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For years, her mornings were groggy and involved a \"lot of coffee.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"SWkBBNCnUWhPf7KOuvUyV7If0Ca3ug47\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of trying sleep medication prescribed by her doctor, she turned to the internet for alternate solutions. About four months ago, she settled on a mobile phone meditation app called \u003ca href=\"https://www.inscape.life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">INSCAPE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's about a 30-minute soundtrack, and it starts with a woman kind of telling you to relax and instructing your breathing,\" explains Thesing. \"Then it goes into sounds — relaxing noises. There's wind chimes, some atmospheric music playing...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She uses the app every night and falls asleep within 15 or 20 minutes. \"So, definitely a big improvement from four hours,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thesing is not alone. Chronic insomnia affects an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2006/2006-05-vol12-n8suppl/may06-2307ps214-s220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10-15 percent of adults\u003c/a>, and another 25-35 percent struggle with sleep issues occasionally. And like Thesing, a growing number of insomniacs are turning to mobile phone apps to lull them to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NPRHealth/status/1046884648167624711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> and Facebook, NPR asked its audience if they have used a mobile phone app to help manage insomnia. Nearly 100 people wrote back suggesting a range of apps, including podcasts created to put a listener to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are usually relaxation strategies, white noise, meditation,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=35378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Ong\u003c/a>, an associate professor of neurology specializing in sleep at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine. He studies non-pharmacological treatments for various sleep disorders and treats patients at the university's Sleep Medicine clinic. \"It's not that there's something wrong with those apps. It's a reasonable first thing to try.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"ljN7S8LuvqENw8QrvBPFbhASn6EIv1oE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, these kinds of apps aren't based on scientifically-proven solutions, and they don't really fix the problem of why someone is not sleeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ong wanted to do something about that, so a few years ago, he consulted for a team that developed an app that uses a science-based approach to address insomnia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepio.com/cbt-for-insomnia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sleepio\u003c/a>. (However, he doesn't have any ongoing financial interest in the product, he says.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleepio and a few other apps like \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SHUT-i\u003c/a> and a free one developed by the Veterans Administration use the most sustainable and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15451764\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence-based\u003c/a> solution for insomnia. It's a kind of therapy called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia — \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I\u003c/a> for short, he says. It helps the patient understand the biology of sleep and gives them a bag of tools and tricks to change their own thought patterns and behaviors to treat their underlying sleep issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"CBT for insomnia is a specific package ... [that] includes different techniques like spending less time in bed [and] what to do if you are in bed and can't sleep,\" says Ong. \"It's teaching you how to change your behavior to better work with your brain to give you confidence that you're going to be able to sleep on a regular basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to us, but our own thought patterns and sleep habits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621793/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affect our biology\u003c/a>, in this case how our brains regulate sleep. \"If you modify some of your behaviors, you can work better with how your brain regulates sleep and wake,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American College of Physicians \u003ca href=\"https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-for-chronic-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first recommended\u003c/a> Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia as the first-line treatment for insomnia in 2016. \"The evidence is quite strong to support the effectiveness of CBT-I treatment and there really aren't a lot of side effects,\" says Ong. And, because it changes behavior, \"in the long run CBT-I tends to perform quite well in maintaining the benefits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past the only way for people to get Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia was to see a therapist, now they can access the therapy on their mobile phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In Sleepio, it's like an avatar of a real therapist that's walking the patient through that process,\" explains Ong. Sleepio also allows users to keep a sleep diary so the app can use its algorithm to suggest a better bedtime schedule. It also reminds people to get up when they've spent too much time in bed trying to fall asleep, for example.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wEwpbDeWifEPnKULBpzGtSdpZ0ZUBzcu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a real therapist, the apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia also provide practical tools to help the user worry less about their sleep and over time, be less anxious and more confident about their ability get a good night's rest. \"It's very similar to what we do face-to-face with patients,\" adds Ong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427093/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies show\u003c/a> that CBT-I delivered digitally through mobile phone apps is effective in treating insomnia. And a \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2704019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of Sleepio by Ong and the team that developed the product found that participants who used the product reported an improvement in insomnia symptoms and overall wellbeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an impressive study in size and scope,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.johntorousmd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Torous\u003c/a>, the director of digital psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. \"But like any study, we have to interpret it within reason.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants in the study were mostly white and female, he notes, and so it's hard to generalize the findings to the larger population. And, he adds that the study was designed and funded by Big Health, the company that created the app and is now marketing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sleepio is only available on a limited basis. You can get it through employers, health insurance and national health systems at the moment, says Mike Radocchia, the marketing and business development lead at Big Health. Although the company does give it to researchers and charities for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia cost less than in-person therapy, they can be pricey. A 26-week subscription of SHUTi \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/shuti-pricing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">costs $149\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why Torous often directs his patients with insomnia to a free app developed by the Veterans Administration called \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.va.gov/app/cbt-i-coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I Coach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Anyone can access it. You don't have to be a veteran,\" Torous says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextbreathcounseling.com/credentials/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jake Hanks\u003c/a>, a mental health counselor based in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, agrees. \"CBT-I Coach would be my absolute favorite,\" he says. \"It includes a lot of the cognitive restructuring, the true things about sleep that we want patients to keep in mind.\" And so, he too, recommends the free app to his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Torous notes that these apps don't work for everyone. The recent study by Ong and his colleagues hints at why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even in this clinical study, less than 50 percent [of people who were assigned to use the app in a randomized controlled trial] are able to make it through the entire course of CBT delivered through digital platforms,\" he notes. \"For some people it may be hard to make it through all the sessions of CBT.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is true of most health and wellness apps, he says. Torous \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2616170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has studied\u003c/a> this and found that of the 10,000 mental health apps out there, very few are actually being used. \"I don't think we really understand how people are using technology towards their health and recovery,\" he notes.[contextly_sidebar id=\"LqkvTN1dfENdC3n50jRUdIl6PSPHOHGb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some ways, he says, people with insomnia may be ahead of scientists in figuring out what works well for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you find something that works [for you], I think that's always a good first step,\" he says. \"Quick fixes or simple solutions may get you feeling better right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he notes, insomnia is a complex disorder with many underlying causes. Sometimes it can be caused by a medical condition that's easily treatable, like a thyroid problem, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no matter what app you are considering, always talk to your doctor about your sleep issues, he advises. \"Until you know the diagnosis or what you're working with, you don't want to start treating something that's not what you think it is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Apps+May+Help+Curb+Insomnia%2C+Others+Just+Put+You+To+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People struggling with insomnia often turn to apps to help them fall asleep. But scientists say only some apps use proven methods that can help address the underlying causes of sleeplessness.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539016515,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1348},"headData":{"title":"Some Apps May Help Curb Insomnia, Others Just Put You To Sleep | KQED","description":"People struggling with insomnia often turn to apps to help them fall asleep. But scientists say only some apps use proven methods that can help address the underlying causes of sleeplessness.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Some Apps May Help Curb Insomnia, Others Just Put You To Sleep","datePublished":"2018-10-08T19:32:48.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-08T16:35:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444897 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444897","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/08/some-apps-may-help-curb-insomnia-others-just-put-you-to-sleep/","disqusTitle":"Some Apps May Help Curb Insomnia, Others Just Put You To Sleep","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Rhitu Chatterjee, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Mary Mathis/NPR","nprStoryId":"654883409","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=654883409&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/08/654883409/some-apps-may-help-curb-insomnia-others-just-put-you-to-sleep?ft=nprml&f=654883409","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 08 Oct 2018 09:02:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 08 Oct 2018 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 08 Oct 2018 05:43:21 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181008_me_some_apps_may_help_curb_insomnia_others_just_put_you_to_sleep.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=247&p=3&story=654883409&ft=nprml&f=654883409","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1655529006-c4b480.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=247&p=3&story=654883409&ft=nprml&f=654883409","audioTrackLength":247,"path":"/futureofyou/444897/some-apps-may-help-curb-insomnia-others-just-put-you-to-sleep","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181008_me_some_apps_may_help_curb_insomnia_others_just_put_you_to_sleep.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=247&p=3&story=654883409&ft=nprml&f=654883409","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Paige Thesing has struggled with insomnia since high school. \"It takes me a really long time to fall asleep — about four hours,\" she says. For years, her mornings were groggy and involved a \"lot of coffee.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of trying sleep medication prescribed by her doctor, she turned to the internet for alternate solutions. About four months ago, she settled on a mobile phone meditation app called \u003ca href=\"https://www.inscape.life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">INSCAPE\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's about a 30-minute soundtrack, and it starts with a woman kind of telling you to relax and instructing your breathing,\" explains Thesing. \"Then it goes into sounds — relaxing noises. There's wind chimes, some atmospheric music playing...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She uses the app every night and falls asleep within 15 or 20 minutes. \"So, definitely a big improvement from four hours,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thesing is not alone. Chronic insomnia affects an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2006/2006-05-vol12-n8suppl/may06-2307ps214-s220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10-15 percent of adults\u003c/a>, and another 25-35 percent struggle with sleep issues occasionally. And like Thesing, a growing number of insomniacs are turning to mobile phone apps to lull them to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NPRHealth/status/1046884648167624711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> and Facebook, NPR asked its audience if they have used a mobile phone app to help manage insomnia. Nearly 100 people wrote back suggesting a range of apps, including podcasts created to put a listener to sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are usually relaxation strategies, white noise, meditation,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/faculty-profiles/az/profile.html?xid=35378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Ong\u003c/a>, an associate professor of neurology specializing in sleep at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine. He studies non-pharmacological treatments for various sleep disorders and treats patients at the university's Sleep Medicine clinic. \"It's not that there's something wrong with those apps. It's a reasonable first thing to try.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, these kinds of apps aren't based on scientifically-proven solutions, and they don't really fix the problem of why someone is not sleeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ong wanted to do something about that, so a few years ago, he consulted for a team that developed an app that uses a science-based approach to address insomnia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepio.com/cbt-for-insomnia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sleepio\u003c/a>. (However, he doesn't have any ongoing financial interest in the product, he says.