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She has won several regional Emmy awards, a regional and a national Edward R. Murrow award. The Association for Health Journalists awarded Lesley best beat coverage. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her reporting several times. The Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her ongoing coverage of California's historic drought. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining KQED in 2016, she covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, the environment for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for both KUOW and KCTS9 in Seattle. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When not hunched over her laptop Lesley enjoys skiing with her toddler, surfing with her husband or scheming their next globetrotting adventure. Before motherhood she relished dancing tango till sunrise. 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Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_444527":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444527","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444527","score":null,"sort":[1540882861000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that","title":"Advanced Skin Cancer Was Once a Death Sentence. Immunotherapy Is Changing That","publishDate":1540882861,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Most cancer patients are haunted by the same two questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Why now?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not Ashley Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton, 34, actually feels lucky advanced melanoma struck when it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage 4 melanoma used to be a death sentence. The disease doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, and patients survived, on average, less than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over the last decade, doctors are successfully using a new approach, one significantly different than the treatment options available for the last 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells, new medicines unleash the body's natural defenses to fight them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This treatment is called immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444546\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1857px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1857\" height=\"1209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg 1857w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-768x500.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1200x781.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1180x768.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-960x625.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-375x244.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-520x339.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1857px) 100vw, 1857px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton drinks fluid to prepare for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to check on the progress of her melanoma. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beating the Odds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walton was 26, she found a mole on the back of her hip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It started morphing into this ugly, dark, bleeding thing,\" she says, grimacing. \"I just knew something was wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors surgically removed her tumor. But a couple of years later, she discovered a tiny lump in her abdomen. It felt like a popcorn kernel, and within a few weeks grew to the size of a walnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biopsy revealed she had stage 4 melanoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton searched online for information about the disease. She recalls the moment she discovered the average survival rate: six to nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember sort of losing my hearing, almost losing my vision to where I felt like I was in a tunnel,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when she consulted with her oncologist, Dr. Adil Daud of UC San Francisco, he had consoling news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He told me if there's any time to have a melanoma -- right now is a pretty good time to have it -- because there's a lot of stuff opening up to you,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Daud was referring to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which he says are increasing survival rates by at least threefold. These cancer drugs help the immune system do what it’s supposed to -- fight pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells are unusual because they go undetected as harmful. Immune checkpoint inhibitors make them visible for attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1728px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"1166\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg 1728w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-768x518.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1020x688.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1200x810.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1180x796.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-960x648.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton and her mother in a quarterly doctor appointment at UCSF Medical Center. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Treatment Earns Nobel Prize\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor in 2011 marked a breakthrough in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology behind Ipilimumab, which is branded as Yervoy, was developed in a UC Berkeley lab in the 1990s, by a student named Matthew Krummel, now an immunotherapy researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://krummellab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a very frustrated graduate student for a few years, trying to develop an antibody that would do something,\" Krummel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted to influence how cells behave. After many long nights, Krummel noticed one antibody successfully manipulating the movement of immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can drive them like a car; you can accelerate them; or you can brake them,\" Krummel says. \"And then it was really like playtime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He injected the antibodies into mice with cancer. In the very first set of experiments, their tumors shrunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Krummel’s thesis advisor, James Allison, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for their lab's work on immune checkpoint inhibitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Years of Harrowing Treatments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy.'\u003ccite>Dr. Adil Daud, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When Walton started immunotherapy treatment, including Ipilimumab, the 90-minute drips were followed by side effects like fever, diarrhea, rash, vomiting and gastritis. This is not uncommon in immunotherapy, as the drugs can put a patient’s immune system into overdrive provoking an attack on healthy cells, tissues and organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton’s tumors initially shrunk, but within six months, new tumors cropped up, in her abdomen. Her oncologist then ran through the list of available drugs, moving on as each one, sometimes tried in combination, in turn failed to deliver the knockout blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's absolutely exhausting emotionally and physically to know that there's no option for you,” says Walton. “Those were the days when I felt like I will probably die from this, and I’ll die young.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, eight years later, she heard the magic word: remission. Dr. Daud isn't sure if it was the buildup of multiple immunotherapy drugs or some new combination that did the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so many advancements being made in the field of immunotherapy that even if [one] doesn't cure you, it gets you to the next big thing,” says Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she has been off immunotherapy for 10 months, Walton tentatively asked Dr. Daud something that had been her mind for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, what do you think about pregnancy or trying to start a family?\" asked Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a good time to get pregnant, actually,\" responded Dr. Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both doctor and patient could barely contain their glee, punctuating the question-and-answer session with happy giggles. Walton \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">crosses her fingers and smiles. \u003c/span>Throughout her treatment, doctors warned that getting pregnant would be too dangerous. But Daud now trusts her body's ability to support a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hopeful Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like Walton's are sparking a lot of excitement among oncologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So imagine when we’ve gone from a time when we had nothing to offer, to today, and they are talking about a cure for some patients with advanced melanoma,\" says Dr. Leonard Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and major pharmaceutical companies are waging huge bets on immunotherapy. There are currently about 1,000 active trials to develop the next miracle drug. Lichtenfeld is optimistic, but he is also cautious about adding to the hype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know in how many cancers they are going to be effective,” he says. “And we still don’t know how to harness the maximum benefit from these drugs by, say, using them in combination with other drugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, 40 percent of advanced melanoma patients still do not respond to immunotherapy. The statistics are even worse for other cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is still very common to not have immune treatment work at all,” says Dr. Daud. “Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy, so the numbers are much more sobering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hypothesizes that age, gender, concurring autoimmune diseases, or even gut bacteria may influence patient responsiveness, but he says we know very little about these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there's a lot of fundamental questions about the immune system that we just simply don't know the answer to,” says Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And yet I do foresee a day when we use other types of treatment infrequently to treat cancer, and most cancers will be treated with immunotherapy. But we still have a long ways to go.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,' says Ashley Walton, who after eight draining years of treatment has finally heard the magic word: remission.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1540998273,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":51,"wordCount":1224},"headData":{"title":"Advanced Skin Cancer Was Once a Death Sentence. Immunotherapy Is Changing That | KQED","description":"'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,' says Ashley Walton, who after eight draining years of treatment has finally heard the magic word: remission.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444527 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444527","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/30/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that/","disqusTitle":"Advanced Skin Cancer Was Once a Death Sentence. Immunotherapy Is Changing That","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/10/McClurgImmuneTherapy.mp3","audioTrackLength":383,"path":"/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most cancer patients are haunted by the same two questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Why now?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not Ashley Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton, 34, actually feels lucky advanced melanoma struck when it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage 4 melanoma used to be a death sentence. The disease doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, and patients survived, on average, less than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over the last decade, doctors are successfully using a new approach, one significantly different than the treatment options available for the last 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells, new medicines unleash the body's natural defenses to fight them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This treatment is called immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444546\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1857px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1857\" height=\"1209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg 1857w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-768x500.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1200x781.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1180x768.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-960x625.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-375x244.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-520x339.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1857px) 100vw, 1857px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton drinks fluid to prepare for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to check on the progress of her melanoma. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beating the Odds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walton was 26, she found a mole on the back of her hip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It started morphing into this ugly, dark, bleeding thing,\" she says, grimacing. \"I just knew something was wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors surgically removed her tumor. But a couple of years later, she discovered a tiny lump in her abdomen. It felt like a popcorn kernel, and within a few weeks grew to the size of a walnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biopsy revealed she had stage 4 melanoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton searched online for information about the disease. She recalls the moment she discovered the average survival rate: six to nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember sort of losing my hearing, almost losing my vision to where I felt like I was in a tunnel,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when she consulted with her oncologist, Dr. Adil Daud of UC San Francisco, he had consoling news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He told me if there's any time to have a melanoma -- right now is a pretty good time to have it -- because there's a lot of stuff opening up to you,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Daud was referring to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which he says are increasing survival rates by at least threefold. These cancer drugs help the immune system do what it’s supposed to -- fight pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells are unusual because they go undetected as harmful. Immune checkpoint inhibitors make them visible for attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1728px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"1166\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg 1728w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-768x518.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1020x688.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1200x810.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1180x796.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-960x648.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton and her mother in a quarterly doctor appointment at UCSF Medical Center. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Treatment Earns Nobel Prize\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor in 2011 marked a breakthrough in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology behind Ipilimumab, which is branded as Yervoy, was developed in a UC Berkeley lab in the 1990s, by a student named Matthew Krummel, now an immunotherapy researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://krummellab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a very frustrated graduate student for a few years, trying to develop an antibody that would do something,\" Krummel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted to influence how cells behave. After many long nights, Krummel noticed one antibody successfully manipulating the movement of immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can drive them like a car; you can accelerate them; or you can brake them,\" Krummel says. \"And then it was really like playtime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He injected the antibodies into mice with cancer. In the very first set of experiments, their tumors shrunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Krummel’s thesis advisor, James Allison, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for their lab's work on immune checkpoint inhibitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Years of Harrowing Treatments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy.'\u003ccite>Dr. Adil Daud, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When Walton started immunotherapy treatment, including Ipilimumab, the 90-minute drips were followed by side effects like fever, diarrhea, rash, vomiting and gastritis. This is not uncommon in immunotherapy, as the drugs can put a patient’s immune system into overdrive provoking an attack on healthy cells, tissues and organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton’s tumors initially shrunk, but within six months, new tumors cropped up, in her abdomen. Her oncologist then ran through the list of available drugs, moving on as each one, sometimes tried in combination, in turn failed to deliver the knockout blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's absolutely exhausting emotionally and physically to know that there's no option for you,” says Walton. “Those were the days when I felt like I will probably die from this, and I’ll die young.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, eight years later, she heard the magic word: remission. Dr. Daud isn't sure if it was the buildup of multiple immunotherapy drugs or some new combination that did the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so many advancements being made in the field of immunotherapy that even if [one] doesn't cure you, it gets you to the next big thing,” says Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she has been off immunotherapy for 10 months, Walton tentatively asked Dr. Daud something that had been her mind for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, what do you think about pregnancy or trying to start a family?\" asked Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a good time to get pregnant, actually,\" responded Dr. Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both doctor and patient could barely contain their glee, punctuating the question-and-answer session with happy giggles. Walton \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">crosses her fingers and smiles. \u003c/span>Throughout her treatment, doctors warned that getting pregnant would be too dangerous. But Daud now trusts her body's ability to support a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hopeful Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like Walton's are sparking a lot of excitement among oncologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So imagine when we’ve gone from a time when we had nothing to offer, to today, and they are talking about a cure for some patients with advanced melanoma,\" says Dr. Leonard Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and major pharmaceutical companies are waging huge bets on immunotherapy. There are currently about 1,000 active trials to develop the next miracle drug. Lichtenfeld is optimistic, but he is also cautious about adding to the hype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know in how many cancers they are going to be effective,” he says. “And we still don’t know how to harness the maximum benefit from these drugs by, say, using them in combination with other drugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, 40 percent of advanced melanoma patients still do not respond to immunotherapy. The statistics are even worse for other cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is still very common to not have immune treatment work at all,” says Dr. Daud. “Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy, so the numbers are much more sobering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hypothesizes that age, gender, concurring autoimmune diseases, or even gut bacteria may influence patient responsiveness, but he says we know very little about these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there's a lot of fundamental questions about the immune system that we just simply don't know the answer to,” says Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And yet I do foresee a day when we use other types of treatment infrequently to treat cancer, and most cancers will be treated with immunotherapy. But we still have a long ways to go.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that","authors":["11229"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_686","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444544","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_445058":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445058","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445058","score":null,"sort":[1539704503000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jurors-to-san-francisco-judge-dont-throw-out-our-monsanto-verdict","title":"Jurors To San Francisco Judge: Don’t Throw Out Our Monsanto Verdict","publishDate":1539704503,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Jurors who found that agribusiness giant Monsanto’s Roundup weed killer contributed to a school groundskeeper’s cancer are urging a San Francisco judge not to throw out the bulk of their $289 million award in his favor, a newspaper reported Monday.[contextly_sidebar id=\"7YRBS461v724TaAmMJpo9JmrwQ2KCKb2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Gary Kitahata told Judge Suzanne Bolanos in a letter that the jury was convinced by the evidence, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Monsanto-case-Jurors-urge-judge-not-to-overturn-13309317.php?src=hp_totn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I urge you to respect and honor our verdict and the six weeks of our lives that we dedicated to this trial,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Robert Howard wrote to the judge that the jury had paid “studious attention” to the evidence and any decision to overturn its verdict would shake his confidence in the judicial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolanos said last week she is inclined to throw out $250 million in punitive damages in favor of DeWayne Johnson. She is also considering dramatically reducing the remaining award. Her final decision is due by Oct. 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, which was acquired by Bayer AG in June, has asked the judge to override the jury’s decision and enter judgment in its favor or order a new trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer AG in a statement on Monday thanked the jury for its “important public service,” but said the “post-trial motions in the Johnson case raise issues of law that are properly addressed by Judge Bolanos.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"3g1bwuV7xkZGzNrqExl6CbowYVDrYjR6\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson sprayed Roundup and a similar product, Ranger Pro, at his job as a pest control manager at a San Francisco Bay Area school district, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2014 at age 42.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawsuit is among hundreds alleging Roundup caused cancer, but it was the first one to go to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between glyphosate — the active ingredient in Roundup — and cancer. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that glyphosate is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury in August determined that Monsanto should have provided a label warning of a potential health hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/dewayne-johnson-jury-289m-roundup-cancer-suit-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a tentative order last week\u003c/a>, Bolanos said Johnson’s attorneys had failed to show Monsanto acted with “malice or oppression” — a prerequisite for punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard told the Chronicle testimony at trial showed there were “serious questions” about the safety of Roundup when the company gave it to Johnson’s employer.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Jurors who found that agribusiness giant Monsanto's Roundup weed killer contributed to a school groundskeeper's cancer are urging a San Francisco judge not to throw out the bulk of their $289 million award.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539704604,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":421},"headData":{"title":"Jurors To San Francisco Judge: Don’t Throw Out Our Monsanto Verdict | KQED","description":"Jurors who found that agribusiness giant Monsanto's Roundup weed killer contributed to a school groundskeeper's cancer are urging a San Francisco judge not to throw out the bulk of their $289 million award.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"445058 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445058","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/16/jurors-to-san-francisco-judge-dont-throw-out-our-monsanto-verdict/","disqusTitle":"Jurors To San Francisco Judge: Don’t Throw Out Our Monsanto Verdict","source":"Health","nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/445058/jurors-to-san-francisco-judge-dont-throw-out-our-monsanto-verdict","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jurors who found that agribusiness giant Monsanto’s Roundup weed killer contributed to a school groundskeeper’s cancer are urging a San Francisco judge not to throw out the bulk of their $289 million award in his favor, a newspaper reported Monday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Gary Kitahata told Judge Suzanne Bolanos in a letter that the jury was convinced by the evidence, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Monsanto-case-Jurors-urge-judge-not-to-overturn-13309317.php?src=hp_totn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I urge you to respect and honor our verdict and the six weeks of our lives that we dedicated to this trial,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Robert Howard wrote to the judge that the jury had paid “studious attention” to the evidence and any decision to overturn its verdict would shake his confidence in the judicial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolanos said last week she is inclined to throw out $250 million in punitive damages in favor of DeWayne Johnson. She is also considering dramatically reducing the remaining award. Her final decision is due by Oct. 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, which was acquired by Bayer AG in June, has asked the judge to override the jury’s decision and enter judgment in its favor or order a new trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer AG in a statement on Monday thanked the jury for its “important public service,” but said the “post-trial motions in the Johnson case raise issues of law that are properly addressed by Judge Bolanos.