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The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"dventon":{"type":"authors","id":"11088","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11088","found":true},"name":"Danielle Venton","firstName":"Danielle","lastName":"Venton","slug":"dventon","email":"dventon@kqed.org","display_author_email":true,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Science reporter","bio":"Danielle Venton is a reporter for KQED Science. She covers wildfires, space and oceans (though she is prone to sea sickness).\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2015, Danielle was a staff reporter at KRCB in Sonoma County and a freelancer. She studied science communication at UC Santa Cruz and formerly worked at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland where she wrote about computing. She lives in Sonoma County and enjoys backpacking.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"DanielleVenton","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danielle Venton | KQED","description":"Science reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ebaf11ee6cfb7bb40329a143d463829e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dventon"},"amacraecrerar":{"type":"authors","id":"11253","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11253","found":true},"name":"Aurora MacRae-Crerar","firstName":"Aurora","lastName":"MacRae-Crerar","slug":"amacraecrerar","email":"amacraecrerar@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Aurora MacRae-Crerar is delighted to join the KQED Science team as a 2016 AAAS Mass Media Fellow. She is motivated by the desire to understand how small things cause big change--whether that is microbes and their impact on global warming or individual human efforts and their collective power for societal change. She holds a PhD in Biology from the University of Pennsylvania.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fe02c102949ef05340ca4615da297b76?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]}],"headData":{"title":"Aurora MacRae-Crerar | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fe02c102949ef05340ca4615da297b76?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fe02c102949ef05340ca4615da297b76?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/amacraecrerar"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_350528":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_350528","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"350528","score":null,"sort":[1490114603000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-ethical-to-keep-human-embryo-alive-in-a-dish-for-more-than-2-weeks","title":"Is It Ethical to Keep Human Embryo Alive in a Dish For More Than 2 Weeks?","publishDate":1490114603,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Ali Brivanlou slides open a glass door at the Rockefeller University in New York to show off his latest experiments probing the mysteries of the human embryo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As you can see, all my lab is glass — just to make sure there is nothing that happens in some dark rooms that gives people some weird ideas,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Brivanlou\u003c/a>, perhaps only half joking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou knows that some of his research makes some people uncomfortable. That's one reason he has agreed to give me a look at what's going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab and one other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/04/476539552/advance-in-human-embryo-research-rekindles-ethical-debate\">discovered\u003c/a> how to keep human embryos alive in lab dishes longer than ever before — at least 14 days. That has triggered an international debate about a long-standing convention (one that's legally binding in some countries, though not in the U.S.) that prohibits studying human embryos that have developed \u003cem>beyond \u003c/em>the two-week stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in other experiments, he's using \u003ca href=\"https://www.cirm.ca.gov/patients/stem-cell-key-terms\">human stem cells\u003c/a> to create entities that resemble certain aspects of primitive embryos. Though Brivanlou doesn't think these \"embryoids\" would be capable of developing into fully formed embryos, their creation has stirred debate about whether embryoids should be subject to the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou says he welcomes these debates. But he hopes society can reach a consensus to permit his work to continue, so he can answer some of humanity's most fundamental questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I can provide a glimpse of, 'Where did we come from? What happened to us, for us to get here?' I think that, to me, is a strong enough rationale to continue pushing this,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, scientists thought the longest an embryo could survive outside the womb was only about a week. But Brivanlou's lab, and one in Britain, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/04/476539552/advance-in-human-embryo-research-rekindles-ethical-debate\">announced\u003c/a> last year in the journals \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/04/476539552/be%20http:/nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17948\">Nature\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncb3347\">Nature Cell Biology\u003c/a> that they had kept human embryos alive for two weeks for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That enabled the scientists to study living human embryos at a crucial point in their development, a time when they're usually hidden in a woman's womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women don't even know they are pregnant at that stage. So it has always been a big black box,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Brivanlou\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://xenopus.rockefeller.edu/about/Gist_Croft\">Gist Croft\u003c/a>, a stem cell biologist in Brivanlou's lab, shows me some samples, starting with one that's 12 days old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you can see this with the naked eye,\" Croft says, pointing to a dish. \"In the middle of this well, if you look down, there's a little white speck — it looks like a grain of sand or a piece of dust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a microscope, the embryo looks like a fragile ball of overlapping bubbles shimmering in a silvery light — with thin hairlike structures extending from all sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Croft and Brivanlou explain that those willowy structures are what embryos would normally extend at this stage to search for a place to implant inside the uterus. Scientists used to think embryos could do that only if they were receiving instructions from the mother's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The amazing thing is that it's doing its thing without any information from mom,\" Brivanlou says. \"It just has all the information already in it. That was mind-blowing to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos they managed to keep alive in the lab dish beyond seven days of development have also started secreting hormones and organizing themselves to form the cells needed to create all the tissues and organs in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists think studying embryos at this and later stages could lead to discoveries that might point to new ways to stop miscarriages, treat infertility and prevent birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only way to understand what goes wrong is to understand what happens normally, or as normally as we can, so we can prevent all of this,\" Brivanlou says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 14-day cutoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brivanlou isn't keeping these embryos alive longer than 14 days because of the rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The decision about pulling the plug was probably the toughest decision I've made in my scientific career,\" he says. \"It was sad for me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day rule was developed decades ago to avoid raising too many ethical questions about experimenting on human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks is usually the moment when the central nervous system starts to appear in the embryo in a structure known as the \"primitive streak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also roughly the stage at which an embryo can no longer split into twins. The idea behind the rule is, that's when an embryo becomes a unique individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the rule was initiated when no one thought it would ever be possible to keep embryos growing in a lab beyond two weeks. Brivanlou thinks it's time to rethink the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the moment,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, bioethicists and others are debating the issue in the U.S., Britain and other countries. The rule is law in Britain and other countries and incorporated into widely followed guidelines in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://case.edu/medicine/bioethics/about/faculty--staff/hyun.html\">Insoo Hyun\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at Case Western Reserve University, advocates revisiting the rule. It would allow more research to be done on embryos that are destined to be destroyed anyway, he says — embryos donated by couples who have finished infertility treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Given that it has to be destroyed,\" Hyun says, \"some would argue that it's best to get as much information as possible scientifically from it before you destroy it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others find it morally repugnant to use human embryos for research at any stage of their development — and argue that lifting the 14-day rule would make matters worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pushing it beyond 14 days only aggravates what is the primary problem, which is using human life in its earliest stages solely for experimental purposes,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/daniel-sulmasy/\">Dr. Daniel Sulmasy\u003c/a>, a Georgetown University bioethicist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of extending the 14-day rule even makes some people who support embryo research queasy, especially without first finding another clear stopping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\">Hank Greely\u003c/a>, a Stanford University bioethicist, worries that going beyond 14 days could \"really draws into question whether we're using humans or things that are well along the path to humans purely as guinea pigs and purely as experimental animals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embryo alternative: \"Embryoids\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as that debate continues, Brivanlou and his colleagues are trying to develop another approach. The scientists are attempting to coax human embryonic stem cells to organize themselves into entities that resemble human embryos. They are also using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are cells that behave like embryonic stem cells, but can be made from any cell in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou's lab has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v11/n11/abs/nprot.2016.131.html\">shown\u003c/a> that these \"embryo-like structures\" — or \"embryoids\" — can create the three fundamental cell types in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientists have only been able to go so far using flat lab dishes. So the researchers are now trying to grow these embryonic-like structures in three dimensions by placing stem cells in a gel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially, we're trying to, in a way, to re-create a human embryo in a dish starting from stem cells,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=fSUga9YAAAAJ&hl=en\">Mijo Simunovic\u003c/a>, another of Brivanlou's colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early experiments, Simunovic says, he has been able to get stem cells to \"spontaneously\" form a ball with a \"cavity in its center.\" That's significant because that's what early human embryos do in the uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simunovic says it's unclear how close these structures could become to human embryos\u003cstrong> — \u003c/strong>entities that have the capability to develop into babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the moment, we don't know. That's something that's very hot for us right now to try to understand,\" Simunovic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simunovic argues the scientists are not \"ethically limited to studying these cells and studying these structures\" by the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a debate about that, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At what point is your model of an embryo basically an embryo?\" asks Hyun, especially when the model seems to have \"almost like this inner, budding life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Are we creating life that, in the right circumstances, if you were to transfer this to the womb it would continue its journey?\" he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">Dr. George Daley\u003c/a>, the dean of the Harvard Medical School and a leading stem cell researcher, says scientists have been preparing for the day when stem-cell research might raise such questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think what prospects people are concerned about are the kinds of dystopian worlds that were written about by Aldous Huxley in \u003cem>Brave New World,\" \u003c/em>Daley says. \"Where human reproduction is done on a highly mechanized scale in a petri dish.