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleepio and a few other apps like \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SHUT-i\u003c/a> and a free one developed by the Veterans Administration use the most sustainable and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15451764\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evidence-based\u003c/a> solution for insomnia. It's a kind of therapy called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia — \u003ca href=\"https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I\u003c/a> for short, he says. It helps the patient understand the biology of sleep and gives them a bag of tools and tricks to change their own thought patterns and behaviors to treat their underlying sleep issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"CBT for insomnia is a specific package ... [that] includes different techniques like spending less time in bed [and] what to do if you are in bed and can't sleep,\" says Ong. \"It's teaching you how to change your behavior to better work with your brain to give you confidence that you're going to be able to sleep on a regular basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to us, but our own thought patterns and sleep habits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621793/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affect our biology\u003c/a>, in this case how our brains regulate sleep. \"If you modify some of your behaviors, you can work better with how your brain regulates sleep and wake,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American College of Physicians \u003ca href=\"https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-for-chronic-insomnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first recommended\u003c/a> Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia as the first-line treatment for insomnia in 2016. \"The evidence is quite strong to support the effectiveness of CBT-I treatment and there really aren't a lot of side effects,\" says Ong. And, because it changes behavior, \"in the long run CBT-I tends to perform quite well in maintaining the benefits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past the only way for people to get Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia was to see a therapist, now they can access the therapy on their mobile phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In Sleepio, it's like an avatar of a real therapist that's walking the patient through that process,\" explains Ong. Sleepio also allows users to keep a sleep diary so the app can use its algorithm to suggest a better bedtime schedule. It also reminds people to get up when they've spent too much time in bed trying to fall asleep, for example.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a real therapist, the apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia also provide practical tools to help the user worry less about their sleep and over time, be less anxious and more confident about their ability get a good night's rest. \"It's very similar to what we do face-to-face with patients,\" adds Ong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427093/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies show\u003c/a> that CBT-I delivered digitally through mobile phone apps is effective in treating insomnia. And a \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2704019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> of Sleepio by Ong and the team that developed the product found that participants who used the product reported an improvement in insomnia symptoms and overall wellbeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an impressive study in size and scope,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.johntorousmd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Torous\u003c/a>, the director of digital psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. \"But like any study, we have to interpret it within reason.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants in the study were mostly white and female, he notes, and so it's hard to generalize the findings to the larger population. And, he adds that the study was designed and funded by Big Health, the company that created the app and is now marketing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sleepio is only available on a limited basis. You can get it through employers, health insurance and national health systems at the moment, says Mike Radocchia, the marketing and business development lead at Big Health. Although the company does give it to researchers and charities for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while apps that use Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia cost less than in-person therapy, they can be pricey. A 26-week subscription of SHUTi \u003ca href=\"http://www.myshuti.com/shuti-pricing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">costs $149\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why Torous often directs his patients with insomnia to a free app developed by the Veterans Administration called \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.va.gov/app/cbt-i-coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CBT-I Coach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Anyone can access it. You don't have to be a veteran,\" Torous says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextbreathcounseling.com/credentials/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jake Hanks\u003c/a>, a mental health counselor based in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, agrees. \"CBT-I Coach would be my absolute favorite,\" he says. \"It includes a lot of the cognitive restructuring, the true things about sleep that we want patients to keep in mind.\" And so, he too, recommends the free app to his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Torous notes that these apps don't work for everyone. The recent study by Ong and his colleagues hints at why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even in this clinical study, less than 50 percent [of people who were assigned to use the app in a randomized controlled trial] are able to make it through the entire course of CBT delivered through digital platforms,\" he notes. \"For some people it may be hard to make it through all the sessions of CBT.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is true of most health and wellness apps, he says. Torous \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2616170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has studied\u003c/a> this and found that of the 10,000 mental health apps out there, very few are actually being used. \"I don't think we really understand how people are using technology towards their health and recovery,\" he notes.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in some ways, he says, people with insomnia may be ahead of scientists in figuring out what works well for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you find something that works [for you], I think that's always a good first step,\" he says. \"Quick fixes or simple solutions may get you feeling better right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he notes, insomnia is a complex disorder with many underlying causes. Sometimes it can be caused by a medical condition that's easily treatable, like a thyroid problem, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no matter what app you are considering, always talk to your doctor about your sleep issues, he advises. \"Until you know the diagnosis or what you're working with, you don't want to start treating something that's not what you think it is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Apps+May+Help+Curb+Insomnia%2C+Others+Just+Put+You+To+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444897/some-apps-may-help-curb-insomnia-others-just-put-you-to-sleep","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444897"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_542","futureofyou_26","futureofyou_1593","futureofyou_787"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444898","label":"source_futureofyou_444897"},"futureofyou_444504":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444504","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444504","score":null,"sort":[1537376443000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex","title":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex","publishDate":1537376443,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://youtu.be/_zptWlAxYk0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.[contextly_sidebar id=\"mlbMdLIlSsXEMYXBPWlqFIXoZNq8obvy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.[contextly_sidebar id=\"1fHutBtcW68QYfMP3EG9cUp4qyVAiRXb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZTOJcPBkTbqiXR1MSox5O57wZuSuzU4T\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dessa is a singer and writer from Minneapolis who spent years trying to fall out of love and get over her ex. Nothing seemed to help — until she visited a research lab for a brain scan.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537343212,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":739},"headData":{"title":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex | KQED","description":"Dessa is a singer and writer from Minneapolis who spent years trying to fall out of love and get over her ex. Nothing seemed to help — until she visited a research lab for a brain scan.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex","datePublished":"2018-09-19T17:00:43.000Z","dateModified":"2018-09-19T07:46:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444504 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444504","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/19/watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex/","disqusTitle":"WATCH: This Rapper Used Neuroscience To Get Over Her Ex","source":"Hope/Hype","nprImageCredit":"Adam Cole","nprByline":"Ryan Kellman, NPR","nprImageAgency":"NPR's Skunk Bear","nprStoryId":"646251015","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=646251015&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/18/646251015/this-rapper-tried-to-use-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex?ft=nprml&f=646251015","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 11:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 05:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 18 Sep 2018 11:01:03 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444504/watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_zptWlAxYk0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When a relationship ends but love remains, it can be both frustrating and embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dessa, \u003ca href=\"http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-known rapper, singer and writer from Minneapolis,\u003c/a> knows the feeling well. She'd spent years trying to get over an ex-boyfriend, but she was still stuck on him.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're not only suffering,\" she says, \"you're just sort of ridiculous. Discipline and dedication are my strong suits — it really bothered me that, no matter how much effort I tried to expend in trying to solve this problem, I was stuck.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things changed when Dessa turned to the frontiers of neuroscience for help. She came across a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_studies_the_brain_in_love\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TED Talk by Helen Fisher\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist and visiting research associate at Rutgers University. Using a type of brain scan called functional MRI, or fMRI, Fisher had looked into the brains of love-struck people and noticed that certain parts of their brains were unusually active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you could objectively measure and observe 'love' — that had never occurred to me before,\" Dessa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wondered: If science could map the sources of love in her brain, could it somehow make that love go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question led her to a controversial therapy technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892319/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is simple: If you want to learn to lower your heart rate, it helps to be able to hear your pulse. And if you want to change patterns of brain activity, it might be helpful to be able to see what your brain is up to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One flavor of neurofeedback therapy uses a technology called electroencephalography (EEG). A cap full of electrical leads picks up brain waves and translates them into visual or audio cues — like shifting colors on a screen or a series of dings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that people can use this feedback to retrain those brain waves, changing underlying patterns in the process — turning down unwanted brain activity or turning up regions that are too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinicians have used neurofeedback to try and treat all kinds of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, autism, and ADHD. And they say they've \u003ca href=\"https://www.isnr.org/in-defense-of-neurofeedback\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seen some positive results\u003c/a>. Patients say they feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growing popularity of EEG-neurofeedback has been met with skepticism. Some scientists say the power of this therapy \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_AMP_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may stem from the placebo effect\u003c/a>. (They also point out that a lot of neurofeedback research is done by \u003ca href=\"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/razlab.org/publications/NF_Brain_Climate_2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">people who have a financial stake in the industry\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more rigorous research from the past couple of years supports the idea that, at least in some cases, neurofeedback can be used to train the brain. Most of this research uses fMRI brain scans — not EEG — to peek inside the skull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)00095-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one study\u003c/a>, participants learned to turn up a brain region linked to motivation and focus. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28407727\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>, patients with depression were able to alleviate some of their symptoms. But scientists doing this research say there's a lot of work to be done before it can be applied clinically.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could neurofeedback provide a balm for broken hearts? No research has been done in this area. But that didn't stop Dessa from trying a sort of experiment on herself: nine EEG-neurofeedback sessions aimed at helping her brain escape the rut of romantic obsession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she felt different when she was done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before, I felt that I was really under the thumb of a fixation and a compulsion,\" she says. \"And now it feels like those feelings have been scaled down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, maybe the neurofeedback had worked as practitioners suggest it does. Or maybe, alternatively, Dessa got the therapy she wanted in other ways — by talking through her experiment, by writing about it, by composing songs for her new album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe, her neurofeedback sessions helped her via the placebo effect. They suggested that her emotions are grounded in a physical organ \u003cem> — \u003c/em>one that she might be able to influence. Maybe simply believing that she wasn't helpless helped her change her mind and heal her heartbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, Dessa is happy to begin to move on and to start a new chapter with her music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've written a bunch of sad rap bangers — I'd like to write other kinds of songs,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Rapper+Tried+To+Use+Neuroscience+To+Get+Over+Her+Ex&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444504/watch-this-rapper-used-neuroscience-to-get-over-her-ex","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444504"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_205","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_59"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444505","label":"source_futureofyou_444504"},"futureofyou_444091":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444091","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444091","score":null,"sort":[1535407908000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-discover-neuron-that-is-unique-to-the-human-brain","title":"Scientists Discover Neuron That is Unique to the Human Brain","publishDate":1535407908,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists have taken another step toward understanding what makes the human brain unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team has identified a kind of brain cell that exists in people but not mice, the team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-018-0205-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular type of cell had properties that had never actually been described in another species,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/ed-lein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Lein\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an investigator at the \u003cem>Allen Institute for Brain Science \u003c/em>in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding could help explain why many experimental treatments for brain disorders have worked in mice, but failed in people. It could also provide new clues to scientists who study human brain disorders ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be that in order to fully understand psychiatric disorders, we need to get access to these special types of neurons that exist only in humans,\" says \u003ca href=\"National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health,%20which%20helped%20fund%20the%20research.