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But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?[contextly_sidebar id=\"SE82E4G0jfBm3Ty2BPZtQeC1Q2URGkhF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YLSkNwloHkug4PGaOdi82m9E00o7xkuz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.[contextly_sidebar id=\"q3Z6RZoUG6JjLbtDvzjWH1Vt9KhybMkM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity, findings that come amid a heated debate on the question.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1530222945,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":907},"headData":{"title":"The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases | KQED","description":"A new study suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity, findings that come amid a heated debate on the question.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases","datePublished":"2018-06-28T21:55:45.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-28T21:55:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443063 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443063","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/28/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases/","disqusTitle":"The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases","nprByline":"Meghana Keshavan\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/443063/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humans are living longer than ever before. But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443063/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443063"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_1564","futureofyou_532","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_1565","futureofyou_61"],"collections":["futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443067","label":"futureofyou_1094"},"futureofyou_442945":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442945","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442945","score":null,"sort":[1529614854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad","title":"Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad","publishDate":1529614854,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1094,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50, and he’s still around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home, Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away, in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth, glass-fronted incubator stocked with tiny crustaceans called water fleas. Peshkin is raising them to try to understand their natural lifespan. Once he knows how unusual it is for these bugs to survive past the 40 days they typically live at room temperature, he will begin dosing them with drugs to see if he can extend that trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin prepares to feed water fleas in his lab at Harvard Medical School. He studies their life cycle to better understand aging in humans. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Peshkin and his parents also contribute to research in a less conventional way. All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529722265,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2819},"headData":{"title":"Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad | KQED","description":"Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?” Almost imperceptibly, Miron","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad","datePublished":"2018-06-21T21:00:54.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-23T02:51:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442945 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442945","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/21/anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad/","disqusTitle":"Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad","nprByline":"Karen Weintraub\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/442945/anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50, and he’s still around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home, Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away, in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth, glass-fronted incubator stocked with tiny crustaceans called water fleas. Peshkin is raising them to try to understand their natural lifespan. Once he knows how unusual it is for these bugs to survive past the 40 days they typically live at room temperature, he will begin dosing them with drugs to see if he can extend that trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin prepares to feed water fleas in his lab at Harvard Medical School. He studies their life cycle to better understand aging in humans. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Peshkin and his parents also contribute to research in a less conventional way. All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442945/anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442945"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1539","futureofyou_1549","futureofyou_1538","futureofyou_1548","futureofyou_1531","futureofyou_1545","futureofyou_1540","futureofyou_532","futureofyou_1530","futureofyou_1550","futureofyou_1537","futureofyou_1543","futureofyou_1542","futureofyou_1551","futureofyou_1541","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_952","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1553","futureofyou_1532","futureofyou_1552","futureofyou_1547","futureofyou_1536","futureofyou_294","futureofyou_1544","futureofyou_1546","futureofyou_1533","futureofyou_198","futureofyou_1535","futureofyou_1534"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442947","label":"futureofyou_1094"},"futureofyou_440080":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440080","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440080","score":null,"sort":[1520899794000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise","title":"Hearts Get 'Younger,' Even At Middle Age, With Exercise","publishDate":1520899794,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Eventually it happens to everyone. As we age, even if we're healthy, the heart becomes less flexible, more stiff and just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.218271/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show up\u003c/a> in the 50s or early 60s. And among people who don't exercise, the underlying changes can start even sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The heart gets smaller — stiffer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.utsouthwestern.edu/profile/14262/benjamin-levine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Ben Levine\u003c/a>, a sports cardiologist at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and director of the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, in Dallas.[contextly_sidebar id=\"UJp77wAYFxSsTskHzbjUfLZVQstMILpG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the heart muscle as a rubber band, Levine says. In the beginning, the rubber band is flexible and pliable. But put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will emerge dry and brittle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what happens to the heart and blood vessels,\" he says. And down the road, that sort of stiffness can get worse, he notes, leading to the breathlessness and other symptoms of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heart failure\u003c/a>, an inability of the heart to effectively pump blood to the lungs or throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an avid exerciser, getting in shape now may head off that decline and help restore your aging heart. He and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/01/03/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030617\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> their recent findings in the American Heart Association's journal, \u003cem>Circulation\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-old hearts.'\u003ccite>Dr. Ben Levine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research team recruited individuals between the ages of 45 and 64 who were mostly sedentary but otherwise healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dallas resident Mae Onsry, an accounts payable manager, was 62 at the time. Raising two children and working full time, she says, she never had the flexibility to fit in exercise, although she knew it was important for her health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have my hobbies,\" says Onsry, including ballroom dancing and gardening. But it was nothing routine, nothing \"disciplined,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when she saw a flyer about Levine's study, she signed up — along with 52 other volunteers — for a two-year study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heart Health\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParticipants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first group engaged in a program of nonaerobic exercise — basic yoga, balance training and weight training — three times a week. The other group, which Onsry was in, was assigned a trainer and did moderate- to high-intensity aerobic exercise for four or more days a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two years, the group doing the higher-intensity exercise saw dramatic improvements in heart health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-old hearts,\" says Levine. Their hearts processed oxygen more efficiently and were notably less stiff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter,\" he says, \"was because their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump a lot more blood during exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearts of those engaged in less intense routines didn't change, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key part of the effective exercise regimen was interval training, Levine says — short bursts of high-intensity exercise followed by a few minutes of rest. The study incorporated what are often referred to as \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntnu.edu/cerg/advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4x4 intervals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an old Norwegian ski team workout,\" Levine explains. \"It means four minutes at 95 percent of your maximal ability, followed by three minutes of active recovery, repeated four times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-341841 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\">Pushing as hard as you can for four minutes stresses the heart, he explains, and forces it to function more efficiently. Repeating the intervals helps strengthen both the heart and the circulatory system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sweet spot in life to get off the couch and start exercising [if you haven't already] is in late middle age when the heart still has plasticity,\" Levine says. You may not be able to reverse the aging of the vessels if you wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all,\" Levine says. \"We could not change the structure of their heart and blood vessels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone considering beginning this, or a similarly strenuous exercise program, Levine says, should check with a doctor first and ask about individual health issues that might warrant a less intense program initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mental Health\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Onsry, who is now 65, the study was life changing. Today she exercises every day of the week, walking and jogging at least 5 miles around the lake near her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she misses a day, she says, she just doesn't feel as good physically. And the regimen has helped her mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not moody,\" she says. \"I mean — I'm happy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/doctors/1912084062/nieca-goldberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nieca Goldberg\u003c/a>, a cardiologist and medical director of the Joan H. Tisch Center for Women's Health at NYU Langone Medical Center, and a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's research is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many studies that are done that look at [cardiovascular] health look at improvements in risk factors like high blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes,\" Goldberg says. \"But this study specifically looked at heart function — and how heart function can improve with exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldberg says the findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hearts+Get+%27Younger%2C%27+Even+At+Middle+Age%2C+With+Exercise&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For those in midlife, getting in shape now may head off decline and help restore an aging heart.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1547069061,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":929},"headData":{"title":"Hearts Get 'Younger,' Even At Middle Age, With Exercise | KQED","description":"For those in midlife, getting in shape now may head off decline and help restore an aging heart.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Hearts Get 'Younger,' Even At Middle Age, With Exercise","datePublished":"2018-03-13T00:09:54.000Z","dateModified":"2019-01-09T21:24:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"440080 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440080","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/12/hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise/","disqusTitle":"Hearts Get 'Younger,' Even At Middle Age, With Exercise","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Patti Neighmond, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Maria Fabrizio for NPR","nprStoryId":"591513777","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=591513777&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/12/591513777/hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise?ft=nprml&f=591513777","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 12 Mar 2018 16:06:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 12 Mar 2018 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 12 Mar 2018 16:06:17 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/03/20180312_me_hearts_gets_younger_even_at_middle_age_with_exercise.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=216&p=3&story=591513777&ft=nprml&f=591513777","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1592823667-03c52f.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=216&p=3&story=591513777&ft=nprml&f=591513777","audioTrackLength":217,"path":"/futureofyou/440080/hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/03/20180312_me_hearts_gets_younger_even_at_middle_age_with_exercise.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=216&p=3&story=591513777&ft=nprml&f=591513777","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Eventually it happens to everyone. As we age, even if we're healthy, the heart becomes less flexible, more stiff and just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.218271/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show up\u003c/a> in the 50s or early 60s. And among people who don't exercise, the underlying changes can start even sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The heart gets smaller — stiffer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.utsouthwestern.edu/profile/14262/benjamin-levine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Ben Levine\u003c/a>, a sports cardiologist at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and director of the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, in Dallas.