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daley stresses scientists are nowhere near that, and may never get there. But science moves quickly. So Daley says it's important scientists move carefully with close ethical scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/docs/default-source/guidelines/isscr-guidelines-for-stem-cell-research-and-clinical-translation.pdf?sfvrsn=2\">guidelines\u003c/a> issued by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/\">International Society for Stem Cell Research\u003c/a> call for intensive ethical review, Daley notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou acknowledges that some of his experiments have produced early signs of the primitive streak. But that's a very long way from being able to develop a spinal cord, or flesh and bones, let alone a brain. He dismisses the notion that the research on embryoids would ever lead to scientists creating humans in a lab dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They will not get up start walking around. I can assure you that,\" he says, noting that full human embryonic development is a highly complex process that requires just the right mix of the biology, physics, geometry and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Brivanlou says all of his experiments go through many layers of review. And he's convinced the research should continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be a travesty,\" he says, \"to decide that, somehow, ignorance is bliss.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Embryo+Experiments+Reveal+Earliest+Human+Development%2C+But+Stir+Ethical+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers who study developing human embryos have long limited their experimentation to lab embryos that are no more than 14 days into development. Some scientists are now pushing that boundary.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1490114603,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":55,"wordCount":1634},"headData":{"title":"Is It Ethical to Keep Human Embryo Alive in a Dish For More Than 2 Weeks? | KQED","description":"Researchers who study developing human embryos have long limited their experimentation to lab embryos that are no more than 14 days into development. Some scientists are now pushing that boundary.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is It Ethical to Keep Human Embryo Alive in a Dish For More Than 2 Weeks?","datePublished":"2017-03-21T16:43:23.000Z","dateModified":"2017-03-21T16:43:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"350528 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=350528","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/21/is-it-ethical-to-keep-human-embryo-alive-in-a-dish-for-more-than-2-weeks/","disqusTitle":"Is It Ethical to Keep Human Embryo Alive in a Dish For More Than 2 Weeks?","nprByline":"Rob Stein\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Courtesy of Gist Croft, Cecilia Pellegrini, Ali Brivanlou/Rockefeller University","nprStoryId":"516280895","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=516280895&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/02/516280895/embryo-experiments-reveal-earliest-human-development-but-stir-ethical-debate?ft=nprml&f=516280895","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 03 Mar 2017 19:56:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 02 Mar 2017 05:08:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 03 Mar 2017 19:56:43 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/03/20170302_me_embryo_experiments_reveal_earliest_human_development_but_stir_ethical_debate.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=395&p=3&story=516280895&t=progseg&e=518087519&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=516280895","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1518087617-b71447.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=395&p=3&story=516280895&t=progseg&e=518087519&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=516280895","path":"/futureofyou/350528/is-it-ethical-to-keep-human-embryo-alive-in-a-dish-for-more-than-2-weeks","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/03/20170302_me_embryo_experiments_reveal_earliest_human_development_but_stir_ethical_debate.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=395&p=3&story=516280895&t=progseg&e=518087519&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=516280895","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ali Brivanlou slides open a glass door at the Rockefeller University in New York to show off his latest experiments probing the mysteries of the human embryo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As you can see, all my lab is glass — just to make sure there is nothing that happens in some dark rooms that gives people some weird ideas,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Brivanlou\u003c/a>, perhaps only half joking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou knows that some of his research makes some people uncomfortable. That's one reason he has agreed to give me a look at what's going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab and one other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/04/476539552/advance-in-human-embryo-research-rekindles-ethical-debate\">discovered\u003c/a> how to keep human embryos alive in lab dishes longer than ever before — at least 14 days. That has triggered an international debate about a long-standing convention (one that's legally binding in some countries, though not in the U.S.) that prohibits studying human embryos that have developed \u003cem>beyond \u003c/em>the two-week stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in other experiments, he's using \u003ca href=\"https://www.cirm.ca.gov/patients/stem-cell-key-terms\">human stem cells\u003c/a> to create entities that resemble certain aspects of primitive embryos. Though Brivanlou doesn't think these \"embryoids\" would be capable of developing into fully formed embryos, their creation has stirred debate about whether embryoids should be subject to the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou says he welcomes these debates. But he hopes society can reach a consensus to permit his work to continue, so he can answer some of humanity's most fundamental questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I can provide a glimpse of, 'Where did we come from? What happened to us, for us to get here?' I think that, to me, is a strong enough rationale to continue pushing this,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, scientists thought the longest an embryo could survive outside the womb was only about a week. But Brivanlou's lab, and one in Britain, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/04/476539552/advance-in-human-embryo-research-rekindles-ethical-debate\">announced\u003c/a> last year in the journals \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/04/476539552/be%20http:/nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17948\">Nature\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncb3347\">Nature Cell Biology\u003c/a> that they had kept human embryos alive for two weeks for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That enabled the scientists to study living human embryos at a crucial point in their development, a time when they're usually hidden in a woman's womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women don't even know they are pregnant at that stage. So it has always been a big black box,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Brivanlou\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://xenopus.rockefeller.edu/about/Gist_Croft\">Gist Croft\u003c/a>, a stem cell biologist in Brivanlou's lab, shows me some samples, starting with one that's 12 days old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you can see this with the naked eye,\" Croft says, pointing to a dish. \"In the middle of this well, if you look down, there's a little white speck — it looks like a grain of sand or a piece of dust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a microscope, the embryo looks like a fragile ball of overlapping bubbles shimmering in a silvery light — with thin hairlike structures extending from all sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Croft and Brivanlou explain that those willowy structures are what embryos would normally extend at this stage to search for a place to implant inside the uterus. Scientists used to think embryos could do that only if they were receiving instructions from the mother's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The amazing thing is that it's doing its thing without any information from mom,\" Brivanlou says. \"It just has all the information already in it. That was mind-blowing to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos they managed to keep alive in the lab dish beyond seven days of development have also started secreting hormones and organizing themselves to form the cells needed to create all the tissues and organs in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two scientists think studying embryos at this and later stages could lead to discoveries that might point to new ways to stop miscarriages, treat infertility and prevent birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only way to understand what goes wrong is to understand what happens normally, or as normally as we can, so we can prevent all of this,\" Brivanlou says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The 14-day cutoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brivanlou isn't keeping these embryos alive longer than 14 days because of the rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The decision about pulling the plug was probably the toughest decision I've made in my scientific career,\" he says. \"It was sad for me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day rule was developed decades ago to avoid raising too many ethical questions about experimenting on human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks is usually the moment when the central nervous system starts to appear in the embryo in a structure known as the \"primitive streak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also roughly the stage at which an embryo can no longer split into twins. The idea behind the rule is, that's when an embryo becomes a unique individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the rule was initiated when no one thought it would ever be possible to keep embryos growing in a lab beyond two weeks. Brivanlou thinks it's time to rethink the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the moment,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, bioethicists and others are debating the issue in the U.S., Britain and other countries. The rule is law in Britain and other countries and incorporated into widely followed guidelines in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://case.edu/medicine/bioethics/about/faculty--staff/hyun.html\">Insoo Hyun\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at Case Western Reserve University, advocates revisiting the rule. It would allow more research to be done on embryos that are destined to be destroyed anyway, he says — embryos donated by couples who have finished infertility treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Given that it has to be destroyed,\" Hyun says, \"some would argue that it's best to get as much information as possible scientifically from it before you destroy it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others find it morally repugnant to use human embryos for research at any stage of their development — and argue that lifting the 14-day rule would make matters worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pushing it beyond 14 days only aggravates what is the primary problem, which is using human life in its earliest stages solely for experimental purposes,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/daniel-sulmasy/\">Dr. Daniel Sulmasy\u003c/a>, a Georgetown University bioethicist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of extending the 14-day rule even makes some people who support embryo research queasy, especially without first finding another clear stopping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\">Hank Greely\u003c/a>, a Stanford University bioethicist, worries that going beyond 14 days could \"really draws into question whether we're using humans or things that are well along the path to humans purely as guinea pigs and purely as experimental animals.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embryo alternative: \"Embryoids\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as that debate continues, Brivanlou and his colleagues are trying to develop another approach. The scientists are attempting to coax human embryonic stem cells to organize themselves into entities that resemble human embryos. They are also using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are cells that behave like embryonic stem cells, but can be made from any cell in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou's lab has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v11/n11/abs/nprot.2016.131.html\">shown\u003c/a> that these \"embryo-like structures\" — or \"embryoids\" — can create the three fundamental cell types in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientists have only been able to go so far using flat lab dishes. So the researchers are now trying to grow these embryonic-like structures in three dimensions by placing stem cells in a gel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially, we're trying to, in a way, to re-create a human embryo in a dish starting from stem cells,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=fSUga9YAAAAJ&hl=en\">Mijo Simunovic\u003c/a>, another of Brivanlou's colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early experiments, Simunovic says, he has been able to get stem cells to \"spontaneously\" form a ball with a \"cavity in its center.