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Gordon\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have suggested several other brain cells that might be unique to humans. But these cells have either been \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found in other species\u003c/a>, or the evidence for them has been less convincing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still possible that these newly identified neurons will also be found the brains of primates like monkeys or chimps, Lein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain cells have been named \"rose hip neurons\" by a team at the University of Szeged in Hungary, which played a key role in the discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://tamaslab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gábor Tamás\u003c/a> and members of his lab were studying brain cells called inhibitory neurons, which act like the brakes in a car. They tell other brain cells when to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamas was recording electrical signals from inhibitory neurons taken from the cortex of two men who had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the course of doing these recordings, he started to notice a very distinctive type of cell that, to him, had the shape of a rose after the petals have fallen off,\" Lein says. \"So he called them the rose hip cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, scientists at the Allen Institute had also identified these cells using an entirely different approach, a new technique that allowed them to detect the genes that are switched on in human brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers combined what they had learned and confirmed that rose hip cells were a distinct subtype of inhibitory neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding challenges earlier evidence that the human brain is merely bigger and more sophisticated than a mouse brain. At some point, humans acquired at least one kind of brain cell that a mouse doesn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren't sure exactly what rose hip cells do, though they appear to be involved in the controlling the flow of information in specific areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regardless of their precise function, the discovery of rose hip neurons has implications for brain research. For one thing, \"it throws some doubt on the ability to use the mouse to study certain elements of human function and disease,\" Lein says. And because rose hip neurons are a type of inhibitory neuron, they could play a role in mental illness, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of cells [inhibitory neurons] are extremely important,\" he says. And when there's dysfunction in them, he says, that can \"directly be linked to different types of neuropsychiatric disease, like schizophrenia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identification of rose hip neurons is part of a much larger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effort\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health to identify every type of cell found in the brains of mice, monkeys and people. It is also part of the federal \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRAIN Initiative\u003c/a> announced by President Barack Obama in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives are taking advantage of new technologies that are likely to reveal other brain cells that exist in people but not animals, Gordon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very, very likely that this is the tip of the iceberg,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Human+Brain+Unique%3F+A+Newly+Discovered+Neuron+May+Be+A+Clue&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The human brain isn't just bigger than a mouse brain. It contains at least one kind of brain cell that isn't found in rodents.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1535407945,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":664},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Discover Neuron That is Unique to the Human Brain | KQED","description":"The human brain isn't just bigger than a mouse brain. It contains at least one kind of brain cell that isn't found in rodents.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Discover Neuron That is Unique to the Human Brain","datePublished":"2018-08-27T22:11:48.000Z","dateModified":"2018-08-27T22:12:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444091 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444091","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/27/scientists-discover-neuron-that-is-unique-to-the-human-brain/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Discover Neuron That is Unique to the Human Brain","source":"Health","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Tamas Lab/University of Szeged","nprStoryId":"642255886","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=642255886&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/27/642255886/a-new-discovery-may-explain-what-makes-the-human-brain-unique?ft=nprml&f=642255886","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 27 Aug 2018 15:53:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 27 Aug 2018 15:34:36 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 27 Aug 2018 15:53:43 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/444091/scientists-discover-neuron-that-is-unique-to-the-human-brain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have taken another step toward understanding what makes the human brain unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An international team has identified a kind of brain cell that exists in people but not mice, the team \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-018-0205-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This particular type of cell had properties that had never actually been described in another species,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/ed-lein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ed Lein\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an investigator at the \u003cem>Allen Institute for Brain Science \u003c/em>in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding could help explain why many experimental treatments for brain disorders have worked in mice, but failed in people. It could also provide new clues to scientists who study human brain disorders ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be that in order to fully understand psychiatric disorders, we need to get access to these special types of neurons that exist only in humans,\" says \u003ca href=\"National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health,%20which%20helped%20fund%20the%20research.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Gordon\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have suggested several other brain cells that might be unique to humans. But these cells have either been \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17441195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found in other species\u003c/a>, or the evidence for them has been less convincing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still possible that these newly identified neurons will also be found the brains of primates like monkeys or chimps, Lein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain cells have been named \"rose hip neurons\" by a team at the University of Szeged in Hungary, which played a key role in the discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://tamaslab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gábor Tamás\u003c/a> and members of his lab were studying brain cells called inhibitory neurons, which act like the brakes in a car. They tell other brain cells when to slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamas was recording electrical signals from inhibitory neurons taken from the cortex of two men who had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the course of doing these recordings, he started to notice a very distinctive type of cell that, to him, had the shape of a rose after the petals have fallen off,\" Lein says. \"So he called them the rose hip cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, scientists at the Allen Institute had also identified these cells using an entirely different approach, a new technique that allowed them to detect the genes that are switched on in human brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers combined what they had learned and confirmed that rose hip cells were a distinct subtype of inhibitory neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding challenges earlier evidence that the human brain is merely bigger and more sophisticated than a mouse brain. At some point, humans acquired at least one kind of brain cell that a mouse doesn't have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren't sure exactly what rose hip cells do, though they appear to be involved in the controlling the flow of information in specific areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regardless of their precise function, the discovery of rose hip neurons has implications for brain research. For one thing, \"it throws some doubt on the ability to use the mouse to study certain elements of human function and disease,\" Lein says. And because rose hip neurons are a type of inhibitory neuron, they could play a role in mental illness, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of cells [inhibitory neurons] are extremely important,\" he says. And when there's dysfunction in them, he says, that can \"directly be linked to different types of neuropsychiatric disease, like schizophrenia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identification of rose hip neurons is part of a much larger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effort\u003c/a> by the National Institutes of Health to identify every type of cell found in the brains of mice, monkeys and people. It is also part of the federal \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/04/02/fact-sheet-brain-initiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BRAIN Initiative\u003c/a> announced by President Barack Obama in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These initiatives are taking advantage of new technologies that are likely to reveal other brain cells that exist in people but not animals, Gordon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very, very likely that this is the tip of the iceberg,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What+Makes+A+Human+Brain+Unique%3F+A+Newly+Discovered+Neuron+May+Be+A+Clue&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444091/scientists-discover-neuron-that-is-unique-to-the-human-brain","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444091"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1576","futureofyou_1606","futureofyou_978","futureofyou_1050"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444092","label":"source_futureofyou_444091"},"futureofyou_443696":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443696","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443696","score":null,"sort":[1533157241000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action","title":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action","publishDate":1533157241,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://content.jwplatform.com/players/FN1FYn4y-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we see often determines how we act: We hit the brakes if a car is stopped ahead of us. We duck to avoid a low-hanging tree branch. We bend down to tie our shoe when the laces come undone.We rarely give these actions a second thought. But Mriganka Sur, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, is obsessed with them.“How is vision, which we do effortlessly, transformed into action, which requires volition, which requires attention and engagement?” Sur asked. “How this transformation takes place is a fundamental question that is at the heart of brain function and behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05012-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mouse study\u003c/a> published in Nature Communications, Sur and his team took a step toward answering that question\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Their experimental data suggest that the posterior parietal cortex, or PPC, may help us make decisions based on what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First author Gerald Pho, formerly a Ph.D. student in Sur’s lab and now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard, was exhilarated to see mice’s PPCs light up under a microscope when they made choices based on visual stimuli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite magical,” he said. “It’s almost like fireworks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pho said he’s excited to see how our understanding of visual decision-making will develop as imaging technology becomes more advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just think we’re in an exciting time in neuroscience,” he said. “And I think the advance of these technologies can only improve our ability to understand how the brain works in a normal animal, and extending to humans, but also how it goes awry in neurological disease.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1533236967,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":296},"headData":{"title":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action | KQED","description":"What we see often determines how we act: We hit the brakes if a car is stopped ahead of us. We duck to avoid a low-hanging tree branch. We bend down to tie our shoe when the laces come undone.We rarely give these actions a second thought. But Mriganka Sur, a professor at the Massachusetts","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action","datePublished":"2018-08-01T21:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2018-08-02T19:09:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443696 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443696","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/01/watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action/","disqusTitle":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action","source":"Health","nprByline":"Jaclyn Jeffrey-Wilensky\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/443696/watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://content.jwplatform.com/players/FN1FYn4y-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we see often determines how we act: We hit the brakes if a car is stopped ahead of us. We duck to avoid a low-hanging tree branch. We bend down to tie our shoe when the laces come undone.We rarely give these actions a second thought. But Mriganka Sur, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, is obsessed with them.