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson sprayed Roundup and a similar product, Ranger Pro, at his job as a pest control manager at a San Francisco Bay Area school district, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2014 at age 42.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawsuit is among hundreds alleging Roundup caused cancer, but it was the first one to go to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between glyphosate — the active ingredient in Roundup — and cancer. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that glyphosate is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury in August determined that Monsanto should have provided a label warning of a potential health hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/dewayne-johnson-jury-289m-roundup-cancer-suit-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a tentative order last week\u003c/a>, Bolanos said Johnson’s attorneys had failed to show Monsanto acted with “malice or oppression” — a prerequisite for punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard told the Chronicle testimony at trial showed there were “serious questions” about the safety of Roundup when the company gave it to Johnson’s employer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445058/jurors-to-san-francisco-judge-dont-throw-out-our-monsanto-verdict","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445058"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_1519","futureofyou_1576","futureofyou_1627"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445060","label":"source_futureofyou_445058"},"futureofyou_444865":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444865","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444865","score":null,"sort":[1538775675000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer","title":"FDA Bans Seven Artificial Flavors Used in Candy, Beer","publishDate":1538775675,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced on Friday that it has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed seven artificial flavors\u003c/a> from its list of approved food additives after animal studies showed that they cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banned chemicals— benzophenone, ethyl acrylate, eugenyl methyl ether, myrcene, pulegone, and pyridine— can be found as flavors and flavor enhancers in common products such as baked goods, desserts, beverages, candy, beer and ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also delisted styrene without ruling on its status as a carcinogen, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council, which, along with several other health and consumer organizations, filed a petition in 2015 asking the FDA to ban the chemicals on safety grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>“Carcinogens\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/181005-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> have no place\u003c/a> in the food we feed our families,\" Erik Olson, senior director of health and food at NRDC, said in a statement. \"This is welcome news for millions of Americans who have been unknowingly snacking on cancer-causing chemicals for far too long.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Since the FDA first approved the artificial flavors in 1964, government toxicology reports \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.edf.org/health/2018/05/17/fda-carcinogenic-flavors-petition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have shown t\u003c/a>hat six of them cause cancer in two species of animals, and that styrene is also “reasonably anticipated\" to be carcinogenic, according to the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law passed in 1958 \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/HRD-82-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the FDA\u003c/a> to ban the use of any food additive found to cause cancer in animals or humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are hard to pin down \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on food labels\u003c/a> because they are listed as \"artificial flavors,\" according to the Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says the substances are used \"in very small amounts\" and carry \"very low levels of exposures\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that do not pose\u003c/a> a risk to public health when used as intended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following FDA inaction on the petition, which was revised in 2016, a broad coalition of consumer and health groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued the FDA\u003c/a> in May of this year. In response to the court filing, the FDA agreed to make a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision goes into effect immediately following publication in the Federal Register unless companies object. Food manufacturers will then have two years to comply with the ban.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The FDA moved to ban the chemicals, used in a wide variety foods, following government toxicology reports showing they can cause cancer. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538784135,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":355},"headData":{"title":"FDA Bans Seven Artificial Flavors Used in Candy, Beer | KQED","description":"The FDA moved to ban the chemicals, used in a wide variety foods, following government toxicology reports showing they can cause cancer. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444865 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444865","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/05/fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer/","disqusTitle":"FDA Bans Seven Artificial Flavors Used in Candy, Beer","source":"Health","path":"/futureofyou/444865/fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced on Friday that it has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed seven artificial flavors\u003c/a> from its list of approved food additives after animal studies showed that they cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banned chemicals— benzophenone, ethyl acrylate, eugenyl methyl ether, myrcene, pulegone, and pyridine— can be found as flavors and flavor enhancers in common products such as baked goods, desserts, beverages, candy, beer and ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA also delisted styrene without ruling on its status as a carcinogen, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council, which, along with several other health and consumer organizations, filed a petition in 2015 asking the FDA to ban the chemicals on safety grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>“Carcinogens\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/181005-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> have no place\u003c/a> in the food we feed our families,\" Erik Olson, senior director of health and food at NRDC, said in a statement. \"This is welcome news for millions of Americans who have been unknowingly snacking on cancer-causing chemicals for far too long.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Since the FDA first approved the artificial flavors in 1964, government toxicology reports \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.edf.org/health/2018/05/17/fda-carcinogenic-flavors-petition/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have shown t\u003c/a>hat six of them cause cancer in two species of animals, and that styrene is also “reasonably anticipated\" to be carcinogenic, according to the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law passed in 1958 \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/HRD-82-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">requires the FDA\u003c/a> to ban the use of any food additive found to cause cancer in animals or humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are hard to pin down \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on food labels\u003c/a> because they are listed as \"artificial flavors,\" according to the Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says the substances are used \"in very small amounts\" and carry \"very low levels of exposures\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm622475.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that do not pose\u003c/a> a risk to public health when used as intended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following FDA inaction on the petition, which was revised in 2016, a broad coalition of consumer and health groups \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceh.org/news-events/press-coverage/content/advocacy-groups-sue-fda-ban-seven-synthetic-food-flavors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued the FDA\u003c/a> in May of this year. In response to the court filing, the FDA agreed to make a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision goes into effect immediately following publication in the Federal Register unless companies object. Food manufacturers will then have two years to comply with the ban.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444865/fda-bans-seven-artificial-flavors-used-in-candy-beer","authors":["11428"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_1519","futureofyou_38","futureofyou_426","futureofyou_61"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444867","label":"source_futureofyou_444865"},"futureofyou_444751":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444751","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444751","score":null,"sort":[1538506822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t","title":"In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died","publishDate":1538506822,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">To make CAR-T therapies, the pioneering cancer treatments, scientists introduce a gene into the body’s immune cells that \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/12/06/cancer-car-t-factory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">turns them into cancer-homing attackers\u003c/a>. But in one case described by scientists Monday, the gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell instead, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2oDy3tMb8Wl0Nea5cfkgpFgdjClpiQ4V\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The patient ultimately died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The case, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0201-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Medicine, appears to have been exceedingly rare — one occurrence among \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/17/car-t-bottleneck-cell-collection-centers-feel-crunch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the hundreds of cases\u003c/a> of CAR-T treatment that have been examined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">But as the treatments become more widely used, experts say, the case also points to the importance of researchers understanding all the ways in which \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/27/car-t-kite-cell-journey/\" rel=\"noopener\">the process of making them\u003c/a> can go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We’re going to need papers like this one” to identify how cancers can become resistant to CAR-Ts, said Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/jason_westin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Westin\u003c/a>, who leads the aggressive lymphoma team at MD Anderson Cancer Center and who was not involved in the new report. “But this CAR-T data is one of the most exciting things we’ve seen in cancer in forever. Having rare theoretical things that actually happen is concerning, but it should in no way temper the potential for the future of CAR-T cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors have discussed the case, which occurred about five years ago, at scientific meetings, helping to spread awareness. And the process of manufacturing CAR-Ts has improved over that time, reducing the chance that a cancer cell inadvertently receives the gene meant for immune cells.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sNFqnG5MPMrhzsMuBzMQ3TNcRwq8tXmr\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting much better at getting a purer starting population” of immune cells, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g20001883/p8587263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jos Melenhorst\u003c/a>, an immunology expert at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subject of the newly described case was a 20-year-old man with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He was participating in a Phase 1 clinical trial for a CAR-T product then called CTL019, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/august/fda-approves-personalized-cellular-therapy-for-advanced-leukemia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed\u003c/a> by researchers at Penn and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with any CAR-T patient, the man had immune cells called T cells scooped out from his blood through a process called apheresis. Then, those cells were supercharged with a gene that codes for a receptor (the CAR in CAR-T) that turns the cells into bloodhounds on the scent for a specific marker on cancer cells — in this case, a protein called CD19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was infused with a phalanx of the killer T cells, which then swarmed and annihilated the cancer cells. Within a month, his cancer seemed to be in complete remission, Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as researchers tracked the patient, they noticed something odd. They kept seeing signs of CAR-marked cells, but it wasn’t the body’s T cells expressing CAR anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran a battery of experiments and confirmed their suspicions: a leukemic B cell had gotten lumped together with the T cells during the manufacturing process and had also taken up the CAR gene. As a result, the leukemia cell was expressing the CAR, which then attached to the CD19 markers, effectively shielding it from the CD19-sniffing machinery of the boosted T cells. It was as if in a game of musical chairs the targeted seat was already filled by the time the music stopped.