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the heart muscle as a rubber band, Levine says. In the beginning, the rubber band is flexible and pliable. But put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will emerge dry and brittle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what happens to the heart and blood vessels,\" he says. And down the road, that sort of stiffness can get worse, he notes, leading to the breathlessness and other symptoms of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heart failure\u003c/a>, an inability of the heart to effectively pump blood to the lungs or throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an avid exerciser, getting in shape now may head off that decline and help restore your aging heart. He and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/01/03/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030617\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> their recent findings in the American Heart Association's journal, \u003cem>Circulation\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-old hearts.'\u003ccite>Dr. Ben Levine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research team recruited individuals between the ages of 45 and 64 who were mostly sedentary but otherwise healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dallas resident Mae Onsry, an accounts payable manager, was 62 at the time. Raising two children and working full time, she says, she never had the flexibility to fit in exercise, although she knew it was important for her health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have my hobbies,\" says Onsry, including ballroom dancing and gardening. But it was nothing routine, nothing \"disciplined,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when she saw a flyer about Levine's study, she signed up — along with 52 other volunteers — for a two-year study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heart Health\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParticipants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first group engaged in a program of nonaerobic exercise — basic yoga, balance training and weight training — three times a week. The other group, which Onsry was in, was assigned a trainer and did moderate- to high-intensity aerobic exercise for four or more days a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two years, the group doing the higher-intensity exercise saw dramatic improvements in heart health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30- or 35-year-old hearts,\" says Levine. Their hearts processed oxygen more efficiently and were notably less stiff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter,\" he says, \"was because their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump a lot more blood during exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearts of those engaged in less intense routines didn't change, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key part of the effective exercise regimen was interval training, Levine says — short bursts of high-intensity exercise followed by a few minutes of rest. The study incorporated what are often referred to as \u003ca href=\"https://www.ntnu.edu/cerg/advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4x4 intervals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an old Norwegian ski team workout,\" Levine explains. \"It means four minutes at 95 percent of your maximal ability, followed by three minutes of active recovery, repeated four times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-341841 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"520\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/heart-health_wide-0fa361079eb45d51ec02f0d7448db4e125b1bd9b-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\">Pushing as hard as you can for four minutes stresses the heart, he explains, and forces it to function more efficiently. Repeating the intervals helps strengthen both the heart and the circulatory system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sweet spot in life to get off the couch and start exercising [if you haven't already] is in late middle age when the heart still has plasticity,\" Levine says. You may not be able to reverse the aging of the vessels if you wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all,\" Levine says. \"We could not change the structure of their heart and blood vessels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone considering beginning this, or a similarly strenuous exercise program, Levine says, should check with a doctor first and ask about individual health issues that might warrant a less intense program initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mental Health\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Onsry, who is now 65, the study was life changing. Today she exercises every day of the week, walking and jogging at least 5 miles around the lake near her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she misses a day, she says, she just doesn't feel as good physically. And the regimen has helped her mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not moody,\" she says. \"I mean — I'm happy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/doctors/1912084062/nieca-goldberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nieca Goldberg\u003c/a>, a cardiologist and medical director of the Joan H. Tisch Center for Women's Health at NYU Langone Medical Center, and a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's research is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many studies that are done that look at [cardiovascular] health look at improvements in risk factors like high blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes,\" Goldberg says. \"But this study specifically looked at heart function — and how heart function can improve with exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldberg says the findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hearts+Get+%27Younger%2C%27+Even+At+Middle+Age%2C+With+Exercise&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440080/hearts-get-younger-even-at-middle-age-with-exercise","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440080"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_259","futureofyou_743","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_279","futureofyou_1640"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440081","label":"source_futureofyou_440080"},"futureofyou_439938":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439938","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439938","score":null,"sort":[1520029180000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-sip-beer-discover-link-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system","title":"Scientists Sip Beer, Discover Link Between Alzheimer's And Brain's Ancient Immune System","publishDate":1520029180,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Beer has fueled a lot of bad ideas. But on a Friday afternoon in 2007, it helped two Alzheimer's researchers come up with a really a good one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/moir_robert.aspx\">Robert Moir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/tanzi_rudolph.aspx\">Rudolph Tanzi\u003c/a> were sipping Coronas in separate offices during \"attitude adjustment hour\" at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard's largest teaching hospital. And, by chance, each scientist found himself wondering about an apparent link between Alzheimer's disease and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moir had been surfing through random scientific papers online — something he does for an hour or so on most Fridays. \"I cruise wherever my fancy takes me,\" he says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"7M1TEDtx5VpvYNAuLZ4fq7p1cSKlsEay\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this day, he cruised to research on molecules known as antimicrobial peptides. They're part of the ancient immune system that's found in all forms of life and plays an important role in protecting the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way antimicrobial peptides protect us is by engulfing and neutralizing a germ or some other foreign invader. That gives newer parts of the immune system time to get mobilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These peptides are \"extremely important,\" Moir says. \"They're not like legacies from an immune system we don't use anymore. If you don't have them, you're going to die in a couple of hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Moir surfed through paper after paper, he realized that one of these ancient molecules, known as LL-37, looked a lot like a molecule closely associated with Alzheimer's. That molecule is called amyloid-beta and it forms the sticky plaques that tend to build up in the brains of people with dementia[contextly_sidebar id=\"IYHDaMptIPqJzYR9l5XweOSqbSXwwBlK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LL-37 and Amyloid-beta \"looked just like peas in a pod,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was really surprising. Even more surprising, on that same Friday afternoon, Moir's colleague Tanzi had also noticed a connection between Alzheimer's and the ancient immune system, which scientists refer to as innate immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi had been spending the same hour that Friday afternoon reviewing a list of genes he'd found that were somehow related to Alzheimer's. \"I was enjoying my first or second Corona,\" he says, \"and I noticed that many of the genes coming up were involved with innate immunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was like, well, what does that mean?\" Tanzi says. \"So I wandered into [Moir's] office, carrying my Corona in hand, and I said, 'What do you know about innate immunity in the brain?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two researchers decided to team up to figure out precisely how innate immunity figures into Alzheimer's. They later sketched out their research plan while sipping Bordeaux on the deck of Tanzi's house along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spent a lot of evenings out there making a dent in his very nice cellar,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Brain's Immune System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe two scientists began to discuss a wild idea. What if amyloid-beta was an integral part of the ancient immune system? What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain by encapsulating foreign invaders?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their idea was that the brain was producing amyloid for much the same reason an oyster forms a pearl — for self-defense. \"Maybe amyloid plaques are a brain pearl,\" Moir says, \"a way for our body to trap and permanently sequester these invading pathogens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a pretty radical idea. For decades, most scientists thought amyloid-beta was no more than a toxic waste product. \"In all those scenarios it's bad, bad, bad, bad, bad,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Moir and Tanzi suspected amyloid-beta was usually good — unless the brain started making too much. Then it could kill brain cells and lead to dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hypothesis was not immediately embraced by other scientists, Tanzi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I had folks emailing me, ex-mentors — Nobel laureates — saying, 'Rudy have you lost your mind?' Luckily neither Rob nor I have a really good track record of listening to people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So. Tanzi and Moir set out to prove that amyloid really is part of the immune system. And they were lucky enough to have a funder, the \u003ca href=\"https://curealz.org/\">Cure Alzheimer's Fund\u003c/a>, that was willing to take a chance on their idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort took years. But in 2010, Moir, Tanzi, and their team \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009505\">demonstrated\u003c/a> that amyloid is really good at killing viruses and bacteria in a test tube. And, in 2016, they \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/340/340ra72\">showed\u003c/a> it did the same thing in worms and mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very clear that amyloid protected against infection,\" Tanzi says. \"If a mouse had meningitis or encephalitis, [and] if that mouse was making amyloid it lived longer.\" In contrast, mice that did not produce amyloid died quickly from the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-93427 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">Today, Tanzi and Moir's wild idea is no longer considered so wild. Lots of scientists are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3916\">studying\u003c/a> the ancient immune system's connection to Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tanzi says it's become clear that Alzheimer's involves a lot more than just plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though we really concentrate on these plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease, it looks like it's the brain's immune system — the very primitive immune system of the brain — that's gone awry,\" Tanzi says, \"and the plaques and tangles are a part of that system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: What's causing the glitch in the ancient immune system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's overreacting to viruses and bacteria that get into the brain. Or, the system could be getting confused and attacking healthy cells — a lot like what happens in diseases like lupus or multiple sclerosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If either idea holds up, it may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's, Moir says. \"That's a pretty good outcome from a couple of Coronas 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Explore+Ties+Between+Alzheimer%27s+And+Brain%27s+Ancient+Immune+System&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Harvard researchers explain why they think Alzheimer's disease may be traced to an immunity glitch.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520097160,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1008},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Sip Beer, Discover Link Between Alzheimer's And Brain's Ancient Immune System | KQED","description":"Harvard researchers explain why they think Alzheimer's disease may be traced to an immunity glitch.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Sip Beer, Discover Link Between Alzheimer's And Brain's Ancient Immune System","datePublished":"2018-03-02T22:19:40.