\" That's significant because that's what early human embryos do in the uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simunovic says it's unclear how close these structures could become to human embryos\u003cstrong> — \u003c/strong>entities that have the capability to develop into babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the moment, we don't know. That's something that's very hot for us right now to try to understand,\" Simunovic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simunovic argues the scientists are not \"ethically limited to studying these cells and studying these structures\" by the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a debate about that, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At what point is your model of an embryo basically an embryo?\" asks Hyun, especially when the model seems to have \"almost like this inner, budding life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Are we creating life that, in the right circumstances, if you were to transfer this to the womb it would continue its journey?\" he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">Dr. George Daley\u003c/a>, the dean of the Harvard Medical School and a leading stem cell researcher, says scientists have been preparing for the day when stem-cell research might raise such questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think what prospects people are concerned about are the kinds of dystopian worlds that were written about by Aldous Huxley in \u003cem>Brave New World,\" \u003c/em>Daley says. \"Where human reproduction is done on a highly mechanized scale in a petri dish.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daley stresses scientists are nowhere near that, and may never get there. But science moves quickly. So Daley says it's important scientists move carefully with close ethical scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/docs/default-source/guidelines/isscr-guidelines-for-stem-cell-research-and-clinical-translation.pdf?sfvrsn=2\">guidelines\u003c/a> issued by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/\">International Society for Stem Cell Research\u003c/a> call for intensive ethical review, Daley notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brivanlou acknowledges that some of his experiments have produced early signs of the primitive streak. But that's a very long way from being able to develop a spinal cord, or flesh and bones, let alone a brain. He dismisses the notion that the research on embryoids would ever lead to scientists creating humans in a lab dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They will not get up start walking around. I can assure you that,\" he says, noting that full human embryonic development is a highly complex process that requires just the right mix of the biology, physics, geometry and other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Brivanlou says all of his experiments go through many layers of review. And he's convinced the research should continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be a travesty,\" he says, \"to decide that, somehow, ignorance is bliss.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Embryo+Experiments+Reveal+Earliest+Human+Development%2C+But+Stir+Ethical+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/350528/is-it-ethical-to-keep-human-embryo-alive-in-a-dish-for-more-than-2-weeks","authors":["byline_futureofyou_350528"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_396","futureofyou_927","futureofyou_744"],"featImg":"futureofyou_350529","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_258577":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_258577","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"258577","score":null,"sort":[1477117824000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics","title":"What Stem Cell Researchers Talk About When They Talk About Ethics","publishDate":1477117824,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":54,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">This year marks an anniversary that in all probability flew under your radar: The iPSC is 10-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Great! you say. What's that, some sort of mobile fantasy sports league?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nooo. Would you guess \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells? \u003c/em>They're the product of a revolution in stem cell research that helped stem the controversy that was roiling the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Prior to the development of iPSCs, stem cells were derived primarily from eggs fertilized in clinics \u003ci>in vitro\u003c/i> that were donated for research purposes. To some, such as President George W. Bush, this was tantamount to abortion. In 2001 he \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744932/\" target=\"_blank\">banned federal funding\u003c/a> for research on newly created human embryonic stem cell lines. (President Barack Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10stem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">lifted that ban\u003c/a> in 2009.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But iPSCs are normal cells, such as skin or blood cells, which have been tinkered with and reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic-like state. They are then capable of reproducing as stem cells or developing into \u003ci>other\u003c/i> types of human cells (pluripotent), such as liver, heart, pancreatic or nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So the ability to derive a stem cell without using human embryonic tissue changed the debate about stem cell research ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Plenty of Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are still plenty of hot-button topics in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At a recent gathering in Berkeley to celebrate “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell-symposia-ipscs.com/conference-program/\" target=\"_blank\">10 Years of iPSCs\u003c/a>,” a panel of researchers and leaders kicked off the ethics discussion with comments on how to make sure researchers get proper permissions from human subjects who sign up for clinical trials. Some members of the public might be surprised what a controversial topic “informed consent” can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Everyone wants to avoid a HeLa situation,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Mummery,\u003c/a> of the Leiden University Medical Centr\u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">e\u003c/a> in the Netherlands, referring to the oldest and most commonly used cell line in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\" alt=\"Cultured HeLa cells.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-720x600.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-768x640.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1180x983.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1920x1599.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-960x800.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cultured HeLa cells. \u003ccite>(National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>HeLa cells were taken, without permission, from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cervical cancer in 1951\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> For reasons no one knows, her cells were the first that could grow “immortally” in a lab, without dying after a few days. Her cells helped test Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine, have been used to research AIDS, cancer, toxic substances, gene mapping, stem cells and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet the absence of any consent whatsoever caused immense distress to the Lacks family, once they learned of the appropriation of Henrietta's cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The family has been through a lot with HeLa: they didn’t learn of the cells until 20 years after Lacks’s death, when scientists began using her children in research without their knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-the-sequel.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote Rebecca Skloot\u003c/a>, author of \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" in the New York Times.\u003ci> \"\u003c/i>Later their medical records were released to the press and published without consent.\" (Skloot makes an appearance in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\" target=\"_blank\">rap ballad\u003c/a> about the HeLa cells and the Lacks family, written and performed by Oakland 7th and 8th graders on YouTube this month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"QHgtAgdTB2KPycAd1HHOyHGUjvFlbxS7\"]Adding insult to injury, researchers in 2013 published the HeLa genome without family consent. (This was not illegal but, in the views of modern medical ethics, extremely dicey.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Panelist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University, advised the gathered researchers, “You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Not so much for the legal reasons, though those can be significant,\" he said. \"More because of the political fallout that can come to you and your institution. It could also do damage to the whole stem cell enterprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">George Daley\u003c/a>, of the Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, pointed the audience toward recently revised guidelines from the International Society for Stem Cell Research, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/home/publications/guide-clintrans/sample-consent-documents\" target=\"_blank\">templates for informed consent forms\u003c/a>. These include language like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Donating your _____ cells for this research project is completely voluntary. You have the right to agree or to refuse to provide your _____ cells for this project. The quality of your current or future medical care and your relationship with [name(s) of institution(s)] will NOT change in any way whether you agree or refuse to provide any cells for this research project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>The Issue of Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Is it ethical to charge patients to participate in a study? No, was the consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What happens if someone has a drug based on their genes or cells?” the moderator asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That doesn't happen very often,” said Greely. “Most of the time discoveries are the results of work with tens of thousands or more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, he conceded, every once in a while a patient comes along with unusual cells or genes that can be the basis for a drug. In that case, he said, a researcher must first and foremost follow whatever they said they’d do in the consent forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“But even if you didn't promise them anything in the consent process,” he said, “if someone is making lots of money,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>I think frankly it’s a good idea to try to return something.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262548\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\" alt=\"These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \u003ccite>(Kathrin Plath lab/UCLA via CIRM, NIH)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He added that this probably doesn't mean offering royalties, which could foster overblown hopes for study participants. Greely likened it to hyping lottery tickets with very bad odds. Instead, he recommends thinking about a person's community, perhaps donating to causes dear to them. Even simple recognition, he says, is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I was involved in the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/deal-done-over-hela-cell-line-1.13511\" target=\"_blank\"> HeLa resolution\u003c/a> a few years ago,” he said,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“and the Lacks descendants are really quite proud and pleased that their mother, grandmother and great grandmother is being remembered ... and that they are consulted on various things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Continuing on the topic of money, the moderator asked what panelists thought about the ethics of paying tissue donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">On this, the panel seemed united, “As long as it’s a reasonable reimbursement for the pain and suffering, I think it’s hard to make a case against it,” offered \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/members/lorenz-studer\" target=\"_blank\">Lorenz Studer\u003c/a>, of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. If the amount offered is so high that it becomes an “undue inducement,” said Greely, then it’s a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Many patients are willing to pay for a treatment that’s unproven. What do you think about the ethics of patients paying to be in a trial?” asked the moderator, acknowledging that many people with serious diseases are desperate to be involved in the latest research and that clinical research is extraordinarily expensive to fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">No, was the general consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means people in a control group would be paying for a placebo, Greely noted, and someone desperate to be in a trial might not be making a level-headed decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The simple fact that they’re willing to pay corrupts the informed consent process,\" he said. \"And there is a social justice aspect -- if someone can pay for a trial that’s not an equal distribution of good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Someone from the audience chimed in with a question that once would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction: “What are the ethics of designing organs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Think about this with a heart,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/deepak.srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a> of the Gladstone Institutes and University of California, San Francisco. “It’s just a pump. I think going forward that we should remove the constraints of the design. What we have may or may not be the best thing in evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But, said Greely, “Many people would be viscerally upset about the idea of changing ourselves, changing our species.