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She is also co-founder of Ladies Who Vino, a networking group for women in technology and business.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christina Farr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cfarr"},"lindseyhoshaw":{"type":"authors","id":"5432","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"5432","found":true},"name":"Lindsey Hoshaw","firstName":"Lindsey","lastName":"Hoshaw","slug":"lindseyhoshaw","email":"lhoshaw@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Lindsey Hoshaw is a former interactive producer for KQED Science. Before joining KQED, Lindsey was a science correspondent for The New York Times, The Boston Globe, Forbes and Scientific American. On Twitter @lindseyhoshaw","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/274b07694c998eaa8f26cfabaa941186?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"lindseyhoshaw","facebook":"lindsey.hoshaw.9","instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["author"]},{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"bayareabites","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["edit_theme_options","subscriber"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_post_subscriptions","edit_usergroups","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload","leadcoordinator","editor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lindsey Hoshaw | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/274b07694c998eaa8f26cfabaa941186?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/274b07694c998eaa8f26cfabaa941186?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lindseyhoshaw"},"dpotter":{"type":"authors","id":"6609","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6609","found":true},"name":"Daniel Potter","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Potter","slug":"dpotter","email":"dpotter@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Daniel Potter is a reporter for KQED Science. Before that, he worked at Nashville Public Radio for six years. He’s gathered tape for The New York Times, contributed to a growing list of podcasts, and done national features for NPR on everything from bats to meningitis. He tweets at @hellodanpo.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"hellodanpo","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Daniel Potter | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59396b9ad9c672dd4cd1d3e453425f12?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dpotter"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_444281":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444281","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444281","score":null,"sort":[1536178859000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start","title":"Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start","publishDate":1536178859,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nLB0LaskunDkFSzX8O5LVSxfj3Ayt7CZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"FMPymRVSamCP4f8RpmzlwSdu0yioj0rt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.[contextly_sidebar id=\"g6IAb2xjtv0z0Te9cBhCwQAn8pi68Yxx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Partial results for gene editing study give promising signs that the treatment may be safe and have at least some of its hoped - for effect.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1536177185,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1104},"headData":{"title":"Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start | KQED","description":"Partial results for gene editing study give promising signs that the treatment may be safe and have at least some of its hoped - for effect.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start","datePublished":"2018-09-05T20:20:59.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-05T19:53:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444281 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444281","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/05/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start/","disqusTitle":"Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start","source":"Your Genes","nprByline":"Marilynn Marchione\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/444281/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444281/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444281"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_647","futureofyou_103","futureofyou_295"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444292","label":"source_futureofyou_444281"},"futureofyou_440163":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440163","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440163","score":null,"sort":[1521071132000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"biotech-tries-to-break-bread-with-silicon-valleys-disruptors-its-awkward","title":"Biotech Tries To Break Bread With Silicon Valley’s Disruptors. It’s Awkward.","publishDate":1521071132,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Startup Culture | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The multitrillion-dollar drug industry is trying to disrupt with the kids, and it’s running into a communications gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At SXSW, the weeklong TED Talk with a music festival in there somewhere, biotech this week has been trying to elbow its way into a conference that has ceded most of its time to tech, with its promises of a currency revolution, Martian colonization, and a hack for anything that moves.[contextly_sidebar id=\"b3t2Gwn1qYHaRu5v5ezcsHmmU5wc8UBh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Uber and Spotify hosted line-out-the-door events that fit the SXSW ethos, the drug industry’s efforts have mostly amounted to awkward attempts to speak the native language, like when Bristol-Myers Squibb, a 130-year-old pharmaceutical giant, tried to entice conference-goers with a session on “hacking childhood cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a biotech-focused panel on drugs to stop aging. And a steeped-in-science discussion of how new technologies might be used to boost brain performance. But each was dwarfed, in interest and attendance, by tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasons for the culture collision may be self-evident. No one told Larry Page he needed a placebo-controlled clinical trial to search the internet, and no one forced Mark Zuckerberg to endure a Food and Drug Administration inspection. Why should the would-be disruptors of biology play by biotech’s rules?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the culture of Silicon Valley — move quickly, break objects — doesn’t always jibe with the realities of biotech. Investment timelines are painfully long and scientific sparks more often than not go dim on closer inspection. California’s moneyed incumbents didn’t get rich off the life sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That phenomenon exists, pointing out that the tech VCs don’t have Ph.D.s,” said Laura Deming, founder of a biotech venture capital firm called Longevity Fund, based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-129\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"546\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Deming believes the phenomenon is more a reflection of time than seriousness. Not long ago, biotech funds were staffed by investors who made money elsewhere and saw promise in the drug business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I talk to these biotech VCs and it’s like, ‘Look, guys, your lead partner is an investment banker,’” Deming said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes tech investors will catch up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Hack Your Employees’\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDeming has a foot in both worlds. Her fund, which raised $22 million last year, is focused on biotech companies that do drug development the old-fashioned way, with patented molecules and clinical trials and interminable meetings with the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her bio reads like Silicon Valley fan fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeschooled in New Zealand, she became fascinated by the concept of aging when she was 8, wrapping her head around why her elderly grandmother could not do the same things as the rest of her family. At 11, she cold-emailed Cynthia Kenyon, a University of California, San Francisco, scientist renowned for her work in the field, and by 12, she had a job in Kenyon’s lab. Then, at 16, she enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from which she would, of course, drop out after two years in order to return to the Valley and become a VC.