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-03T17:12:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439938 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439938","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/02/scientists-sip-beer-discover-link-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Sip Beer, Discover Link Between Alzheimer's And Brain's Ancient Immune System","nprImageCredit":"Martin M. Rotker","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Science Source","nprStoryId":"580475245","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=580475245&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/18/580475245/scientists-explore-ties-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system?ft=nprml&f=580475245","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 20 Feb 2018 17:31:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sun, 18 Feb 2018 05:00:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 20 Feb 2018 17:31:55 -0500","path":"/futureofyou/439938/scientists-sip-beer-discover-link-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beer has fueled a lot of bad ideas. But on a Friday afternoon in 2007, it helped two Alzheimer's researchers come up with a really a good one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/moir_robert.aspx\">Robert Moir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/researcher_profiles/tanzi_rudolph.aspx\">Rudolph Tanzi\u003c/a> were sipping Coronas in separate offices during \"attitude adjustment hour\" at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard's largest teaching hospital. And, by chance, each scientist found himself wondering about an apparent link between Alzheimer's disease and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moir had been surfing through random scientific papers online — something he does for an hour or so on most Fridays. \"I cruise wherever my fancy takes me,\" he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this day, he cruised to research on molecules known as antimicrobial peptides. They're part of the ancient immune system that's found in all forms of life and plays an important role in protecting the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way antimicrobial peptides protect us is by engulfing and neutralizing a germ or some other foreign invader. That gives newer parts of the immune system time to get mobilized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These peptides are \"extremely important,\" Moir says. \"They're not like legacies from an immune system we don't use anymore. If you don't have them, you're going to die in a couple of hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As Moir surfed through paper after paper, he realized that one of these ancient molecules, known as LL-37, looked a lot like a molecule closely associated with Alzheimer's. That molecule is called amyloid-beta and it forms the sticky plaques that tend to build up in the brains of people with dementia\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LL-37 and Amyloid-beta \"looked just like peas in a pod,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was really surprising. Even more surprising, on that same Friday afternoon, Moir's colleague Tanzi had also noticed a connection between Alzheimer's and the ancient immune system, which scientists refer to as innate immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi had been spending the same hour that Friday afternoon reviewing a list of genes he'd found that were somehow related to Alzheimer's. \"I was enjoying my first or second Corona,\" he says, \"and I noticed that many of the genes coming up were involved with innate immunity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was like, well, what does that mean?\" Tanzi says. \"So I wandered into [Moir's] office, carrying my Corona in hand, and I said, 'What do you know about innate immunity in the brain?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two researchers decided to team up to figure out precisely how innate immunity figures into Alzheimer's. They later sketched out their research plan while sipping Bordeaux on the deck of Tanzi's house along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spent a lot of evenings out there making a dent in his very nice cellar,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Brain's Immune System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe two scientists began to discuss a wild idea. What if amyloid-beta was an integral part of the ancient immune system? What if those sticky plaques were actually an effort to protect the brain by encapsulating foreign invaders?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their idea was that the brain was producing amyloid for much the same reason an oyster forms a pearl — for self-defense. \"Maybe amyloid plaques are a brain pearl,\" Moir says, \"a way for our body to trap and permanently sequester these invading pathogens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a pretty radical idea. For decades, most scientists thought amyloid-beta was no more than a toxic waste product. \"In all those scenarios it's bad, bad, bad, bad, bad,\" Moir says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Moir and Tanzi suspected amyloid-beta was usually good — unless the brain started making too much. Then it could kill brain cells and lead to dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This hypothesis was not immediately embraced by other scientists, Tanzi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I had folks emailing me, ex-mentors — Nobel laureates — saying, 'Rudy have you lost your mind?' Luckily neither Rob nor I have a really good track record of listening to people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So. Tanzi and Moir set out to prove that amyloid really is part of the immune system. And they were lucky enough to have a funder, the \u003ca href=\"https://curealz.org/\">Cure Alzheimer's Fund\u003c/a>, that was willing to take a chance on their idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort took years. But in 2010, Moir, Tanzi, and their team \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009505\">demonstrated\u003c/a> that amyloid is really good at killing viruses and bacteria in a test tube. And, in 2016, they \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/340/340ra72\">showed\u003c/a> it did the same thing in worms and mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very clear that amyloid protected against infection,\" Tanzi says. \"If a mouse had meningitis or encephalitis, [and] if that mouse was making amyloid it lived longer.\" In contrast, mice that did not produce amyloid died quickly from the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-93427 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/iStock_000060595932_Large-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">Today, Tanzi and Moir's wild idea is no longer considered so wild. Lots of scientists are now \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3916\">studying\u003c/a> the ancient immune system's connection to Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tanzi says it's become clear that Alzheimer's involves a lot more than just plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though we really concentrate on these plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease, it looks like it's the brain's immune system — the very primitive immune system of the brain — that's gone awry,\" Tanzi says, \"and the plaques and tangles are a part of that system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is: What's causing the glitch in the ancient immune system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's overreacting to viruses and bacteria that get into the brain. Or, the system could be getting confused and attacking healthy cells — a lot like what happens in diseases like lupus or multiple sclerosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If either idea holds up, it may be possible to interrupt the process before it causes Alzheimer's, Moir says. \"That's a pretty good outcome from a couple of Coronas 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Explore+Ties+Between+Alzheimer%27s+And+Brain%27s+Ancient+Immune+System&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439938/scientists-sip-beer-discover-link-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439938"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_999","futureofyou_56","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_426","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_327"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439939","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_437818":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_437818","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"437818","score":null,"sort":[1513598467000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"maintaining-strong-friendships-may-boost-brain-health-as-you-age","title":"Maintaining Strong Friendships May Boost Brain Health as You Age","publishDate":1513598467,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Ask Edith Smith, a proud 103-year-old, about her friends, and she’ll give you an earful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s Johnetta, 101, whom she’s known for 70 years and who has Alzheimer’s disease. “I call her every day and just say ‘Hi, how are you doing?’ She never knows, but she says hi back, and I tease her,” Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s Katie, 93, whom Smith met during a long teaching career with the Chicago Public Schools. “Every day we have a good conversation. She’s still driving and lives in her own house, and she tells me what’s going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"n7PadCScyIHCxbTGW7giMlyxz5OzMzXV\"]Then there’s Rhea, 90, whom Smith visits regularly at a retirement facility. And Mary, 95, who doesn’t leave her house anymore, “so I fix her a basket about once a month of jelly and little things I make and send it over by cab.” And fellow residents at Smith’s Chicago senior community, whom she recognizes with a card and a treat on their birthdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a very friendly person,” Smith said, when asked to describe herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be one reason why this lively centenarian has an extraordinary memory for someone her age, suggests a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0186413\">recent study\u003c/a> by researchers at Northwestern University highlighting a notable link between brain health and positive relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For nine years, these experts have been examining “SuperAgers” — men and women over age 80 whose memories are as good — or better — than people 20 to 30 years younger. Every couple of years, the group fills out surveys about their lives and gets a battery of neuropsychological tests, brain scans and a neurological examination, among other evaluations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started this project, we weren’t really sure we could find these individuals,” said Emily Rogalski, an associate professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.brain.northwestern.edu/\">Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center\u003c/a> at Northwestern’s Feinberg School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"4U4sS7Bw111D7XkndosbllDfiF6jmbgc\"]But find them they did: Thirty-one older men and women with exceptional memories, mostly from Illinois and surrounding states, are currently participating in the project. “Part of the goal is to characterize them — who are they, what are they like,” Rogalski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23198888\">Previous research\u003c/a> by the Northwestern group provided tantalizing clues, showing that SuperAgers have distinctive brain features: thicker cortexes, a resistance to age-related atrophy and a larger left anterior cingulate (a part of the brain important to attention and working memory).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But brain structure alone doesn’t fully account for SuperAgers’ unusual mental acuity, Rogalski suggested. “It’s likely there are a number of critical factors that are implicated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their new study, the researchers asked 31 SuperAgers and 19 cognitively “normal” older adults to fill out a 42-item questionnaire about their psychological well-being. The SuperAgers stood out in one area: the degree to which they reported having satisfying, warm, trusting relationships. (In other areas, such as having a purpose in life or retaining autonomy, they were much like their “normal” peers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Social relationships are really important” to this group and might play a significant role in preserving their cognition, Rogalski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That finding is consistent with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12048221\">other research\u003c/a> linking positive relationships to a reduced risk of cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Still, researchers haven’t examined how SuperAgers sustain these relationships and whether their experiences might include lessons for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, one of the SuperAgers, has plenty of thoughts about that. At her retirement community, she’s one of nine people who welcome new residents and try to help make them feel at home. “I have a smile for everybody,” she said. “I try to learn someone’s name as soon as they come in, and if I see them it’s ‘Good morning, how do you do?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many old people, all they do is tell you the same story over and over,” she said. “And sometimes, all they do is complain and not show any interest in what you have to say. That’s terrible. You have to listen to what people have to say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"9X5WvOeRrI52w9EmejSKTOzSrtdJp7Hn\"]Brian Fenwick, administrator of the Bethany Retirement Community where Smith lives, calls Smith a “leader in the community” and explains that “she’s very involved. She keeps us in line. She notices what’s going on and isn’t afraid to speak out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, Smith became a caregiver for her husband, who passed away in 2013. “All the time he was ill, I was still doing things for me,” she recalls. “You cannot drop everything and expect to be able to pick it up. You can’t drop your friends and expect them to be there when you’re ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she does every day, she said, is “show people I care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William “Bill“ Gurolnick, 86, another SuperAger in the study, realized the value of becoming more demonstrative after he retired from a sales and marketing position in 1999. “Men aren’t usually inclined to talk about their feelings, and I was a keep-things-inside kind of person,” he explained. “But opening up to other people is one of the things that I learned to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a small group of other men who’d left the work world behind, Gurolnick helped found a men’s group, Men Enjoying Leisure, which now has nearly 150 members and has spawned four similar groups in the Chicago suburbs. Every month, the group meets for two hours, including one hour they spend discussing personal issues — divorce, illness, children who can’t find jobs, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn people aren’t alone in the problems they’re dealing with,” Gurolnick said, adding that a dozen or so of the men have become good friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bill is the glue that holds the whole group together,” said Buddy Kalish, 80, a member of the group in Northbrook, Ill., a Chicago suburb. “He’s very, very caring — the first one to send out a thank-you note, the first one to send out a notice when there’s been a death in the family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activities are another way of cultivating relationships for Gurolnick. On Mondays, he bikes 20 to 30 miles with more than a dozen older men — many of them from his men’s group — followed by lunch. On Tuesdays, he’s part of a walking group, followed by coffee. On Wednesdays, he goes to the Wenger Jewish Community Center in Northbrook for two hours of water volleyball. On Thursdays, it’s back to the JCC for pickleball, a racquet sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really get a sense of still being alive,” Gurolnick said, when asked what he takes away from these interactions. “You get a sense of not being alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without her best friend, Grayce, whom she’s known since high school, and friends who live in her condominium complex, Evelyn Finegan, 88, might have become isolated. Another SuperAger, Finegan is hard of hearing and has macular degeneration in both eyes, but otherwise is astonishingly healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very important to keep up with your friends — to pick up the phone and call,” said Finegan, who talks to Grayce almost daily and chats with four other friends from high school on a regular basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the staples of Finegan’s life are her church; a monthly book club; volunteering at a resale shop in Oak Park, Ill.; socializing with a few people in her building; attending a club of Welsh women; and seeing her daughter, her son-in-law and grandchildren, who live in Oregon, whenever she can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so nice to spend time with Evelyn,” said her upstairs neighbor, June Witzl, 91, who often drives Finegan to doctors’ appointments. “She’s very kind and very generous. And she tells you what she believes so you really feel like you know her, instead of wondering what’s on her mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We’re eager to hear from readers about questions you’d like answered, problems you’ve been having with your care and advice you need in dealing with the health care system. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/columnists\">khn.org/columnists\u003c/a> to submit your requests or tips.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://kff.org/\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"SuperAgers, men and women over age 80 with extraordinary memories, share a commitment to sustaining friendships.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1513721095,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1495},"headData":{"title":"Maintaining Strong Friendships May Boost Brain Health as You Age | KQED","description":"SuperAgers, men and women over age 80 with extraordinary memories, share a commitment to sustaining friendships.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Maintaining Strong Friendships May Boost Brain Health as You Age","datePublished":"2017-12-18T12:01:07.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-19T22:04:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"437818 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437818","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/12/18/maintaining-strong-friendships-may-boost-brain-health-as-you-age/","disqusTitle":"Maintaining Strong Friendships May Boost Brain Health as You Age","nprByline":"Judith Graham\u003c/br>Kaiser Health News","path":"/futureofyou/437818/maintaining-strong-friendships-may-boost-brain-health-as-you-age","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ask Edith Smith, a proud 103-year-old, about her friends, and she’ll give you an earful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s Johnetta, 101, whom she’s known for 70 years and who has Alzheimer’s disease. “I call her every day and just say ‘Hi, how are you doing?’ She never knows, but she says hi back, and I tease her,” Smith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s Katie, 93, whom Smith met during a long teaching career with the Chicago Public Schools. “Every day we have a good conversation. She’s still driving and lives in her own house, and she tells me what’s going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Then there’s Rhea, 90, whom Smith visits regularly at a retirement facility. And Mary, 95, who doesn’t leave her house anymore, “so I fix her a basket about once a month of jelly and little things I make and send it over by cab.” And fellow residents at Smith’s Chicago senior community, whom she recognizes with a card and a treat on their birthdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a very friendly person,” Smith said, when asked to describe herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be one reason why this lively centenarian has an extraordinary memory for someone her age, suggests a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0186413\">recent study\u003c/a> by researchers at Northwestern University highlighting a notable link between brain health and positive relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For nine years, these experts have been examining “SuperAgers” — men and women over age 80 whose memories are as good — or better — than people 20 to 30 years younger. Every couple of years, the group fills out surveys about their lives and gets a battery of neuropsychological tests, brain scans and a neurological examination, among other evaluations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started this project, we weren’t really sure we could find these individuals,” said Emily Rogalski, an associate professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.brain.northwestern.edu/\">Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center\u003c/a> at Northwestern’s Feinberg School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But find them they did: Thirty-one older men and women with exceptional memories, mostly from Illinois and surrounding states, are currently participating in the project. “Part of the goal is to characterize them — who are they, what are they like,” Rogalski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23198888\">Previous research\u003c/a> by the Northwestern group provided tantalizing clues, showing that SuperAgers have distinctive brain features: thicker cortexes, a resistance to age-related atrophy and a larger left anterior cingulate (a part of the brain important to attention and working memory).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But brain structure alone doesn’t fully account for SuperAgers’ unusual mental acuity, Rogalski suggested. “It’s likely there are a number of critical factors that are implicated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their new study, the researchers asked 31 SuperAgers and 19 cognitively “normal” older adults to fill out a 42-item questionnaire about their psychological well-being. The SuperAgers stood out in one area: the degree to which they reported having satisfying, warm, trusting relationships. (In other areas, such as having a purpose in life or retaining autonomy, they were much like their “normal” peers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Social relationships are really important” to this group and might play a significant role in preserving their cognition, Rogalski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That finding is consistent with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12048221\">other research\u003c/a> linking positive relationships to a reduced risk of cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Still, researchers haven’t examined how SuperAgers sustain these relationships and whether their experiences might include lessons for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, one of the SuperAgers, has plenty of thoughts about that. At her retirement community, she’s one of nine people who welcome new residents and try to help make them feel at home. “I have a smile for everybody,” she said. “I try to learn someone’s name as soon as they come in, and if I see them it’s ‘Good morning, how do you do?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many old people, all they do is tell you the same story over and over,” she said. “And sometimes, all they do is complain and not show any interest in what you have to say. That’s terrible. You have to listen to what people have to say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Brian Fenwick, administrator of the Bethany Retirement Community where Smith lives, calls Smith a “leader in the community” and explains that “she’s very involved. She keeps us in line. She notices what’s going on and isn’t afraid to speak out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, Smith became a caregiver for her husband, who passed away in 2013. “All the time he was ill, I was still doing things for me,” she recalls. “You cannot drop everything and expect to be able to pick it up. You can’t drop your friends and expect them to be there when you’re ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she does every day, she said, is “show people I care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William “Bill“ Gurolnick, 86, another SuperAger in the study, realized the value of becoming more demonstrative after he retired from a sales and marketing position in 1999. “Men aren’t usually inclined to talk about their feelings, and I was a keep-things-inside kind of person,” he explained. “But opening up to other people is one of the things that I learned to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a small group of other men who’d left the work world behind, Gurolnick helped found a men’s group, Men Enjoying Leisure, which now has nearly 150 members and has spawned four similar groups in the Chicago suburbs. Every month, the group meets for two hours, including one hour they spend discussing personal issues — divorce, illness, children who can’t find jobs, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn people aren’t alone in the problems they’re dealing with,” Gurolnick said, adding that a dozen or so of the men have become good friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bill is the glue that holds the whole group together,” said Buddy Kalish, 80, a member of the group in Northbrook, Ill., a Chicago suburb. “He’s very, very caring — the first one to send out a thank-you note, the first one to send out a notice when there’s been a death in the family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activities are another way of cultivating relationships for Gurolnick. On Mondays, he bikes 20 to 30 miles with more than a dozen older men — many of them from his men’s group — followed by lunch. On Tuesdays, he’s part of a walking group, followed by coffee. On Wednesdays, he goes to the Wenger Jewish Community Center in Northbrook for two hours of water volleyball. On Thursdays, it’s back to the JCC for pickleball, a racquet sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really get a sense of still being alive,” Gurolnick said, when asked what he takes away from these interactions. “You get a sense of not being alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without her best friend, Grayce, whom she’s known since high school, and friends who live in her condominium complex, Evelyn Finegan, 88, might have become isolated. Another SuperAger, Finegan is hard of hearing and has macular degeneration in both eyes, but otherwise is astonishingly healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very important to keep up with your friends — to pick up the phone and call,” said Finegan, who talks to Grayce almost daily and chats with four other friends from high school on a regular basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the staples of Finegan’s life are her church; a monthly book club; volunteering at a resale shop in Oak Park, Ill.; socializing with a few people in her building; attending a club of Welsh women; and seeing her daughter, her son-in-law and grandchildren, who live in Oregon, whenever she can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s so nice to spend time with Evelyn,” said her upstairs neighbor, June Witzl, 91, who often drives Finegan to doctors’ appointments. “She’s very kind and very generous. And she tells you what she believes so you really feel like you know her, instead of wondering what’s on her mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We’re eager to hear from readers about questions you’d like answered, problems you’ve been having with your care and advice you need in dealing with the health care system. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/columnists\">khn.org/columnists\u003c/a> to submit your requests or tips.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://kff.org/\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437818/maintaining-strong-friendships-may-boost-brain-health-as-you-age","authors":["byline_futureofyou_437818"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_1426","futureofyou_1047"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437819","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_435195":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_435195","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"435195","score":null,"sort":[1504767708000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"get-off-the-couch-baby-boomers-or-you-may-not-be-able-to-later","title":"Get Off The Couch Baby Boomers, Or You May Not Be Able To Later","publishDate":1504767708,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Count the number of hours you sit each day. Be honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you commute an hour in the morning and hour after work — that's two hours, and if you sit at an eight-hour-a-day desk job that's 10,\" says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://publichealthonline.gwu.edu/academics/faculty/profile/loretta-dipietro/\">Loretta DiPietro\u003c/a> of the Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then you come home at, say, 6 p.m., eat dinner and crash into your recliner for another three to four hours,\" says DiPietro. \"That's 13 to 14 hours of sitting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening, has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.'\u003ccite>Loretta DiPietro, Milken Institute School of Public Health\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Being immobile like that for many hours each day does more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">raise the risk of a host of diseases\u003c/a>. DiPietro and her colleagues have good evidence that, as the years wear on, it actually reduces the ability of older people to get around on foot at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/4056501/The-Joint-Associations-of-Sedentary-Time-and\">study\u003c/a> of sitting and walking ability that surveyed people ages 50 to 71 across 8 to 10 years, those who tended to sit the most and move the least had more than three times the risk of difficulty walking by the end of the study, when compared to their more active counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some ended up unable to walk at all. The study appears in the current issue of \u003cem>The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prolonged sitting and TV watching were particularly harmful, DiPietro found, especially when combined with low levels of total physical activity. Young bodies may rebound from prolonged sitting with an hour at the gym, she says. But that seems less true in late middle age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening,\" she says, \"has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.\" And the period studied — the mid-1990s to 2005, or so — was even before the advent of rampant online streaming of shows, she notes. The problem today is likely even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before binge watching, at least when a show ended you got up and walked around,\" DiPietro says. \"It's now possible to watch several hours without moving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though being sedentary at work is also a risk, office employees tend to at least get up now and then, walk down the hall to the printer or restroom, and go to lunch, she says. Or at least workers used to do that. Increasingly, she says, many of us of all ages are engineering much of that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">light activity\u003c/a> out of our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We now use the Internet to go shopping, order groceries, send messages, and even gossip,\" DiPietro says. \"We used to walk down the hall and gossip; now we send it via email or text.