\" So scientists should temper their desire to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“If there is one thing I've learned from being around biology for 25 years, it’s that biology is not the same as design,\" Greely said. \"Biology is really complicated! Engineers who design something expect it to work. But if you put something [designed] into an organism, the chances that something odd will happen are extremely high. You have to be extremely careful to avoid making things worse.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"At a celebration of the 10-year anniversary of induced pluripotent stem cells, scientists engaged in a discussion on hot-button issues.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477516088,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":1505},"headData":{"title":"What Stem Cell Researchers Talk About When They Talk About Ethics | KQED","description":"At a celebration of the 10-year anniversary of induced pluripotent stem cells, scientists engaged in a discussion on hot-button issues.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Stem Cell Researchers Talk About When They Talk About Ethics","datePublished":"2016-10-22T06:30:24.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-26T21:08:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"258577 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=258577","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/21/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics/","disqusTitle":"What Stem Cell Researchers Talk About When They Talk About Ethics","customPermalink":"2016/10/18/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics/","path":"/futureofyou/258577/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">This year marks an anniversary that in all probability flew under your radar: The iPSC is 10-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Great! you say. What's that, some sort of mobile fantasy sports league?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nooo. Would you guess \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells? \u003c/em>They're the product of a revolution in stem cell research that helped stem the controversy that was roiling the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Prior to the development of iPSCs, stem cells were derived primarily from eggs fertilized in clinics \u003ci>in vitro\u003c/i> that were donated for research purposes. To some, such as President George W. Bush, this was tantamount to abortion. In 2001 he \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744932/\" target=\"_blank\">banned federal funding\u003c/a> for research on newly created human embryonic stem cell lines. (President Barack Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10stem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">lifted that ban\u003c/a> in 2009.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But iPSCs are normal cells, such as skin or blood cells, which have been tinkered with and reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic-like state. They are then capable of reproducing as stem cells or developing into \u003ci>other\u003c/i> types of human cells (pluripotent), such as liver, heart, pancreatic or nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So the ability to derive a stem cell without using human embryonic tissue changed the debate about stem cell research ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Plenty of Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are still plenty of hot-button topics in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At a recent gathering in Berkeley to celebrate “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell-symposia-ipscs.com/conference-program/\" target=\"_blank\">10 Years of iPSCs\u003c/a>,” a panel of researchers and leaders kicked off the ethics discussion with comments on how to make sure researchers get proper permissions from human subjects who sign up for clinical trials. Some members of the public might be surprised what a controversial topic “informed consent” can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Everyone wants to avoid a HeLa situation,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Mummery,\u003c/a> of the Leiden University Medical Centr\u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">e\u003c/a> in the Netherlands, referring to the oldest and most commonly used cell line in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\" alt=\"Cultured HeLa cells.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-720x600.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-768x640.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1180x983.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1920x1599.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-960x800.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cultured HeLa cells. \u003ccite>(National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>HeLa cells were taken, without permission, from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cervical cancer in 1951\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> For reasons no one knows, her cells were the first that could grow “immortally” in a lab, without dying after a few days. Her cells helped test Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine, have been used to research AIDS, cancer, toxic substances, gene mapping, stem cells and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet the absence of any consent whatsoever caused immense distress to the Lacks family, once they learned of the appropriation of Henrietta's cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The family has been through a lot with HeLa: they didn’t learn of the cells until 20 years after Lacks’s death, when scientists began using her children in research without their knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-the-sequel.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote Rebecca Skloot\u003c/a>, author of \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" in the New York Times.\u003ci> \"\u003c/i>Later their medical records were released to the press and published without consent.\" (Skloot makes an appearance in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\" target=\"_blank\">rap ballad\u003c/a> about the HeLa cells and the Lacks family, written and performed by Oakland 7th and 8th graders on YouTube this month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Adding insult to injury, researchers in 2013 published the HeLa genome without family consent. (This was not illegal but, in the views of modern medical ethics, extremely dicey.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Panelist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University, advised the gathered researchers, “You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Not so much for the legal reasons, though those can be significant,\" he said. \"More because of the political fallout that can come to you and your institution. It could also do damage to the whole stem cell enterprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">George Daley\u003c/a>, of the Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, pointed the audience toward recently revised guidelines from the International Society for Stem Cell Research, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/home/publications/guide-clintrans/sample-consent-documents\" target=\"_blank\">templates for informed consent forms\u003c/a>. These include language like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Donating your _____ cells for this research project is completely voluntary. You have the right to agree or to refuse to provide your _____ cells for this project. The quality of your current or future medical care and your relationship with [name(s) of institution(s)] will NOT change in any way whether you agree or refuse to provide any cells for this research project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>The Issue of Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Is it ethical to charge patients to participate in a study? No, was the consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What happens if someone has a drug based on their genes or cells?” the moderator asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That doesn't happen very often,” said Greely. “Most of the time discoveries are the results of work with tens of thousands or more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, he conceded, every once in a while a patient comes along with unusual cells or genes that can be the basis for a drug. In that case, he said, a researcher must first and foremost follow whatever they said they’d do in the consent forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“But even if you didn't promise them anything in the consent process,” he said, “if someone is making lots of money,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>I think frankly it’s a good idea to try to return something.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262548\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\" alt=\"These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \u003ccite>(Kathrin Plath lab/UCLA via CIRM, NIH)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He added that this probably doesn't mean offering royalties, which could foster overblown hopes for study participants. Greely likened it to hyping lottery tickets with very bad odds. Instead, he recommends thinking about a person's community, perhaps donating to causes dear to them. Even simple recognition, he says, is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I was involved in the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/deal-done-over-hela-cell-line-1.13511\" target=\"_blank\"> HeLa resolution\u003c/a> a few years ago,” he said,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“and the Lacks descendants are really quite proud and pleased that their mother, grandmother and great grandmother is being remembered ... and that they are consulted on various things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Continuing on the topic of money, the moderator asked what panelists thought about the ethics of paying tissue donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">On this, the panel seemed united, “As long as it’s a reasonable reimbursement for the pain and suffering, I think it’s hard to make a case against it,” offered \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/members/lorenz-studer\" target=\"_blank\">Lorenz Studer\u003c/a>, of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. If the amount offered is so high that it becomes an “undue inducement,” said Greely, then it’s a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Many patients are willing to pay for a treatment that’s unproven. What do you think about the ethics of patients paying to be in a trial?” asked the moderator, acknowledging that many people with serious diseases are desperate to be involved in the latest research and that clinical research is extraordinarily expensive to fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">No, was the general consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means people in a control group would be paying for a placebo, Greely noted, and someone desperate to be in a trial might not be making a level-headed decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The simple fact that they’re willing to pay corrupts the informed consent process,\" he said. \"And there is a social justice aspect -- if someone can pay for a trial that’s not an equal distribution of good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Someone from the audience chimed in with a question that once would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction: “What are the ethics of designing organs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Think about this with a heart,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/deepak.srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a> of the Gladstone Institutes and University of California, San Francisco. “It’s just a pump. I think going forward that we should remove the constraints of the design. What we have may or may not be the best thing in evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But, said Greely, “Many people would be viscerally upset about the idea of changing ourselves, changing our species.\" So scientists should temper their desire to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“If there is one thing I've learned from being around biology for 25 years, it’s that biology is not the same as design,\" Greely said. \"Biology is really complicated! Engineers who design something expect it to work. But if you put something [designed] into an organism, the chances that something odd will happen are extremely high. You have to be extremely careful to avoid making things worse.