[contextly_sidebar id=\"EBaaTzfCuKbBQA4p0bc9SKblWtuWTEfX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Literally, I looked like a preteen, and I couldn’t talk to people,” she said of her early fundraising efforts. Now she’s 23, and Longevity Fund has stakes in five biotech startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them is Unity Biotechnology, a company hoping to blunt the effects of aging by targeting bodily cells that are too old to multiply. Unity President Ned David, in a leather motorcycle jacket and a painted-on Joy Division shirt, delivered a SXSW presentation that, while lively, was not dissimilar to what biotech companies do at investor conferences — here’s how our drug works and here’s how and when we’re going to test it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet as David explained the long regulatory road awaiting his company as it worked through clinical trials, a man looked up from his MacBook Air to ask what “biohacks” — diets, sleep schedules, drugs used without a doctor’s OK — might do the exact same thing right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Literally, I looked like a preteen, and I couldn’t talk to people.' \u003ccite>Laura Deming, Longevity Fund\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At SXSW, that’s a popular question. The day before, in a ballroom roughly four times as large as the one that hosted Unity, attendees packed in to ask the same question and hope for a different answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m here to make the argument that you have a moral imperative, if you’re an employer, to hack your employees,” said Dave Asprey, founder of Bulletproof 360, during a session called “Would You Let Your Boss Biohack You?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asprey’s company sells products with names like Brain Octane Oil, containing supplements Silicon Valley calls \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/19/brain-hackers-nootropics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nootropics\u003c/a>, which are purported to enhance cognitive function. He is also a biohacker. That means he takes nootropics to improve his performance in life, refuses to ingest a long list of chemicals that includes fluoride, and averages six hours and six minutes of sleep every night. During his talk, Asprey was wearing sienna-toned sunglasses, which, he explained, were hacking the light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Bulletproof, every employee has access to nootropics and is encouraged to expand his or her mind accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asprey is particularly fond of modafinil, which he calls “the Limitless drug” in reference to a 2011 movie in which Bradley Cooper finds a pill that makes him a genius. Sold under the brand name Provigil, modafinil got Asprey through the Wharton School, he said, and it has “the safety profile of ibuprofen,” a statement with which the Drug Enforcement Administration would disagree.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qF9rRUa2RjIaBihZWnAUPSxFoiPwZ5DN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, a professor of biomedical ethics at Stanford, finds the whole thing a little absurd. Most nootropics are innocuous supplements with insufficient data to back up their claims but no safety risks that should preclude their use, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for modafinil, “it’s great for staying awake, and I guess staying awake is a cognitive enhancement,” Greely said. But clinical trials on stimulants like modafinil have led to mixed or negative results on whether drug-induced wakefulness actually makes people better at using their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bad news is, right now the best thing we have is pretty much caffeine,” Greely said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet Dr. Grasshopper\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf science might turn up its nose at the disruptors, some disruptors are prepared to return the favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heshan Illangkoon is a self-diagnosed polymath who divides his time as an entrepreneur in residence at the University of Florida between astrobiology and synthetic biology. He goes by Dr. Grasshopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among his scores of business ideas is one derived from surprisingly hairy mice. He and his fellow Ph.D. scientists dosed lab mice with a bunch of insulin and noticed that they began sprouting hair. When they took a look at the follicles, they realized it was the result of a hormone called IG1, which reared up in response to the insulin. Now they’ve got plans to whip up a hormone-laced gel they believe could safely replicate that phenomenon on the bald pates of humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a billion-dollar product right there,” Illangkoon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what about the years-long process of getting FDA approval?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If science might turn up its nose at the disruptors, some disruptors are prepared to return the favor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Illangkoon responded with a not-fit-for-print suggestion for what could be done with the FDA. He then retrieved from the pocket of his pastel pink pants a handheld genome sequencer to demonstrate how new technology has democratized what had once been monopolized by the gatekeepers of Big Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the floor of SXSW’s cavernous trade show, biotech wasn’t faring any better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crowd flocked to demonstrations of augmented reality machines and VR headsets, stepping around carpet-bound robots that promised to broadcast WiFi, stage a lightsaber duel, or just fetch a beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Away from the hordes, tucked in the southwest corner of the sprawling convention center were SXSW’s “health” exhibitors, a crop of personal genomics companies and medical data startups that attracted a fraction of the onlookers one can get with a dancing robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YK3tCyprCw9U67hDxs8Ds6zbFCpwuA0L\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only biotech exhibitor was Foregen, a company “promoting genital integrity through regenerative medicine,” according to the business card of Tyler Drozd, its lead director. That means using stem cells to turn foreskins from a donor into transplantable tissues for men who seeking to reverse their circumcisions or just otherwise want a new foreskin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there a market for that? Drozd says there are 130 million men who “might be interested” in the U.S. alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s 3,000 more every day,” said Drozd, who uses air quotes when speaking the phrase “circumcision for medical reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foregen is currently crowdfunded, but it’s working with “a Wall Street guy” to raise a Series A and hopes to start human clinical trials in 2019, Drozd said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside, a man made laps around the conference on a motorized scooter, wearing a sign with the word “Circumcision” followed by emojis depicting vomiting, being sad, and weeping in agony, and ending with a simple directive: “YouTube that ish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His work was unrelated to Foregen’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/14/sxsw-biotech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The culture of Silicon Valley doesn’t always jibe with the realities of biotech. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521074455,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":1654},"headData":{"title":"Biotech Tries To Break Bread With Silicon Valley’s Disruptors. It’s Awkward. | KQED","description":"The culture of Silicon Valley doesn’t always jibe with the realities of biotech. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Biotech Tries To Break Bread With Silicon Valley’s Disruptors. It’s Awkward.","datePublished":"2018-03-14T23:45:32.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-15T00:40:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440163 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440163","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/14/biotech-tries-to-break-bread-with-silicon-valleys-disruptors-its-awkward/","disqusTitle":"Biotech Tries To Break Bread With Silicon Valley’s Disruptors. It’s Awkward.","source":"Startup Culture","nprByline":"Damian Garde\u003cbr />STAT News","path":"/futureofyou/440163/biotech-tries-to-break-bread-with-silicon-valleys-disruptors-its-awkward","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The multitrillion-dollar drug industry is trying to disrupt with the kids, and it’s running into a communications gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At SXSW, the weeklong TED Talk with a music festival in there somewhere, biotech this week has been trying to elbow its way into a conference that has ceded most of its time to tech, with its promises of a currency revolution, Martian colonization, and a hack for anything that moves.