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nOqcMe5IVLJeCcUCHhq3Pk58784HwGoF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The CAR-T cell couldn’t bind to the CD19 molecule, and thereby it was essentially hiding in plain sight,” Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the T cells attacked the rest of the leukemia cells, this cell laid low for the most part, slowly proliferating into more resistant cancer cells over time. After about nine months, the patient’s cancer — now resistant to CAR-T — had fully returned. He ultimately died from complications from his leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melenhorst noted that the case reaches back to the early days of clinical CAR-T use and that improvements in technology since then have allowed manufacturers to ensure that the cells into which they are introducing the CAR gene are less likely to include B cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the treatment the patient received was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/novartis-car-t-cancer-approved/\" rel=\"noopener\">ultimately approved\u003c/a> as Novartis’s Kymriah in 2017; the paper published Monday includes some authors from Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. In a statement, Novartis noted that the manufacturing process used in the case described in the paper was done at Penn and differs from the company’s manufacturing process, which was used in later clinical trials and now for commercial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not aware of any cases of this happening in the more than 400 patients treated with CTL019/Kymriah manufactured by Novartis for clinical trials or the commercial setting,” the statement said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"DMUx1aVKuHIZSHJYTfdQfqpmBWfT4XxH\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it has checks throughout the process to clear out B cells and that it is following Kymriah patients for 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Novartis is continually making improvements to our Kymriah manufacturing process to reduce variability and safely deliver this transformational, personalized treatment to patients in need around the world,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/01/car-t-resistance-cancer-cell-hiding/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How a gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment. \r\n\r\nThe patient ultimately died.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538438140,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":909},"headData":{"title":"In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died | KQED","description":"How a gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment. \r\n\r\nThe patient ultimately died.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444751 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444751","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/02/in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t/","disqusTitle":"In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died","source":"Hope/Hype","nprByline":"Andrew Joseph\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/444751/in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">To make CAR-T therapies, the pioneering cancer treatments, scientists introduce a gene into the body’s immune cells that \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/12/06/cancer-car-t-factory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">turns them into cancer-homing attackers\u003c/a>. But in one case described by scientists Monday, the gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell instead, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The patient ultimately died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The case, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0201-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Medicine, appears to have been exceedingly rare — one occurrence among \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/17/car-t-bottleneck-cell-collection-centers-feel-crunch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the hundreds of cases\u003c/a> of CAR-T treatment that have been examined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">But as the treatments become more widely used, experts say, the case also points to the importance of researchers understanding all the ways in which \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/27/car-t-kite-cell-journey/\" rel=\"noopener\">the process of making them\u003c/a> can go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We’re going to need papers like this one” to identify how cancers can become resistant to CAR-Ts, said Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/jason_westin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Westin\u003c/a>, who leads the aggressive lymphoma team at MD Anderson Cancer Center and who was not involved in the new report. “But this CAR-T data is one of the most exciting things we’ve seen in cancer in forever. Having rare theoretical things that actually happen is concerning, but it should in no way temper the potential for the future of CAR-T cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors have discussed the case, which occurred about five years ago, at scientific meetings, helping to spread awareness. And the process of manufacturing CAR-Ts has improved over that time, reducing the chance that a cancer cell inadvertently receives the gene meant for immune cells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting much better at getting a purer starting population” of immune cells, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g20001883/p8587263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jos Melenhorst\u003c/a>, an immunology expert at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subject of the newly described case was a 20-year-old man with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He was participating in a Phase 1 clinical trial for a CAR-T product then called CTL019, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/august/fda-approves-personalized-cellular-therapy-for-advanced-leukemia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed\u003c/a> by researchers at Penn and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with any CAR-T patient, the man had immune cells called T cells scooped out from his blood through a process called apheresis. Then, those cells were supercharged with a gene that codes for a receptor (the CAR in CAR-T) that turns the cells into bloodhounds on the scent for a specific marker on cancer cells — in this case, a protein called CD19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was infused with a phalanx of the killer T cells, which then swarmed and annihilated the cancer cells. Within a month, his cancer seemed to be in complete remission, Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as researchers tracked the patient, they noticed something odd. They kept seeing signs of CAR-marked cells, but it wasn’t the body’s T cells expressing CAR anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran a battery of experiments and confirmed their suspicions: a leukemic B cell had gotten lumped together with the T cells during the manufacturing process and had also taken up the CAR gene. As a result, the leukemia cell was expressing the CAR, which then attached to the CD19 markers, effectively shielding it from the CD19-sniffing machinery of the boosted T cells. It was as if in a game of musical chairs the targeted seat was already filled by the time the music stopped.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The CAR-T cell couldn’t bind to the CD19 molecule, and thereby it was essentially hiding in plain sight,” Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the T cells attacked the rest of the leukemia cells, this cell laid low for the most part, slowly proliferating into more resistant cancer cells over time. After about nine months, the patient’s cancer — now resistant to CAR-T — had fully returned. He ultimately died from complications from his leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melenhorst noted that the case reaches back to the early days of clinical CAR-T use and that improvements in technology since then have allowed manufacturers to ensure that the cells into which they are introducing the CAR gene are less likely to include B cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the treatment the patient received was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/novartis-car-t-cancer-approved/\" rel=\"noopener\">ultimately approved\u003c/a> as Novartis’s Kymriah in 2017; the paper published Monday includes some authors from Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. In a statement, Novartis noted that the manufacturing process used in the case described in the paper was done at Penn and differs from the company’s manufacturing process, which was used in later clinical trials and now for commercial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not aware of any cases of this happening in the more than 400 patients treated with CTL019/Kymriah manufactured by Novartis for clinical trials or the commercial setting,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it has checks throughout the process to clear out B cells and that it is following Kymriah patients for 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Novartis is continually making improvements to our Kymriah manufacturing process to reduce variability and safely deliver this transformational, personalized treatment to patients in need around the world,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/01/car-t-resistance-cancer-cell-hiding/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444751/in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444751"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_1470","futureofyou_190","futureofyou_61"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_217336","label":"source_futureofyou_444751"},"futureofyou_444705":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444705","score":null,"sort":[1538417110000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nobel-prize-for-landmark-cancer-research-conducted-at-berkeley","title":"Nobel Prize for 'Landmark' Cancer Research Conducted at UC Berkeley","publishDate":1538417110,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=899&v=ScuTG1bzSHY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded Monday to two researchers from the United States and Japan for advances in discovering how the body’s immune system can fight off the scourge of cancer.[contextly_sidebar id=\"CWuF65jUQjKNMEH73SFwE7Eh0o965day\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $1.01 million prize will be shared by James Allison and Tasuku Honjo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison conducted his research at the University of California-Berkeley and is now at the M.D. Anderson cancer center in Houston. Honju works at Japan’s Kyoto University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their parallel work concerned proteins that act as brakes on the body’s immune system and it constitutes “a landmark in our fight against cancer,” said a statement from the Nobel Assembly of Sweden’s Karolinska Institute, which selects winners of the annual prestigious award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison studied a known protein and developed the concept into a new treatment approach, while Honjo discovered a new protein that also operated as a brake on immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m honored and humbled to receive this prestigious recognition,” Allison said in a statement released by the university’s MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, where he is a professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A driving motivation for scientists is simply to push the frontiers of knowledge. I didn’t set out to study cancer, but to understand the biology of T cells, these incredible cells that travel our bodies and work to protect us,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TrEVYlEaRWGIwxl3wZCxQN7b50EP4tx2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison takes care in his statement to give credit to “a succession of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and colleagues at MD Anderson, the University of California, Berkeley, and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center” who joined in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison’s and Honjo’s prize-winning work started in the 1990s and was part of significant advances in cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some patients, this therapy is remarkably effective,” Jeremy Berg, editor-in-chief of the \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> family of journals, told The Associated Press. “The number of different types of cancers for which this approach to immunotherapy is being found to be effective in at least some patients continues to grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Therapy developed from Honjo’s work led to long-term remission in patients with metastatic cancer that had been considered essentially untreatable, the Nobel Assembly said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JxHmQ4y9gmGqrPe0YiiMCtrrGiOV1Oid\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg said that former President Jimmy Carter’s cancer, which had spread to his brain, was treated with one of the drugs developed from