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/258577/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics","authors":["11088"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_396","futureofyou_953","futureofyou_680"],"featImg":"futureofyou_262541","label":"futureofyou_54"},"futureofyou_183929":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_183929","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"183929","score":null,"sort":[1465949662000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"will-baby-making-move-from-the-bedroom-to-the-lab","title":"Will Baby-Making Move From the Bedroom to the Lab?","publishDate":1465949662,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Stanford law professor and bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely\u003c/a> predicts that most people in developed countries won’t have sex to make babies in the future. Instead they will choose to control their child's genetics by making embryos in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab.'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Greely recently spoke with Michael Krasny on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program about his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/publications/the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-human-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction.\u003c/a>” Greely highlights the ethical and legal questions that might arise in the future's reproductive paradigm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: There are a lot of new advances, technology and so forth, we reached the point where you get some sperm donor and a little piece of skin and you’re in business because of stem cells. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: My book argues that two different biomedical innovations coming from different directions and not really propelled by reproduction are going to combine here. One is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing\" target=\"_blank\">whole-genome sequencing, \u003c/a>and the other is what I call easy PGD, \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis/\" target=\"_blank\">preimplantation genetic diagnosis\u003c/a>, [that] is getting rid of egg harvest... which is unpleasant, dangerous and really expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This ties in with in vitro fertilization [IVF] also being not as onerous as it has been in the past...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: What I think is going to happen, we’ll be able to take some skin cells from anyone and turn them into any cell type. Make these into eggs or sperm and that is going to make IVF much easier, cheaper and less dangerous. [This] is going to lead to what I call easy PGD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: You [can] decide, “Well, I want these traits” and it becomes a selective process.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Yes, I think we will see an increased and broad use embryo selection. I would be careful to set the time frame at 20-40 years. I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab. People will make about a hundred embryos, each will have its whole genome tested, and the parents will be [told], “…Tell us what you want to know and then tell us what embryo you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This could bring down healthcare costs and it is also good for same sex couples, isn't it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Well, yes and maybe. I think it should bring down healthcare costs, and, in fact, one of the advantages to it is that it would be so beneficial for public health care costs that I think it would be provided for free. If it costs say, $10,000 to start a baby this way, 100 babies is a million dollars. If you avoid the birth of one baby with a serious genetic disease, you’ve saved 3-5 million dollars. The same sex issue, I think that’s going to work, but that’s another jump. That would be taking a skin cell… from a woman and turning it into a sperm. I think [it’s] probable, but that hasn’t been done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This is not the end of sex--because recreational sex will always be with us--it’s the end of sex as a way of procreating.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I think it will not be the complete end. I think people will still get pregnant the old-fashioned way, right, sometimes for religious reasons, sometimes for philosophical reasons, sometimes for romantic reasons, sometimes because they are teenagers and the backseat of the car is there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: A lot of people talk about playing God, but before we get into that, there's the rubric of consumer eugenics. And there is a eugenics fear when we start talking about selection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: There certainly is. Eugenics is a slippery word, it means many things to different people. To some its \u003cem>state-enforced reproductive control\u003c/em>, to some, and what we had was \u003cem>state-enforced sterilization\u003c/em>, to some it’s \u003cem>any kind of reproductive choices\u003c/em>, but those are different things. For me I think the coercion is much more important than the issues of selection. The concern about the state or the insurance company or someone else, forcing you to pick particular babies, worries me a lot more than having parents make choices, though that raises its own set of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: What do you see as the biggest question here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I worry about the dilemma of Republican legislators in very conservative states. They want to spend as little money as possible on Medicaid. I could imagine a state saying, \"We're not going to pay for this via Medicaid,\" which would mean that the roughly 40-50 percent of babies born in that state who are paid for by Medicaid wouldn't get to go through this, and although they are not \"super babies\", adding another 10-20 percent health advantage to the babies of the rich over the babies of the poor is a bad thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> to the full interview. Greely shares his thoughts on cost, socioeconomics, gene editing and the ethics of designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A leading bioethicist predicts that most people in developed countries won’t have sex to make babies in the future, they'll opt for genetically manufactured lab embryos. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475120674,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":900},"headData":{"title":"Will Baby-Making Move From the Bedroom to the Lab? | KQED","description":"A leading bioethicist predicts that most people in developed countries won’t have sex to make babies in the future, they'll opt for genetically manufactured lab embryos. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Will Baby-Making Move From the Bedroom to the Lab?","datePublished":"2016-06-15T00:14:22.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-29T03:44:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"183929 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=183929","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/14/will-baby-making-move-from-the-bedroom-to-the-lab/","disqusTitle":"Will Baby-Making Move From the Bedroom to the Lab?","path":"/futureofyou/183929/will-baby-making-move-from-the-bedroom-to-the-lab","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stanford law professor and bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely\u003c/a> predicts that most people in developed countries won’t have sex to make babies in the future. Instead they will choose to control their child's genetics by making embryos in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab.'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Greely recently spoke with Michael Krasny on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program about his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/publications/the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-human-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction.\u003c/a>” Greely highlights the ethical and legal questions that might arise in the future's reproductive paradigm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: There are a lot of new advances, technology and so forth, we reached the point where you get some sperm donor and a little piece of skin and you’re in business because of stem cells. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: My book argues that two different biomedical innovations coming from different directions and not really propelled by reproduction are going to combine here. One is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing\" target=\"_blank\">whole-genome sequencing, \u003c/a>and the other is what I call easy PGD, \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis/\" target=\"_blank\">preimplantation genetic diagnosis\u003c/a>, [that] is getting rid of egg harvest... which is unpleasant, dangerous and really expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This ties in with in vitro fertilization [IVF] also being not as onerous as it has been in the past...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: What I think is going to happen, we’ll be able to take some skin cells from anyone and turn them into any cell type. Make these into eggs or sperm and that is going to make IVF much easier, cheaper and less dangerous. [This] is going to lead to what I call easy PGD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: You [can] decide, “Well, I want these traits” and it becomes a selective process.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Yes, I think we will see an increased and broad use embryo selection. I would be careful to set the time frame at 20-40 years. I think we’ll actually see a world where most babies born to people with good health coverage will be conceived in the lab. People will make about a hundred embryos, each will have its whole genome tested, and the parents will be [told], “…Tell us what you want to know and then tell us what embryo you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This could bring down healthcare costs and it is also good for same sex couples, isn't it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: Well, yes and maybe. I think it should bring down healthcare costs, and, in fact, one of the advantages to it is that it would be so beneficial for public health care costs that I think it would be provided for free. If it costs say, $10,000 to start a baby this way, 100 babies is a million dollars. If you avoid the birth of one baby with a serious genetic disease, you’ve saved 3-5 million dollars. The same sex issue, I think that’s going to work, but that’s another jump. That would be taking a skin cell… from a woman and turning it into a sperm. I think [it’s] probable, but that hasn’t been done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: This is not the end of sex--because recreational sex will always be with us--it’s the end of sex as a way of procreating.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I think it will not be the complete end. I think people will still get pregnant the old-fashioned way, right, sometimes for religious reasons, sometimes for philosophical reasons, sometimes for romantic reasons, sometimes because they are teenagers and the backseat of the car is there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: A lot of people talk about playing God, but before we get into that, there's the rubric of consumer eugenics. And there is a eugenics fear when we start talking about selection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: There certainly is. Eugenics is a slippery word, it means many things to different people. To some its \u003cem>state-enforced reproductive control\u003c/em>, to some, and what we had was \u003cem>state-enforced sterilization\u003c/em>, to some it’s \u003cem>any kind of reproductive choices\u003c/em>, but those are different things. For me I think the coercion is much more important than the issues of selection. The concern about the state or the insurance company or someone else, forcing you to pick particular babies, worries me a lot more than having parents make choices, though that raises its own set of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Krasny: What do you see as the biggest question here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely: I worry about the dilemma of Republican legislators in very conservative states. They want to spend as little money as possible on Medicaid. I could imagine a state saying, \"We're not going to pay for this via Medicaid,\" which would mean that the roughly 40-50 percent of babies born in that state who are paid for by Medicaid wouldn't get to go through this, and although they are not \"super babies\", adding another 10-20 percent health advantage to the babies of the rich over the babies of the poor is a bad thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/06/01/bioethicist-hank-greely-forecasts-the-end-of-sex-and-the-future-of-reproduction/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> to the full interview. Greely shares his thoughts on cost, socioeconomics, gene editing and the ethics of designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/183929/will-baby-making-move-from-the-bedroom-to-the-lab","authors":["11253"],"categories":["futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_396","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_287"],"featImg":"futureofyou_183970","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_158490":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_158490","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"158490","score":null,"sort":[1462473204000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"renewed-debate-over-prolonged-life-of-human-embryo-outside-womb","title":"Renewed Debate as Human Embryo's Life Outside Womb is Prolonged","publishDate":1462473204,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists have been able to make and study human embryos in their labs for decades. But they have never been able to keep them alive outside a woman's womb for more than about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limitation meant scientists were unable to conduct a range of detailed research into early human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now researchers say they have discovered a way to keep human embryos alive in the laboratory about a week longer than ever before, and through a critical period of development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a step they say will yield important insights into human development and could lead to a better understanding of the factors that cause miscarriages and birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of this research which we do in the lab should have enormous benefit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/~zernickagoetzlab/\">Magdelena Zernicka-Goetz\u003c/a>, a professor of developmental biology at the University of Cambridge in England who helped conduct the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the advance is reviving a debate about the ethics of conducting experiments on human embryos in the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the move has raised questions about whether to change a long-standing rule that has limited research on human embryos to the first 14 days of their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, published Wednesday in two papers in \u003ca href=\"10.1038/nature17948\">Nature\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncb3347\">Nature Cell Biology\u003c/a>, builds on a recent discovery by Zernicka-Goetz's group showing how to keep mouse embryos alive longer in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers developed a specific mix of amino acids, hormones and growth factors that \"would allow embryos to feel as good as they would feel in the body of the mother,\" Zernicka-Goetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big question was: Would the same mix work to keep \u003cem>human\u003c/em> embryos alive longer? Until now, the upper limit for human embryos was about seven days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz's group and a separate team at Rockefeller University in New York decided to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it worked. Human embryos kept developing in the lab for about another week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz says being able to go past the previous limit is \"extremely important\" from a scientific point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the seventh day of development is the time when the human embryo becomes embedded within the body of the mother — when it becomes implanted in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had thought embryos could only keep developing if they were safely in the womb and receiving instructions from the mother's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the embryos in the studies implanted in the dish as they would in the womb. Then they started organizing themselves into the very early stages of different complex organs and tissues and structures in the body, the researchers report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was a big eureka moment in the lab,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Ali Brinvalou\u003c/a>, an embryologist at Rockefeller University in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the information necessary and sufficient to have the embryo move forward is already contained within those handful of cells,\" he says. \"That was a very big surprise to us and to the field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers know relatively little about how a tiny ball of cells that makes up an embryo starts to become a complex human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a complete \"black box,\" Brinvalou says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find this to be alarming and I find it to be a bit embarrassing,\" he says, \"because I know more about the fruit fly and the frog and the fish and the bird than I know about my own [human] development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance should help scientists investigate many long-standing questions, including: Why do so many pregnancies end in miscarriages? How could infertility treatments be improved? What causes birth defects? How do embryonic stem cells really work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will learn things we cannot even imagine,\" Brinvalou says. \"It's as if you say: 'If I look at new sets of Hubble Space Telescope pictures that I haven't seen yet, what will I learn from them?' It's difficult to say until you look at them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers agree the advance is very promising. In a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/533169a\">commentary\u003c/a> accompanying the research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/Directory/People/R/Janet-Rossant.html\">Janet Rossant\u003c/a> of The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto says the work could \"provide important information\" to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads back to the current status of the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's no other way to retrieve valuable information that could be good for humankind, I think it's definitely worth discussing the possibility of renegotiating where that stopping point ought to be,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://case.edu/medicine/bioethics/about/faculty--staff/hyun.html\">Insoo Hyun\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at Case Western Reserve University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who think experimenting on human embryos is morally wrong, going even further is deeply troubling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The 14-day rule has kept it pretty limited in terms of what scientists could do. Once that goes, then it begins to sort of say: 'It's open season on human embryos. Anything goes,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://divinity.uchicago.edu/daniel-p-sulmasy\">Daniel Sulmasy\u003c/a>, a doctor and bioethicist at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question has to be: 'Are there any limits to what we will do to human beings in order to gain scientific knowledge?' And then who counts as a human being?\" says Sulmasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day rule was established at a time when it was impossible to keep embryos alive in the lab even that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current research, both groups of scientists stopped the embryos from developing past 14 days because of the long-standing rule. But the new work suggests they could have kept the embryos alive longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day mark was also picked originally because it was thought that was about the time when embryos tend to form the \"primitive streak,\" which is a structure that starts to give the embryo more of a structure and individuality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Policymakers and others have looked at that developmental time point and thought: That might actually be significant for peoples' moral beliefs if they think that's when you get a unique individual who finally appears for the first time,\" Hyun says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hyun argues in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17894\">article\u003c/a> accompanying the new research that the latest advance means it may be time to rethink that rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now there will be further questions about whether or not there would be good scientific reasons for moving that line out a little bit farther,\" Hyun tells \u003cem>Shots\u003c/em>. \"What is the purpose of the 14-day rule in today's scientific environment and do we want to keep it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyun stresses, however, that any change to the 14-day rule would require the same kind of careful, coordinated international debate that created the rule in the first place, to satisfy moral qualms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advance+In+Human+Embryo+Research+Rekindles+Ethical+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists have been able to keep human embryos alive twice as long as before, reviving a debate about the ethics of conducting experiments on them in the laboratory.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476851299,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1096},"headData":{"title":"Renewed Debate as Human Embryo's Life Outside Womb is Prolonged | KQED","description":"Scientists have been able to keep human embryos alive twice as long as before, reviving a debate about the ethics of conducting experiments on them in the laboratory.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Renewed Debate as Human Embryo's Life Outside Womb is Prolonged","datePublished":"2016-05-05T18:33:24.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-19T04:28:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"158490 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=158490","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/05/renewed-debate-over-prolonged-life-of-human-embryo-outside-womb/","disqusTitle":"Renewed Debate as Human Embryo's Life Outside Womb is Prolonged","nprByline":"Rob Stein\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Gist Croft, Alessia Deglincerti, and Ali H. Brivanlou/The Rockefeller University","nprStoryId":"476539552","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=476539552&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/04/476539552/advance-in-human-embryo-research-rekindles-ethical-debate?ft=nprml&f=476539552","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 04 May 2016 21:25:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 04 May 2016 13:04:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 04 May 2016 21:25:58 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/05/20160504_atc_advance_in_human_embryo_research_rekindles_ethical_debate.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=278&p=2&story=476539552&t=progseg&e=476714410&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=476539552","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1476783639-ca3f19.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=278&p=2&story=476539552&t=progseg&e=476714410&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=476539552","path":"/futureofyou/158490/renewed-debate-over-prolonged-life-of-human-embryo-outside-womb","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2016/05/20160504_atc_advance_in_human_embryo_research_rekindles_ethical_debate.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=278&p=2&story=476539552&t=progseg&e=476714410&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=476539552","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have been able to make and study human embryos in their labs for decades. But they have never been able to keep them alive outside a woman's womb for more than about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limitation meant scientists were unable to conduct a range of detailed research into early human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now researchers say they have discovered a way to keep human embryos alive in the laboratory about a week longer than ever before, and through a critical period of development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a step they say will yield important insights into human development and could lead to a better understanding of the factors that cause miscarriages and birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of this research which we do in the lab should have enormous benefit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/~zernickagoetzlab/\">Magdelena Zernicka-Goetz\u003c/a>, a professor of developmental biology at the University of Cambridge in England who helped conduct the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the advance is reviving a debate about the ethics of conducting experiments on human embryos in the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the move has raised questions about whether to change a long-standing rule that has limited research on human embryos to the first 14 days of their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, published Wednesday in two papers in \u003ca href=\"10.1038/nature17948\">Nature\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncb3347\">Nature Cell Biology\u003c/a>, builds on a recent discovery by Zernicka-Goetz's group showing how to keep mouse embryos alive longer in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers developed a specific mix of amino acids, hormones and growth factors that \"would allow embryos to feel as good as they would feel in the body of the mother,\" Zernicka-Goetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big question was: Would the same mix work to keep \u003cem>human\u003c/em> embryos alive longer? Until now, the upper limit for human embryos was about seven days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz's group and a separate team at Rockefeller University in New York decided to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it worked. Human embryos kept developing in the lab for about another week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz says being able to go past the previous limit is \"extremely important\" from a scientific point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the seventh day of development is the time when the human embryo becomes embedded within the body of the mother — when it becomes implanted in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had thought embryos could only keep developing