+For+Wheelchair+That+Can+Stand+Up+And+Climb+Stairs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/266273/segway-inventor-says-hell-make-improvements-to-advanced-wheelchair","authors":["byline_futureofyou_266273"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_587","futureofyou_1110","futureofyou_1109"],"featImg":"futureofyou_266274","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_243892":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_243892","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"243892","score":null,"sort":[1473719412000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-brain-computer-interface-has-monkeys-typing-up-a-storm","title":"New Brain-Computer Interface Has Monkeys 'Typing' Up a Storm","publishDate":1473719412,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Check out this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxD2KDq18_E\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so it has the look and feel of a circa-1980 video game—maybe something they let high school English students play in an attempt to foster an appreciation of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast. It's a lot more interesting when you know the action, such as it is, is being driven by the \u003cem>thoughts\u003c/em> of monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This system can work for a person as well.'\u003ccite>Stanford researcher Paul Nuyujukian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/bionics/monkeys-type-12-words-per-minute-with-braintokeyboard-communication\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday, Stanford University researchers say they have achieved the equivalent of a \"typing\" rate of up to 12 words per minute in monkeys. The monkeys moved a cursor to a green dot with their minds by thinking about the green dot. (The primates, alas, were not thinking about actual letters of the alphabet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkeys' cerebral cortexes had been implanted with electrode arrays, which read their brain signals and translated them into cursor movements. The animals received a reward in the form of a beverage, delivered electronically, after each successful trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments outlined in the paper were primarily conducted in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope the system could eventually be used by patients with \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a> and other illnesses that render people incapable of moving or speaking, in order to help them communicate more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We put the word \"typing\" in quotes because, first off, the monkeys were doing it virtually, and secondly, the keyboard you see in the video was actually overlaid in post-production, according to Paul Nuyujukian, a Stanford bioengineering department faculty member, who along with engineering professor Krishna Shenoy developed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trained to Select the Dots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the monkeys were actually trained to do was navigate the cursor to the green dots as they appeared on a screen, selecting each dot by mentally dwelling on it for about a half-second, or by mentally intending to select it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In human trials taking place now, Nuyujukian says, participants see the actual letters, as in a keyboard. \"We don’t have these results published, but this system can work for a person as well,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 795px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-244040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian.\" width=\"795\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg 795w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian. \u003ccite>(L.A. Cicero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The words-per-minute results the monkeys achieved do not account for the actual time it might take a human, who is not simply responding to colored lights, to type similar passages, the researchers acknowledge. \"However, for a copy typing task as is commonly used for measuring typing performance, this may be a close approximation,\" they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trials achieved a typing rate up to three times as fast as recorded in other brain-computer interface studies, Nuyujukian says. However, the comparison was calculated using a measure called bit rate, and then converted into words per minute. That was necessary in order to compare these results with those recorded in previous studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Systems Available\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've seen the film \"The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,\" you know that other systems of communication have long been used by severely disabled patients to communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ss0QiJUlXE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most famous method was used by physicist Stephen Hawking, who communicated using a sensor on his glasses to detect movement in his cheek muscle. (That has since been \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/01/intel-gave-stephen-hawking-voice/\" target=\"_blank\">upgraded\u003c/a>.) There are also eye-gaze systems that scroll letters across a screen and sense when patients fix their gaze on particular characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those systems can be fatiguing, says Nuyujukian. Another problem, he says: You can’t look away without throwing the system off. And there can be reflection-related problems for those who wear eyeglasses. Though using an eye-gaze system is fast, he says, \"It’s not gotten as much adoption as we’d hope from a technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of brain-computer interface reads brain signals using sensors arrayed across the scalp. The interfaces are less accurate than an invasive system like the one from Stanford, says Melanie Fried-Oken, a professor of neurology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sneeze, you yawn, you blink, they affect the system more than if you have a circuit board on your brain,\" says Fried-Oken, who works with locked-in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she welcomed the system described in \u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>, she thought the researchers' claim of comparative speediness with other systems was a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re looking at bit rate and humans are looking at words per minute,\" Fried-Oken said. \"That translation from bit rate to words per minute is very difficult. The monkeys are not conceptualizing words as they type.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also said locked-in patients with whom she has worked think efficiency is more important than speed. \"They are happy to communicate slowly,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fried-Oken said that although some implanted systems have the best signal quality, \"you look like a tree's coming out of your head,\" although this is beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every system is difficult,\" she said. \"There will never be a system that’s not difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eduardo Miranda, who has developed brain-computer interface technology related to music, gave this assessment of the study in an email:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though the work does not address the actual cognitive processing required to form words and sentences, this certainly is a significant development. The great challenge of this invasive approach to BCI research is to translate what we learn from experiments with macaques to real-world applications for humans: using implanted electrodes is not practical, as it involves surgical procedures and the risk of infection is extremely high. Nevertheless the results are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The significance of this research will probably become more apparent, and indeed useful, when far more sophisticated non-invasive technology to read the EEG becomes available.