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the effect of prolonged sitting on mobility, DiPietro and colleagues took data from the large NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study of men and women ages 50 to 71. The participants were all healthy when the study started in 1995 and 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers recorded how much those in the study watched TV, exercised or did gardening, housework or other physical activity at the beginning of the investigation. They included \"light\" physical activity like \"puttering around, walking to get the mail, or walking to the car\" says DiPietro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"JplsgjbFNSHSR0iTZQ6WE14V3wQoqauF\"]The results: Those who watched five or more hours of TV per day had a 65 percent greater risk of reporting a mobility disability at the study's end, compared with those who watched less than two hours per day. DiPietro says this association was independent of their level of total physical activity and other factors known to affect the ability to easily move around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She offers an antidote: Get up at least every 30 minutes when staring at a screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And if you insist on staying seated during that 15 second interval between episodes,\" DiPietro says, \"at least stand up, march in place, jump around, kick legs — do anything to move about for at least one to two minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of that would be \"phenomenal,\" to mobility, she says, and be at least a start toward heart health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/print/print-controller?printpath=/Doctors-Departments/Providers/Physicians/Andrew-M-Freeman&size=large\">Dr. Andrew Freeman\u003c/a>, who directs cardiovascular prevention and wellness at National Jewish Health in Denver, and represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.org/#sort=%40fcommonsortdate86069%20descending\">American College of Cardiology\u003c/a>, says people should do even more higher intensity exercise regularly — at least to the point of being \"breathless.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn't necessarily mean jogging around the neighborhood, he says. It can be as simple as walking at a slow pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an older population, Freeman says if you're going to be sedentary, you should try to be \"as active\" as you can when not sedentary. That may sound like common sense, he says, but the findings of the DiPietro study underscore the importance. Just five minutes a day of brisk movement, he says, is beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Denver businesswoman Liz King, that translates to a 20-minute daily walk during the week, and longer on the weekends. King says she's joined walking groups — including the national program \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/treatment-programs/directory/cardiology/walk-with-doc\">Walk With A Doc\u003c/a> — as a way to build more activity into her day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King is 61 years old and very busy starting a vegan food company in Denver — but does it, pretty much, sitting down, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have your own business, you have a little more flexibility,\" she says. \"But I'll tell you one thing that's constant — that's eight hours, at least, of looking at the screen and sitting in the chair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for her, being glued to the computer — and the chair — doesn't necessarily stop when the work day ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2HaGoHwIzRO6oc9LT4do01EduUx8KarZ\"]\"The inbox that may be overflowing,\" she says. Or she's doing homework for an online course. She'll check in with a chat session or with other family and friends online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's about an hour or more of watching television, King says. It all adds up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she makes sure to get out and walk at least a little bit, every day. She varies the pace, she admits, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I'm walking solo I'm probably walking at a more leisurely pace,\" she says, \"because I tend to take a picture of the occasional wildflower, or the clouds that are in a wonderful formation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on a speedier walk with a group, she keeps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all a big win for King's health, Freeman says, because she's away from the screen and moving. Exercise, he says, is nature's best medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Get+Off+The+Couch+Baby+Boomers%2C+Or+You+May+Not+Be+Able+To+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you sit too much during middle age — at work and at home — your ability to exercise or even walk in late decades is at risk, a study hints. And, of course, your risk of heart disease climbs, too.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1504646406,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1136},"headData":{"title":"Get Off The Couch Baby Boomers, Or You May Not Be Able To Later | KQED","description":"If you sit too much during middle age — at work and at home — your ability to exercise or even walk in late decades is at risk, a study hints. And, of course, your risk of heart disease climbs, too.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Get Off The Couch Baby Boomers, Or You May Not Be Able To Later","datePublished":"2017-09-07T07:01:48.000Z","dateModified":"2017-09-05T21:20:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"435195 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=435195","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/07/get-off-the-couch-baby-boomers-or-you-may-not-be-able-to-later/","disqusTitle":"Get Off The Couch Baby Boomers, Or You May Not Be Able To Later","nprByline":"Patti Neighmond\u003c/br>NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Lily Padula for NPR","nprStoryId":"547580952","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=547580952&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/04/547580952/get-off-the-couch-baby-boomers-or-you-may-not-be-able-to-later?ft=nprml&f=547580952","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 04 Sep 2017 08:43:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 04 Sep 2017 05:10:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 04 Sep 2017 15:29:54 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/09/20170904_me_get_off_the_couch_baby_boomers_or_you_may_not_be_able_to_later.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=208&p=3&story=547580952&t=progseg&e=548407186&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=547580952","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1548415579-0fe4ef.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=208&p=3&story=547580952&t=progseg&e=548407186&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=547580952","path":"/futureofyou/435195/get-off-the-couch-baby-boomers-or-you-may-not-be-able-to-later","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/09/20170904_me_get_off_the_couch_baby_boomers_or_you_may_not_be_able_to_later.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=208&p=3&story=547580952&t=progseg&e=548407186&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=547580952","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Count the number of hours you sit each day. Be honest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you commute an hour in the morning and hour after work — that's two hours, and if you sit at an eight-hour-a-day desk job that's 10,\" says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://publichealthonline.gwu.edu/academics/faculty/profile/loretta-dipietro/\">Loretta DiPietro\u003c/a> of the Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then you come home at, say, 6 p.m., eat dinner and crash into your recliner for another three to four hours,\" says DiPietro. \"That's 13 to 14 hours of sitting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening, has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.'\u003ccite>Loretta DiPietro, Milken Institute School of Public Health\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Being immobile like that for many hours each day does more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">raise the risk of a host of diseases\u003c/a>. DiPietro and her colleagues have good evidence that, as the years wear on, it actually reduces the ability of older people to get around on foot at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/4056501/The-Joint-Associations-of-Sedentary-Time-and\">study\u003c/a> of sitting and walking ability that surveyed people ages 50 to 71 across 8 to 10 years, those who tended to sit the most and move the least had more than three times the risk of difficulty walking by the end of the study, when compared to their more active counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some ended up unable to walk at all. The study appears in the current issue of \u003cem>The Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prolonged sitting and TV watching were particularly harmful, DiPietro found, especially when combined with low levels of total physical activity. Young bodies may rebound from prolonged sitting with an hour at the gym, she says. But that seems less true in late middle age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sitting and watching TV for long periods, especially in the evening,\" she says, \"has got to be one of the most dangerous things that older people can do.\" And the period studied — the mid-1990s to 2005, or so — was even before the advent of rampant online streaming of shows, she notes. The problem today is likely even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before binge watching, at least when a show ended you got up and walked around,\" DiPietro says. \"It's now possible to watch several hours without moving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though being sedentary at work is also a risk, office employees tend to at least get up now and then, walk down the hall to the printer or restroom, and go to lunch, she says. Or at least workers used to do that. Increasingly, she says, many of us of all ages are engineering much of that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/25/135575490/sitting-all-day-worse-for-you-than-you-might-think\">light activity\u003c/a> out of our lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We now use the Internet to go shopping, order groceries, send messages, and even gossip,\" DiPietro says. \"We used to walk down the hall and gossip; now we send it via email or text.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the effect of prolonged sitting on mobility, DiPietro and colleagues took data from the large NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study of men and women ages 50 to 71. The participants were all healthy when the study started in 1995 and 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers recorded how much those in the study watched TV, exercised or did gardening, housework or other physical activity at the beginning of the investigation. They included \"light\" physical activity like \"puttering around, walking to get the mail, or walking to the car\" says DiPietro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The results: Those who watched five or more hours of TV per day had a 65 percent greater risk of reporting a mobility disability at the study's end, compared with those who watched less than two hours per day. DiPietro says this association was independent of their level of total physical activity and other factors known to affect the ability to easily move around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She offers an antidote: Get up at least every 30 minutes when staring at a screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And if you insist on staying seated during that 15 second interval between episodes,\" DiPietro says, \"at least stand up, march in place, jump around, kick legs — do anything to move about for at least one to two minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of that would be \"phenomenal,\" to mobility, she says, and be at least a start toward heart health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/doctors-departments/providers/print/print-controller?printpath=/Doctors-Departments/Providers/Physicians/Andrew-M-Freeman&size=large\">Dr. Andrew Freeman\u003c/a>, who directs cardiovascular prevention and wellness at National Jewish Health in Denver, and represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.org/#sort=%40fcommonsortdate86069%20descending\">American College of Cardiology\u003c/a>, says people should do even more higher intensity exercise regularly — at least to the point of being \"breathless.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn't necessarily mean jogging around the neighborhood, he says. It can be as simple as walking at a slow pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an older population, Freeman says if you're going to be sedentary, you should try to be \"as active\" as you can when not sedentary. That may sound like common sense, he says, but the findings of the DiPietro study underscore the importance. Just five minutes a day of brisk movement, he says, is beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Denver businesswoman Liz King, that translates to a 20-minute daily walk during the week, and longer on the weekends. King says she's joined walking groups — including the national program \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaljewish.org/treatment-programs/directory/cardiology/walk-with-doc\">Walk With A Doc\u003c/a> — as a way to build more activity into her day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King is 61 years old and very busy starting a vegan food company in Denver — but does it, pretty much, sitting down, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have your own business, you have a little more flexibility,\" she says. \"But I'll tell you one thing that's constant — that's eight hours, at least, of looking at the screen and sitting in the chair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, for her, being glued to the computer — and the chair — doesn't necessarily stop when the work day ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"The inbox that may be overflowing,\" she says. Or she's doing homework for an online course. She'll check in with a chat session or with other family and friends online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's about an hour or more of watching television, King says. It all adds up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she makes sure to get out and walk at least a little bit, every day. She varies the pace, she admits, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I'm walking solo I'm probably walking at a more leisurely pace,\" she says, \"because I tend to take a picture of the occasional wildflower, or the clouds that are in a wonderful formation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on a speedier walk with a group, she keeps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all a big win for King's health, Freeman says, because she's away from the screen and moving. Exercise, he says, is nature's best medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Get+Off+The+Couch+Baby+Boomers%2C+Or+You+May+Not+Be+Able+To+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/435195/get-off-the-couch-baby-boomers-or-you-may-not-be-able-to-later","authors":["byline_futureofyou_435195"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_1075","futureofyou_743","futureofyou_1275"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435196","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_434812":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_434812","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"434812","score":null,"sort":[1502735444000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-do-old-people-want-your-young-blood-video","title":"Why Do Old People Want Your Young Blood? (Video)","publishDate":1502735444,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1097,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N88pPUWrc5k\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newest anti-aging trend sounds straight out of a vampire movie: injecting young blood into old people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As alarming as that may sound, human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554?term=ambrosia+LLC&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ongoing trial\u003c/a>, based in California, is infusing \"older\" people (ages 35 and above) with the blood of younger people (ages 16-25). The older group is then tested a month later for improvements in blood-borne indicators associated with aging and disease, such as insulin and hemoglobin levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science is still out on young blood's benefit to humans, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/ageing-research-blood-to-blood-1.16762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">body of research\u003c/a> does indicate, in animal studies at least, that young blood can improve organ and tissue function and prolong the life of older animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the hope and hype surrounding young blood, watch the video above, from \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a>,\" KQED's YouTube series for teens.