“How is vision, which we do effortlessly, transformed into action, which requires volition, which requires attention and engagement?” Sur asked. “How this transformation takes place is a fundamental question that is at the heart of brain function and behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05012-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mouse study\u003c/a> published in Nature Communications, Sur and his team took a step toward answering that question\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Their experimental data suggest that the posterior parietal cortex, or PPC, may help us make decisions based on what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First author Gerald Pho, formerly a Ph.D. student in Sur’s lab and now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard, was exhilarated to see mice’s PPCs light up under a microscope when they made choices based on visual stimuli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite magical,” he said. “It’s almost like fireworks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pho said he’s excited to see how our understanding of visual decision-making will develop as imaging technology becomes more advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just think we’re in an exciting time in neuroscience,” he said. “And I think the advance of these technologies can only improve our ability to understand how the brain works in a normal animal, and extending to humans, but also how it goes awry in neurological disease.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443696/watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443696"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1037","futureofyou_35","futureofyou_565"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435640","label":"source_futureofyou_443696"},"futureofyou_443165":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443165","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443165","score":null,"sort":[1530644426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential","title":"Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential","publishDate":1530644426,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The study participants read short accounts of violent behavior: In one, a man smashed a beer bottle over someone’s head; in another, an assailant raped an acquaintance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gKdycmp0KoVJxcxC1F1K6WdKxrJ9rXZI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were then asked: \u003cem>Would you do that?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day before, half of them had had the frontmost region of their brains, responsible for such high-level functions as impulse control and moral judgments, electrically stimulated; the other half had not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones they watched, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania reported on Monday; they said they found such physical and sexual violence more morally wrong, compared with the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hailed their results as evidence that “increasing activity in the prefrontal cortex can reduce intentions to commit aggression and enhance perceptions of moral judgment,” as they wrote in the Journal of Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. Participants couldn’t tell if they were receiving the stimulation or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers aimed at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex because dozens of small neuro-imaging studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784035/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in people deemed antisocial or aggressive or both, this region is typically smaller and less active than in other people. Such studies can’t tell whether an impaired prefrontal cortex causes aggression or vice versa, so the Penn study, a registered \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, tried to figure that out.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dnHIsBbKjxIupKuLmg7VYu4mKCZSmb4l\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, participants read one vignette about the beer-bottle assault and one about the rape, and rated how likely they were (from “no chance” to “definitely”) to act as the assaulter did. The brain-stimulated group reported a 47 percent lower likelihood that they would commit the non-sexual physical assault (1.15 vs. 2.19 on a scale of 0 to 10) and a 70 percent lower likelihood of committing the sexual assault (0.26 vs. 0.86) compared with the control group. The brain-stimulated group also rated the assaults as more morally wrong than the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the brain stimulation decreased people’s self-reported likelihood of committing assault, their actions indicated otherwise. In the only assessment of actual behavior, the participants got to stick pins into a computer image of a doll representing a close friend, a common lab test of violent tendencies. Those whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated stuck in slightly more pins than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people say they will do with regard to violence and what they actually do may be two different things,” said Appelbaum. “Whether actual violence would be reduced [by brain stimulation] is unknown,” but “the data suggest no impact” on actual aggressive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Choy, the paper’s lead author and now a psychologist at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, emphasized that the participants got only one 20-minute stimulation session. “It might be that repeated sessions over a longer time period could produce changes in behavior, but changes in behavior start with changing intent,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to find benign biological interventions [for criminal violence] that society will accept,” Penn psychologist Adrian Raine, who has studied the brain basis of violence and psychopathy for decades, said in a statement. “Transcranial direct-current stimulation is minimal risk. This isn’t a frontal lobotomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Mackenzie, a scholar of medical law and ethics at England’s University of Kent, called the study “promising and suggestive,” saying it “advances the field of biological interventions on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she, too, noted several concerns. One is that the brain-stimulated group had 24 women and 15 men, compared with 21 and 21 in the control group. That raises the question of whether the zapped group’s lower likelihood of endorsing rape and beer-bottle attacks might be driven by gender differences, especially on what constitutes rape, Mackenzie said: “Asking female participants to identify with a rapist to assess how likely they would be to rape a woman is inherently different from asking male participants to do so….It is at the very least possible that the gender distribution could have skewed the results.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"APQk5r3dfTy6mLZEMSYpZsZfNmt4Z4Oq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the study participants had no history of psychiatric or neurologic disease or injury, all of which are associated with violent tendencies. But the brain mechanisms causing that violence in these groups may differ from the mechanisms in normal people. Results on healthy, non-violent college students therefore might not apply to people with such brain abnormalities. “How far tDCS could affect [such people] is an open question,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if stimulation of the prefrontal cortex makes people express a heightened sense that violence is wrong, when they are asked their views the next day, it remains to be seen whether any such effect would last, or if people would have to be zapped frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of its shortcomings, the study worries some experts. If governments adopt brain zapping for violent offenders, would it be voluntary or, just as some states and countries mandate chemical castration for some male sex offenders, mandatory? And would governments be tempted to extend its use beyond violence, such as “to induce passivity in politically unruly groups?,” Appelbaum asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Neurotechnologies which affect identity, ways of being, and thought processes are particularly tempting for authorities seeking to secure control and cut costs,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/02/brain-electric-stimulation-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Study subjects whose prefrontal cortex were stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones scientists made them watch.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1530609082,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1057},"headData":{"title":"Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential | KQED","description":"Study subjects whose prefrontal cortex were stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones scientists made them watch.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential","datePublished":"2018-07-03T19:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-03T09:11:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443165 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443165","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/03/can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential/","disqusTitle":"Can Zapping People’s Brains Reduce Violence? Controversial Study Sees Potential","source":"Health","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/443165/can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The study participants read short accounts of violent behavior: In one, a man smashed a beer bottle over someone’s head; in another, an assailant raped an acquaintance.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were then asked: \u003cem>Would you do that?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day before, half of them had had the frontmost region of their brains, responsible for such high-level functions as impulse control and moral judgments, electrically stimulated; the other half had not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones they watched, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania reported on Monday; they said they found such physical and sexual violence more morally wrong, compared with the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hailed their results as evidence that “increasing activity in the prefrontal cortex can reduce intentions to commit aggression and enhance perceptions of moral judgment,” as they wrote in the Journal of Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. Participants couldn’t tell if they were receiving the stimulation or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers aimed at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex because dozens of small neuro-imaging studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784035/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in people deemed antisocial or aggressive or both, this region is typically smaller and less active than in other people. Such studies can’t tell whether an impaired prefrontal cortex causes aggression or vice versa, so the Penn study, a registered \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, tried to figure that out.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, participants read one vignette about the beer-bottle assault and one about the rape, and rated how likely they were (from “no chance” to “definitely”) to act as the assaulter did. The brain-stimulated group reported a 47 percent lower likelihood that they would commit the non-sexual physical assault (1.15 vs. 2.19 on a scale of 0 to 10) and a 70 percent lower likelihood of committing the sexual assault (0.26 vs. 0.86) compared with the control group. The brain-stimulated group also rated the assaults as more morally wrong than the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the brain stimulation decreased people’s self-reported likelihood of committing assault, their actions indicated otherwise. In the only assessment of actual behavior, the participants got to stick pins into a computer image of a doll representing a close friend, a common lab test of violent tendencies. Those whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated stuck in slightly more pins than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people say they will do with regard to violence and what they actually do may be two different things,” said Appelbaum. “Whether actual violence would be reduced [by brain stimulation] is unknown,” but “the data suggest no impact” on actual aggressive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Choy, the paper’s lead author and now a psychologist at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, emphasized that the participants got only one 20-minute stimulation session. “It might be that repeated sessions over a longer time period could produce changes in behavior, but changes in behavior start with changing intent,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to find benign biological interventions [for criminal violence] that society will accept,” Penn psychologist Adrian Raine, who has studied the brain basis of violence and psychopathy for decades, said in a statement. “Transcranial direct-current stimulation is minimal risk. This isn’t a frontal lobotomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Mackenzie, a scholar of medical law and ethics at England’s University of Kent, called the study “promising and suggestive,” saying it “advances the field of biological interventions on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she, too, noted several concerns. One is that the brain-stimulated group had 24 women and 15 men, compared with 21 and 21 in the control group. That raises the question of whether the zapped group’s lower likelihood of endorsing rape and beer-bottle attacks might be driven by gender differences, especially on what constitutes rape, Mackenzie said: “Asking female participants to identify with a rapist to assess how likely they would be to rape a woman is inherently different from asking male participants to do so….It is at the very least possible that the gender distribution could have skewed the results.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the study participants had no history of psychiatric or neurologic disease or injury, all of which are associated with violent tendencies. But the brain mechanisms causing that violence in these groups may differ from the mechanisms in normal people. Results on healthy, non-violent college students therefore might not apply to people with such brain abnormalities. “How far tDCS could affect [such people] is an open question,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if stimulation of the prefrontal cortex makes people express a heightened sense that violence is wrong, when they are asked their views the next day, it remains to be seen whether any such effect would last, or if people would have to be zapped frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of its shortcomings, the study worries some experts. If governments adopt brain zapping for violent offenders, would it be voluntary or, just as some states and countries mandate chemical castration for some male sex offenders, mandatory? And would governments be tempted to extend its use beyond violence, such as “to induce passivity in politically unruly groups?,” Appelbaum asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Neurotechnologies which affect identity, ways of being, and thought processes are particularly tempting for authorities seeking to secure control and cut costs,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/02/brain-electric-stimulation-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443165/can-zapping-peoples-brains-reduce-violence-controversial-study-sees-potential","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443165"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1056","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_1224","futureofyou_35","futureofyou_1571"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443168","label":"source_futureofyou_443165"},"futureofyou_442978":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442978","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442978","score":null,"sort":[1529701221000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"knowing-when-an-activity-becomes-an-unhealthy-addiction","title":"Knowing When An Activity Becomes An Unhealthy Addiction","publishDate":1529701221,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Now that the world’s leading public health group says too much Minecraft can be an addiction, could overindulging in chocolate, exercise, even sex, be next?