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers say a brain-computer interface implanted in the cerebral cortex enables fast typewritten communication.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475111733,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":998},"headData":{"title":"New Brain-Computer Interface Has Monkeys 'Typing' Up a Storm | KQED","description":"Researchers say a brain-computer interface implanted in the cerebral cortex enables fast typewritten communication.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Brain-Computer Interface Has Monkeys 'Typing' Up a Storm","datePublished":"2016-09-12T22:30:12.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-29T01:15:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"243892 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=243892","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/12/new-brain-computer-interface-has-monkeys-typing-up-a-storm/","disqusTitle":"New Brain-Computer Interface Has Monkeys 'Typing' Up a Storm","source":"Future of You","path":"/futureofyou/243892/new-brain-computer-interface-has-monkeys-typing-up-a-storm","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Check out this video.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nxD2KDq18_E'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nxD2KDq18_E'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Okay, so it has the look and feel of a circa-1980 video game—maybe something they let high school English students play in an attempt to foster an appreciation of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast. It's a lot more interesting when you know the action, such as it is, is being driven by the \u003cem>thoughts\u003c/em> of monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This system can work for a person as well.'\u003ccite>Stanford researcher Paul Nuyujukian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/bionics/monkeys-type-12-words-per-minute-with-braintokeyboard-communication\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday, Stanford University researchers say they have achieved the equivalent of a \"typing\" rate of up to 12 words per minute in monkeys. The monkeys moved a cursor to a green dot with their minds by thinking about the green dot. (The primates, alas, were not thinking about actual letters of the alphabet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkeys' cerebral cortexes had been implanted with electrode arrays, which read their brain signals and translated them into cursor movements. The animals received a reward in the form of a beverage, delivered electronically, after each successful trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments outlined in the paper were primarily conducted in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope the system could eventually be used by patients with \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a> and other illnesses that render people incapable of moving or speaking, in order to help them communicate more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We put the word \"typing\" in quotes because, first off, the monkeys were doing it virtually, and secondly, the keyboard you see in the video was actually overlaid in post-production, according to Paul Nuyujukian, a Stanford bioengineering department faculty member, who along with engineering professor Krishna Shenoy developed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trained to Select the Dots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the monkeys were actually trained to do was navigate the cursor to the green dots as they appeared on a screen, selecting each dot by mentally dwelling on it for about a half-second, or by mentally intending to select it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In human trials taking place now, Nuyujukian says, participants see the actual letters, as in a keyboard. \"We don’t have these results published, but this system can work for a person as well,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 795px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-244040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian.\" width=\"795\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg 795w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian. \u003ccite>(L.A. Cicero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The words-per-minute results the monkeys achieved do not account for the actual time it might take a human, who is not simply responding to colored lights, to type similar passages, the researchers acknowledge. \"However, for a copy typing task as is commonly used for measuring typing performance, this may be a close approximation,\" they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trials achieved a typing rate up to three times as fast as recorded in other brain-computer interface studies, Nuyujukian says. However, the comparison was calculated using a measure called bit rate, and then converted into words per minute. That was necessary in order to compare these results with those recorded in previous studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Systems Available\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've seen the film \"The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,\" you know that other systems of communication have long been used by severely disabled patients to communicate.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4Ss0QiJUlXE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4Ss0QiJUlXE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps the most famous method was used by physicist Stephen Hawking, who communicated using a sensor on his glasses to detect movement in his cheek muscle. (That has since been \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/01/intel-gave-stephen-hawking-voice/\" target=\"_blank\">upgraded\u003c/a>.) There are also eye-gaze systems that scroll letters across a screen and sense when patients fix their gaze on particular characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those systems can be fatiguing, says Nuyujukian. Another problem, he says: You can’t look away without throwing the system off. And there can be reflection-related problems for those who wear eyeglasses. Though using an eye-gaze system is fast, he says, \"It’s not gotten as much adoption as we’d hope from a technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of brain-computer interface reads brain signals using sensors arrayed across the scalp. The interfaces are less accurate than an invasive system like the one from Stanford, says Melanie Fried-Oken, a professor of neurology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sneeze, you yawn, you blink, they affect the system more than if you have a circuit board on your brain,\" says Fried-Oken, who works with locked-in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she welcomed the system described in \u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>, she thought the researchers' claim of comparative speediness with other systems was a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re looking at bit rate and humans are looking at words per minute,\" Fried-Oken said. \"That translation from bit rate to words per minute is very difficult. The monkeys are not conceptualizing words as they type.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also said locked-in patients with whom she has worked think efficiency is more important than speed. \"They are happy to communicate slowly,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fried-Oken said that although some implanted systems have the best signal quality, \"you look like a tree's coming out of your head,\" although this is beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every system is difficult,\" she said. \"There will never be a system that’s not difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eduardo Miranda, who has developed brain-computer interface technology related to music, gave this assessment of the study in an email:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though the work does not address the actual cognitive processing required to form words and sentences, this certainly is a significant development. The great challenge of this invasive approach to BCI research is to translate what we learn from experiments with macaques to real-world applications for humans: using implanted electrodes is not practical, as it involves surgical procedures and the risk of infection is extremely high. Nevertheless the results are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The significance of this research will probably become more apparent, and indeed useful, when far more sophisticated non-invasive technology to read the EEG becomes available.