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1502821445,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":164},"headData":{"title":"Why Do Old People Want Your Young Blood? (Video) | KQED","description":"Human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Do Old People Want Your Young Blood? (Video)","datePublished":"2017-08-14T18:30:44.000Z","dateModified":"2017-08-15T18:24:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"434812 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=434812","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/08/14/why-do-old-people-want-your-young-blood-video/","disqusTitle":"Why Do Old People Want Your Young Blood? (Video)","nprByline":"Above the Noise","path":"/futureofyou/434812/why-do-old-people-want-your-young-blood-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/N88pPUWrc5k'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/N88pPUWrc5k'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The newest anti-aging trend sounds straight out of a vampire movie: injecting young blood into old people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As alarming as that may sound, human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554?term=ambrosia+LLC&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ongoing trial\u003c/a>, based in California, is infusing \"older\" people (ages 35 and above) with the blood of younger people (ages 16-25). The older group is then tested a month later for improvements in blood-borne indicators associated with aging and disease, such as insulin and hemoglobin levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science is still out on young blood's benefit to humans, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/ageing-research-blood-to-blood-1.16762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">body of research\u003c/a> does indicate, in animal studies at least, that young blood can improve organ and tissue function and prolong the life of older animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the hope and hype surrounding young blood, watch the video above, from \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a>,\" KQED's YouTube series for teens.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/434812/why-do-old-people-want-your-young-blood-video","authors":["byline_futureofyou_434812"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_1241","futureofyou_717","futureofyou_1337"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_434828","label":"futureofyou_1097"},"futureofyou_366983":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_366983","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"366983","score":null,"sort":[1498838441000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging","title":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging","publishDate":1498838441,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published April 10, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent trend in anti-aging research sounds straight out of an episode of \"The Twilight Zone\"—or, if you’re younger than 40, the \"Twilight\" series. Scientists are infusing blood from young people into elderly individuals to improve health and delay the afflictions of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound creepy, but the potential health benefits of the practice are grounded in more than a decade of research. According to numerous animal studies from Stanford, UC Berkeley and Harvard, young blood can \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/649\">rejuvenate aging muscles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS009286741300456X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\">improve organ function\u003c/a>, help \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/full/nature10357.html\">generate new brain cells\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/full/nm.3569.html\">improve cognition\u003c/a>. So far, these benefits have only been seen in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again.' \u003ccite>Joe McCracken, Alkahest\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, two Northern California startups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.alkahest.com/\">Alkahest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/\">Ambrosia LLC\u003c/a>, are conducting the first studies that attempt to recreate these anti-aging effects in humans. The two companies are running separate clinical trials to infuse plasma from people under the age of 25 into older adults, in an attempt to reverse some of the negative effects of aging and treat age-related diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think certain proteins in the blood either increase or decrease with aging and are behind age-related diseases such as dementia, diabetes and heart disease. Infusions of young blood may replenish helpful proteins that are lost over the years or block the production of damaging ones that typically increase with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Alkahest and Ambrosia were inspired by the same studies, their goals and approaches to research are very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Academic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford professor Tony Wyss-Coray co-founded San Carlos-based Alkahest in 2014, based on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/abs/nm.3569.html\">findings\u003c/a> that transfusions of young blood into old mice improve learning and memory and promote the growth of new connections between cells in the hippocampus. That’s a key memory center located in the middle of the brain. Alkahest is now working to translate these benefits to patients with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-368258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"STANFORD. CA., MAY 2, 2014--Dr. Tony Wyss-Coray, Professor of Neurology at Stanford School of Medicine in lab on Friday, May 2, 2014. ( Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine )\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tony Wyss-Coray's clinical trial tested whether infusions of young blood are safe for patients with Alzheimer's disease; future trials may test whether the treatment would be beneficial. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Alkahest sponsored an FDA-approved \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">clinical trial\u003c/a> at Stanford to give Alzheimer’s patients between the ages of 50 and 90 four small, weekly transfusions of plasma. The plasma is obtained from the \u003ca href=\"https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/research/\">Stanford Blood Center\u003c/a>, which has a dedicated research arm that accepts blood donations specifically for Stanford clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe McCracken, vice president of business development at Alkahest, says that for now, the study is focused on safety and feasibility rather than the efficacy of the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again,” he says. “The expectation we have is that we will demonstrate that administration of young plasma to elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients are also undergoing memory assessments, brain scans and blood tests to detect any potential changes in disease symptoms. The trial has completed testing on all 18 patients, and McCracken hopes to publish the results by the end of the year. If all goes well, Alkahest plans to conduct a second, larger study to test for efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s long-term goal is to identify the proteins in the blood that change with age, and then synthesize these factors into pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Entrepreneur\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Karmazin, CEO of Ambrosia, is taking an unconventional—and more controversial—approach to anti-aging research. Ambrosia, which has clinics in Monterey, California and Tampa, Florida, acts as a “pay-to-play” \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, giving one large plasma transfusion to anyone over the age of 35 for a fee of $8,000. The plasma is purchased from local blood banks, which often have a surplus of the material because hospitals typically only require red blood cells for medical procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ge8xrkWvdt1iNqxT39StX0C8FxMNPAxq\"]Karmazin, who graduated from Stanford medical school, has gotten some heat for the price his participants are paying. He says his company has no investors, and without the fee the clinic and the study would be impossible. In contrast, Alkahest received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grifols.com/en/web/international/view-news/-/new/grifols-to-make-a-major-equity-investment-in-alkahest\">$37.5 million investment in 2015 from Grifols\u003c/a>, a Spanish-based company that is the leading producer of blood- and plasma-based products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think about it, but you—or your insurance company—ultimately pay for the clinical trial over 20 years after the drug has been approved,” Karmazin says. “Companies patent the drug, they pay up front tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars [for a clinical trial], and then they hope to make a billion dollars over the next 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karmazin also justifies the cost of his study by saying that what people choose to do with their money is their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This amount of money for some people is nothing,” he says. “Not for me, I have $200,000 in loans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrosia is analyzing data from its first 60 participants to look for changes in biomarkers of aging in the blood taken one month after treatment. The company doesn’t have any conclusive results yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to say whether Ambrosia’s study, as designed, is capable of producing conclusive results. Karmazin is accepting people with a vast range of ages and with different diseases or reasons for wanting the injection. That means the amount of data he gathers on any one condition will likely be limited and may not be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Question of Ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither company would comment on the work of the other, although Wyss-Coray took some shots in an article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/young-blood-antiaging-trial-raises-questions\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last year, saying that Karmazin was “basically abusing people’s trust and the public excitement around” the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioethicist Karen Maschke from The Hastings Center, a research institute in New York, says the payment model of the Ambrosia trial “raises a lot of a red flags,” and that the design of the study sounds “very suspect.” She is particularly concerned that participants will think they are paying for a known therapy when in fact they are paying for an experimental and unproven procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Karmazin says that he is \"totally transparent that it is experimental.” Consent documents for the trial do describe the procedure as experimental and do not guarantee any improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no serious adverse events from the transfusions reported by either company, and both researchers are optimistic the treatment will provide real benefits to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dana Smith is a freelance writer focusing on health and science, with a special interest in the brain. Her work has been featured in The Atlantic, The Guardian, Fast Company, Scientific American, Discover Magazine, and others. In a previous life, she received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge. Find her on Twitter @smithdanag\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Remember that study where scientists put blood from young mice into old mice and it reversed aging? Research has begun on humans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1498842196,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1226},"headData":{"title":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging | KQED","description":"Remember that study where scientists put blood from young mice into old mice and it reversed aging? Research has begun on humans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging","datePublished":"2017-06-30T16:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2017-06-30T17:03:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"366983 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=366983","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/06/30/blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging/","disqusTitle":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Dana Smith","path":"/futureofyou/366983/blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published April 10, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent trend in anti-aging research sounds straight out of an episode of \"The Twilight Zone\"—or, if you’re younger than 40, the \"Twilight\" series. Scientists are infusing blood from young people into elderly individuals to improve health and delay the afflictions of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound creepy, but the potential health benefits of the practice are grounded in more than a decade of research. According to numerous animal studies from Stanford, UC Berkeley and Harvard, young blood can \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/649\">rejuvenate aging muscles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS009286741300456X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\">improve organ function\u003c/a>, help \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/full/nature10357.html\">generate new brain cells\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/full/nm.3569.html\">improve cognition\u003c/a>. So far, these benefits have only been seen in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again.' \u003ccite>Joe McCracken, Alkahest\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, two Northern California startups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.alkahest.com/\">Alkahest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/\">Ambrosia LLC\u003c/a>, are conducting the first studies that attempt to recreate these anti-aging effects in humans. The two companies are running separate clinical trials to infuse plasma from people under the age of 25 into older adults, in an attempt to reverse some of the negative effects of aging and treat age-related diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think certain proteins in the blood either increase or decrease with aging and are behind age-related diseases such as dementia, diabetes and heart disease. Infusions of young blood may replenish helpful proteins that are lost over the years or block the production of damaging ones that typically increase with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Alkahest and Ambrosia were inspired by the same studies, their goals and approaches to research are very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Academic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford professor Tony Wyss-Coray co-founded San Carlos-based Alkahest in 2014, based on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/abs/nm.3569.html\">findings\u003c/a> that transfusions of young blood into old mice improve learning and memory and promote the growth of new connections between cells in the hippocampus. That’s a key memory center located in the middle of the brain. Alkahest is now working to translate these benefits to patients with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-368258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"STANFORD. CA., MAY 2, 2014--Dr. Tony Wyss-Coray, Professor of Neurology at Stanford School of Medicine in lab on Friday, May 2, 2014. ( Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine )\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tony Wyss-Coray's clinical trial tested whether infusions of young blood are safe for patients with Alzheimer's disease; future trials may test whether the treatment would be beneficial. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Alkahest sponsored an FDA-approved \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">clinical trial\u003c/a> at Stanford to give Alzheimer’s patients between the ages of 50 and 90 four small, weekly transfusions of plasma. The plasma is obtained from the \u003ca href=\"https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/research/\">Stanford Blood Center\u003c/a>, which has a dedicated research arm that accepts blood donations specifically for Stanford clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe McCracken, vice president of business development at Alkahest, says that for now, the study is focused on safety and feasibility rather than the efficacy of the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again,” he says. “The expectation we have is that we will demonstrate that administration of young plasma to elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients are also undergoing memory assessments, brain scans and blood tests to detect any potential changes in disease symptoms. The trial has completed testing on all 18 patients, and McCracken hopes to publish the results by the end of the year. If all goes well, Alkahest plans to conduct a second, larger study to test for efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s long-term goal is to identify the proteins in the blood that change with age, and then synthesize these factors into pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Entrepreneur\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Karmazin, CEO of Ambrosia, is taking an unconventional—and more controversial—approach to anti-aging research. Ambrosia, which has clinics in Monterey, California and Tampa, Florida, acts as a “pay-to-play” \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, giving one large plasma transfusion to anyone over the age of 35 for a fee of $8,000. The plasma is purchased from local blood banks, which often have a surplus of the material because hospitals typically only require red blood cells for medical procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Karmazin, who graduated from Stanford medical school, has gotten some heat for the price his participants are paying. He says his company has no investors, and without the fee the clinic and the study would be impossible. In contrast, Alkahest received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grifols.com/en/web/international/view-news/-/new/grifols-to-make-a-major-equity-investment-in-alkahest\">$37.5 million investment in 2015 from Grifols\u003c/a>, a Spanish-based company that is the leading producer of blood- and plasma-based products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think about it, but you—or your insurance company—ultimately pay for the clinical trial over 20 years after the drug has been approved,” Karmazin says. “Companies patent the drug, they pay up front tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars [for a clinical trial], and then they hope to make a billion dollars over the next 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karmazin also justifies the cost of his study by saying that what people choose to do with their money is their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This amount of money for some people is nothing,” he says. “Not for me, I have $200,000 in loans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrosia is analyzing data from its first 60 participants to look for changes in biomarkers of aging in the blood taken one month after treatment. The company doesn’t have any conclusive results yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to say whether Ambrosia’s study, as designed, is capable of producing conclusive results. Karmazin is accepting people with a vast range of ages and with different diseases or reasons for wanting the injection. That means the amount of data he gathers on any one condition will likely be limited and may not be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Question of Ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither company would comment on the work of the other, although Wyss-Coray took some shots in an article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/young-blood-antiaging-trial-raises-questions\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last year, saying that Karmazin was “basically abusing people’s trust and the public excitement around” the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioethicist Karen Maschke from The Hastings Center, a research institute in New York, says the payment model of the Ambrosia trial “raises a lot of a red flags,” and that the design of the study sounds “very suspect.” She is particularly concerned that participants will think they are paying for a known therapy when in fact they are paying for an experimental and unproven procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Karmazin says that he is \"totally transparent that it is experimental.” Consent documents for the trial do describe the procedure as experimental and do not guarantee any improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no serious adverse events from the transfusions reported by either company, and both researchers are optimistic the treatment will provide real benefits to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dana Smith is a freelance writer focusing on health and science, with a special interest in the brain. Her work has been featured in The Atlantic, The Guardian, Fast Company, Scientific American, Discover Magazine, and others. In a previous life, she received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge. Find her on Twitter @smithdanag\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/366983/blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging","authors":["byline_futureofyou_366983"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_999","futureofyou_1241","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_80"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_367656","label":"source_futureofyou_366983"},"futureofyou_376160":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_376160","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"376160","score":null,"sort":[1492628128000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds","title":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds","publishDate":1492628128,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Decades ago, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1972.tb02712.x/abstract\">surgically attached\u003c/a> pairs of rats to each other and noticed that old rats tended to live longer if they shared a bloodstream with young rats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the beginning of a peculiar and ambitious scientific endeavor to understand how certain materials from young bodies, when transplanted into older ones, can sometimes improve or rejuvenate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning, the findings were exciting, complex and, sometimes, contradictory. For example, scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/full/nature03260.html\">have shown\u003c/a> that young blood can restore cell activity in the muscles and livers of aging mice. They've also \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X\">found that\u003c/a> linking old mice to young ones helped reverse heart muscle thickening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/118/7/1143.long\">weren't able to replicate\u003c/a> those findings and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13363\">another study\u003c/a> concluded that, in mice that swapped blood without being connected surgically, the negative effects of being exposed to old blood outweighed the benefits of getting young blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was clear was that, like humans, as mice age their bodies and their behavior change on a fundamental level. For example, older mice stop building nests, and they tend to become forgetful, taking a long time to remember how to escape from a maze, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers wondered, would young human blood aid aging mice?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We see a pretty dramatic difference between young and aged mice in terms of their performance,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/joseph-castellano\">Joe Castellano\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at Stanford University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano and his colleagues wondered if young human blood might have beneficial effects for aging mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature22067\">report\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> that they've found a protein in human umbilical cord blood that improved learning and memory in aging mice. It's an exciting find in the field of regenerative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, scientists caution, it does not mean people should start ordering umbilical cord blood online. There is no indication that it would work in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their study, Castellano and his colleagues collected plasma, which is the watery part of blood, from people of different ages. Some were in their sixties and seventies, others in their twenties. They also collected plasma from human umbilical cords.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they injected human plasma from those different age groups and from umbilical cord blood into mice several times over the course of a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mice were 12 and 14 months old, which is approximately the mouse equivalent of being in your late 50s or 60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they dissected the mouse brains and inspected the hippocampi, they found that certain genes linked to making new memories had been turned on in some of the mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, we had a hint early on that one of these donor groups, specifically the [umbilical] cord plasma, might be having an effect on the brain itself,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, they injected more aging mice with human plasma and tested the animals' ability to remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, they watched how long it took the mice to escape from a maze the mice had done before, using visual cues to choose an exit that would lead to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says it's basically like observing a person try to navigate through a crowded garage to locate their parked car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before being injected with umbilical cord blood, Castellano says, \"their performance wasn't very impressive.\" It took them a long time to learn and remember the location of the escape hole, and some of them didn't manage at all. \"But after cord plasma treatment, both the time [it took to] find it, the rate at which they'd find it and the fact that they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> find it was improved and changing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, mice treated with human umbilical cord blood performed better on a second memory test. That test involved introducing mice to a chamber and then delivering a little shock to their feet. Mice that remembered the unpleasant experience would, when re-introduced to the chamber, freeze in anticipation of the shock. A forgetful mouse, on the other hand, would go about its usual business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says the mice that had received umbilical cord plasma froze more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were, first of all, surprised and excited that there was something in human plasma, and more specifically there's something exciting about cord plasma,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a series of other experiments, Castellano and his colleagues concluded that one protein, called TIMP2, in human umbilical cord blood was likely responsible for the improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they removed TIMP2 from cord plasma and injected the plasma into mice, they didn't observe any improvement on the memory tests. And when they injected plasma containing TIMP2 into elderly mice, they again observed improvement in memory and learning tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The really exciting thing about this study, and previous studies that have come before it, is that we've sort of tapped into previously unappreciated potential of our blood — our plasma — and what it can do for reversing the harmful effects of aging on the brain,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an intriguing hint at how potential therapies might someday work to prevent age-related illness, including Alzheimer's disease, from developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The desired outcome is overall whole body rejuvenation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/about/leadership/executive-team\">Aubrey de Grey\u003c/a>, a biomedical gerontologist who founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/\">SENS Research Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by Castellano and colleagues, he says, is an \"excellent\" starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only thing, of course, is that it's a mouse experiment and mouse experiments often don't actually translate faithfully into the human setting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Castellano agrees that this finding does not mean that people should start sprinkling TIMP2 protein on their cereal or signing up for an umbilical cord transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, he says, there's no evidence that elderly humans would experience the same effects as the mice did in this study. It's also unclear what would happen to mice if they received the plasma for more than just a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the nagging worry that, while proteins like TIMP2 may be beneficial for developing