[contextly_sidebar id=\"01ODny8j1QsQF9gorizQRnBzsbgXPKRY\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is probably not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new “gaming disorder” classification from the World Health Organization revives a debate in the medical community about whether behaviors can cause the same kind of addictive illness as drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strictest definition of addiction refers to a disease resulting from changes in brain chemistry caused by compulsive use of drugs or alcohol. The definition includes excessive use that damages health, relationships, jobs and other parts of normal life. Brain research supports that definition, and some imaging studies have suggested that excessive gaming might affect the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a looser definition, addiction is considered “a disease of extreme behavior. Any behavior carried to extreme that consumes you and keeps you from doing what you should be doing becomes an addiction as far as life is concerned,” said Dr. Walter Ling, a UCLA psychiatrist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its widely used manual for diagnosing mental illness, the American Psychiatric Association calls excessive video gaming a “condition” but not a formal diagnosis or disease, and says more research is needed to determine if it qualifies as an addiction.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Wl5OAMpArUdB6zi7q3hdM5GrzcPwa5h3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drugs and the Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain drugs including opioids and alcohol can over-activate the brain’s reward circuit. That’s the system that under normal circumstances is activated when people engage in “behaviors conducive to survival” including eating and drinking water when thirsty, explained Dr. Andrew Saxon, chairman of the association’s addiction psychiatry council. The brain chemical dopamine regulates these behaviors, but narcotic drugs can flood the brain with dopamine, encouraging repeated use and making drug use more rewarding that healthy behaviors, Saxon said. Eventually increasing amounts are needed to get the same effect, and brain changes lead to an inability to control use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Other Substances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caffeine is a stimulant and also activates the brain’s reward system, but to a much lesser degree than addictive drugs. The “reward” can make people feel more alert, and frequent users can develop mild withdrawal symptoms when they stop, including headaches and tiredness. Caffeine-containing chocolate may produce similar effects. Neither substance causes the kinds of life problems found in drug addiction, although some coffee drinkers develop a tolerance to caffeine and need to drink more to get the same “buzz” or sense of alertness.[contextly_sidebar id=\"mhQtfvihYwLCtDzX98xiu7QDvAtMJa4g\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization recognizes caffeine “dependence” as a disorder; the American Psychiatric Association does not and says more research is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The term ‘addiction’ is tossed around pretty commonly, like ‘chocoholic’ or saying you’re addicted to reality TV,” said Dr. Ellen Selkie, a University of Michigan physician who studies teens’ use of digital technology. But addiction means an inability to control use “to the point where you’re failing at life,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Behavior\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only behavior classified as an addiction in the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual is compulsive gambling. To be diagnosed, gamblers must have several symptoms including repeatedly gambling increasing amounts of money, lying to hide gambling activity, feeling irritable or restless when trying to stop, and losing jobs or relationships because of gambling. Research suggests excessive gambling can affect the brain in ways similar to addictive drugs. Since the diagnostic manual was last updated, in 2013, studies have bolstered evidence that excessive video gaming may do the same thing, and some experts speculate that it may be added to the next update.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manual doesn’t include sex addiction because there’s little evidence that compulsive sexual behavior has similar effects on the brain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"WREHBIaI0tAVtsrRyKdECjzCVCBZe8oy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many excessive gamblers, gamers and sex “addicts” have other psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, attention deficit disorder and depression, and some mental health specialists believe their compulsive behaviors are merely symptoms of those diseases rather than separate addictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive use of the internet and smartphones is also absent from the psychiatric manual and World Health Organization’s update. Psychiatrists disagree on whether that is a true addiction — partly because overuse is hard to measure when so many people need to use their smartphones and the internet for their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the Term Matter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization’s decision to classify excessive video gaming as an addiction means “gaming disorder” will be added to this year’s update to the organization’s International Classification of Diseases. Doctors worldwide use that document to diagnose physical and mental illnesses. Insurers, including Medicaid and Medicare, use billing codes listed there to make coverage decisions. The American Psychiatric Association’s manual is widely used for defining and diagnosing mental disorders. If conditions aren’t listed in these documents, insurance coverage for treatment is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/tag/ScienceSays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2ptoKnW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The new “gaming disorder” classification from the World Health Organization revives a debate in the medical community about whether behaviors can cause the same kind of addictive illness as drugs.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529649746,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":876},"headData":{"title":"Knowing When An Activity Becomes An Unhealthy Addiction | KQED","description":"The new “gaming disorder” classification from the World Health Organization revives a debate in the medical community about whether behaviors can cause the same kind of addictive illness as drugs.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Knowing When An Activity Becomes An Unhealthy Addiction","datePublished":"2018-06-22T21:00:21.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-22T06:42:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442978 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442978","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/22/knowing-when-an-activity-becomes-an-unhealthy-addiction/","disqusTitle":"Knowing When An Activity Becomes An Unhealthy Addiction","source":"Health","nprByline":"Lindsey Tanner\u003cbr />The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/442978/knowing-when-an-activity-becomes-an-unhealthy-addiction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Now that the world’s leading public health group says too much Minecraft can be an addiction, could overindulging in chocolate, exercise, even sex, be next?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is probably not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new “gaming disorder” classification from the World Health Organization revives a debate in the medical community about whether behaviors can cause the same kind of addictive illness as drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strictest definition of addiction refers to a disease resulting from changes in brain chemistry caused by compulsive use of drugs or alcohol. The definition includes excessive use that damages health, relationships, jobs and other parts of normal life. Brain research supports that definition, and some imaging studies have suggested that excessive gaming might affect the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a looser definition, addiction is considered “a disease of extreme behavior. Any behavior carried to extreme that consumes you and keeps you from doing what you should be doing becomes an addiction as far as life is concerned,” said Dr. Walter Ling, a UCLA psychiatrist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its widely used manual for diagnosing mental illness, the American Psychiatric Association calls excessive video gaming a “condition” but not a formal diagnosis or disease, and says more research is needed to determine if it qualifies as an addiction.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drugs and the Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain drugs including opioids and alcohol can over-activate the brain’s reward circuit. That’s the system that under normal circumstances is activated when people engage in “behaviors conducive to survival” including eating and drinking water when thirsty, explained Dr. Andrew Saxon, chairman of the association’s addiction psychiatry council. The brain chemical dopamine regulates these behaviors, but narcotic drugs can flood the brain with dopamine, encouraging repeated use and making drug use more rewarding that healthy behaviors, Saxon said. Eventually increasing amounts are needed to get the same effect, and brain changes lead to an inability to control use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Other Substances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caffeine is a stimulant and also activates the brain’s reward system, but to a much lesser degree than addictive drugs. The “reward” can make people feel more alert, and frequent users can develop mild withdrawal symptoms when they stop, including headaches and tiredness. Caffeine-containing chocolate may produce similar effects. Neither substance causes the kinds of life problems found in drug addiction, although some coffee drinkers develop a tolerance to caffeine and need to drink more to get the same “buzz” or sense of alertness.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization recognizes caffeine “dependence” as a disorder; the American Psychiatric Association does not and says more research is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The term ‘addiction’ is tossed around pretty commonly, like ‘chocoholic’ or saying you’re addicted to reality TV,” said Dr. Ellen Selkie, a University of Michigan physician who studies teens’ use of digital technology. But addiction means an inability to control use “to the point where you’re failing at life,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Behavior\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only behavior classified as an addiction in the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual is compulsive gambling. To be diagnosed, gamblers must have several symptoms including repeatedly gambling increasing amounts of money, lying to hide gambling activity, feeling irritable or restless when trying to stop, and losing jobs or relationships because of gambling. Research suggests excessive gambling can affect the brain in ways similar to addictive drugs. Since the diagnostic manual was last updated, in 2013, studies have bolstered evidence that excessive video gaming may do the same thing, and some experts speculate that it may be added to the next update.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manual doesn’t include sex addiction because there’s little evidence that compulsive sexual behavior has similar effects on the brain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many excessive gamblers, gamers and sex “addicts” have other psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, attention deficit disorder and depression, and some mental health specialists believe their compulsive behaviors are merely symptoms of those diseases rather than separate addictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive use of the internet and smartphones is also absent from the psychiatric manual and World Health Organization’s update. Psychiatrists disagree on whether that is a true addiction — partly because overuse is hard to measure when so many people need to use their smartphones and the internet for their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the Term Matter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization’s decision to classify excessive video gaming as an addiction means “gaming disorder” will be added to this year’s update to the organization’s International Classification of Diseases. Doctors worldwide use that document to diagnose physical and mental illnesses. Insurers, including Medicaid and Medicare, use billing codes listed there to make coverage decisions. The American Psychiatric Association’s manual is widely used for defining and diagnosing mental disorders. If conditions aren’t listed in these documents, insurance coverage for treatment is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/tag/ScienceSays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2ptoKnW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442978/knowing-when-an-activity-becomes-an-unhealthy-addiction","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442978"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_828","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_483","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_204"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442981","label":"source_futureofyou_442978"},"futureofyou_442639":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442639","score":null,"sort":[1529044228000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanford-optogenetics-pioneer-wins-kyoto-prize","title":"Stanford Pioneer in Brain Research Wins Prestigious Kyoto Prize","publishDate":1529044228,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford University professor of bioengineering and psychiatry, has been awarded an international prize worth more than $900,000 for his work in illuminating brain activity with light. The exact amount of the prize was 100 million yen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders.'\u003ccite>Lloyd Minor, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth is receiving the 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for advanced technology. Awards are also granted for basic sciences, and arts and philosophy. Some of its recipients have gone on to win the Nobel Prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/about_pi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deisseroth,\u003c/a> the youngest person to ever receive the prize, is being honored for developing \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/optogenetics/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, a technology that uses light-sensitive proteins to manipulate brain cell activity. The method allows scientists to glean more information about brain disorders and to probe how the nervous system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is humbling to see all the distinguished people who have won the Kyoto Prize, and to be listed with them. It is wonderful to see pure basic science discoveries recognized in this way,\" said Deisseroth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique developed by Deisseroth and his team manipulates cellular activity by delivering a pulse of light to a particular cell through an optical fiber that has been implanted in the animal’s brain. The method yields information on how brain cells give rise to sensations, memories and actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_442697\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-442697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kyoto prize medal. \u003ccite>(Inamori Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A brilliant and innovative investigator, Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders,” said Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of the \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/a>, in a statement. “His receipt of the Kyoto Prize is inordinately well-deserved and the product of his unmatched scientific vision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth has said his research\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/optogenetics-controlling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> was motivated by\u003c/a> a desire to better understand psychiatric disorders, the leading cause of years of life lost to death or disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth’s research, developed between 2004 and 2009, is used by laboratories around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thousands of laboratories around the world have used optogenetics to satisfy their own curiosity about the natural world, and to test ideas in a broad range of systems and species,\" he said. \"Many people are also studying brain diseases, and optogenetics-guided clinical trials have already started with some success, bringing a new kind of hope to people affected by these diseases such as substance dependence and depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CE6uNFFZ0qc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes optogenetics so groundbreaking is its level of precision in controlling defined activity within specific cells, according to I-Han Chou, senior editor at the journal \"Nature\".