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/243892/new-brain-computer-interface-has-monkeys-typing-up-a-storm","authors":["80"],"categories":["futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_1043","futureofyou_587","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1045"],"featImg":"futureofyou_244067","label":"source_futureofyou_243892"},"futureofyou_170383":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_170383","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"170383","score":null,"sort":[1464194775000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"for-wheelchair-users-a-robodesk-for-electronic-devices-video","title":"For Wheelchair Users, a RoboDesk For Electronic Devices (Video)","publishDate":1464194775,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>In a basement office at Purdue University in Indiana, associate professor of engineering practice Brad Duerstock has designed a special space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His desk sits up on cinder blocks, slightly higher than all the rest. In the meeting area, tables have adjustable heights. And in the corner, a few feet away, there's an early version of one of his latest inventions, something he calls \u003ca href=\"http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2015/Q4/purdue-startup-commercializes-assistive-wheelchair-technology,-develops-first-prototype.html\">RoboDesk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhLTE1EAtaQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind all this is Duerstock's work to make his office space — and the college environment — easier to navigate for people who use wheelchairs. And having an easier way to use laptops or tablets in class has become an indispensable part of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RoboDesk is a motorized metal arm that attaches to a rail underneath a wheelchair, smoothly extending and retracting a sort of tray for an electronic device or a notebook — or anything else.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Inventor wants to make progress toward wheelchairs being as accepted a human augmentation as wearing glasses\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Duerstock, who's been using a wheelchair since he suffered a spinal cord injury as a teenager, was trying to improve on similar mounts that already exist. What he wanted was something that would be light and thin, and extend or fold away neatly in a way that wouldn't make the wheelchair bulkier or harder to maneuver, for instance, through a door or sliding under a desk.\"I've used mounting systems where I was so kind of physically away from the table, (that) I was more close to the table behind me than the table I was really involved with,\" Duerstock says. \"So it is excluding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duerstock says often, using a wheelchair also comes with a stigma, just because the person \u003cem>looks \u003c/em>different. \"The more they can do things, the more they can interact how people without disabilities interact, which is electronically, then yeah, those social barriers also drop,\" Duerstock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His goal is to make incremental progress toward wheelchairs being as accepted a human augmentation as wearing glasses, while also giving people with mobility challenges another way to be as productive and independent as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What Brad's trying to do and the product itself could have great implications for the market,\" says Microsoft Chief Accessibility Officer \u003ca href=\"https://news.microsoft.com/stories/people/jenny-lay-flurrie.html\">Jenny Lay-Flurrie \u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think, broadly, we — as in society — appreciate how big the segment of people with disabilities is in the world. It is \u003cem>huge\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Lay-Flurrie says, the number, globally, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs352/en/\">more than 1 billion people\u003c/a>. \"I think the scope and scale of the market here is pretty immense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft and other tech companies regularly talk to or work with various inventors to make products for people with disabilities, often through a group called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.atia.org/\">Assistive Technology Industry Association\u003c/a>. Many of these inventors are often entrepreneurs who see a problem encountered by someone in the family, says ATIA CEO David Dikter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But though the assistive technology is getting attention from inventors and the tech corporations, the education tech space is still underserved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that no matter what, all of our companies — all of our manufacturers of technology — would likely agree that they're not reaching the number of students or adults or individuals with disabilities that we can be reaching,\" Dikter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? Dikter and Duerstock agree: \"When you talk about people with disabilities, one size does not fit all,\" as Duerstock put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RoboDesk creator has only one prototype right now, which he's testing through his company \u003ca href=\"http://purduefoundry.com/default/startup-single/prehensile-technologies-llc\">Prehensile Technologies\u003c/a>. Duerstock's goal is to mass produce his invention in a way that could be adapted to any wheelchair. He says the price would be around $1,000 to $2,000, which he says is a rough price of a standard physical mount system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duerstock says he hasn't made any calls to companies like Apple (which declined an interview for this story) or Microsoft. But Microsoft's Lay-Flurrie says those are exactly the kind of phone calls she's happy to take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WBAA-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbaa.org\">WBAA-FM\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Wheelchair+Users%2C+A+RoboDesk+For+Electronic+Devices&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An Indiana inventor hopes his tray mount will help eliminate some of the stigma associated with coming to class in a wheelchair.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476849815,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":687},"headData":{"title":"For Wheelchair Users, a RoboDesk For Electronic Devices (Video) | KQED","description":"An Indiana inventor hopes his tray mount will help eliminate some of the stigma associated with coming to class in a wheelchair.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"For Wheelchair Users, a RoboDesk For Electronic Devices (Video)","datePublished":"2016-05-25T16:46:15.