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Uber and Spotify hosted line-out-the-door events that fit the SXSW ethos, the drug industry’s efforts have mostly amounted to awkward attempts to speak the native language, like when Bristol-Myers Squibb, a 130-year-old pharmaceutical giant, tried to entice conference-goers with a session on “hacking childhood cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a biotech-focused panel on drugs to stop aging. And a steeped-in-science discussion of how new technologies might be used to boost brain performance. But each was dwarfed, in interest and attendance, by tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasons for the culture collision may be self-evident. No one told Larry Page he needed a placebo-controlled clinical trial to search the internet, and no one forced Mark Zuckerberg to endure a Food and Drug Administration inspection. Why should the would-be disruptors of biology play by biotech’s rules?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the culture of Silicon Valley — move quickly, break objects — doesn’t always jibe with the realities of biotech. Investment timelines are painfully long and scientific sparks more often than not go dim on closer inspection. California’s moneyed incumbents didn’t get rich off the life sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That phenomenon exists, pointing out that the tech VCs don’t have Ph.D.s,” said Laura Deming, founder of a biotech venture capital firm called Longevity Fund, based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-129\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"546\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2014/09/Wojcicki-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Deming believes the phenomenon is more a reflection of time than seriousness. Not long ago, biotech funds were staffed by investors who made money elsewhere and saw promise in the drug business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I talk to these biotech VCs and it’s like, ‘Look, guys, your lead partner is an investment banker,’” Deming said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She believes tech investors will catch up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Hack Your Employees’\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDeming has a foot in both worlds. Her fund, which raised $22 million last year, is focused on biotech companies that do drug development the old-fashioned way, with patented molecules and clinical trials and interminable meetings with the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her bio reads like Silicon Valley fan fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeschooled in New Zealand, she became fascinated by the concept of aging when she was 8, wrapping her head around why her elderly grandmother could not do the same things as the rest of her family. At 11, she cold-emailed Cynthia Kenyon, a University of California, San Francisco, scientist renowned for her work in the field, and by 12, she had a job in Kenyon’s lab. Then, at 16, she enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from which she would, of course, drop out after two years in order to return to the Valley and become a VC.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Literally, I looked like a preteen, and I couldn’t talk to people,” she said of her early fundraising efforts. Now she’s 23, and Longevity Fund has stakes in five biotech startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them is Unity Biotechnology, a company hoping to blunt the effects of aging by targeting bodily cells that are too old to multiply. Unity President Ned David, in a leather motorcycle jacket and a painted-on Joy Division shirt, delivered a SXSW presentation that, while lively, was not dissimilar to what biotech companies do at investor conferences — here’s how our drug works and here’s how and when we’re going to test it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet as David explained the long regulatory road awaiting his company as it worked through clinical trials, a man looked up from his MacBook Air to ask what “biohacks” — diets, sleep schedules, drugs used without a doctor’s OK — might do the exact same thing right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Literally, I looked like a preteen, and I couldn’t talk to people.' \u003ccite>Laura Deming, Longevity Fund\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At SXSW, that’s a popular question. The day before, in a ballroom roughly four times as large as the one that hosted Unity, attendees packed in to ask the same question and hope for a different answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m here to make the argument that you have a moral imperative, if you’re an employer, to hack your employees,” said Dave Asprey, founder of Bulletproof 360, during a session called “Would You Let Your Boss Biohack You?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asprey’s company sells products with names like Brain Octane Oil, containing supplements Silicon Valley calls \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/19/brain-hackers-nootropics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nootropics\u003c/a>, which are purported to enhance cognitive function. He is also a biohacker. That means he takes nootropics to improve his performance in life, refuses to ingest a long list of chemicals that includes fluoride, and averages six hours and six minutes of sleep every night. During his talk, Asprey was wearing sienna-toned sunglasses, which, he explained, were hacking the light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Bulletproof, every employee has access to nootropics and is encouraged to expand his or her mind accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asprey is particularly fond of modafinil, which he calls “the Limitless drug” in reference to a 2011 movie in which Bradley Cooper finds a pill that makes him a genius. Sold under the brand name Provigil, modafinil got Asprey through the Wharton School, he said, and it has “the safety profile of ibuprofen,” a statement with which the Drug Enforcement Administration would disagree.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, a professor of biomedical ethics at Stanford, finds the whole thing a little absurd. Most nootropics are innocuous supplements with insufficient data to back up their claims but no safety risks that should preclude their use, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for modafinil, “it’s great for staying awake, and I guess staying awake is a cognitive enhancement,” Greely said. But clinical trials on stimulants like modafinil have led to mixed or negative results on whether drug-induced wakefulness actually makes people better at using their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bad news is, right now the best thing we have is pretty much caffeine,” Greely said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet Dr. Grasshopper\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf science might turn up its nose at the disruptors, some disruptors are prepared to return the favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heshan Illangkoon is a self-diagnosed polymath who divides his time as an entrepreneur in residence at the University of Florida between astrobiology and synthetic biology. He goes by Dr. Grasshopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among his scores of business ideas is one derived from surprisingly hairy mice. He and his fellow Ph.D. scientists dosed lab mice with a bunch of insulin and noticed that they began sprouting hair. When they took a look at the follicles, they realized it was the result of a hormone called IG1, which reared up in response to the insulin. Now they’ve got plans to whip up a hormone-laced gel they believe could safely replicate that phenomenon on the bald pates of humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a billion-dollar product right there,” Illangkoon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what about the years-long process of getting FDA approval?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If science might turn up its nose at the disruptors, some disruptors are prepared to return the favor.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Illangkoon responded with a not-fit-for-print suggestion for what could be done with the FDA. He then retrieved from the pocket of his pastel pink pants a handheld genome sequencer to demonstrate how new technology has democratized what had once been monopolized by the gatekeepers of Big Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the floor of SXSW’s cavernous trade show, biotech wasn’t faring any better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crowd flocked to demonstrations of augmented reality machines and VR headsets, stepping around carpet-bound robots that promised to broadcast WiFi, stage a lightsaber duel, or just fetch a beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Away from the hordes, tucked in the southwest corner of the sprawling convention center were SXSW’s “health” exhibitors, a crop of personal genomics companies and medical data startups that attracted a fraction of the onlookers one can get with a dancing robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only biotech exhibitor was Foregen, a company “promoting genital integrity through regenerative medicine,” according to the business card of Tyler Drozd, its lead director. That means using stem cells to turn foreskins from a donor into transplantable tissues for men who seeking to reverse their circumcisions or just otherwise want a new foreskin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there