[contextly_sidebar id=\"08EVHeybNXS0fTuglKI55A1KVy7EFUpl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you imagine the brain as this city, up until now we have been looking at it as if from space,\" Chou\u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/what-is-optogenetics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> World Economic Forum site. \"We haven't had the tools to do anything beyond seeing what the whole city block is doing. What you actually want to know is what the individual components of the city are, what the people are doing, and what's the information being transported from one part of the city to another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique could transform how neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease are treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When things go wrong with the brain it is just so devastating. One of the hopes for optogenetics is that if it can work in humans, it might be used as a tool for restoring brain function,\" Chou added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Karl Deisseroth, the Stanford University professor who developed a groundbreaking method for probing how brain cells behave and communicate, is the recipient of the 2018 Kyoto Prize for advanced technology. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1529091009,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":600},"headData":{"title":"Stanford Pioneer in Brain Research Wins Prestigious Kyoto Prize | KQED","description":"Karl Deisseroth, the Stanford University professor who developed a groundbreaking method for probing how brain cells behave and communicate, is the recipient of the 2018 Kyoto Prize for advanced technology. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stanford Pioneer in Brain Research Wins Prestigious Kyoto Prize","datePublished":"2018-06-15T06:30:28.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-15T19:30:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442639 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442639","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/14/stanford-optogenetics-pioneer-wins-kyoto-prize/","disqusTitle":"Stanford Pioneer in Brain Research Wins Prestigious Kyoto Prize","source":"Health","path":"/futureofyou/442639/stanford-optogenetics-pioneer-wins-kyoto-prize","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford University professor of bioengineering and psychiatry, has been awarded an international prize worth more than $900,000 for his work in illuminating brain activity with light. The exact amount of the prize was 100 million yen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders.'\u003ccite>Lloyd Minor, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth is receiving the 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for advanced technology. Awards are also granted for basic sciences, and arts and philosophy. Some of its recipients have gone on to win the Nobel Prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/about_pi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deisseroth,\u003c/a> the youngest person to ever receive the prize, is being honored for developing \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/optogenetics/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, a technology that uses light-sensitive proteins to manipulate brain cell activity. The method allows scientists to glean more information about brain disorders and to probe how the nervous system works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is humbling to see all the distinguished people who have won the Kyoto Prize, and to be listed with them. It is wonderful to see pure basic science discoveries recognized in this way,\" said Deisseroth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique developed by Deisseroth and his team manipulates cellular activity by delivering a pulse of light to a particular cell through an optical fiber that has been implanted in the animal’s brain. The method yields information on how brain cells give rise to sensations, memories and actions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_442697\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-442697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/image01-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kyoto prize medal. \u003ccite>(Inamori Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A brilliant and innovative investigator, Karl has created a revolutionary technology that has broadened our understanding of brain disorders and may one day yield treatments to the millions with these disorders,” said Dr. Lloyd Minor, dean of the \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/a>, in a statement. “His receipt of the Kyoto Prize is inordinately well-deserved and the product of his unmatched scientific vision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth has said his research\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/optogenetics-controlling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> was motivated by\u003c/a> a desire to better understand psychiatric disorders, the leading cause of years of life lost to death or disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deisseroth’s research, developed between 2004 and 2009, is used by laboratories around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thousands of laboratories around the world have used optogenetics to satisfy their own curiosity about the natural world, and to test ideas in a broad range of systems and species,\" he said. \"Many people are also studying brain diseases, and optogenetics-guided clinical trials have already started with some success, bringing a new kind of hope to people affected by these diseases such as substance dependence and depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/CE6uNFFZ0qc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes optogenetics so groundbreaking is its level of precision in controlling defined activity within specific cells, according to I-Han Chou, senior editor at the journal \"Nature\".\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you imagine the brain as this city, up until now we have been looking at it as if from space,\" Chou\u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/what-is-optogenetics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told the\u003c/a> World Economic Forum site. \"We haven't had the tools to do anything beyond seeing what the whole city block is doing. What you actually want to know is what the individual components of the city are, what the people are doing, and what's the information being transported from one part of the city to another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique could transform how neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease are treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When things go wrong with the brain it is just so devastating. One of the hopes for optogenetics is that if it can work in humans, it might be used as a tool for restoring brain function,\" Chou added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442639/stanford-optogenetics-pioneer-wins-kyoto-prize","authors":["11428"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_155","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_1150","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1096","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442681","label":"source_futureofyou_442639"},"futureofyou_439807":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439807","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439807","score":null,"sort":[1519678900000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sometimes-you-just-need-a-robot-to-talk-to","title":"Sometimes, You Just Need a Robot to Talk to","publishDate":1519678900,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1096,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>We spend a lot of time talking to Alexa and Siri. Imagine if such artificial personalities were put inside a cute, adorable robot. That's what Alexander Reben has done. The artist created what he saw as the perfect interview machine to see how much he could get people to reveal to the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben's experiments with human robot interactions began when he was working on his master's degree in robotics at MIT. He built a robot called \u003ca href=\"http://resenv.media.mit.edu/Boxie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boxie\u003c/a>. It was made of cardboard, about the size of a microwave oven, and rolled around like a toy tank.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yz0kM6ZG84eg4i4rxTL7lsT0kMn9aLm9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you walked into the lab at MIT, Boxie would approach with its big, round black eyes wide open and ask you for help getting upstairs or going down the hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben wanted to see how many people would help the robot. He wondered, could you build cheaper robots without legs that could get around with help from humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, one day, something happened that would change the course of Reben's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life.'\u003ccite>Judith Helfand\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It started with a man walking into the lab and Boxie rolling up to greet him. \"I saw him from a distance, laying on the carpet in the middle of the lab talking to this robot on the ground,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man began to share his troubles with Boxie. He had never been to Boston before and he'd come to take part in the marathon. The man \"just started talking to this thing like it was another person,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man told the robot that he was supposed to go to Munich, but his flight was canceled because of a volcanic eruption in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation was a revelation for Reben. He realized that the characteristics that made people want to help Boxie also seduced them into talking with the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, it was cute and seemed vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben teamed up with another artist and filmmaker, Brent Hoff, to see whether they could design a robot that would make people want to open up. They carved a smile into its face. \"It's the perfect smile. It's kind of a Mona Lisa smile,\" Hoff says. \"It's open and engaging to make sure [it] was as nonjudgmental and nonthreatening as possible.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"2iIvqmnB8RUBK8Dpjga3ECr8rh8Wtlbk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They gave it the sweet voice of Hoff's 8-year-old son. And they taped him asking carefully chosen questions. \"There was some consideration of what are the deepest, most important questions we have as people,\" Hoff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asked things like, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" or \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had a camera and a recorder inside it to catch the answers. They called the new robot \u003ca href=\"http://areben.com/project/blabdroid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlabDroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea,\" says Hoff, \"is that there is not as much judgment in a robot asking you a question as a journalist\" would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoff says he doesn't know for sure whether that's true, but he wanted to find out. And so did I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set up a loose experiment. I would ask people the same questions as BlabDroid and — like the robot — there wouldn't be any follow-up questions. We tried the experiment a few times: once at an art opening and once at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco; we also listened to responses BlabDroid had collected at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can click on the audio below to listen to the two examples. Try to guess whether the person was talking to me or the robot before you read further.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588054239\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588055297\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe first one is Nate Mazur, who was asked, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" He replies, \"My wife.\" Mazur opens up about the wonders of their relationship. He says he loves her most because of his \"ability to be with her, to be present with her. To respond and interact. ... She makes this a better world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second example was Judith Helfand. She was asked, \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\" She broke into tears as she spoke about her dying mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would give my mother the gift of not worrying about me before she dies,\" Helfand says. \"She wants me to lose a ton of weight and get really, really healthy. And she needs to see that before she dies ... and I wish I could give her that and I'm not positive I can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the answers are sincere and from the heart. Mazur spoke to me and Helfand was talking to BlabDroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helfand found something satisfying about talking to the machine. \"The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been over two years since her mother died. Helfand lost the weight, but she is struggling with her career. She thinks the robot would be helpful. \"Mediation really isn't really working for me,\" Helfand says. \"I can't seem to find the courage to sit and write down what my future plans are so that I can make them really happen.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"0QqjSUSqTOgQ0iX4yALrApbCEjnw9Xay\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/10/18/163098594/in-constant-digital-contact-we-feel-alone-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherry Turkle\u003c/a>, a professor of science and technology at MIT, to listen to the responses. She couldn't tell whether people were talking to BlabDroid or me. Turkle has been studying human-machine relationships for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it really doesn't take much to get humans to open up to a robot. \"We are kind of cheap dates,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BlabDroid — with its sweet voice, Mona Lisa smile and probing questions — is \"pushing in us a kind of Darwinian button,\" Turkle says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says robots don't even have to be cute. In her research she found a child who vented to Apple's Siri on an iPhone. Turkle says the child would vent on the phone about her anger toward her sister and her parents \"because, in person, she tries to always play the good daughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkle says over time, the child wasn't happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was almost a feeling of abandonment,\" Turkle says. \"There's no place they can go after they get the confession.\" She says robots can't offer certain very human things — like care, conversation and empathy. \"And the robot cannot do that because the robot has not had a life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science-fiction author William Gibson once said, \"The future is already here; it's just not very evenly distributed yet.\" In Japan, robots are being used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21731677-around-5000-nursing-care-homes-across-country-are-testing-robots-japan-embracing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care for the elderly\u003c/a>. Men are having relationships with virtual women who exist only in a portable video game — even taking them out on dates. An American company has created \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-vegas-tipsy-robot-bar-20170704-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robot bartenders\u003c/a>. In the future, perhaps they will listen to our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben knows there is a downside to social robots. But he also sees a place for them in the future. He thinks a cute robot might do a better job of getting people to answer survey questions or talk about embarrassing symptoms before seeing a doctor. Reben says \"people tend to be more honest because they don't feel embarrassed telling that to something that's not human.