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FM","link":"/"}},"education_536658":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536658","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536658","score":null,"sort":[1686777682000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"to-bean-or-not-to-bean-should-we-be-worried-about-caffeines-effect-on-our-bodies-and-society","title":"To Bean or Not to Bean: Should We Be Worried About Caffeine’s Effect on Our Bodies and Society?","publishDate":1686777682,"format":"video","headTitle":"To Bean or Not to Bean: Should We Be Worried About Caffeine’s Effect on Our Bodies and Society? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Do you need a caffeinated drink like coffee to start your day or meet a big deadline? You’re not alone. About 90% of human beings worldwide consume some form of caffeine. Medically, caffeine isn’t considered addictive. But it can feel that way since caffeine blocks the neurochemicals that make us feel sleepy. And too much caffeine can cause jitteriness and even anxiety attacks. But all that awake time does have benefits. Most historians agree that caffeine played a role in both the American and French revolutions, and it keeps the workforce chugging along to this day. It also may boost heart and brain health. Watch the episode and decide for yourself: should we be worried about caffeine’s effects on our bodies and society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>: Guide your students to practice civil discourse about current topics and get practice writing CER (claim, evidence, reasoning) responses. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/should-we-be-worried-about-caffeines-effect/above-the-noise/\">Explore lesson supports.\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"\">What is caffeine?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caffeine is a psychoactive/psychostimulant drug that is found naturally in many types of plants. Caffeine is typically safe for consumption within appropriate doses. Despite being labeled as a drug, caffeine is generally not considered to be addictive. However, here in the U.S. caffeine use has become ingrained in our work culture, leaving many of us dependent on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"\">How does caffeine affect your brain?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder why you feel sleepy? Well, the chemical responsible for that feeling is called adenosine. While you go through your day, your brain is constantly creating it to help promote sleep activity. Caffeine as a chemical actually prevents adenosine receptors from absorbing the adenosine you produce. However, this doesn’t stop you from producing adenosine, which explains the crash many of us get after the effects of caffeine start fading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"\">Is coffee healthy for you?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, that mostly depends on you. As of right now, research shows that, for the most part, coffee is healthy for you. However, as with everything pertaining to diet, this is on a case-by-case basis. Coffee itself is chock-full of polyphenols – a.k.a antioxidants – which can help prevent and repair oxidative stress you receive by living your life. Caffeine is also a polyphenol that has neuroprotective qualities. The trouble that most people have with coffee is with the caffeine content itself. Everybody has different levels of caffeine tolerance, meaning that a healthy dosage of coffee or caffeine is different for everyone. A few clear signs that you have consumed too much caffeine are things like heart palpitations, jitteriness, anxiety, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003cspan class=\"\">What role has caffeine/coffee played in work culture?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could argue that during the industrial revolution, coffee was almost as valuable a resource as coal or oil. It was the fuel to get the common worker through their day without keeling over in the middle of their shift. It wasn’t always like this though. The bean itself has seen a lot of use throughout human history as a form of medicine. In the 1400’s the method of brewing coffee was finally discovered. Literally revolutionizing the world, for better or worse playing a key part in both the American and French revolutions, as well as the Industrial revolution\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Coffee, The Nutrition Source, Harvard School of Public Health, 2020\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coffee/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coffee/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Caffeine,” National Library of Medicine, 2022\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519490/#:~:text=Caffeine%20is%20a%20naturally%20occurring,widely%20taken%20psychoactive%20stimulant%20globally\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519490/#:~:text=Caffeine%20is%20a%20naturally%20occurring,widely%20taken%20psychoactive%20stimulant%20globally\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Childhood Caffeine Exposure May Negatively Affect Cognitive Functioning,” National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2021\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Caffeine and Children,” American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2020\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Caffeine_and_Children-131.aspx#:~:text=At%20this%20time%2C%20pediatricians%20advise,those%2012%2D18%20years%20old\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Caffeine_and_Children-131.aspx#:~:text=At%20this%20time%2C%20pediatricians%20advise,those%2012%2D18%20years%20old\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Is caffeine addictive? The most widely used psychoactive substance in the world affects same parts of the brain as cocaine,” National Library of Medicine, 1998\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9889511/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9889511/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“A historical study of coffee in Japanese and Asian countries: focusing the medicinal uses in Asian traditional medicines,” National Library of Medicine, 2002\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12412599/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12412599/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The Invisible Addiction: Is It Time To Give Up Caffeine?” Michael Pollan, The Guardian, 2021\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/food/2021/jul/06/caffeine-coffee-tea-invisible-addiction-is-it-time-to-give-up\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.theguardian.com/food/2021/jul/06/caffeine-coffee-tea-invisible-addiction-is-it-time-to-give-up\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Is coffee good for your memory? A Harvard brain expert shares how she gets the most out of its health benefits.” CNBC, 2022\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/15/is-coffee-good-for-your-memory-a-harvard-brain-expert-shares-how-she-maximizes-its-health-benefits.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/15/is-coffee-good-for-your-memory-a-harvard-brain-expert-shares-how-she-maximizes-its-health-benefits.html\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Childhood Caffeine Exposure May Negatively Affect Cognitive Functioning,” National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2021 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"About 90% of human beings worldwide consume some form of caffeine. Should we be worried about caffeine's effects on our bodies and society?