a market for that? Drozd says there are 130 million men who “might be interested” in the U.S. alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s 3,000 more every day,” said Drozd, who uses air quotes when speaking the phrase “circumcision for medical reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foregen is currently crowdfunded, but it’s working with “a Wall Street guy” to raise a Series A and hopes to start human clinical trials in 2019, Drozd said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside, a man made laps around the conference on a motorized scooter, wearing a sign with the word “Circumcision” followed by emojis depicting vomiting, being sad, and weeping in agony, and ending with a simple directive: “YouTube that ish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His work was unrelated to Foregen’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/14/sxsw-biotech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440163/biotech-tries-to-break-bread-with-silicon-valleys-disruptors-its-awkward","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440163"],"series":["futureofyou_110"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_1166","futureofyou_647","futureofyou_509","futureofyou_87","futureofyou_109","futureofyou_35","futureofyou_340"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440165","label":"source_futureofyou_440163"},"futureofyou_256179":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_256179","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"256179","score":null,"sort":[1475532327000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"usc-looks-to-make-east-l-a-a-hub-for-biotech","title":"USC Looks to Make East L.A. a Hub for Biotech","publishDate":1475532327,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The University of Southern California is working to make East Los Angeles a hub for biotech research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e’re hoping to develop our biotech industry in order to basically keep our students and stop the brain drain,\" says Martha Escutia, USC’s vice president of government relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort picked up steam in 2012, when the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors commissioned a \u003ca href=\"http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/bc/217012_REPORTONCONSULTANTEVALUATIONFORAPOTENTIALCOUNTYWIDEBIOTECHNOLOGY.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">master plan\u003c/a> for developing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0226-nikias-los-angeles-biotech-corridor-20150226-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">local biotech industry\u003c/a> that could make L.A. competitive with similar initiatives in San Francisco and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to develop a biotech center stems in part from the unavailability of local jobs in the field. In 2010, higher education institutions in Los Angeles County graduated more than 5,000 students with bioscience-related degrees. Many, however, have had to leave the region to find work. It took L.A. county nearly a decade, from 2001 to 2010, to add just 4,500 bioscience jobs, according to the master plan. Among the regional impediments for biotech firms is a lack of laboratory and office space close to research universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285881433\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biotech hub would expand USC’s existing medical campus in East L.A. and is a high priority for USC president C.L. Max Nikias, who says dozens of biotech startups with roots in USC research have left the region to set up shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are at the dawn of this new technological revolution, which is biotech,\" Nikias says. \"I don't want us to be marginalized or fall behind in this new industrial revolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To that end, he says, USC has recruited dozens of professors in bioscience fields over the past several years. Research institutes on brain science, Alzheimer's treatment and diabetes and obesity are located at the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USC's proposal for a biotech hub is a partnership with the California Institute of Technology, whose scientists would potentially be able to locate their startups in the area; and the Los Angeles Unified School District. Nikias envisions establishing a training center in the area for high school and community college graduates who want biotech jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at USC say the hub could create 3,000 construction and 4,000 permanent jobs that would provide employment opportunities in the largely Latino, low-income neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Now why wouldn’t we want to have that in L.A.?\" Escutia says. \"And why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But county officials have told USC that to move forward with the proposal, the university must first address the concerns of the area's existing community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally,” says Abel Salas, a poet who lives and works out of a warehouse space a few blocks north of the USC expansion site. He and others worry it could displace residents and won’t live up to the promise of job training for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t seem realistic to expect people who are among the poorest and least likely to graduate from high school … to suddenly be trained or retrained to have a biotech job, and what’s going to happen to them?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university held its first community information meeting on Saturday. If the plan moves forward, it also requires a land deal between USC and L.A. County, which is still being hammered out.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"'(W)e’re hoping to develop our biotech industry in order to basically keep our students and stop the brain drain,' says USC official.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475595222,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":674},"headData":{"title":"USC Looks to Make East L.A. a Hub for Biotech | KQED","description":"'(W)e’re hoping to develop our biotech industry in order to basically keep our students and stop the brain drain,' says USC official.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"USC Looks to Make East L.A. a Hub for Biotech","datePublished":"2016-10-03T22:05:27.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-04T15:33:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"256179 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=256179","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/03/usc-looks-to-make-east-l-a-a-hub-for-biotech/","disqusTitle":"USC Looks to Make East L.A. a Hub for Biotech","source":"Future of You","nprByline":"\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/author/scuevas/\">Steven Cuevas\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/author/katsnow/\">Kat Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","path":"/futureofyou/256179/usc-looks-to-make-east-l-a-a-hub-for-biotech","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The University of Southern California is working to make East Los Angeles a hub for biotech research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e’re hoping to develop our biotech industry in order to basically keep our students and stop the brain drain,\" says Martha Escutia, USC’s vice president of government relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort picked up steam in 2012, when the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors commissioned a \u003ca href=\"http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/bc/217012_REPORTONCONSULTANTEVALUATIONFORAPOTENTIALCOUNTYWIDEBIOTECHNOLOGY.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">master plan\u003c/a> for developing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0226-nikias-los-angeles-biotech-corridor-20150226-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">local biotech industry\u003c/a> that could make L.A. competitive with similar initiatives in San Francisco and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to develop a biotech center stems in part from the unavailability of local jobs in the field. In 2010, higher education institutions in Los Angeles County graduated more than 5,000 students with bioscience-related degrees. Many, however, have had to leave the region to find work. It took L.A. county nearly a decade, from 2001 to 2010, to add just 4,500 bioscience jobs, according to the master plan. Among the regional impediments for biotech firms is a lack of laboratory and office space close to research universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285881433&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285881433'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biotech hub would expand USC’s existing medical campus in East L.A. and is a high priority for USC president C.L. Max Nikias, who says dozens of biotech startups with roots in USC research have left the region to set up shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are at the dawn of this new technological revolution, which is biotech,\" Nikias says. \"I don't want us to be marginalized or fall behind in this new industrial revolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To that end, he says, USC has recruited dozens of professors in bioscience fields over the past several years. Research institutes on brain science, Alzheimer's treatment and diabetes and obesity are located at the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USC's proposal for a biotech hub is a partnership with the California Institute of Technology, whose scientists would potentially be able to locate their startups in the area; and the Los Angeles Unified School District. Nikias envisions establishing a training center in the area for high school and community college graduates who want biotech jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at USC say the hub could create 3,000 construction and 4,000 permanent jobs that would provide employment opportunities in the largely Latino, low-income neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Now why wouldn’t we want to have that in L.A.?