Honjo’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physics prize is to be announced Tuesday, followed by chemistry. The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize will be named Friday and the economics laureate will be announced next Monday. No literature prize is being given this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The research, which has led to drugs that release the brakes on the immune system, constitutes “a landmark\" in the fight against cancer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538445547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":471},"headData":{"title":"Nobel Prize for 'Landmark' Cancer Research Conducted at UC Berkeley | KQED","description":"The research, which has led to drugs that release the brakes on the immune system, constitutes “a landmark" in the fight against cancer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444705 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/01/nobel-prize-for-landmark-cancer-research-conducted-at-berkeley/","disqusTitle":"Nobel Prize for 'Landmark' Cancer Research Conducted at UC Berkeley","source":"Events","nprByline":"David Keyton\u003cbr />Jim Heintz \u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/444705/nobel-prize-for-landmark-cancer-research-conducted-at-berkeley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ScuTG1bzSHY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ScuTG1bzSHY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded Monday to two researchers from the United States and Japan for advances in discovering how the body’s immune system can fight off the scourge of cancer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $1.01 million prize will be shared by James Allison and Tasuku Honjo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison conducted his research at the University of California-Berkeley and is now at the M.D. Anderson cancer center in Houston. Honju works at Japan’s Kyoto University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their parallel work concerned proteins that act as brakes on the body’s immune system and it constitutes “a landmark in our fight against cancer,” said a statement from the Nobel Assembly of Sweden’s Karolinska Institute, which selects winners of the annual prestigious award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison studied a known protein and developed the concept into a new treatment approach, while Honjo discovered a new protein that also operated as a brake on immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m honored and humbled to receive this prestigious recognition,” Allison said in a statement released by the university’s MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, where he is a professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A driving motivation for scientists is simply to push the frontiers of knowledge. I didn’t set out to study cancer, but to understand the biology of T cells, these incredible cells that travel our bodies and work to protect us,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison takes care in his statement to give credit to “a succession of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and colleagues at MD Anderson, the University of California, Berkeley, and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center” who joined in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison’s and Honjo’s prize-winning work started in the 1990s and was part of significant advances in cancer immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some patients, this therapy is remarkably effective,” Jeremy Berg, editor-in-chief of the \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> family of journals, told The Associated Press. “The number of different types of cancers for which this approach to immunotherapy is being found to be effective in at least some patients continues to grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Therapy developed from Honjo’s work led to long-term remission in patients with metastatic cancer that had been considered essentially untreatable, the Nobel Assembly said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg said that former President Jimmy Carter’s cancer, which had spread to his brain, was treated with one of the drugs developed from Honjo’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physics prize is to be announced Tuesday, followed by chemistry. The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize will be named Friday and the economics laureate will be announced next Monday. No literature prize is being given this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444705/nobel-prize-for-landmark-cancer-research-conducted-at-berkeley","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444705"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_686","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_607"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444717","label":"source_futureofyou_444705"},"futureofyou_444318":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444318","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444318","score":null,"sort":[1536267637000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-researcher-battling-cancer-explores-alternatives-to-opioid-treatments","title":"A Researcher Battling Cancer Explores Alternatives To Opioid Treatments","publishDate":1536267637,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The explosion of deaths related to opioid misuse has underscored a pressing need for better ways of treating pain, especially chronic pain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Lrxhc0PiaxvZNwtQRWNC315GUyNFIRBB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duquesne University pharmacology associate professor Jelena Janjic thinks she's on to one. It involves using a patient's own immune system to deliver non-opioid pain medication to places in the body where there's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's idea, which draws from the field of cancer research, is to insert tiny amounts of over-the-counter pain medications into minute carriers called nanoparticles, and then inject these into pain patients. The medicines would then travel through the body to places where there is inflammation, and relieve the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic has a special reason for wanting to develop new medicines for chronic pain: She suffers from it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a patient, I want an answer,\" she says. \"I want to figure out this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no question that the need for better, non-addictive medications is real and urgent. Researchers have come up with\u003ca href=\"https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2018/6/2/new-treatments-on-the-horizon-for-chronic-pain\"> some ideas\u003c/a>, but so far none has made it to market. Finding new treatments is difficult for any disease and it's proving especially difficult for chronic pain because the underlying causes are poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting to modulate inflammation as way to treat pain \"is an active area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/node/8824\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael L. Oshinsky\u003c/a>, Program Director, Pain and Migraine, at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wUYL0s18LxOkY4wdczUfG5sVi8cK5dSj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oshinsky says Janjic's idea of targeting the immune system with nanoparticles carrying pain relievers makes sense, although he cautions that the relationship between inflammation and pain is not well understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's path to this research began in 2010. She has a doctorate in medicinal chemistry, and she had recently moved to Duquesne University where she had set up a lab focused on using nanomedicine techniques to treat cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like out of nowhere, of the blue, she started to suffer bouts of severe pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The one that hit me real hard was the whole body, from head to toe,\" she says. \"I've had on and off chronic pain since I was a teenager, but this was different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August that year, just before her students arrived back to school, she ended up in the emergency room with pain that was almost intolerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors' diagnosis was discouraging. They told her she had a chronic pain syndrome. They said there wasn't much they could do about it, and they said it was for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines they gave her helped with the pain somewhat, but left her feeling like she was living in a fog. She was having trouble remembering things, trouble taking notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things were weird. So I decided I am going to do research on myself,\" Janjic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control her own pain, she turned to mindfulness meditation and other non-medical interventions, including composing music and playing the piano. It's not as if the pain magically went away, she says, but she was able to carry on with her life. Some days were worse than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also wanted to find a medical solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made one important treatment decision early on: She didn't want to take opioids for her pain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"QMwX3Yw6AeYbgPKNOtGQ6rPZrGu4Q9y4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time I could have got them very easily,\" Janjic says. \"I said, 'What are you going to give me when I'm 67, or 87, if I take them now?' I knew they don't work long-term very well. So almost the refusal of opioids precipitated everything else that happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for alternatives to opioids, she dove into the scientific literature, to learn all she could about chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic pain syndromes are not well understood. With acute pain, it's usually possible to identify the cause—an injury of some sort, or inflammation caused by an infection. Chronic pain may be linked to an initial mishap, but may persist long after the initial cause of the pain has disappeared. Sometimes there's no good explanation of the pain at all, a frustrating circumstance for both doctor and patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her research, Janjic started paying close attention to her own condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I started to understand that my body was actually inflamed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammation occurs when our bodies' immune system tries to deal with some damage, maybe from an invading virus or bacteria, and sends a barrage of immune cells to the affected area. On the one hand this is a good thing, since the cells fight the infection. But on the other, it can stimulate nerve cells in a particular part of the body, causing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic also noticed something important about her pain: it varied both in intensity and in location. Sometimes it was in her knees, sometimes in her shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says none of the medicines available today responded to pain's \"diversity within the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I [started] to understand the fluctuation,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She realized that the fluctuation meant more immune cells were going to the part of the body where the pain was. She figured if she could get pain medicine into immune cells, that medicine would ride with those cells to where it was needed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YRLyRHWtPrWD1BScVQCmWanq4QjZQPO0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she got into pain research, Janjic was working on something called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cancer nanomedicine\u003c/a>. Cancer nanomedicines work by putting anti-cancer drugs into tiny containers called nanoparticles, and then injecting them into cancer patients, where they enter the patients' immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what did I already know how to do? Mess with the immune system with nanomedicines,\" Janjic says. \"And that's how the idea of pain nanomedicine was born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many years of tinkering, she's started to get positive results. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(18)30012-2/fulltext\">recently published study,\u003c/a> she showed that when researchers put a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug into a nanoparticle, and then injected that into a rat, it reduced the rat's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic says her approach doesn't try to disable the immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still want them to fight infection, you still want them to do what they're supposed to do,\" she says. \"But we almost try to stop them from going into override and causing chronic pain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic, who is also the founder and co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.duq.