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-19T04:03:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"170383 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=170383","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/25/for-wheelchair-users-a-robodesk-for-electronic-devices-video/","disqusTitle":"For Wheelchair Users, a RoboDesk For Electronic Devices (Video)","nprByline":"Stan Jastrzebski\u003cbr />NPR All Tech Considered","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy of Purdue Research Foundation/Screenshot by NPR","nprStoryId":"477023614","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=477023614&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/05/19/477023614/for-wheelchair-users-a-robodesk-for-electronic-devices?ft=nprml&f=477023614","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 19 May 2016 12:11:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 19 May 2016 07:01:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 19 May 2016 12:11:13 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/170383/for-wheelchair-users-a-robodesk-for-electronic-devices-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a basement office at Purdue University in Indiana, associate professor of engineering practice Brad Duerstock has designed a special space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His desk sits up on cinder blocks, slightly higher than all the rest. In the meeting area, tables have adjustable heights. And in the corner, a few feet away, there's an early version of one of his latest inventions, something he calls \u003ca href=\"http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2015/Q4/purdue-startup-commercializes-assistive-wheelchair-technology,-develops-first-prototype.html\">RoboDesk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/VhLTE1EAtaQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/VhLTE1EAtaQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Behind all this is Duerstock's work to make his office space — and the college environment — easier to navigate for people who use wheelchairs. And having an easier way to use laptops or tablets in class has become an indispensable part of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RoboDesk is a motorized metal arm that attaches to a rail underneath a wheelchair, smoothly extending and retracting a sort of tray for an electronic device or a notebook — or anything else.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Inventor wants to make progress toward wheelchairs being as accepted a human augmentation as wearing glasses\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Duerstock, who's been using a wheelchair since he suffered a spinal cord injury as a teenager, was trying to improve on similar mounts that already exist. What he wanted was something that would be light and thin, and extend or fold away neatly in a way that wouldn't make the wheelchair bulkier or harder to maneuver, for instance, through a door or sliding under a desk.\"I've used mounting systems where I was so kind of physically away from the table, (that) I was more close to the table behind me than the table I was really involved with,\" Duerstock says. \"So it is excluding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duerstock says often, using a wheelchair also comes with a stigma, just because the person \u003cem>looks \u003c/em>different. \"The more they can do things, the more they can interact how people without disabilities interact, which is electronically, then yeah, those social barriers also drop,\" Duerstock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His goal is to make incremental progress toward wheelchairs being as accepted a human augmentation as wearing glasses, while also giving people with mobility challenges another way to be as productive and independent as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What Brad's trying to do and the product itself could have great implications for the market,\" says Microsoft Chief Accessibility Officer \u003ca href=\"https://news.microsoft.com/stories/people/jenny-lay-flurrie.html\">Jenny Lay-Flurrie \u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think, broadly, we — as in society — appreciate how big the segment of people with disabilities is in the world. It is \u003cem>huge\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Lay-Flurrie says, the number, globally, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs352/en/\">more than 1 billion people\u003c/a>. \"I think the scope and scale of the market here is pretty immense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft and other tech companies regularly talk to or work with various inventors to make products for people with disabilities, often through a group called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.atia.org/\">Assistive Technology Industry Association\u003c/a>. Many of these inventors are often entrepreneurs who see a problem encountered by someone in the family, says ATIA CEO David Dikter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But though the assistive technology is getting attention from inventors and the tech corporations, the education tech space is still underserved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that no matter what, all of our companies — all of our manufacturers of technology — would likely agree that they're not reaching the number of students or adults or individuals with disabilities that we can be reaching,\" Dikter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason? Dikter and Duerstock agree: \"When you talk about people with disabilities, one size does not fit all,\" as Duerstock put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RoboDesk creator has only one prototype right now, which he's testing through his company \u003ca href=\"http://purduefoundry.com/default/startup-single/prehensile-technologies-llc\">Prehensile Technologies\u003c/a>. Duerstock's goal is to mass produce his invention in a way that could be adapted to any wheelchair. He says the price would be around $1,000 to $2,000, which he says is a rough price of a standard physical mount system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duerstock says he hasn't made any calls to companies like Apple (which declined an interview for this story) or Microsoft. But Microsoft's Lay-Flurrie says those are exactly the kind of phone calls she's happy to take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WBAA-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbaa.org\">WBAA-FM\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Wheelchair+Users%2C+A+RoboDesk+For+Electronic+Devices&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/170383/for-wheelchair-users-a-robodesk-for-electronic-devices-video","authors":["byline_futureofyou_170383"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060"],"tags":["futureofyou_587","futureofyou_933"],"featImg":"futureofyou_170384","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_50999":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_50999","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"50999","score":null,"sort":[1445274020000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"affordable-virtual-reality-creates-worlds-for-people-with-disabilities","title":"How Virtual Reality Worlds Inspire People With Disabilities","publishDate":1445274020,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Virtual reality's appeal as a medical tool is nothing new. It's been used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.uoflphysicians.com/virtual-reality-therapy\" target=\"_blank\">treat phobias\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/28/how-virtual-reality-worlds-can-help-reduce-pain/\" target=\"_blank\">reduce pain\u003c/a> and even \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/sailsbury_robotx/cgi-bin/salisbury_lab/?page_id=205\" target=\"_blank\">help doctors perform surgery\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, it's increasingly used to help people with disabilities explore the world in ways they may never be able to in real life—at a price within reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For $10 you can buy a cardboard virtual reality \"headset,\" download a free iPhone app, slot in your phone and explore virtual worlds from a wheelchair, bed or couch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'That Butterfly Happiness'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple months ago, virtual reality company \u003ca href=\"http://www.speculartheory.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Specular Theory \u003c/a>was hosting a table at Singularity University's \u003ca href=\"http://singularityhub.com/event/fovr/\" target=\"_blank\">Future of Virtual Reality\u003c/a> event, when Danny Kurtzman cruised by in his wheelchair.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This goes beyond empathy—it’s a way to inspire people with disabilities and give them new experiences, as if they are real.’\u003ccite> Ryan Pulliam, Specular Theory VR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kurtzman, who has muscular dystrophy, surfs in real life through a non-profit organization that helps people with paralysis engage in action sports. With the assistance of a 12-person team from \u003ca href=\"http://www.liferollson.