\" Escutia says. \"And why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But county officials have told USC that to move forward with the proposal, the university must first address the concerns of the area's existing community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally,” says Abel Salas, a poet who lives and works out of a warehouse space a few blocks north of the USC expansion site. He and others worry it could displace residents and won’t live up to the promise of job training for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t seem realistic to expect people who are among the poorest and least likely to graduate from high school … to suddenly be trained or retrained to have a biotech job, and what’s going to happen to them?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university held its first community information meeting on Saturday. If the plan moves forward, it also requires a land deal between USC and L.A. County, which is still being hammered out.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/256179/usc-looks-to-make-east-l-a-a-hub-for-biotech","authors":["byline_futureofyou_256179"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_647","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_256674","label":"source_futureofyou_256179"},"futureofyou_94302":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_94302","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"94302","score":null,"sort":[1452845049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley","title":"CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley","publishDate":1452845049,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This isn't an everyday patent dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a battle for who invented the powerful gene-editing technique that Science magazine named the Breakthrough of the Year for 2015: CRISPR-Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">a molecular scalpel\u003c/a> that uses the enzyme Cas9 to locate and snip out bits of DNA. One day it could cut out and replace the tiny bit of mutant genetic material that contributes to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.'\u003ccite>Mildred Cho, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process could yield new therapies for certain cancers or genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, billions of dollars are at stake that could flow either to UC Berkeley or to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> (rhymes with \"road\") in Cambridge, Mass., jointly owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) agreed this week to resolve the competing claims for the discovery of the revolutionary tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the office declared an interference, recognizing a conflict between \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US8697359\">patent rights granted\u003c/a> to the Broad Institute and rights claimed by a pending \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> patent application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoever gets the patent will be an important player in university research and the future of medicine, because that institution will set the terms for how the technology is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the case also raises serious questions about the ethics surrounding sole ownership of a life-saving device or technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>PATENT FILING TIMELINE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-invent” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>September 16, 2011:\u003c/strong> Leahy-Smith America Invents Act signed into law\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 25, 2012:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>December 12, 2012:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 15, 2013:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley files a completed patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 16, 2013:\u003c/strong> The Act goes into effect\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-file” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 13, 2013:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute files an expedited patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Tricky Timeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute were working on CRISPR simultaneously. Biologists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier led Berkeley's research. Synthetic biologist Feng Zhang led research at Broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each institution filed patent claims—UC Berkeley filed first—and while they were filing, the U.S. changed the terms of how it awards patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2013, the U.S. operated under a \"first to invent\" rule: whomever developed the invention first was awarded the patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leahy-Smith_America_Invents_Act\">Leahy-Smith America Invents Act\u003c/a> took effect in March 2013, a “first-to-file” system became law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang's team filed after the \"first-to-file\" rule was enacted and paid extra to have its application expedited. The average wait time for patent approval is three years but an expedited patent application takes around a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while UC Berkeley's application was under review the USPTO approved Zhang's application, even though it was submitted later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, having granted an interference, the USPTO will determine which team was the first to invent the gene-editing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each side will have to prove, via notes and lab records, that it was the first inventor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Doudna's team wins, all 13 of the Broad's CRISPR patents will be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions Riding on One Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/patent-battle-brews-celgene-leads-64m-raise-crispr-therapeutics/2015-04-28\">already making money off CRISPR\u003c/a>. Startups that use the tool, like \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, have raised millions in venture capital funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \" width=\"331\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg 405w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption-400x444.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \u003ccite>(David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Editas Medicine in Cambridge, which uses CRISPR to develop novel drugs, filed to go public late last year and set its initial public offering at $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This patent is potentially worth billions of dollars,\" says Stanford University bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\">Mildred Cho\u003c/a>. \"Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts caution that the patent for CRISPR-Cas9 is just one of many possible CRISPR patents. Cas9 is an enzyme used in the gene-editing technique, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n6/abs/nrmicro2577.html\" target=\"_blank\">many enzymes\u003c/a> that could be used. How lucrative any one patent is depends on how broadly or narrowly it's written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the patent is awarded, a lot rides on how the patent is enforced. Cho says the patent holder may encourage other groups to use the technology for a small fee or it could assert its monopoly ownership and charge exorbitant fees for its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Universities across the country are watching this case, says New York Law School Associate Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jake Sherkow\u003c/a>, both for what it will tell them about their own abilities to pursue similar research, or file for lucrative patent claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Other universities may be more aggressive about pursuing patents because of this case,\" Sherkow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even bigger than this is the ethical question, according to Cho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should Life-Saving Health Tools Be Patented?