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an artist, what Reben hopes to accomplish with BlabDroid is to force us to think about the implications of bringing more robots into our society knowing full well that they are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sometimes+We+Feel+More+Comfortable+Talking+To+A+Robot&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An artist created a robot named BlabDroid to see if it could fulfill our deep need for companionship. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1519750638,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1287},"headData":{"title":"Sometimes, You Just Need a Robot to Talk to | KQED","description":"An artist created a robot named BlabDroid to see if it could fulfill our deep need for companionship. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sometimes, You Just Need a Robot to Talk to","datePublished":"2018-02-26T21:01:40.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-27T16:57:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439807 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439807","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/26/sometimes-you-just-need-a-robot-to-talk-to/","disqusTitle":"Sometimes, You Just Need a Robot to Talk to","nprByline":"Laura Sydell\u003cbr />NPR All Tech Considered","nprImageAgency":"Jenn Liv for NPR","nprStoryId":"583682556","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=583682556&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/02/24/583682556/sometimes-we-feel-more-comfortable-talking-to-a-robot?ft=nprml&f=583682556","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 26 Feb 2018 09:45:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 24 Feb 2018 08:08:02 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 26 Feb 2018 09:45:52 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/02/20180224_wesat_sometimes_we_feel_more_comfortable_talking_to_a_robot.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&aggIds=587233380&d=454&p=7&story=583682556&ft=nprml&f=583682556","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1588500161-678695.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1019&aggIds=587233380&d=454&p=7&story=583682556&ft=nprml&f=583682556","path":"/futureofyou/439807/sometimes-you-just-need-a-robot-to-talk-to","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2018/02/20180224_wesat_sometimes_we_feel_more_comfortable_talking_to_a_robot.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&aggIds=587233380&d=454&p=7&story=583682556&ft=nprml&f=583682556","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We spend a lot of time talking to Alexa and Siri. Imagine if such artificial personalities were put inside a cute, adorable robot. That's what Alexander Reben has done. The artist created what he saw as the perfect interview machine to see how much he could get people to reveal to the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben's experiments with human robot interactions began when he was working on his master's degree in robotics at MIT. He built a robot called \u003ca href=\"http://resenv.media.mit.edu/Boxie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boxie\u003c/a>. It was made of cardboard, about the size of a microwave oven, and rolled around like a toy tank.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you walked into the lab at MIT, Boxie would approach with its big, round black eyes wide open and ask you for help getting upstairs or going down the hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben wanted to see how many people would help the robot. He wondered, could you build cheaper robots without legs that could get around with help from humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, one day, something happened that would change the course of Reben's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life.'\u003ccite>Judith Helfand\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It started with a man walking into the lab and Boxie rolling up to greet him. \"I saw him from a distance, laying on the carpet in the middle of the lab talking to this robot on the ground,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man began to share his troubles with Boxie. He had never been to Boston before and he'd come to take part in the marathon. The man \"just started talking to this thing like it was another person,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man told the robot that he was supposed to go to Munich, but his flight was canceled because of a volcanic eruption in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation was a revelation for Reben. He realized that the characteristics that made people want to help Boxie also seduced them into talking with the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, it was cute and seemed vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben teamed up with another artist and filmmaker, Brent Hoff, to see whether they could design a robot that would make people want to open up. They carved a smile into its face. \"It's the perfect smile. It's kind of a Mona Lisa smile,\" Hoff says. \"It's open and engaging to make sure [it] was as nonjudgmental and nonthreatening as possible.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They gave it the sweet voice of Hoff's 8-year-old son. And they taped him asking carefully chosen questions. \"There was some consideration of what are the deepest, most important questions we have as people,\" Hoff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asked things like, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" or \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had a camera and a recorder inside it to catch the answers. They called the new robot \u003ca href=\"http://areben.com/project/blabdroid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlabDroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea,\" says Hoff, \"is that there is not as much judgment in a robot asking you a question as a journalist\" would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoff says he doesn't know for sure whether that's true, but he wanted to find out. And so did I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set up a loose experiment. I would ask people the same questions as BlabDroid and — like the robot — there wouldn't be any follow-up questions. We tried the experiment a few times: once at an art opening and once at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco; we also listened to responses BlabDroid had collected at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can click on the audio below to listen to the two examples. Try to guess whether the person was talking to me or the robot before you read further.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588054239\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588055297\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe first one is Nate Mazur, who was asked, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" He replies, \"My wife.\" Mazur opens up about the wonders of their relationship. He says he loves her most because of his \"ability to be with her, to be present with her. To respond and interact. ... She makes this a better world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second example was Judith Helfand. She was asked, \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\" She broke into tears as she spoke about her dying mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would give my mother the gift of not worrying about me before she dies,\" Helfand says. \"She wants me to lose a ton of weight and get really, really healthy. And she needs to see that before she dies ... and I wish I could give her that and I'm not positive I can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the answers are sincere and from the heart. Mazur spoke to me and Helfand was talking to BlabDroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helfand found something satisfying about talking to the machine. \"The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been over two years since her mother died. Helfand lost the weight, but she is struggling with her career. She thinks the robot would be helpful. \"Mediation really isn't really working for me,\" Helfand says. \"I can't seem to find the courage to sit and write down what my future plans are so that I can make them really happen.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/10/18/163098594/in-constant-digital-contact-we-feel-alone-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherry Turkle\u003c/a>, a professor of science and technology at MIT, to listen to the responses. She couldn't tell whether people were talking to BlabDroid or me. Turkle has been studying human-machine relationships for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it really doesn't take much to get humans to open up to a robot. \"We are kind of cheap dates,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BlabDroid — with its sweet voice, Mona Lisa smile and probing questions — is \"pushing in us a kind of Darwinian button,\" Turkle says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says robots don't even have to be cute. In her research she found a child who vented to Apple's Siri on an iPhone. Turkle says the child would vent on the phone about her anger toward her sister and her parents \"because, in person, she tries to always play the good daughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkle says over time, the child wasn't happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was almost a feeling of abandonment,\" Turkle says. \"There's no place they can go after they get the confession.\" She says robots can't offer certain very human things — like care, conversation and empathy. \"And the robot cannot do that because the robot has not had a life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science-fiction author William Gibson once said, \"The future is already here; it's just not very evenly distributed yet.\" In Japan, robots are being used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21731677-around-5000-nursing-care-homes-across-country-are-testing-robots-japan-embracing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care for the elderly\u003c/a>. Men are having relationships with virtual women who exist only in a portable video game — even taking them out on dates. An American company has created \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-vegas-tipsy-robot-bar-20170704-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robot bartenders\u003c/a>. In the future, perhaps they will listen to our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben knows there is a downside to social robots. But he also sees a place for them in the future. He thinks a cute robot might do a better job of getting people to answer survey questions or talk about embarrassing symptoms before seeing a doctor. Reben says \"people tend to be more honest because they don't feel embarrassed telling that to something that's not human.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an artist, what Reben hopes to accomplish with BlabDroid is to force us to think about the implications of bringing more robots into our society knowing full well that they are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sometimes+We+Feel+More+Comfortable+Talking+To+A+Robot&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439807/sometimes-you-just-need-a-robot-to-talk-to","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439807"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_592","futureofyou_190","futureofyou_204","futureofyou_722","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439831","label":"futureofyou_1096"},"futureofyou_439443":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439443","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439443","score":null,"sort":[1518462046000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog","title":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog","publishDate":1518462046,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1096,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>If the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov were alive today, what would he say about smartphones? He might not think of them as phones at all, but instead as remarkable tools for understanding how technology can manipulate our brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov's own findings — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments\u003c/a> he did more than a century ago, involving food, buzzers and slobbering dogs — offer key insights, into why our phones have become almost an extension of our bodies, modern researchers say. The findings also provide clues to how we can break our dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov originally set off to study canine digestion. But one day, he noticed something peculiar while feeding his dogs. If he played a sound — like a metronome or buzzer — before mealtimes, eventually the sound started to have a special meaning for the animals. It meant food was coming! The dogs actually started drooling when they heard the sound, even if no food was around.[contextly_sidebar id=\"WFvp0A8BvWC683stKdY7NtFgZFPpmCHR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing the buzzer had become pleasurable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's exactly what's happening with smartphones, says David Greenfield, a \u003ca href=\"http://virtual-addiction.com/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychologist\u003c/a> and assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear a ding or little ditty alerting us to a new text, email or Facebook post, cells in our brains likely release dopamine — one of the chemical transmitters in the brain's reward circuitry. That dopamine makes us feel pleasure, Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ping is telling us there is some type of reward there, waiting for us,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, that ping can become more powerful than the reward itself. Research on animals suggests dopamine levels in the brain can be twice as high when you anticipate the reward as when you actually receive it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, just hearing the notification can be more pleasurable than the text, email or tweet. \"Smartphone notifications have turned us all into Pavlov's dogs,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Signs you might need to cut back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adult checks their phone 50 to 300 times each day, Greenfield says. And smartphones use psychological tricks that encourage our continued high usage — some of the same tricks slot machines use to hook gamblers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oJLVZ8oFYDN98pI8tihIPWKg11UGF8v0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For example, every time you look at your phone, you don't know what you're going to find — how relevant or desirable a message is going to be,\" Greenfield says. \"So you keep checking it over and over again because every once in a while, there's something good there.\" (This is called a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. Animal studies suggest it makes dopamine skyrocket in the brain's reward circuity and is possibly one reason people keep playing slot machines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of doctors and psychologists are concerned about our relationship with the phone. There's a debate about what to call the problem. Some say \"disorder\" or \"problematic behavior.\" Others think over-reliance on a smartphone can become a behavioral addiction, like gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a spectrum disorder,\" says Dr. Anna Lembke, a \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/anna-lembke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychiatrist\u003c/a> at Stanford University, who studies addiction. \"There are mild, moderate and extreme forms.\" And for many people, there's no problem at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this way, the phone is kind of like alcohol, Lembke says. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial, for some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can make an argument that a temperate amount of smartphone or screen use might be good for people,\" Lembke says. \"So I'm not saying, 'Everybody get rid of their smartphones because they're completely addictive,' But instead, let's be very thoughtful about how we're how we're using these devices, because we can use them in pathological ways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs you might be experiencing problematic use, Lembke says, include these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Interacting with the device keeps you up late or otherwise interferes with your sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It reduces the time you have to be with friends or family.