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Life Rolls On\u003c/a>, Kurtzman can lie down on a board, get carried into the water, and then move into the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day Kurtzman stopped at the Specular Theory table, he had no idea what he'd be watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://about.me/ryanpulliam\" target=\"_blank\">Ryan Pulliam\u003c/a> handed him a virtual surfing experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was such a trip because I went surfing last week but I was laying down on the board,\" Kurtzman says. \"In the headset I could actually experience surfing standing up!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Newport Beach native says he'd never had that sensation before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gave me that awesome feeling —that butterfly happiness feeling,\" he says. \"It allowed me to experience something I thought I never could experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulliam and her co-founder Morris May were mesmerized watching Kurtzman test out the demo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52253\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-52253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Danny Kurtzman, who has muscular distrophy, said being able to virtually surf via Specular Theory's demo gave him "goosebumps."\" width=\"357\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danny Kurtzman, who has muscular distrophy, says being able to virtually surf via Specular Theory's demo gave him \"goosebumps.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ll never forget looking at him, he was stoked,” Pulliam says. \"He made us realize this goes beyond empathy—it’s a way to inspire people with disabilities and give them new experiences as if they are real. It’s this powerful, magical moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulliam and her team created the virtual reality experience by using proprietary software to film professional surfers in California and Mexico. She says the video is not interactive--the user can't move his or her body in real life and see it move in the headset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a cinematic experience,\" she says, \"where you can look down at the board and feel like you're barreling through a wave.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>VR Lures Big Tech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Facebook purchased VR company Oculus for $2 billion; analysts predict the company will sell millions of units next year, when its Oculus Rift headset hits the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is a pivotal moment in virtual reality, as VR migrates from the laboratory to living rooms across the world.'\u003ccite>Jeremy Bailenson,\u003cbr>\nVirtual Human Interaction Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Google now offers \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2014/12/18/street-view-virtual-reality/\" target=\"_blank\">Street View via virtual reality \u003c/a>and sells \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/get/cardboard/\" target=\"_blank\">inexpensive VR cardboard headsets\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google's birthplace, Stanford University, launched a \u003ca href=\"https://vhil.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Virtual Human Interaction Lab\u003c/a> in 2003 that is pioneering the development of new virtual worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Bailenson runs the lab and measures VR's affect on its participants. He has even studied how being disabled in a virtual world affects able-bodied users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He found that people who experienced color blindness in a virtual world were more likely to \u003ca href=\"http://vhil.stanford.edu/pubs/2013/ahn-mp-embodied-experiences.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">voluntarily assist people with color blindness\u003c/a> in real life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has also created a world where users have more limbs than they would in real life. They might have three arms and need to adapt to this new body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through VR's sensory feedback, we can gain a new understanding of our bodies, Bailenson says. Through virtual experiences, we can even reshape our homunculus—a map of the body we have in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the lab started in 2003, its researchers have met with influential figures like \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2014/03/26/zuckerberg-tried-stanford-vr-oculus-rift/#5OBFuHKPESq4\" target=\"_blank\">Mark Zuckerberg \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/february/students-meet-prez-022415.html\" target=\"_blank\">President Obama\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attendees at the presidential event on the Stanford University campus say Obama even joked that Congress could benefit from the lab's empathy work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 508px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Dale Garrett of Columbia, MO is a 96-year-old WWII Veteran that is able to virtually visit his war memorial.\" width=\"508\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dale Garrett of Columbia, MO is a 96-year-old WWII Veteran who is able to virtually visit his war memorial through virtual reality. \u003ccite>(Honor Everywhere)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>VR for Social Benefit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://honoreverywhere.com\" target=\"_blank\">Honor Everywhere\u003c/a> has created VR experiences for aging or terminally ill WWII veterans so they can virtually visit their war memorials halfway across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For younger Americans, the University of Georgia and the Georgia Institute of Technology developed a program called \u003ca href=\"http://www.georgiabreakthru.org/\" target=\"_blank\">BreakThru\u003c/a> to help students with disabilities pursue STEM careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through virtual reality, students solve complex problems in imagined worlds that may be applicable to their future careers. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the program has helped place 225 students in STEM careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though virtual reality has been around for decades, the advancements we're seeing now are momentous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is a pivotal moment in virtual reality,\" Bailenson says, \"as VR migrates from the laboratory to living rooms across the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Often called an empathy machine, virtual reality allows people with disabilities to have novel, life-like experiences. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1445637291,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":892},"headData":{"title":"How Virtual Reality Worlds Inspire People With Disabilities | KQED","description":"Often called an empathy machine, virtual reality allows people with disabilities to have novel, life-like experiences. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Virtual Reality Worlds Inspire People With Disabilities","datePublished":"2015-10-19T17:00:20.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-23T21:54:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50999 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=50999","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/10/19/affordable-virtual-reality-creates-worlds-for-people-with-disabilities/","disqusTitle":"How Virtual Reality Worlds Inspire People With Disabilities","source":"Big Ideas","path":"/futureofyou/50999/affordable-virtual-reality-creates-worlds-for-people-with-disabilities","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Virtual reality's appeal as a medical tool is nothing new. It's been used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.uoflphysicians.com/virtual-reality-therapy\" target=\"_blank\">treat phobias\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/28/how-virtual-reality-worlds-can-help-reduce-pain/\" target=\"_blank\">reduce pain\u003c/a> and even \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/sailsbury_robotx/cgi-bin/salisbury_lab/?page_id=205\" target=\"_blank\">help doctors perform surgery\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, it's increasingly used to help people with disabilities explore the world in ways they may never be able to in real life—at a price within reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For $10 you can buy a cardboard virtual reality \"headset,\" download a free iPhone app, slot in your phone and explore virtual worlds from a wheelchair, bed or couch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'That Butterfly Happiness'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple months ago, virtual reality company \u003ca href=\"http://www.speculartheory.