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760042,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":849},"headData":{"title":"To Bean or Not to Bean: Should We Be Worried About Caffeine’s Effect on Our Bodies and Society? | KQED","description":"Do you need a caffeinated drink like coffee to start your day or meet a big deadline? You're not alone. About 90% of human beings worldwide consume some form of caffeine. Should we be worried about caffeine's effects on our bodies and society?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Do you need a caffeinated drink like coffee to start your day or meet a big deadline? You're not alone. About 90% of human beings worldwide consume some form of caffeine. Should we be worried about caffeine's effects on our bodies and society?"},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/wyVenLXfqyc","sticky":false,"subhead":"Should we be worried about caffeine's effects on our bodies and society?","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/education/536658/to-bean-or-not-to-bean-should-we-be-worried-about-caffeines-effect-on-our-bodies-and-society","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do you need a caffeinated drink like coffee to start your day or meet a big deadline? You’re not alone. About 90% of human beings worldwide consume some form of caffeine. Medically, caffeine isn’t considered addictive. But it can feel that way since caffeine blocks the neurochemicals that make us feel sleepy. And too much caffeine can cause jitteriness and even anxiety attacks. But all that awake time does have benefits. Most historians agree that caffeine played a role in both the American and French revolutions, and it keeps the workforce chugging along to this day. It also may boost heart and brain health. Watch the episode and decide for yourself: should we be worried about caffeine’s effects on our bodies and society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>: Guide your students to practice civil discourse about current topics and get practice writing CER (claim, evidence, reasoning) responses. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/should-we-be-worried-about-caffeines-effect/above-the-noise/\">Explore lesson supports.\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"\">What is caffeine?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caffeine is a psychoactive/psychostimulant drug that is found naturally in many types of plants. Caffeine is typically safe for consumption within appropriate doses. Despite being labeled as a drug, caffeine is generally not considered to be addictive. However, here in the U.S. caffeine use has become ingrained in our work culture, leaving many of us dependent on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"\">How does caffeine affect your brain?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder why you feel sleepy? Well, the chemical responsible for that feeling is called adenosine. While you go through your day, your brain is constantly creating it to help promote sleep activity. Caffeine as a chemical actually prevents adenosine receptors from absorbing the adenosine you produce. However, this doesn’t stop you from producing adenosine, which explains the crash many of us get after the effects of caffeine start fading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"\">Is coffee healthy for you?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, that mostly depends on you. As of right now, research shows that, for the most part, coffee is healthy for you. However, as with everything pertaining to diet, this is on a case-by-case basis. Coffee itself is chock-full of polyphenols – a.k.a antioxidants – which can help prevent and repair oxidative stress you receive by living your life. Caffeine is also a polyphenol that has neuroprotective qualities. The trouble that most people have with coffee is with the caffeine content itself. Everybody has different levels of caffeine tolerance, meaning that a healthy dosage of coffee or caffeine is different for everyone. A few clear signs that you have consumed too much caffeine are things like heart palpitations, jitteriness, anxiety, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003cspan class=\"\">What role has caffeine/coffee played in work culture?\u003c/span> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could argue that during the industrial revolution, coffee was almost as valuable a resource as coal or oil. It was the fuel to get the common worker through their day without keeling over in the middle of their shift. It wasn’t always like this though. The bean itself has seen a lot of use throughout human history as a form of medicine. In the 1400’s the method of brewing coffee was finally discovered. Literally revolutionizing the world, for better or worse playing a key part in both the American and French revolutions, as well as the Industrial revolution\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Coffee, The Nutrition Source, Harvard School of Public Health, 2020\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coffee/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coffee/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Caffeine,” National Library of Medicine, 2022\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519490/#:~:text=Caffeine%20is%20a%20naturally%20occurring,widely%20taken%20psychoactive%20stimulant%20globally\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519490/#:~:text=Caffeine%20is%20a%20naturally%20occurring,widely%20taken%20psychoactive%20stimulant%20globally\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Childhood Caffeine Exposure May Negatively Affect Cognitive Functioning,” National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2021\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Caffeine and Children,” American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2020\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Caffeine_and_Children-131.aspx#:~:text=At%20this%20time%2C%20pediatricians%20advise,those%2012%2D18%20years%20old\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Caffeine_and_Children-131.aspx#:~:text=At%20this%20time%2C%20pediatricians%20advise,those%2012%2D18%20years%20old\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Is caffeine addictive? The most widely used psychoactive substance in the world affects same parts of the brain as cocaine,” National Library of Medicine, 1998\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9889511/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9889511/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“A historical study of coffee in Japanese and Asian countries: focusing the medicinal uses in Asian traditional medicines,” National Library of Medicine, 2002\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12412599/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12412599/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The Invisible Addiction: Is It Time To Give Up Caffeine?” Michael Pollan, The Guardian, 2021\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/food/2021/jul/06/caffeine-coffee-tea-invisible-addiction-is-it-time-to-give-up\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.theguardian.com/food/2021/jul/06/caffeine-coffee-tea-invisible-addiction-is-it-time-to-give-up\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Is coffee good for your memory? A Harvard brain expert shares how she gets the most out of its health benefits.” CNBC, 2022\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/15/is-coffee-good-for-your-memory-a-harvard-brain-expert-shares-how-she-maximizes-its-health-benefits.