babies, they could be harmful in older humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe there's a reason that older brains aren't exposed to certain proteins any longer,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/irina-conboy\">Irina Conboy\u003c/a>, who studies aging and degenerative diseases at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that the TIMP2 protein is actually present in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022-510X(02)00398-2/abstract\">higher levels\u003c/a> in people with Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That runs counter to the argument made by Castellano and colleagues that TIMP2 is associated with improved memory and learning, and that TIMP2 levels would drop as people age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"TIMP2 is a very well-known protein,\" she says. She also notes that one of Castellano's co-authors, Tony Wyss-Coray, is the board chair for a company called Alkahest, which has separately \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">studied\u003c/a> plasma injections as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Conboy says, there is no indication that the TIMP2 Castellano and colleagues detected in mouse brains actually came from the injections of human plasma. It's unclear, she says, if a protein in plasma could actually make its way from a mouse's bloodstream into its brain, or that, once there, it could actually impact brain function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Conboy \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121415/\">published a study\u003c/a> in which she and colleagues swapped half of the blood in old mice with that of young mice, and vice versa. They saw signs of regeneration in the muscles and liver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, says Conboy, \"There was zero positive effect on the brain. The mice were not smarter. They did not learn better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such conflicting results reflect two fundamentally different ways of thinking about aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the point of view of Castellano and colleagues, aging involves a loss of beneficial materials; for example, diminishing amounts of proteins that were once present in the plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Conboy, however, \"The problem is not that you run out of positive things, but that you accumulate negative things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others hold that proteins likely accumulate with old age, sometimes inhibiting certain functions, including the growth of new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have hundreds of proteins that change with age,\" she says, and finding a way to reduce the effects of aging will likely require tinkering with a huge bouquet of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you are looking for miracles, it will not come from [injecting] bodily fluids,\" she says. \"There will not be one silver bullet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Umbilical+Cord+Blood+Helps+Aging+Mice+Remember%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers found a protein in human umbilical cord plasma improved learning and memory in older mice, but there's no indication it would work in people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492628129,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":1392},"headData":{"title":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds | KQED","description":"Researchers found a protein in human umbilical cord plasma improved learning and memory in older mice, but there's no indication it would work in people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds","datePublished":"2017-04-19T18:55:28.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-19T18:55:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"376160 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=376160","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/19/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds/","disqusTitle":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds","nprImageCredit":"Mike Kemp","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"Rubberball/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"523975844","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=523975844&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/04/19/523975844/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds?ft=nprml&f=523975844","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:03:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:03:42 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:03:42 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/376160/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades ago, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1972.tb02712.x/abstract\">surgically attached\u003c/a> pairs of rats to each other and noticed that old rats tended to live longer if they shared a bloodstream with young rats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the beginning of a peculiar and ambitious scientific endeavor to understand how certain materials from young bodies, when transplanted into older ones, can sometimes improve or rejuvenate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning, the findings were exciting, complex and, sometimes, contradictory. For example, scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/full/nature03260.html\">have shown\u003c/a> that young blood can restore cell activity in the muscles and livers of aging mice. They've also \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X\">found that\u003c/a> linking old mice to young ones helped reverse heart muscle thickening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/118/7/1143.long\">weren't able to replicate\u003c/a> those findings and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13363\">another study\u003c/a> concluded that, in mice that swapped blood without being connected surgically, the negative effects of being exposed to old blood outweighed the benefits of getting young blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was clear was that, like humans, as mice age their bodies and their behavior change on a fundamental level. For example, older mice stop building nests, and they tend to become forgetful, taking a long time to remember how to escape from a maze, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers wondered, would young human blood aid aging mice?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We see a pretty dramatic difference between young and aged mice in terms of their performance,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/joseph-castellano\">Joe Castellano\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at Stanford University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano and his colleagues wondered if young human blood might have beneficial effects for aging mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature22067\">report\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> that they've found a protein in human umbilical cord blood that improved learning and memory in aging mice. It's an exciting find in the field of regenerative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, scientists caution, it does not mean people should start ordering umbilical cord blood online. There is no indication that it would work in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their study, Castellano and his colleagues collected plasma, which is the watery part of blood, from people of different ages. Some were in their sixties and seventies, others in their twenties. They also collected plasma from human umbilical cords.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they injected human plasma from those different age groups and from umbilical cord blood into mice several times over the course of a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mice were 12 and 14 months old, which is approximately the mouse equivalent of being in your late 50s or 60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they dissected the mouse brains and inspected the hippocampi, they found that certain genes linked to making new memories had been turned on in some of the mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, we had a hint early on that one of these donor groups, specifically the [umbilical] cord plasma, might be having an effect on the brain itself,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, they injected more aging mice with human plasma and tested the animals' ability to remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, they watched how long it took the mice to escape from a maze the mice had done before, using visual cues to choose an exit that would lead to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says it's basically like observing a person try to navigate through a crowded garage to locate their parked car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before being injected with umbilical cord blood, Castellano says, \"their performance wasn't very impressive.\" It took them a long time to learn and remember the location of the escape hole, and some of them didn't manage at all. \"But after cord plasma treatment, both the time [it took to] find it, the rate at which they'd find it and the fact that they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> find it was improved and changing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, mice treated with human umbilical cord blood performed better on a second memory test. That test involved introducing mice to a chamber and then delivering a little shock to their feet. Mice that remembered the unpleasant experience would, when re-introduced to the chamber, freeze in anticipation of the shock. A forgetful mouse, on the other hand, would go about its usual business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says the mice that had received umbilical cord plasma froze more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were, first of all, surprised and excited that there was something in human plasma, and more specifically there's something exciting about cord plasma,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a series of other experiments, Castellano and his colleagues concluded that one protein, called TIMP2, in human umbilical cord blood was likely responsible for the improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they removed TIMP2 from cord plasma and injected the plasma into mice, they didn't observe any improvement on the memory tests. And when they injected plasma containing TIMP2 into elderly mice, they again observed improvement in memory and learning tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The really exciting thing about this study, and previous studies that have come before it, is that we've sort of tapped into previously unappreciated potential of our blood — our plasma — and what it can do for reversing the harmful effects of aging on the brain,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an intriguing hint at how potential therapies might someday work to prevent age-related illness, including Alzheimer's disease, from developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The desired outcome is overall whole body rejuvenation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/about/leadership/executive-team\">Aubrey de Grey\u003c/a>, a biomedical gerontologist who founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/\">SENS Research Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by Castellano and colleagues, he says, is an \"excellent\" starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only thing, of course, is that it's a mouse experiment and mouse experiments often don't actually translate faithfully into the human setting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Castellano agrees that this finding does not mean that people should start sprinkling TIMP2 protein on their cereal or signing up for an umbilical cord transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, he says, there's no evidence that elderly humans would experience the same effects as the mice did in this study. It's also unclear what would happen to mice if they received the plasma for more than just a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the nagging worry that, while proteins like TIMP2 may be beneficial for developing babies, they could be harmful in older humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe there's a reason that older brains aren't exposed to certain proteins any longer,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/irina-conboy\">Irina Conboy\u003c/a>, who studies aging and degenerative diseases at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that the TIMP2 protein is actually present in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022-510X(02)00398-2/abstract\">higher levels\u003c/a> in people with Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That runs counter to the argument made by Castellano and colleagues that TIMP2 is associated with improved memory and learning, and that TIMP2 levels would drop as people age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"TIMP2 is a very well-known protein,\" she says. She also notes that one of Castellano's co-authors, Tony Wyss-Coray, is the board chair for a company called Alkahest, which has separately \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">studied\u003c/a> plasma injections as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Conboy says, there is no indication that the TIMP2 Castellano and colleagues detected in mouse brains actually came from the injections of human plasma. It's unclear, she says, if a protein in plasma could actually make its way from a mouse's bloodstream into its brain, or that, once there, it could actually impact brain function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Conboy \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121415/\">published a study\u003c/a> in which she and colleagues swapped half of the blood in old mice with that of young mice, and vice versa. They saw signs of regeneration in the muscles and liver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, says Conboy, \"There was zero positive effect on the brain. The mice were not smarter. They did not learn better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such conflicting results reflect two fundamentally different ways of thinking about aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the point of view of Castellano and colleagues, aging involves a loss of beneficial materials; for example, diminishing amounts of proteins that were once present in the plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Conboy, however, \"The problem is not that you run out of positive things, but that you accumulate negative things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others hold that proteins likely accumulate with old age, sometimes inhibiting certain functions, including the growth of new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have hundreds of proteins that change with age,\" she says, and finding a way to reduce the effects of aging will likely require tinkering with a huge bouquet of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you are looking for miracles, it will not come from [injecting] bodily fluids,\" she says. \"There will not be one silver bullet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Umbilical+Cord+Blood+Helps+Aging+Mice+Remember%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/376160/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds","authors":["byline_futureofyou_376160"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_1241","futureofyou_978"],"featImg":"futureofyou_376161","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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