if they were safely in the womb and receiving instructions from the mother's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the embryos in the studies implanted in the dish as they would in the womb. Then they started organizing themselves into the very early stages of different complex organs and tissues and structures in the body, the researchers report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was a big eureka moment in the lab,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Ali Brinvalou\u003c/a>, an embryologist at Rockefeller University in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the information necessary and sufficient to have the embryo move forward is already contained within those handful of cells,\" he says. \"That was a very big surprise to us and to the field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers know relatively little about how a tiny ball of cells that makes up an embryo starts to become a complex human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a complete \"black box,\" Brinvalou says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find this to be alarming and I find it to be a bit embarrassing,\" he says, \"because I know more about the fruit fly and the frog and the fish and the bird than I know about my own [human] development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance should help scientists investigate many long-standing questions, including: Why do so many pregnancies end in miscarriages? How could infertility treatments be improved? What causes birth defects? How do embryonic stem cells really work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will learn things we cannot even imagine,\" Brinvalou says. \"It's as if you say: 'If I look at new sets of Hubble Space Telescope pictures that I haven't seen yet, what will I learn from them?' It's difficult to say until you look at them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers agree the advance is very promising. In a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/533169a\">commentary\u003c/a> accompanying the research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/Directory/People/R/Janet-Rossant.html\">Janet Rossant\u003c/a> of The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto says the work could \"provide important information\" to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads back to the current status of the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's no other way to retrieve valuable information that could be good for humankind, I think it's definitely worth discussing the possibility of renegotiating where that stopping point ought to be,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://case.edu/medicine/bioethics/about/faculty--staff/hyun.html\">Insoo Hyun\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at Case Western Reserve University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who think experimenting on human embryos is morally wrong, going even further is deeply troubling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The 14-day rule has kept it pretty limited in terms of what scientists could do. Once that goes, then it begins to sort of say: 'It's open season on human embryos. Anything goes,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://divinity.uchicago.edu/daniel-p-sulmasy\">Daniel Sulmasy\u003c/a>, a doctor and bioethicist at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question has to be: 'Are there any limits to what we will do to human beings in order to gain scientific knowledge?' And then who counts as a human being?\" says Sulmasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day rule was established at a time when it was impossible to keep embryos alive in the lab even that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current research, both groups of scientists stopped the embryos from developing past 14 days because of the long-standing rule. But the new work suggests they could have kept the embryos alive longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day mark was also picked originally because it was thought that was about the time when embryos tend to form the \"primitive streak,\" which is a structure that starts to give the embryo more of a structure and individuality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Policymakers and others have looked at that developmental time point and thought: That might actually be significant for peoples' moral beliefs if they think that's when you get a unique individual who finally appears for the first time,\" Hyun says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hyun argues in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17894\">article\u003c/a> accompanying the new research that the latest advance means it may be time to rethink that rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now there will be further questions about whether or not there would be good scientific reasons for moving that line out a little bit farther,\" Hyun tells \u003cem>Shots\u003c/em>. \"What is the purpose of the 14-day rule in today's scientific environment and do we want to keep it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyun stresses, however, that any change to the 14-day rule would require the same kind of careful, coordinated international debate that created the rule in the first place, to satisfy moral qualms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advance+In+Human+Embryo+Research+Rekindles+Ethical+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/158490/renewed-debate-over-prolonged-life-of-human-embryo-outside-womb","authors":["byline_futureofyou_158490"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_396","futureofyou_903","futureofyou_80"],"featImg":"futureofyou_158491","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_3544":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_3544","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"3544","score":null,"sort":[1433265574000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"you-have-a-dominant-trait-that-tends-to-cause-disease-should-you-tell-your-partner","title":"You Have a Dominant Trait that Tends to Cause Disease. Should you Tell Your Partner?","publishDate":1433265574,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Contributor | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":172,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Editors' Note: Over Memorial Day, we put out a call on Twitter and Facebook for readers to share their niggling questions about genetics using the hashtag #futureofyou. And boy, did we get some fantastic responses. Your questions ranged from wondering why \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Element_Tim/status/603259672108359681\">spinach tasted like tinfoil \u003c/a>to the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hill_charlotte/status/601804082739695616\">potential of administering genetic tests to pregnant women and its possible harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We passed on these questions to Dr. Barry Starr, who writes regular columns for KQED about the ever-evolving field of genetics. He's selected three to tackle this week, but will return to some of your questions in upcoming posts. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/22/heres-your-chance-to-ask-our-geneticist-anything/\">More on Starr and our experiment here. \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Over to you, Barry...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Question 1: \"What's your responsibility as spouse if you know you've a dominant trait that tends to cause disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3625\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/Couple400.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3625\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/Couple400.jpg\" alt=\"How much should they reveal to each other about their personal genetics? (Pixabay)\" width=\"307\" height=\"230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How much should this couple reveal to each other about their personal genetics? \u003ccite>(Pixabay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barry Starr: \u003c/strong>That's a very tricky\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>question! This will be a big discussion going forward as we continue to gain more and more information about our genetic make-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/05/a-geneticists-take-on-cheaper-tests-for-breast-and-ovarian-cancer-risk/\">wrote recently\u003c/a>, a new genetic test makes it easier than ever to see if you are at a higher risk for breast cancer. There are also diseases like Huntington’s disease that are fatal but not until later in life. Each child of a person with the gene has a 50 percent chance of having it as well. Should you notify your spouse or spouse-to-be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging around the Internet, I found a fascinating \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152490/pdf/nihms314687.pdf\">study \u003c/a>from 2011 on what people actually do with this information in dating situations. The study involved 64 people who have dominant conditions that could either affect them or their future children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some decided not to date at all to avoid the complication. Some opted to be straight with their partner, while others didn’t share the truth about their disease risk because they were afraid of rejection. Those who kept this information under wraps struggled with when and how to bring it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a scientist, it's difficult for me to generalize about how people should act. So I turned to my colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.stanford.edu/profile/henry-t-greely\">Hank Greely\u003c/a>, the director of the Center for Law and the Biosciences at Stanford, for a more thorough explanation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think you’ve got any legal responsibility unless you affirmatively misrepresented your status to your spouse and he or she relied on that misrepresentation in some way that caused harm,\" Greely told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To win a court case, Greely said there would likely need to be evidence that you didn't share the information. \"I think you might need a situation where the other spouse asked you something like, “So, your father has Huntington’s disease, which I’ve read puts you at 50 percent risk. Have you been tested?\" Even in a situation like this, Greely isn't sure what the damages would amount to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, it's a different story. \"As an ethical matter, I think you need to reveal any serious health risks you’ve got to your partner before marriage, domestic partnership, or a decision to have kids together,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Question #2: How can my parents and I be on the shorter side but my 2 younger brothers be 6 foot tall?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3756\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3756\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-667x600.jpg\" alt=\"Carly Severn, who asked the question, with her mother and brothers \" width=\"345\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-667x600.jpg 667w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-400x360.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-1180x1061.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-960x863.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly.jpg 1306w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carly Severn (who asked the question) with her mother and brothers \u003ccite>(Carly Severn )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That's a question I'm sure a lot of folks are wondering! Height is a surprisingly complex genetic trait. Your final height is the result of the combination of genes you get from your parents \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like lots of other complex traits, height is the result of many different genes working together. In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/05/us-science-height-idUSKCN0HU0QI20141005\">most recent tally I could find\u003c/a>, scientists found 697 gene variants in 424 gene regions (with more sure to follow). Each of these contributes a bit towards your final height. This makes for a lot of possible combinations! So it could be that your parents have a mix of many variants that make them shorter and a few that make them taller. By chance you ended up with more of the “shorter” versions and your brothers more of the “taller” ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, around 80 percent of height is hereditary and the rest is environmental. An example of this is the huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/01/world/tokyo-journal-the-japanese-it-seems-are-outgrowing-japan.html\">changes in the average height of the Japanese\u003c/a> since World War II. In the last 50 years, the average eleven year old in Japan has gained 5.5 inches. This is way too fast for genetics and is probably explained by better nutrition. Another possibility is that one or both of your parents are shorter than their DNA says because of poor nutrition growing up. They did not reach their height potential, but passed that potential on to your brothers. (You still got the short end of the genes.) \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/ethnic-groups-and-height\">More on the genetics of height here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Question #3: How come I didn't have any red headed children? My husband has red hair, I have brown hair. Am I not a redhead gene carrier?