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"W3NFPgf5ldgwcoylE8W7c9dtbvsSZL94\"]\"If this biotech is going to cure previously incurable diseases through altering DNA, do we allow patent holders to collect royalties and if so how much?\" Cho asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should they even be allowed to have those patents at all?\" she continues. \"Should we have the same considerations for patents used for health purposes as other types of patents that apply to phones and cars?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victor won't be announced in 2016. Sherkow says the trial will take years. It could go all the way to the Supreme Court, but he says that's not likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chances of it going to the Supreme Court are only slightly better than the Powerball we had [this week],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three members of the Patent Appeals and Interferences Board will start discussing the case on March 9.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This week, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said it would review conflicting claims for a revolutionary gene-editing technique, known as CRISPR–Cas9.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1458627617,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley | KQED","description":"This week, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said it would review conflicting claims for a revolutionary gene-editing technique, known as CRISPR–Cas9.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley","datePublished":"2016-01-15T08:04:09.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-22T06:20:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"94302 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=94302","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley/","disqusTitle":"CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley","source":"Big Ideas","path":"/futureofyou/94302/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This isn't an everyday patent dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a battle for who invented the powerful gene-editing technique that Science magazine named the Breakthrough of the Year for 2015: CRISPR-Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">a molecular scalpel\u003c/a> that uses the enzyme Cas9 to locate and snip out bits of DNA. One day it could cut out and replace the tiny bit of mutant genetic material that contributes to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.'\u003ccite>Mildred Cho, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process could yield new therapies for certain cancers or genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, billions of dollars are at stake that could flow either to UC Berkeley or to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> (rhymes with \"road\") in Cambridge, Mass., jointly owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) agreed this week to resolve the competing claims for the discovery of the revolutionary tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the office declared an interference, recognizing a conflict between \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US8697359\">patent rights granted\u003c/a> to the Broad Institute and rights claimed by a pending \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> patent application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoever gets the patent will be an important player in university research and the future of medicine, because that institution will set the terms for how the technology is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the case also raises serious questions about the ethics surrounding sole ownership of a life-saving device or technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>PATENT FILING TIMELINE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-invent” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>September 16, 2011:\u003c/strong> Leahy-Smith America Invents Act signed into law\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 25, 2012:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>December 12, 2012:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 15, 2013:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley files a completed patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 16, 2013:\u003c/strong> The Act goes into effect\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-file” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 13, 2013:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute files an expedited patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Tricky Timeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute were working on CRISPR simultaneously. Biologists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier led Berkeley's research. Synthetic biologist Feng Zhang led research at Broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each institution filed patent claims—UC Berkeley filed first—and while they were filing, the U.S. changed the terms of how it awards patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2013, the U.S. operated under a \"first to invent\" rule: whomever developed the invention first was awarded the patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leahy-Smith_America_Invents_Act\">Leahy-Smith America Invents Act\u003c/a> took effect in March 2013, a “first-to-file” system became law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang's team filed after the \"first-to-file\" rule was enacted and paid extra to have its application expedited. The average wait time for patent approval is three years but an expedited patent application takes around a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while UC Berkeley's application was under review the USPTO approved Zhang's application, even though it was submitted later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, having granted an interference, the USPTO will determine which team was the first to invent the gene-editing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each side will have to prove, via notes and lab records, that it was the first inventor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Doudna's team wins, all 13 of the Broad's CRISPR patents will be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions Riding on One Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/patent-battle-brews-celgene-leads-64m-raise-crispr-therapeutics/2015-04-28\">already making money off CRISPR\u003c/a>. Startups that use the tool, like \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, have raised millions in venture capital funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \" width=\"331\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg 405w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption-400x444.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \u003ccite>(David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Editas Medicine in Cambridge, which uses CRISPR to develop novel drugs, filed to go public late last year and set its initial public offering at $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This patent is potentially worth billions of dollars,\" says Stanford University bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\">Mildred Cho\u003c/a>. \"Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts caution that the patent for CRISPR-Cas9 is just one of many possible CRISPR patents. Cas9 is an enzyme used in the gene-editing technique, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n6/abs/nrmicro2577.html\" target=\"_blank\">many enzymes\u003c/a> that could be used. How lucrative any one patent is depends on how broadly or narrowly it's written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the patent is awarded, a lot rides on how the patent is enforced. Cho says the patent holder may encourage other groups to use the technology for a small fee or it could assert its monopoly ownership and charge exorbitant fees for its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Universities across the country are watching this case, says New York Law School Associate Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jake Sherkow\u003c/a>, both for what it will tell them about their own abilities to pursue similar research, or file for lucrative patent claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Other universities may be more aggressive about pursuing patents because of this case,\" Sherkow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even bigger than this is the ethical question, according to Cho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should Life-Saving Health Tools Be Patented?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"If this biotech is going to cure previously incurable diseases through altering DNA, do we allow patent holders to collect royalties and if so how much?\" Cho asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should they even be allowed to have those patents at all?