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/chronic-pain-research-consortium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic Pain Research Consortium\u003c/a> at Duquesne University, is collaborating with several labs to try pairing different pain medications with different kinds of nano-particles to see what works best. So far progress is slow. And if one of the candidates shows real promise it will be years before anything can be tested in human patients and ultimately approved by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic credits her own experience with pain for helping her gain a better understanding of pain and how to treat it. She thinks researchers would learn a lot from routinely talking to the people they're trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take home message is, 'Ask the patient first,' \" Janjic says. \"Ask the kid who's ten. Ask the grandpa with rheumatoid arthritis what that feels like. This is what I really want to see flourish. Maybe this already happening somewhere. If it is, I want to know. If you are inspiring your research this way, then I want to talk to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Inspired+By+Her+Own+Pain%2C+A+Researcher+Explores+Alternatives+To+Opioid+Treatments&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New options for non-addictive pain treatment are sorely needed. One researcher is borrowing from the field of cancer nanomedicine to test an idea that could bring relief to chronic pain sufferers. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1536179328,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1225},"headData":{"title":"A Researcher Battling Cancer Explores Alternatives To Opioid Treatments | KQED","description":"New options for non-addictive pain treatment are sorely needed. One researcher is borrowing from the field of cancer nanomedicine to test an idea that could bring relief to chronic pain sufferers. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444318 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444318","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/06/a-researcher-battling-cancer-explores-alternatives-to-opioid-treatments/","disqusTitle":"A Researcher Battling Cancer Explores Alternatives To Opioid Treatments","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Joe Palca, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Jeff Swensen for NPR","nprStoryId":"636860122","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=636860122&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/05/636860122/inspired-by-her-own-pain-a-researcher-explores-alternatives-to-opioid-treatments?ft=nprml&f=636860122","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 05 Sep 2018 15:33:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 05 Sep 2018 15:33:02 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 05 Sep 2018 15:34:43 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444318/a-researcher-battling-cancer-explores-alternatives-to-opioid-treatments","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The explosion of deaths related to opioid misuse has underscored a pressing need for better ways of treating pain, especially chronic pain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duquesne University pharmacology associate professor Jelena Janjic thinks she's on to one. It involves using a patient's own immune system to deliver non-opioid pain medication to places in the body where there's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's idea, which draws from the field of cancer research, is to insert tiny amounts of over-the-counter pain medications into minute carriers called nanoparticles, and then inject these into pain patients. The medicines would then travel through the body to places where there is inflammation, and relieve the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic has a special reason for wanting to develop new medicines for chronic pain: She suffers from it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a patient, I want an answer,\" she says. \"I want to figure out this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no question that the need for better, non-addictive medications is real and urgent. Researchers have come up with\u003ca href=\"https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2018/6/2/new-treatments-on-the-horizon-for-chronic-pain\"> some ideas\u003c/a>, but so far none has made it to market. Finding new treatments is difficult for any disease and it's proving especially difficult for chronic pain because the underlying causes are poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting to modulate inflammation as way to treat pain \"is an active area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/node/8824\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael L. Oshinsky\u003c/a>, Program Director, Pain and Migraine, at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oshinsky says Janjic's idea of targeting the immune system with nanoparticles carrying pain relievers makes sense, although he cautions that the relationship between inflammation and pain is not well understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's path to this research began in 2010. She has a doctorate in medicinal chemistry, and she had recently moved to Duquesne University where she had set up a lab focused on using nanomedicine techniques to treat cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like out of nowhere, of the blue, she started to suffer bouts of severe pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The one that hit me real hard was the whole body, from head to toe,\" she says. \"I've had on and off chronic pain since I was a teenager, but this was different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August that year, just before her students arrived back to school, she ended up in the emergency room with pain that was almost intolerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors' diagnosis was discouraging. They told her she had a chronic pain syndrome. They said there wasn't much they could do about it, and they said it was for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines they gave her helped with the pain somewhat, but left her feeling like she was living in a fog. She was having trouble remembering things, trouble taking notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things were weird. So I decided I am going to do research on myself,\" Janjic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control her own pain, she turned to mindfulness meditation and other non-medical interventions, including composing music and playing the piano. It's not as if the pain magically went away, she says, but she was able to carry on with her life. Some days were worse than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also wanted to find a medical solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made one important treatment decision early on: She didn't want to take opioids for her pain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time I could have got them very easily,\" Janjic says. \"I said, 'What are you going to give me when I'm 67, or 87, if I take them now?' I knew they don't work long-term very well. So almost the refusal of opioids precipitated everything else that happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for alternatives to opioids, she dove into the scientific literature, to learn all she could about chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic pain syndromes are not well understood. With acute pain, it's usually possible to identify the cause—an injury of some sort, or inflammation caused by an infection. Chronic pain may be linked to an initial mishap, but may persist long after the initial cause of the pain has disappeared. Sometimes there's no good explanation of the pain at all, a frustrating circumstance for both doctor and patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her research, Janjic started paying close attention to her own condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I started to understand that my body was actually inflamed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammation occurs when our bodies' immune system tries to deal with some damage, maybe from an invading virus or bacteria, and sends a barrage of immune cells to the affected area. On the one hand this is a good thing, since the cells fight the infection. But on the other, it can stimulate nerve cells in a particular part of the body, causing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic also noticed something important about her pain: it varied both in intensity and in location. Sometimes it was in her knees, sometimes in her shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says none of the medicines available today responded to pain's \"diversity within the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I [started] to understand the fluctuation,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She realized that the fluctuation meant more immune cells were going to the part of the body where the pain was. She figured if she could get pain medicine into immune cells, that medicine would ride with those cells to where it was needed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she got into pain research, Janjic was working on something called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cancer nanomedicine\u003c/a>. Cancer nanomedicines work by putting anti-cancer drugs into tiny containers called nanoparticles, and then injecting them into cancer patients, where they enter the patients' immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what did I already know how to do? Mess with the immune system with nanomedicines,\" Janjic says. \"And that's how the idea of pain nanomedicine was born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many years of tinkering, she's started to get positive results. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(18)30012-2/fulltext\">recently published study,\u003c/a> she showed that when researchers put a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug into a nanoparticle, and then injected that into a rat, it reduced the rat's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic says her approach doesn't try to disable the immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still want them to fight infection, you still want them to do what they're supposed to do,\" she says. \"But we almost try to stop them from going into override and causing chronic pain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic, who is also the founder and co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.duq.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/chronic-pain-research-consortium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic Pain Research Consortium\u003c/a> at Duquesne University, is collaborating with several labs to try pairing different pain medications with different kinds of nano-particles to see what works best. So far progress is slow. And if one of the candidates shows real promise it will be years before anything can be tested in human patients and ultimately approved by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic credits her own experience with pain for helping her gain a better understanding of pain and how to treat it. She thinks researchers would learn a lot from routinely talking to the people they're trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take home message is, 'Ask the patient first,' \" Janjic says. \"Ask the kid who's ten. Ask the grandpa with rheumatoid arthritis what that feels like. This is what I really want to see flourish. Maybe this already happening somewhere. If it is, I want to know. If you are inspiring your research this way, then I want to talk to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Inspired+By+Her+Own+Pain%2C+A+Researcher+Explores+Alternatives+To+Opioid+Treatments&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444318/a-researcher-battling-cancer-explores-alternatives-to-opioid-treatments","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444318"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_828","futureofyou_103","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_938","futureofyou_381","futureofyou_198"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444321","label":"source_futureofyou_444318"},"futureofyou_444281":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444281","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444281","score":null,"sort":[1536178859000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start","title":"Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start","publishDate":1536178859,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nLB0LaskunDkFSzX8O5LVSxfj3Ayt7CZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"FMPymRVSamCP4f8RpmzlwSdu0yioj0rt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.[contextly_sidebar id=\"g6IAb2xjtv0z0Te9cBhCwQAn8pi68Yxx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Partial results for gene editing study give promising signs that the treatment may be safe and have at least some of its hoped - for effect.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1536177185,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1104},"headData":{"title":"Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start | KQED","description":"Partial results for gene editing study give promising signs that the treatment may be safe and have at least some of its hoped - for effect.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444281 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444281","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/05/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start/","disqusTitle":"Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start","source":"Your Genes","nprByline":"Marilynn Marchione\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/444281/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444281/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444281"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_647","futureofyou_103","futureofyou_295"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444292","label":"source_futureofyou_444281"},"futureofyou_444169":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444169","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444169","score":null,"sort":[1535662822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californians-living-longer-with-cancer-some-longer-than-others","title":"Why Californians Are Living Longer With Most Types of Cancer","publishDate":1535662822,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As he grew older, Dale Kunitomi paid closer attention to his health — and to his doctor’s advice. When he noticed rectal bleeding in 2010, he went to see his physician, who ordered a colonoscopy.