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Specular Theory \u003c/a>was hosting a table at Singularity University's \u003ca href=\"http://singularityhub.com/event/fovr/\" target=\"_blank\">Future of Virtual Reality\u003c/a> event, when Danny Kurtzman cruised by in his wheelchair.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This goes beyond empathy—it’s a way to inspire people with disabilities and give them new experiences, as if they are real.’\u003ccite> Ryan Pulliam, Specular Theory VR\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kurtzman, who has muscular dystrophy, surfs in real life through a non-profit organization that helps people with paralysis engage in action sports. With the assistance of a 12-person team from \u003ca href=\"http://www.liferollson.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Life Rolls On\u003c/a>, Kurtzman can lie down on a board, get carried into the water, and then move into the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day Kurtzman stopped at the Specular Theory table, he had no idea what he'd be watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://about.me/ryanpulliam\" target=\"_blank\">Ryan Pulliam\u003c/a> handed him a virtual surfing experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was such a trip because I went surfing last week but I was laying down on the board,\" Kurtzman says. \"In the headset I could actually experience surfing standing up!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Newport Beach native says he'd never had that sensation before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gave me that awesome feeling —that butterfly happiness feeling,\" he says. \"It allowed me to experience something I thought I never could experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulliam and her co-founder Morris May were mesmerized watching Kurtzman test out the demo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52253\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-52253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Danny Kurtzman, who has muscular distrophy, said being able to virtually surf via Specular Theory's demo gave him "goosebumps."\" width=\"357\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Danny-Kurtzman-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danny Kurtzman, who has muscular distrophy, says being able to virtually surf via Specular Theory's demo gave him \"goosebumps.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ll never forget looking at him, he was stoked,” Pulliam says. \"He made us realize this goes beyond empathy—it’s a way to inspire people with disabilities and give them new experiences as if they are real. It’s this powerful, magical moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulliam and her team created the virtual reality experience by using proprietary software to film professional surfers in California and Mexico. She says the video is not interactive--the user can't move his or her body in real life and see it move in the headset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a cinematic experience,\" she says, \"where you can look down at the board and feel like you're barreling through a wave.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>VR Lures Big Tech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Facebook purchased VR company Oculus for $2 billion; analysts predict the company will sell millions of units next year, when its Oculus Rift headset hits the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is a pivotal moment in virtual reality, as VR migrates from the laboratory to living rooms across the world.'\u003ccite>Jeremy Bailenson,\u003cbr>\nVirtual Human Interaction Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Google now offers \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2014/12/18/street-view-virtual-reality/\" target=\"_blank\">Street View via virtual reality \u003c/a>and sells \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/get/cardboard/\" target=\"_blank\">inexpensive VR cardboard headsets\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google's birthplace, Stanford University, launched a \u003ca href=\"https://vhil.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Virtual Human Interaction Lab\u003c/a> in 2003 that is pioneering the development of new virtual worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Bailenson runs the lab and measures VR's affect on its participants. He has even studied how being disabled in a virtual world affects able-bodied users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He found that people who experienced color blindness in a virtual world were more likely to \u003ca href=\"http://vhil.stanford.edu/pubs/2013/ahn-mp-embodied-experiences.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">voluntarily assist people with color blindness\u003c/a> in real life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has also created a world where users have more limbs than they would in real life. They might have three arms and need to adapt to this new body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through VR's sensory feedback, we can gain a new understanding of our bodies, Bailenson says. Through virtual experiences, we can even reshape our homunculus—a map of the body we have in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the lab started in 2003, its researchers have met with influential figures like \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2014/03/26/zuckerberg-tried-stanford-vr-oculus-rift/#5OBFuHKPESq4\" target=\"_blank\">Mark Zuckerberg \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/february/students-meet-prez-022415.html\" target=\"_blank\">President Obama\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attendees at the presidential event on the Stanford University campus say Obama even joked that Congress could benefit from the lab's empathy work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 508px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Dale Garrett of Columbia, MO is a 96-year-old WWII Veteran that is able to virtually visit his war memorial.\" width=\"508\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-1920x1079.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/10/Dale-Garrett_Honor-Everywhere-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dale Garrett of Columbia, MO is a 96-year-old WWII Veteran who is able to virtually visit his war memorial through virtual reality. \u003ccite>(Honor Everywhere)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>VR for Social Benefit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://honoreverywhere.com\" target=\"_blank\">Honor Everywhere\u003c/a> has created VR experiences for aging or terminally ill WWII veterans so they can virtually visit their war memorials halfway across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For younger Americans, the University of Georgia and the Georgia Institute of Technology developed a program called \u003ca href=\"http://www.georgiabreakthru.org/\" target=\"_blank\">BreakThru\u003c/a> to help students with disabilities pursue STEM careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through virtual reality, students solve complex problems in imagined worlds that may be applicable to their future careers. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the program has helped place 225 students in STEM careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though virtual reality has been around for decades, the advancements we're seeing now are momentous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is a pivotal moment in virtual reality,\" Bailenson says, \"as VR migrates from the laboratory to living rooms across the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/50999/affordable-virtual-reality-creates-worlds-for-people-with-disabilities","authors":["5432"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_587","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_622","futureofyou_380"],"featImg":"futureofyou_52228","label":"source_futureofyou_50999"},"futureofyou_39078":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_39078","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"39078","score":null,"sort":[1442260052000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"techies-and-people-with-disabilities-team-up-for-makeathon","title":"Techies and People With Disabilities Team Up for 'Makeathon'","publishDate":1442260052,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Corbett O'Toole wants to disrupt the wheelchair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met O'Toole, a disability rights advocate, last Friday at a bustling maker space in downtown San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://www.techshop.ws/\">TechShop\u003c/a>, a do-it-yourself workshop crammed with tools and equipment, \u003ca href=\"http://www.techshop.ws/Events.html?&action=detail&id=1684\">was hosting a 72-hour \"makeathon\"\u003c/a> for teams to develop assistive technology alongside people with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And O'Toole's idea is to rig up a wheelchair that can help people use an accessible bathroom without needing another person to help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Toole, who says she's been in a wheelchair for 40 years, says she's met many women who receive assistance getting from their wheelchair to the toilet only twice a day: At morning and at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They have three options: A diaper, a surgical procedure, or a catheter,\" she says. \"None of these are ideal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39150\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-39150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-709x600.jpg\" alt=\"Teams assembled at TechShop in San Francisco over the weekend, worked on developing assistive technology products. \" width=\"709\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-709x600.jpg 709w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-400x339.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-1180x999.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-1920x1625.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-960x813.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teams assembled at TechShop in San Francisco over the weekend to develop assistive technology products. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So O'Toole wants to work with Bay Area techies to design a wheelchair in which the user could press a button to raise the chair up and forward, to help them maneuver more easily inside a bathroom stall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When on a date or at work,\" she says, \"they could use the bathroom on their own.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Focus on Real Needs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 100 techies and people with disabilities at the weekend makeathon were teams working on \"smart\" crutches to help people carry beverages, a device to help people grab and transport objects with their mouths, and an application for Google Glass to help people who can't speak express themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each team had a $500 budget for tools and equipment to build the first version of the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What stood out to me right away was the focus on understanding people's needs. Each team was assigned a \"needs knower,\" who understands the problem and can describe their experiences in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-39128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-456x600.jpg\" alt=\"Corbett O'Toole is heading up a project called "Free the Pee." \" width=\"305\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-456x600.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-400x526.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-898x1180.jpg 898w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-1180x1551.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-960x1262.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873.jpg 1862w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 305px) 100vw, 305px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corbett O'Toole is heading up a project called \"Free the Pee.\" \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"At these kind of events, many people come up with solutions and [then] look for problems,\" says Sefi Attias, chief technology officer for \u003ca href=\"http://tomglobal.org/\">Tikkun Olam Makers\u003c/a>, an Israeli organization that sponsored the event, alongside Google Dot Org and \u003ca href=\"http://ucpnb.org/\">United Cerebral Palsy of the North Bay\u003c/a>. \"We wanted to do things differently.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one table, a group of developers huddles around \u003ca href=\"http://www.zebredamakesitwork.com/\">Zebreda Dunham\u003c/a>, a needs knower from Pasadena, California, who has limited use of her hands. Dunham is a budding maker herself, having already hacked a pulley system to help herself eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham is working with a seven-person team, including techies and occupational therapists, to develop a more sophisticated version of her pulley system. Over the course of the weekend, Dunham will test out a range of possibilities for the feeding system to ensure it's comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another table, I met a needs knower from Orange County, Danny Kurtzman, who assembled a team to build what he calls a \"21st-century wheelchair\" that can be controlled by a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kurtzman says he also wants to make a lightweight chair that's capable of traveling on any terrain, including the beach. In future versions, he hopes to add health tracking tools to the dashboard of the chair, so he can see how far he's traveled each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-39126\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Spencer Stein (left) and teammates Daniela Schrimer and Danny Kurtzman have known each other since they were children.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spencer Stein (left) and teammates Daniela Schrimer and Danny Kurtzman have known each other since they were children. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I'm in a wheelchair all day but it doesn't do very much beyond getting me around,\" he says. Kurtzman has used the same model of wheelchair for more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first day of the event, Kurtzman struck up a friendship with an engineer, who offered to help him out with another project idea on the side. Kurtzman says virtual reality has vast potential for people with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of describing his idea, he asks me to try out a pair of virtual reality goggles from Samsung. I was transported to a three-dimensional world where I was flying in a small airplane. Almost immediately, I felt that familiar dizzy feeling you might get during takeoff and landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kurtzman and his new friend plan to take the goggles out this weekend to simulate the experience of running across the Golden Gate Bridge. It will give a huge mental health boost to people in wheelchairs, he says, to feel that sensation of running across the iconic bridge.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"During a 72-hour \"makeathon,\" teams developed assistive technology such as \"smart\" crutches and \"21st-century\" wheelchairs. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442287689,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":785},"headData":{"title":"Techies and People With Disabilities Team Up for 'Makeathon' | KQED","description":"During a 72-hour "makeathon," teams developed assistive technology such as "smart" crutches and "21st-century" wheelchairs. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Techies and People With Disabilities Team Up for 'Makeathon'","datePublished":"2015-09-14T19:47:32.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-15T03:28:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"39078 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=39078","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/09/14/techies-and-people-with-disabilities-team-up-for-makeathon/","disqusTitle":"Techies and People With Disabilities Team Up for 'Makeathon'","path":"/futureofyou/39078/techies-and-people-with-disabilities-team-up-for-makeathon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Corbett O'Toole wants to disrupt the wheelchair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met O'Toole, a disability rights advocate, last Friday at a bustling maker space in downtown San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://www.techshop.ws/\">TechShop\u003c/a>, a do-it-yourself workshop crammed with tools and equipment, \u003ca href=\"http://www.techshop.ws/Events.html?&action=detail&id=1684\">was hosting a 72-hour \"makeathon\"\u003c/a> for teams to develop assistive technology alongside people with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And O'Toole's idea is to rig up a wheelchair that can help people use an accessible bathroom without needing another person to help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Toole, who says she's been in a wheelchair for 40 years, says she's met many women who receive assistance getting from their wheelchair to the toilet only twice a day: At morning and at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They have three options: A diaper, a surgical procedure, or a catheter,\" she says. \"None of these are ideal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39150\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-39150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-709x600.jpg\" alt=\"Teams assembled at TechShop in San Francisco over the weekend, worked on developing assistive technology products. \" width=\"709\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-709x600.jpg 709w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-400x339.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-1180x999.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-1920x1625.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1899-960x813.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teams assembled at TechShop in San Francisco over the weekend to develop assistive technology products. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So O'Toole wants to work with Bay Area techies to design a wheelchair in which the user could press a button to raise the chair up and forward, to help them maneuver more easily inside a bathroom stall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When on a date or at work,\" she says, \"they could use the bathroom on their own.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Focus on Real Needs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 100 techies and people with disabilities at the weekend makeathon were teams working on \"smart\" crutches to help people carry beverages, a device to help people grab and transport objects with their mouths, and an application for Google Glass to help people who can't speak express themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each team had a $500 budget for tools and equipment to build the first version of the prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What stood out to me right away was the focus on understanding people's needs. Each team was assigned a \"needs knower,\" who understands the problem and can describe their experiences in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-39128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-456x600.jpg\" alt=\"Corbett O'Toole is heading up a project called "Free the Pee." \" width=\"305\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-456x600.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-400x526.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-898x1180.jpg 898w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-1180x1551.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873-960x1262.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/IMG_1873.jpg 1862w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 305px) 100vw, 305px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corbett O'Toole is heading up a project called \"Free the Pee.\" \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"At these kind of events, many people come up with solutions and [then] look for problems,\" says Sefi Attias, chief technology officer for \u003ca href=\"http://tomglobal.org/\">Tikkun Olam Makers\u003c/a>, an Israeli organization that sponsored the event, alongside Google Dot Org and \u003ca href=\"http://ucpnb.org/\">United Cerebral Palsy of the North Bay\u003c/a>. \"We wanted to do things differently.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one table, a group of developers huddles around \u003ca href=\"http://www.zebredamakesitwork.com/\">Zebreda Dunham\u003c/a>, a needs knower from Pasadena, California, who has limited use of her hands. Dunham is a budding maker herself, having already hacked a pulley system to help herself eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunham is working with a seven-person team, including techies and occupational therapists, to develop a more sophisticated version of her pulley system. Over the course of the weekend, Dunham will test out a range of possibilities for the feeding system to ensure it's comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Futuristic Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another table, I met a needs knower from Orange County, Danny Kurtzman, who assembled a team to build what he calls a \"21st-century wheelchair\" that can be controlled by a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kurtzman says he also wants to make a lightweight chair that's capable of traveling on any terrain, including the beach. In future versions, he hopes to add health tracking tools to the dashboard of the chair, so he can see how far he's traveled each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-39126\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Spencer Stein (left) and teammates Daniela Schrimer and Danny Kurtzman have known each other since they were children.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/09/disabilities-8-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spencer Stein (left) and teammates Daniela Schrimer and Danny Kurtzman have known each other since they were children. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I'm in a wheelchair all day but it doesn't do very much beyond getting me around,\" he says. Kurtzman has used the same model of wheelchair for more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first day of the event, Kurtzman struck up a friendship with an engineer, who offered to help him out with another project idea on the side. Kurtzman says virtual reality has vast potential for people with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of describing his idea, he asks me to try out a pair of virtual reality goggles from Samsung. I was transported to a three-dimensional world where I was flying in a small airplane. Almost immediately, I felt that familiar dizzy feeling you might get during takeoff and landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kurtzman and his new friend plan to take the goggles out this weekend to simulate the experience of running across the Golden Gate Bridge. It will give a huge mental health boost to people in wheelchairs, he says, to feel that sensation of running across the iconic bridge.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/39078/techies-and-people-with-disabilities-team-up-for-makeathon","authors":["3252"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_589","futureofyou_587","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_588"],"featImg":"futureofyou_39125","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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