\" she continues. \"Should we have the same considerations for patents used for health purposes as other types of patents that apply to phones and cars?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victor won't be announced in 2016. Sherkow says the trial will take years. It could go all the way to the Supreme Court, but he says that's not likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chances of it going to the Supreme Court are only slightly better than the Powerball we had [this week],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three members of the Patent Appeals and Interferences Board will start discussing the case on March 9.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/94302/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley","authors":["5432"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_647","futureofyou_94","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_709","futureofyou_702"],"featImg":"futureofyou_97441","label":"source_futureofyou_94302"},"futureofyou_62174":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_62174","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"62174","score":null,"sort":[1447059638000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"will-bioengineered-shark-fin-help-save-sharks","title":"Would You Eat Artificial Shark Fin?","publishDate":1447059638,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/11/SyntheticSharkFin.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the 100 million sharks \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/earth/oceans/100-million-sharks-killed-annually-130305.htm\" target=\"_blank\">killed each year\u003c/a> are slaughtered for their fins alone. The fins are used in shark fin soup, a prized delicacy in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of 10 states that have banned the sale of shark fins, to help protect the animals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature says one-third of all shark species are threatened with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a San Francisco-based startup hopes its technology will reduce demand for their fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newwavefoods.com/\" target=\"_blank\">New Wave Foods\u003c/a> is developing an imitation shark fin, called Smart Fin, that the company expects will be ready this summer. It's intended to be an alternative for a banned luxury item. About 30 chefs have already signed up to sell Smart Fin in their restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62197\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 393px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-797x600.png\" alt=\"Samples of fish collagen from New Wave\" width=\"393\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-797x600.png 797w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-400x301.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-1180x889.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-1920x1446.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-960x723.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of fish collagen from New Wave. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The founders of New Wave Foods—Jennifer Kaehms, Dominique Barnes and Michelle Wolf—are working to duplicate collagen, a protein that's the basic building block in the tissues of a shark’s fin. Wolf, New Wave's lead engineer, is focused on mimicking the texture, rather than taste, as shark fin itself is virtually tasteless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Collagen are these strands,\" Wolf says. \"They’re kind of like ropes. And they’re all sort of an amorphous, irregular structure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods CEO Jenny Kaehmes says they're starting with yeast and re-writing a little bit of its DNA. Instead of making more yeast, it churns out tiny ropes of collagen, which can then be mashed together to mimic the texture of shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re treating yeast and bacteria like protein factories,” she says. From there, it’s a matter of mashing the tiny building blocks of collagen into structures that mimic the gelatinous texture of shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62209\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-800x465.png\" alt=\"Andrew Harmon, Wild Aid\" width=\"488\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-800x465.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-400x233.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-1180x686.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-1920x1116.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-960x558.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Harmon, a spokesman from Wild Aid, shared his concerns about synthetic wildlife products. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods is developing its Smart Fin alongside a class of other startups enrolled in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebio.co/\" target=\"_blank\">IndieBio \u003c/a>accelerator program. \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">IndieBio offers startups access to a research lab, located a stone's throw from San Francisco's financial district, in return for equity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods is also working on a shrimp alternative made from seaweed. And several other startups are making animal-free products. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://signup.pembient.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Pembient\u003c/a> hit the headlines with its synthetic rhino horn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could Smart Fin Backfire?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods' approach is not without its skeptics. Some say the approach is well-meant, but it could backfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This timing strikes me as incredibly poor,” says Andrew Harmon with \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildaid.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WildAid\u003c/a>, a San Francisco environmental group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmon says conservationists have been focusing on shutting down demand for shark fin, and those efforts are starting to pay off in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The younger generation is really moving away from shark fin,\" Harmon says. \"The Chinese government has banned shark fin from official banquets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmon expressed concerns that making shark fin look cool again—even if it’s artificial—will undermine those efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He harbors similar reservations about the \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/tech/biotechnology/3d-printed-synthetic-rhino-horns-could-save-rhinos-150624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetically identical rhino horn\u003c/a> from Pembient. He says products like these can make it harder to catch those who sell the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"New Wave Foods Team: Jennifer Kaehms, Dominique Barnes, Michelle Wolf\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-1920x1441.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Wave Foods Team, Left to Right: Jennifer Kaehms, Dominique Barnes and Michelle Wolf. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Time and time again,” he says, \"we’ve seen that the legal trade in wildlife products only serves to provide cover for illegal shipments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, officials with California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife say it's unlikely restaurants would list the artificial product on their menus and then serve the real thing. One said that’d be like charging diners for cheap imitation crab, while serving much pricier real crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would You Eat Artificial Shark Fin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen if synthetic shark fin soup will be a hit with diners. But if it's any indication, one Bay Area chef has been experimenting with shark fin alternatives for years—with some success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey Lee runs Benu, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/travel/09restaurants.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">critically acclaimed\u003c/a> San Francisco restaurant that recently earned \u003ca href=\"http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/blog/2015/10/20/michelin-2016-stars-for-san-francisco-bay-area-manresa-elevated-to-three-stars-commis-and-campton-place-to-two/\" target=\"_blank\">3 Michelin stars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee starts with the same kind of broth as in traditional shark fin soup: ham and double-boiled chicken. He adds texture using what are called hydrocolloids, so he can press out fine brown strands, almost like noodles, that mimic the elastic snap of shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still serving it five years later,” says Lee, \"so I think it turned out well.