[contextly_sidebar id=\"vc7B3eLIIv6aV3Hq5qcJq85a0z0PMqRC\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diagnosis: colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunitomi, now 74, underwent surgery, radiation and chemotherapy — and now he has been cancer-free for seven years. “The things that are said about early detection and living a healthy lifestyle are important,” said Kunitomi, a resident of Ventura County, Calif. “You are foolish if you don’t pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians are living longer with most types of cancer, due to earlier detection and more effective treatments, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/13098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a> from the University of California-Davis. But racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published this month, shows that 65 percent of people diagnosed with cancer between 2006 and 2010 survived five years or more from the time their disease was discovered, up from 58 percent for those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The researchers drew from data on 1.4 million California adults diagnosed with 27 different kinds of cancer. They found improved survival rates for patients with all but five types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-Latino whites had the highest five-year survival rate for all cancers combined, followed by Latinos — though Pacific Islanders and Asians, like Kunitomi, had the highest rates for 13 of the cancers studied, including breast, colon, liver and lung. African-Americans had the worst overall prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-160x117.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-800x586.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-768x563.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-960x703.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-240x176.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-375x275.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-520x381.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California numbers echo a national trend of significant improvement in cancer survival, one also tempered by racial and ethnic disparities. A recent analysis in the journal Cancer, which relied on death rather than survival rates, found a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">26 percent decline in cancer mortality\u003c/a> in the United States between 1991 and 2015 — translating to nearly 2.4 million cancer deaths avoided. The study showed mortality rates declined for all the major cancers, including breast, colorectal and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, one of the authors of that report and chief medical and scientific officer of the American Cancer Society, attributed the improvement to better screening, detection and treatment — and a decline in smoking. He said cancer deaths likely would drop even further if there were more equal access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=\"fmc02MyXuNyOxUDOEz7MyAsTaZY5UAeN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, the UC-Davis data show that poor Californians don’t live as long with cancer as those of greater means. About three-quarters of the patients at the highest socioeconomic level, with all cancers combined, survived five years or more. Just over half the patients at the lowest levels lived that long. Age was also a major factor: The younger patients were at the time of the diagnosis, the better their chance of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separate research from UC-Davis, published in 2015, showed the impact of health insurance status: Uninsured patients and those on Medi-Cal — California’s version of the federal Medicaid program for low-income people — had worse cancer care and outcomes than people with private insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research published this month showed the most critical factor in survival was finding the cancer early, which the report said underscores the importance of screening. One hundred percent of breast cancer patients survived at least five years if their disease was detected at stage 1. Only 28 percent of patients lived that long if their cancer was found when it was at stage 4, the most advanced stage. Most types of cancer show similarly stark disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stages, which depend in part on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread, are a gauge of how serious the disease is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The earlier things are picked up, the more likely it is that treatment is successful,” said Dr. Kenneth Kizer, senior author of the study and director of the UC-Davis Institute for Population Health Improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer screening and treatment for African-Americans lag behind other racial and ethnic groups, said Dr. Nancy Lee, who is on the board of Black Women’s Health Imperative, a national organization that seeks to improve the health of black women. Long-standing and sometimes unrecognized bias in the health care system disadvantages black patients in a way that can compromise their medical outcomes, said Lee, who previously led the cancer division of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White women in California are more likely to get breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, but black women are more likely to die from it, the UC-Davis report found.[contextly_sidebar id=\"VH6Y1JhelA7uLcj4KfqvO237ZI6LRYmK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobby Smith’s wife, an African-American, died 13 years ago after her breast cancer moved into her lymph nodes and eventually metastasized to her brain. Smith said he doesn’t believe doctors gave her all the information she needed to make the best decisions about her treatment. “Health care professionals treat and serve people of color differently,” said Smith, who lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC-Davis report used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccrcal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Cancer Registry,\u003c/a> a repository of data on cancer patients dating to 1988 that contains information on patient demographics, diagnosis, initial treatment and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rates reported in the study measure “relative” survival, which represents survival in the absence of other causes of death. The study showed patients with prostate, breast, melanoma and uterine cancers had among the highest survival rates: More than 80 percent of them lived at least five years after their diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survival did not improve for patients with some cancers, including bladder, cervical and testicular. And fewer than 20 percent of patients with cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas and esophagus lived past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For breast cancer patients, five-year survival improved from 85 percent among those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 to 90 percent among those diagnosed between 2006 and 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns were similar for lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in California and the leading cause of cancer deaths nationwide. The disease tends to be diagnosed late, and patients with stage 4 cancer had just a 4 percent survival rate after five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kizer of UC-Davis said new treatments offer great promise for cancer patients, but how much money they have and who their insurers are may well determine whether or not they reap the benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard enough for people with means and education, said Susan Lasker Hertz, 61, a Colorado nurse who was diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer in 2009 and then developed leukemia three years later. Hertz, who is now in remission from both cancers, said her knowledge and experience helped her navigate the health care system and get treated quickly after her diagnosis. But it wasn’t easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an educated, white, highly knowledgeable health care professional,” she said, “and it is still overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN's coverage in California is supported in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueshieldcafoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Shield of California Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earlier detection and more effective treatments have helped drive a decline in cancer mortality rates, but racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1535738961,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1183},"headData":{"title":"Why Californians Are Living Longer With Most Types of Cancer | KQED","description":"Earlier detection and more effective treatments have helped drive a decline in cancer mortality rates, but racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444169 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444169","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/30/californians-living-longer-with-cancer-some-longer-than-others/","disqusTitle":"Why Californians Are Living Longer With Most Types of Cancer","source":"Health","nprByline":"Anna Gorman, KHN","path":"/futureofyou/444169/californians-living-longer-with-cancer-some-longer-than-others","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As he grew older, Dale Kunitomi paid closer attention to his health — and to his doctor’s advice. When he noticed rectal bleeding in 2010, he went to see his physician, who ordered a colonoscopy.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diagnosis: colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunitomi, now 74, underwent surgery, radiation and chemotherapy — and now he has been cancer-free for seven years. “The things that are said about early detection and living a healthy lifestyle are important,” said Kunitomi, a resident of Ventura County, Calif. “You are foolish if you don’t pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians are living longer with most types of cancer, due to earlier detection and more effective treatments, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/13098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a> from the University of California-Davis. But racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published this month, shows that 65 percent of people diagnosed with cancer between 2006 and 2010 survived five years or more from the time their disease was discovered, up from 58 percent for those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The researchers drew from data on 1.4 million California adults diagnosed with 27 different kinds of cancer. They found improved survival rates for patients with all but five types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-Latino whites had the highest five-year survival rate for all cancers combined, followed by Latinos — though Pacific Islanders and Asians, like Kunitomi, had the highest rates for 13 of the cancers studied, including breast, colon, liver and lung. African-Americans had the worst overall prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-160x117.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-800x586.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-768x563.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-960x703.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-240x176.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-375x275.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-520x381.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California numbers echo a national trend of significant improvement in cancer survival, one also tempered by racial and ethnic disparities. A recent analysis in the journal Cancer, which relied on death rather than survival rates, found a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">26 percent decline in cancer mortality\u003c/a> in the United States between 1991 and 2015 — translating to nearly 2.4 million cancer deaths avoided. The study showed mortality rates declined for all the major cancers, including breast, colorectal and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, one of the authors of that report and chief medical and scientific officer of the American Cancer Society, attributed the improvement to better screening, detection and treatment — and a decline in smoking. He said cancer deaths likely would drop even further if there were more equal access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, the UC-Davis data show that poor Californians don’t live as long with cancer as those of greater means. About three-quarters of the patients at the highest socioeconomic level, with all cancers combined, survived five years or more. Just over half the patients at the lowest levels lived that long. Age was also a major factor: The younger patients were at the time of the diagnosis, the better their chance of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separate research from UC-Davis, published in 2015, showed the impact of health insurance status: Uninsured patients and those on Medi-Cal — California’s version of the federal Medicaid program for low-income people — had worse cancer care and outcomes than people with private insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research published this month showed the most critical factor in survival was finding the cancer early, which the report said underscores the importance of screening. One hundred percent of breast cancer patients survived at least five years if their disease was detected at stage 1. Only 28 percent of patients lived that long if their cancer was found when it was at stage 4, the most advanced