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It interferes with your ability to finish work or homework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It causes you to be rude, even subconsciously. \"For instance,\" Lembke asks, \"are you in the middle of having a conversation with someone and just dropping down and scrolling through your phone?\" That's a bad sign.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's squelching your creativity. \"I think that's really what people don't realize with their smartphone usage,\" Lembke says. \"It can really deprive you of a kind of seamless flow of creative thought that generates from your own brain.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider a digital detox one day a week\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.letitripple.org/about/tiffany-shlain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tiffany Shlain\u003c/a>, a San Francisco Bay Area filmmaker, noticed some of those warning signs in herself and loved ones, so she and her family now power down all their devices every Friday evening, for a 24-hour period.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oKMoZqJxDnKRySnPIdhx72Nu1HStqOIa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something we look forward to each week,\" Shlain says. She and her husband \u003ca href=\"http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ken Goldberg\u003c/a>, a professor in the field of robotics at the University of California, Berkeley, are very tech savvy. But they find they need a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"During the week, [we're] like an emotional pinball machine responding to all the external forces,\" Shlain says. The buzzes, beeps, emails, alerts and notifications never end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shutting the smartphones off shuts out all those distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're making your time sacred again — reclaiming it,\" Shlain says. \"You stop all the noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they started the digital break, which they call \"Tech Shabbat,\" Saturdays suddenly felt very different. The family's not religious, she says, but they love the Jewish Sabbath ritual of setting aside a day for rest or restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The days felt much longer, and we generally feel much more relaxed,\" says Goldberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their daughter, Odessa Shlain Goldberg, a ninth-grader, says the unplugging takes some of the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no FOMO — fear of missing out — or seeing what my friends are doing,\" Odessa says. \"It's a family day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teen says the perspective she gains from the digital power-down carries over into the rest of the week. For instance, she thinks about using social media differently. She realizes the social-media feeds often make other people's lives appear more exciting or glamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're sitting at home scrolling, you're not having that glamorous experience,\" she says. \"So it feels a little discouraging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smartphones can compound teen angst, but there's a sweet spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odessa is definitely not alone in those observations. Social media can amplify the anxieties that come along with adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study of high school students, \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-02758-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Emotion\u003c/em>, found that too much time spent on digital devices is linked to lower self-esteem and a decrease in well-being. The survey asked teens how much time they spent — outside of schoolwork — on activities such as texting, gaming, searching the internet or using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found teens who spend five or more hours a day online are twice as likely to say they're unhappy,\" compared to those who spend less time plugged in, explains the study's author, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge's research suggests digital abstinence is not good either. Teens who have no access to screens or social media may feel shut out, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be a sweet spot. According to the survey data, \"the teens who spend a little time — an hour or two hours a day [on their devices] — those are actually the happiest teens,\" Twenge says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its best, technology connects us to new ideas and people. It makes the world smaller, and opens up possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ability to connect with people across the world is one the great benefits,\" Odessa believes. She says she's made some of her friends \"purely online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to wrestle with it more,\" her mother says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is not going away — our lives are becoming more wired all the time. But Shlain and Odessa say taking a weekly break helps their whole family find a happy medium in dealing with their phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A growing number of doctors concerned about our relationship with the smartphones.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518462004,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1355},"headData":{"title":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog | KQED","description":"A growing number of doctors concerned about our relationship with the smartphones.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog","datePublished":"2018-02-12T19:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-12T19:00:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439443 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439443","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/12/those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog/","disqusTitle":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog","nprByline":"Michaeleen Doucleff and Allison Aubrey\u003cbr />NPR Shots","path":"/futureofyou/439443/those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov were alive today, what would he say about smartphones? He might not think of them as phones at all, but instead as remarkable tools for understanding how technology can manipulate our brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov's own findings — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments\u003c/a> he did more than a century ago, involving food, buzzers and slobbering dogs — offer key insights, into why our phones have become almost an extension of our bodies, modern researchers say. The findings also provide clues to how we can break our dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov originally set off to study canine digestion. But one day, he noticed something peculiar while feeding his dogs. If he played a sound — like a metronome or buzzer — before mealtimes, eventually the sound started to have a special meaning for the animals. It meant food was coming! The dogs actually started drooling when they heard the sound, even if no food was around.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing the buzzer had become pleasurable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's exactly what's happening with smartphones, says David Greenfield, a \u003ca href=\"http://virtual-addiction.com/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychologist\u003c/a> and assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear a ding or little ditty alerting us to a new text, email or Facebook post, cells in our brains likely release dopamine — one of the chemical transmitters in the brain's reward circuitry. That dopamine makes us feel pleasure, Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ping is telling us there is some type of reward there, waiting for us,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, that ping can become more powerful than the reward itself. Research on animals suggests dopamine levels in the brain can be twice as high when you anticipate the reward as when you actually receive it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, just hearing the notification can be more pleasurable than the text, email or tweet. \"Smartphone notifications have turned us all into Pavlov's dogs,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Signs you might need to cut back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adult checks their phone 50 to 300 times each day, Greenfield says. And smartphones use psychological tricks that encourage our continued high usage — some of the same tricks slot machines use to hook gamblers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For example, every time you look at your phone, you don't know what you're going to find — how relevant or desirable a message is going to be,\" Greenfield says. \"So you keep checking it over and over again because every once in a while, there's something good there.\" (This is called a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. Animal studies suggest it makes dopamine skyrocket in the brain's reward circuity and is possibly one reason people keep playing slot machines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of doctors and psychologists are concerned about our relationship with the phone. There's a debate about what to call the problem. Some say \"disorder\" or \"problematic behavior.\" Others think over-reliance on a smartphone can become a behavioral addiction, like gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a spectrum disorder,\" says Dr. Anna Lembke, a \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/anna-lembke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychiatrist\u003c/a> at Stanford University, who studies addiction. \"There are mild, moderate and extreme forms.\" And for many people, there's no problem at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this way, the phone is kind of like alcohol, Lembke says. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial, for some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can make an argument that a temperate amount of smartphone or screen use might be good for people,\" Lembke says. \"So I'm not saying, 'Everybody get rid of their smartphones because they're completely addictive,' But instead, let's be very thoughtful about how we're how we're using these devices, because we can use them in pathological ways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs you might be experiencing problematic use, Lembke says, include these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Interacting with the device keeps you up late or otherwise interferes with your sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It reduces the time you have to be with friends or family.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It interferes with your ability to finish work or homework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It causes you to be rude, even subconsciously. \"For instance,\" Lembke asks, \"are you in the middle of having a conversation with someone and just dropping down and scrolling through your phone?\" That's a bad sign.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's squelching your creativity. \"I think that's really what people don't realize with their smartphone usage,\" Lembke says. \"It can really deprive you of a kind of seamless flow of creative thought that generates from your own brain.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider a digital detox one day a week\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.letitripple.org/about/tiffany-shlain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tiffany Shlain\u003c/a>, a San Francisco Bay Area filmmaker, noticed some of those warning signs in herself and loved ones, so she and her family now power down all their devices every Friday evening, for a 24-hour period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something we look forward to each week,\" Shlain says. She and her husband \u003ca href=\"http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ken Goldberg\u003c/a>, a professor in the field of robotics at the University of California, Berkeley, are very tech savvy. But they find they need a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"During the week, [we're] like an emotional pinball machine responding to all the external forces,\" Shlain says. The buzzes, beeps, emails, alerts and notifications never end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shutting the smartphones off shuts out all those distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're making your time sacred again — reclaiming it,\" Shlain says. \"You stop all the noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they started the digital break, which they call \"Tech Shabbat,\" Saturdays suddenly felt very different. The family's not religious, she says, but they love the Jewish Sabbath ritual of setting aside a day for rest or restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The days felt much longer, and we generally feel much more relaxed,\" says Goldberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their daughter, Odessa Shlain Goldberg, a ninth-grader, says the unplugging takes some of the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no FOMO — fear of missing out — or seeing what my friends are doing,\" Odessa says. \"It's a family day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teen says the perspective she gains from the digital power-down carries over into the rest of the week. For instance, she thinks about using social media differently. She realizes the social-media feeds often make other people's lives appear more exciting or glamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're sitting at home scrolling, you're not having that glamorous experience,\" she says. \"So it feels a little discouraging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smartphones can compound teen angst, but there's a sweet spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odessa is definitely not alone in those observations. Social media can amplify the anxieties that come along with adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study of high school students, \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-02758-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Emotion\u003c/em>, found that too much time spent on digital devices is linked to lower self-esteem and a decrease in well-being. The survey asked teens how much time they spent — outside of schoolwork — on activities such as texting, gaming, searching the internet or using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found teens who spend five or more hours a day online are twice as likely to say they're unhappy,\" compared to those who spend less time plugged in, explains the study's author, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge's research suggests digital abstinence is not good either. Teens who have no access to screens or social media may feel shut out, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be a sweet spot. According to the survey data, \"the teens who spend a little time — an hour or two hours a day [on their devices] — those are actually the happiest teens,\" Twenge says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its best, technology connects us to new ideas and people. It makes the world smaller, and opens up possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ability to connect with people across the world is one the great benefits,\" Odessa believes. She says she's made some of her friends \"purely online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to wrestle with it more,\" her mother says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is not going away — our lives are becoming more wired all the time. But Shlain and Odessa say taking a weekly break helps their whole family find a happy medium in dealing with their phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439443/those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439443"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_61","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_188","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439445","label":"futureofyou_1096"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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