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A San Francisco biotech startup wants to make synthetic shark fin soup out of microbes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1447180826,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":798},"headData":{"title":"Would You Eat Artificial Shark Fin? | KQED","description":"A San Francisco biotech startup wants to make synthetic shark fin soup out of microbes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Would You Eat Artificial Shark Fin?","datePublished":"2015-11-09T09:00:38.000Z","dateModified":"2015-11-10T18:40:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"62174 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=62174","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/11/09/will-bioengineered-shark-fin-help-save-sharks/","disqusTitle":"Would You Eat Artificial Shark Fin?","source":"Food Technology","path":"/futureofyou/62174/will-bioengineered-shark-fin-help-save-sharks","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/11/SyntheticSharkFin.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/11/SyntheticSharkFin.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many of the 100 million sharks \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/earth/oceans/100-million-sharks-killed-annually-130305.htm\" target=\"_blank\">killed each year\u003c/a> are slaughtered for their fins alone. The fins are used in shark fin soup, a prized delicacy in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of 10 states that have banned the sale of shark fins, to help protect the animals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature says one-third of all shark species are threatened with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a San Francisco-based startup hopes its technology will reduce demand for their fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.newwavefoods.com/\" target=\"_blank\">New Wave Foods\u003c/a> is developing an imitation shark fin, called Smart Fin, that the company expects will be ready this summer. It's intended to be an alternative for a banned luxury item. About 30 chefs have already signed up to sell Smart Fin in their restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62197\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 393px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62197\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-797x600.png\" alt=\"Samples of fish collagen from New Wave\" width=\"393\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-797x600.png 797w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-400x301.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-1180x889.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-1920x1446.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2123-e1446856384156-960x723.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of fish collagen from New Wave. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The founders of New Wave Foods—Jennifer Kaehms, Dominique Barnes and Michelle Wolf—are working to duplicate collagen, a protein that's the basic building block in the tissues of a shark’s fin. Wolf, New Wave's lead engineer, is focused on mimicking the texture, rather than taste, as shark fin itself is virtually tasteless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Collagen are these strands,\" Wolf says. \"They’re kind of like ropes. And they’re all sort of an amorphous, irregular structure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods CEO Jenny Kaehmes says they're starting with yeast and re-writing a little bit of its DNA. Instead of making more yeast, it churns out tiny ropes of collagen, which can then be mashed together to mimic the texture of shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re treating yeast and bacteria like protein factories,” she says. From there, it’s a matter of mashing the tiny building blocks of collagen into structures that mimic the gelatinous texture of shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62209\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-800x465.png\" alt=\"Andrew Harmon, Wild Aid\" width=\"488\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-800x465.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-400x233.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-1180x686.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-1920x1116.png 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2210-960x558.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andrew Harmon, a spokesman from Wild Aid, shared his concerns about synthetic wildlife products. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods is developing its Smart Fin alongside a class of other startups enrolled in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiebio.co/\" target=\"_blank\">IndieBio \u003c/a>accelerator program. \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">IndieBio offers startups access to a research lab, located a stone's throw from San Francisco's financial district, in return for equity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods is also working on a shrimp alternative made from seaweed. And several other startups are making animal-free products. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://signup.pembient.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Pembient\u003c/a> hit the headlines with its synthetic rhino horn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could Smart Fin Backfire?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Wave Foods' approach is not without its skeptics. Some say the approach is well-meant, but it could backfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This timing strikes me as incredibly poor,” says Andrew Harmon with \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildaid.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WildAid\u003c/a>, a San Francisco environmental group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmon says conservationists have been focusing on shutting down demand for shark fin, and those efforts are starting to pay off in Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The younger generation is really moving away from shark fin,\" Harmon says. \"The Chinese government has banned shark fin from official banquets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmon expressed concerns that making shark fin look cool again—even if it’s artificial—will undermine those efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He harbors similar reservations about the \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/tech/biotechnology/3d-printed-synthetic-rhino-horns-could-save-rhinos-150624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetically identical rhino horn\u003c/a> from Pembient. He says products like these can make it harder to catch those who sell the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"New Wave Foods Team: Jennifer Kaehms, Dominique Barnes, Michelle Wolf\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-1920x1441.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/IMG_2119-e1446594997353-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Wave Foods Team, Left to Right: Jennifer Kaehms, Dominique Barnes and Michelle Wolf. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Time and time again,” he says, \"we’ve seen that the legal trade in wildlife products only serves to provide cover for illegal shipments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, officials with California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife say it's unlikely restaurants would list the artificial product on their menus and then serve the real thing. One said that’d be like charging diners for cheap imitation crab, while serving much pricier real crab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would You Eat Artificial Shark Fin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen if synthetic shark fin soup will be a hit with diners. But if it's any indication, one Bay Area chef has been experimenting with shark fin alternatives for years—with some success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corey Lee runs Benu, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/travel/09restaurants.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">critically acclaimed\u003c/a> San Francisco restaurant that recently earned \u003ca href=\"http://insidescoopsf.sfgate.com/blog/2015/10/20/michelin-2016-stars-for-san-francisco-bay-area-manresa-elevated-to-three-stars-commis-and-campton-place-to-two/\" target=\"_blank\">3 Michelin stars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee starts with the same kind of broth as in traditional shark fin soup: ham and double-boiled chicken. He adds texture using what are called hydrocolloids, so he can press out fine brown strands, almost like noodles, that mimic the elastic snap of shark fin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still serving it five years later,” says Lee, \"so I think it turned out well.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/62174/will-bioengineered-shark-fin-help-save-sharks","authors":["6609","3252"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_647","futureofyou_426","futureofyou_644","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_649"],"featImg":"futureofyou_62199","label":"source_futureofyou_62174"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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