stage. Most types of cancer show similarly stark disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stages, which depend in part on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread, are a gauge of how serious the disease is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The earlier things are picked up, the more likely it is that treatment is successful,” said Dr. Kenneth Kizer, senior author of the study and director of the UC-Davis Institute for Population Health Improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer screening and treatment for African-Americans lag behind other racial and ethnic groups, said Dr. Nancy Lee, who is on the board of Black Women’s Health Imperative, a national organization that seeks to improve the health of black women. Long-standing and sometimes unrecognized bias in the health care system disadvantages black patients in a way that can compromise their medical outcomes, said Lee, who previously led the cancer division of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White women in California are more likely to get breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, but black women are more likely to die from it, the UC-Davis report found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobby Smith’s wife, an African-American, died 13 years ago after her breast cancer moved into her lymph nodes and eventually metastasized to her brain. Smith said he doesn’t believe doctors gave her all the information she needed to make the best decisions about her treatment. “Health care professionals treat and serve people of color differently,” said Smith, who lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC-Davis report used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccrcal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Cancer Registry,\u003c/a> a repository of data on cancer patients dating to 1988 that contains information on patient demographics, diagnosis, initial treatment and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rates reported in the study measure “relative” survival, which represents survival in the absence of other causes of death. The study showed patients with prostate, breast, melanoma and uterine cancers had among the highest survival rates: More than 80 percent of them lived at least five years after their diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survival did not improve for patients with some cancers, including bladder, cervical and testicular. And fewer than 20 percent of patients with cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas and esophagus lived past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For breast cancer patients, five-year survival improved from 85 percent among those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 to 90 percent among those diagnosed between 2006 and 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns were similar for lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in California and the leading cause of cancer deaths nationwide. The disease tends to be diagnosed late, and patients with stage 4 cancer had just a 4 percent survival rate after five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kizer of UC-Davis said new treatments offer great promise for cancer patients, but how much money they have and who their insurers are may well determine whether or not they reap the benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard enough for people with means and education, said Susan Lasker Hertz, 61, a Colorado nurse who was diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer in 2009 and then developed leukemia three years later. Hertz, who is now in remission from both cancers, said her knowledge and experience helped her navigate the health care system and get treated quickly after her diagnosis. But it wasn’t easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an educated, white, highly knowledgeable health care professional,” she said, “and it is still overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN's coverage in California is supported in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueshieldcafoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Shield of California Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444169/californians-living-longer-with-cancer-some-longer-than-others","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444169"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_264","futureofyou_1609","futureofyou_103","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_80"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444175","label":"source_futureofyou_444169"},"futureofyou_444164":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444164","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444164","score":null,"sort":[1535655075000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fda-investigating-how-a-potential-carcinogen-found-its-way-in-heart-drugs","title":"FDA Investigating How a Potential Carcinogen Found its Way in Heart Drugs","publishDate":1535655075,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Heart health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>After learning an ingredient used to make a widely prescribed heart drug contained a substance linked to cancer, the Food and Drug Administration is now testing all drugs in that class for traces of the toxic material.[contextly_sidebar id=\"M4JEVSEfDDhDw0n3meqWeaJPT6i8AOwO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The probe into angiotensin II receptor blockers is part of a widening investigation into a mystery over an impurity known as NDMA, which was found last month in generic valsartan blood pressure pills made by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. NDMA, which is considered a possible carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, is an organic chemical once used to make rocket fuel and is an unintended by-product of certain chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The finding caused widespread concern and product recalls by several manufacturers as the FDA and regulators from other countries scrambled to determine how the substance found its way into the medicine. The FDA issued a statement saying it believes the problem occurred “through a specific sequence of steps in the manufacturing process,” but the agency is “still not 100 percent sure this is the root cause.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous companies either manufacture or repackage these drugs, which are regularly used to combat high blood pressure and heart failure. As of now, they noted that more than half of all valsartan medicines that are on the market are being recalled.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sIS8BD5zF1nXJWO6PonqzMGSpfqDl0Bs\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India that are large ingredients manufacturers, but have a history of inconsistent — some say inadequate — government oversight. A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2017/01/17/fda-drug-safety-inspections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found the FDA was struggling to assess its overseas inspection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of such concerns, the FDA statement took pains to explain the steps taken by the agency to respond to the NDMA problem. These included \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alerts\u003c/a> issued to patients and health care providers on the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web site\u003c/a>; analysis by FDA staff at its St. Louis laboratory; communicating with regulators in Canada, Europe, and Japan; and inspecting Zhejiang Huahai facilities in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the FDA reiterated an earlier alert that attempted to put the risk into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimated that if 8,000 people took the highest valsartan dose of 320 mg in a pill containing NDMA daily for four years — which is the amount of time the FDA believes the affected pill had been on the U.S. market — there may be one additional case of cancer over their lifetimes beyond the average cancer rate among Americans.[contextly_sidebar id=\"enNQmG13yKJp90szHVrMT1LH85pc4uKY\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This estimate represented the highest possible level of NDMA exposure. It was a measure of the risk under the most extreme circumstances. Most patients who were exposed to the impurity through the use of valsartan received less exposure than this worst-case scenario,” Gottlieb and Woodcock wrote in a bid to reassure the public about the likelihood of the risk of developing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they added that they plan to use what they learn from this scare to “inform assessments of product applications being submitted and currently reviewed by the FDA. We will disseminate that information to manufacturers of all drugs and to the scientific community and re-evaluate our existing guidance to manufacturers.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1535655075,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":556},"headData":{"title":"FDA Investigating How a Potential Carcinogen Found its Way in Heart Drugs | KQED","description":"The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"444164 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444164","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/30/fda-investigating-how-a-potential-carcinogen-found-its-way-in-heart-drugs/","disqusTitle":"FDA Investigating How a Potential Carcinogen Found its Way in Heart Drugs","source":"Health","nprByline":"Ed Silverman\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/444164/fda-investigating-how-a-potential-carcinogen-found-its-way-in-heart-drugs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After learning an ingredient used to make a widely prescribed heart drug contained a substance linked to cancer, the Food and Drug Administration is now testing all drugs in that class for traces of the toxic material.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The probe into angiotensin II receptor blockers is part of a widening investigation into a mystery over an impurity known as NDMA, which was found last month in generic valsartan blood pressure pills made by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. NDMA, which is considered a possible carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, is an organic chemical once used to make rocket fuel and is an unintended by-product of certain chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The finding caused widespread concern and product recalls by several manufacturers as the FDA and regulators from other countries scrambled to determine how the substance found its way into the medicine. The FDA issued a statement saying it believes the problem occurred “through a specific sequence of steps in the manufacturing process,” but the agency is “still not 100 percent sure this is the root cause.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous companies either manufacture or repackage these drugs, which are regularly used to combat high blood pressure and heart failure. As of now, they noted that more than half of all valsartan medicines that are on the market are being recalled.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India that are large ingredients manufacturers, but have a history of inconsistent — some say inadequate — government oversight. A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2017/01/17/fda-drug-safety-inspections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found the FDA was struggling to assess its overseas inspection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of such concerns, the FDA statement took pains to explain the steps taken by the agency to respond to the NDMA problem. These included \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alerts\u003c/a> issued to patients and health care providers on the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web site\u003c/a>; analysis by FDA staff at its St. Louis laboratory; communicating with regulators in Canada, Europe, and Japan; and inspecting Zhejiang Huahai facilities in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the FDA reiterated an earlier alert that attempted to put the risk into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimated that if 8,000 people took the highest valsartan dose of 320 mg in a pill containing NDMA daily for four years — which is the amount of time the FDA believes the affected pill had been on the U.S. market — there may be one additional case of cancer over their lifetimes beyond the average cancer rate among Americans.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This estimate represented the highest possible level of NDMA exposure. It was a measure of the risk under the most extreme circumstances. Most patients who were exposed to the impurity through the use of valsartan received less exposure than this worst-case scenario,” Gottlieb and Woodcock wrote in a bid to reassure the public about the likelihood of the risk of developing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they added that they plan to use what they learn from this scare to “inform assessments of product applications being submitted and currently reviewed by the FDA. We will disseminate that information to manufacturers of all drugs and to the scientific community and re-evaluate our existing guidance to manufacturers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444164/fda-investigating-how-a-potential-carcinogen-found-its-way-in-heart-drugs","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444164"],"series":["futureofyou_350"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_103","futureofyou_952","futureofyou_38","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_279"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444163","label":"source_futureofyou_444164"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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