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3578\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3578\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/FiveBlondes.jpg\" alt='Some of these women may inherited \"red hair\" genes from both parents and still not have red hair. ' width=\"331\" height=\"210\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of these women may inherited \"red hair\" genes from both parents and still not have red hair. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the time redheads have red hair because they got the necessary gene from both parents, a \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/blood-type-parent-o-blood-type-child\">classic recessive trait\u003c/a>. Since your husband has red hair, we know he passed a red hair gene to his kids. Because red hair is usually recessive, most likely that is all he has to give.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do not have a red hair gene, then your kids obviously can’t get one from you. They will get one red from your husband and one not-red from you. They will all be carriers because of your husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will not have red hair but can pass a gene for red hair down to their kids. If their partners also pass one down, you’ll have red-headed grandkids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility has to do with simple statistics. In this case you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> a carrier but you just happened not to pass the red hair gene down to any of your kids. Each child of a carrier has a 50 percent chance of getting the “red hair” gene from that parent. This does not mean, however, that 50 percent of the carrier’s kids will get it. All the kids might get it or none of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that red hair is also not a perfectly recessive trait. It is way more predictable than tongue rolling, ear lobe attachment, widow’s peak, hitchhiker thumb and so on, but there are still plenty of exceptions. A \u003ca href=\"http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/18/2249.long\">study \u003c/a>from 2007 showed that a surprising number of people with two red hair genes do not have red hair. So it might be the case that your children did indeed get a red hair gene from you but still didn’t end up with red hair. \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">More on red hair genetics here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dr. Barry Starr answers some tough questions about genetics -- all posed by KQED readers. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477282261,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1235},"headData":{"title":"You Have a Dominant Trait that Tends to Cause Disease. Should you Tell Your Partner? | KQED","description":"Dr. Barry Starr answers some tough questions about genetics -- all posed by KQED readers. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"You Have a Dominant Trait that Tends to Cause Disease. Should you Tell Your Partner?","datePublished":"2015-06-02T17:19:34.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T04:11:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3544 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=3544","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/06/02/you-have-a-dominant-trait-that-tends-to-cause-disease-should-you-tell-your-partner/","disqusTitle":"You Have a Dominant Trait that Tends to Cause Disease. Should you Tell Your Partner?","path":"/futureofyou/3544/you-have-a-dominant-trait-that-tends-to-cause-disease-should-you-tell-your-partner","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editors' Note: Over Memorial Day, we put out a call on Twitter and Facebook for readers to share their niggling questions about genetics using the hashtag #futureofyou. And boy, did we get some fantastic responses. Your questions ranged from wondering why \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Element_Tim/status/603259672108359681\">spinach tasted like tinfoil \u003c/a>to the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hill_charlotte/status/601804082739695616\">potential of administering genetic tests to pregnant women and its possible harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We passed on these questions to Dr. Barry Starr, who writes regular columns for KQED about the ever-evolving field of genetics. He's selected three to tackle this week, but will return to some of your questions in upcoming posts. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/22/heres-your-chance-to-ask-our-geneticist-anything/\">More on Starr and our experiment here. \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Over to you, Barry...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Question 1: \"What's your responsibility as spouse if you know you've a dominant trait that tends to cause disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3625\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/Couple400.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3625\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/Couple400.jpg\" alt=\"How much should they reveal to each other about their personal genetics? (Pixabay)\" width=\"307\" height=\"230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How much should this couple reveal to each other about their personal genetics? \u003ccite>(Pixabay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barry Starr: \u003c/strong>That's a very tricky\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>question! This will be a big discussion going forward as we continue to gain more and more information about our genetic make-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/05/a-geneticists-take-on-cheaper-tests-for-breast-and-ovarian-cancer-risk/\">wrote recently\u003c/a>, a new genetic test makes it easier than ever to see if you are at a higher risk for breast cancer. There are also diseases like Huntington’s disease that are fatal but not until later in life. Each child of a person with the gene has a 50 percent chance of having it as well. Should you notify your spouse or spouse-to-be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After digging around the Internet, I found a fascinating \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152490/pdf/nihms314687.pdf\">study \u003c/a>from 2011 on what people actually do with this information in dating situations. The study involved 64 people who have dominant conditions that could either affect them or their future children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some decided not to date at all to avoid the complication. Some opted to be straight with their partner, while others didn’t share the truth about their disease risk because they were afraid of rejection. Those who kept this information under wraps struggled with when and how to bring it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a scientist, it's difficult for me to generalize about how people should act. So I turned to my colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.stanford.edu/profile/henry-t-greely\">Hank Greely\u003c/a>, the director of the Center for Law and the Biosciences at Stanford, for a more thorough explanation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think you’ve got any legal responsibility unless you affirmatively misrepresented your status to your spouse and he or she relied on that misrepresentation in some way that caused harm,\" Greely told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To win a court case, Greely said there would likely need to be evidence that you didn't share the information. \"I think you might need a situation where the other spouse asked you something like, “So, your father has Huntington’s disease, which I’ve read puts you at 50 percent risk. Have you been tested?\" Even in a situation like this, Greely isn't sure what the damages would amount to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, it's a different story. \"As an ethical matter, I think you need to reveal any serious health risks you’ve got to your partner before marriage, domestic partnership, or a decision to have kids together,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Question #2: How can my parents and I be on the shorter side but my 2 younger brothers be 6 foot tall?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3756\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3756\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-667x600.jpg\" alt=\"Carly Severn, who asked the question, with her mother and brothers \" width=\"345\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-667x600.jpg 667w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-400x360.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-1180x1061.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly-960x863.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/carly.jpg 1306w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carly Severn (who asked the question) with her mother and brothers \u003ccite>(Carly Severn )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That's a question I'm sure a lot of folks are wondering! Height is a surprisingly complex genetic trait. Your final height is the result of the combination of genes you get from your parents \u003cem>and\u003c/em> the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like lots of other complex traits, height is the result of many different genes working together. In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/05/us-science-height-idUSKCN0HU0QI20141005\">most recent tally I could find\u003c/a>, scientists found 697 gene variants in 424 gene regions (with more sure to follow). Each of these contributes a bit towards your final height. This makes for a lot of possible combinations! So it could be that your parents have a mix of many variants that make them shorter and a few that make them taller. By chance you ended up with more of the “shorter” versions and your brothers more of the “taller” ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, around 80 percent of height is hereditary and the rest is environmental. An example of this is the huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/01/world/tokyo-journal-the-japanese-it-seems-are-outgrowing-japan.html\">changes in the average height of the Japanese\u003c/a> since World War II. In the last 50 years, the average eleven year old in Japan has gained 5.5 inches. This is way too fast for genetics and is probably explained by better nutrition. Another possibility is that one or both of your parents are shorter than their DNA says because of poor nutrition growing up. They did not reach their height potential, but passed that potential on to your brothers. (You still got the short end of the genes.) \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/ethnic-groups-and-height\">More on the genetics of height here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Question #3: How come I didn't have any red headed children? My husband has red hair, I have brown hair. Am I not a redhead gene carrier?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3578\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3578\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/FiveBlondes.jpg\" alt='Some of these women may inherited \"red hair\" genes from both parents and still not have red hair. ' width=\"331\" height=\"210\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of these women may inherited \"red hair\" genes from both parents and still not have red hair. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the time redheads have red hair because they got the necessary gene from both parents, a \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/blood-type-parent-o-blood-type-child\">classic recessive trait\u003c/a>. Since your husband has red hair, we know he passed a red hair gene to his kids. Because red hair is usually recessive, most likely that is all he has to give.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do not have a red hair gene, then your kids obviously can’t get one from you. They will get one red from your husband and one not-red from you. They will all be carriers because of your husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will not have red hair but can pass a gene for red hair down to their kids. If their partners also pass one down, you’ll have red-headed grandkids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility has to do with simple statistics. In this case you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> a carrier but you just happened not to pass the red hair gene down to any of your kids. Each child of a carrier has a 50 percent chance of getting the “red hair” gene from that parent. This does not mean, however, that 50 percent of the carrier’s kids will get it. All the kids might get it or none of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that red hair is also not a perfectly recessive trait. It is way more predictable than tongue rolling, ear lobe attachment, widow’s peak, hitchhiker thumb and so on, but there are still plenty of exceptions. A \u003ca href=\"http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/18/2249.long\">study \u003c/a>from 2007 showed that a surprising number of people with two red hair genes do not have red hair. So it might be the case that your children did indeed get a red hair gene from you but still didn’t end up with red hair. \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">More on red hair genetics here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/3544/you-have-a-dominant-trait-that-tends-to-cause-disease-should-you-tell-your-partner","authors":["6177"],"series":["futureofyou_172"],"categories":["futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_361","futureofyou_402","futureofyou_396","futureofyou_138","futureofyou_156","futureofyou_266","futureofyou_270","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_363"],"featImg":"futureofyou_3768","label":"futureofyou_172"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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