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/15/is-coffee-good-for-your-memory-a-harvard-brain-expert-shares-how-she-maximizes-its-health-benefits.html\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Childhood Caffeine Exposure May Negatively Affect Cognitive Functioning,” National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2021 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://archives.nida.nih.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2021/04/childhood-caffeine-exposure-may-negatively-affect-cognitive-functioning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536658/to-bean-or-not-to-bean-should-we-be-worried-about-caffeines-effect-on-our-bodies-and-society","authors":["11830"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_573","education_666","education_2889","education_2908"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536659","label":"education_2813"},"education_536621":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536621","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536621","score":null,"sort":[1686169546000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-do-tech-companies-use-design-tricks-to-keep-you-hooked","title":"How Do Tech Companies Use Design Tricks To Keep You Hooked?","publishDate":1686169546,"format":"video","headTitle":"How Do Tech Companies Use Design Tricks To Keep You Hooked? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Ever find yourself losing track of time while you’re on your phone? Well, that’s not by accident. Our favorite apps are intentionally designed to keep us on them as long as possible so tech companies can gather data from us about what we like and engage with. This user data is a valuable commodity that they then sell to advertisers and use to improve their algorithms and user features. But what design tricks are these app companies using, and what is the impact on us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This episode of Above the Noise is a special collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonsense.org/education\">Common Sense Education\u003c/a> and Harvard’s \u003ca href=\"https://pz.harvard.edu/\">Center for Digital Thriving\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Guide your students to practice civil discourse about current topics and get practice writing CER (claim, evidence, reasoning) responses. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">Explore lesson supports.\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are design tricks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Design tricks are the ways tech companies use user interface design features to grab our attention. This can be a number of things such as; infinite scroll (scrolling that never ends)sound notifications, the heart or thumbs-up icon that appears when you like a post, the text bubble that pops up when someone is typing, and many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the history of UX design?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 90’s as a graduate student at Stanford, BJ Fogg ran the first-ever series of experiments to discover how computers could change people’s attitudes and behaviors. The idea behind Fogg’s work is that computers can be designed so that they influence the behavior of the people who use them. This is called “User Experience” (UX) or “User Interface” (UI). Around the same time, Google was discovering if they analyzed search history, they could help with spelling errors in searches as they continued to explore this data they realized it had surprising power to predict things about us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the impact of these design tricks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Design tricks are used to keep people on their devices for as long as possible so tech companies can collect user data that they can sell to third-party companies for profit. It’s a big part of how companies make their money. However, these tricks aren’t just keeping us glued to our devices; they can also heavily influence our thoughts and ideas about ourselves and the way we see the world around us. This can be especially true for younger people who have grown up having so much access to information with social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Teens and Mental Health: How Girls Really Feel About Social Media\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/teens-and-mental-health-how-girls-really-feel-about-social-media\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Common Sense Media shares key findings and data around the impact of social media on the mental health of teens.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Teens and social media: Key findings from Pew Research Center surveys\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/24/teens-and-social-media-key-findings-from-pew-research-center-surveys/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the Pew Research Center summarizes findings from a teen and parent survey around social media usage and thoughts on the impact it has on their lives.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dark patterns, the tricks websites use to make you say yes, explained\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/recode/22351108/dark-patterns-ui-web-design-privacy\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Vox explores how user design and ‘dark patterns’ can manipulate the behaviors and choices that users make on websites and social media apps.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Psychologists speak out against tech companies that use “persuasive design” to lure in kids\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/8/8/17664580/persuasive-technology-psychology\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">interview \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from Vox, a psychologist speaks about the dangers and persuasive technology that apps and games have on kids. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why We Can’t Just Pick a Movie\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/digital-media-literacy/why-we-cant-just-pick-a-movie/1/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article and video\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Digital Media Literacy explains the choice paralysis that occurs when we have an abundance of choices when using our apps and technology and fall into scroll rabbit hole rather than making a singular decision.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Apps are intentionally designed to keep us on them as long as possible so tech companies can gather data from us. But what design tricks are these app companies using, and what is the impact?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760045,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":625},"headData":{"title":"How Do Tech Companies Use Design Tricks To Keep You Hooked? | KQED","description":"Social media and other tech companies profit from keeping users on their platforms for as long as possible. What design tricks do they use?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Social media and other tech companies profit from keeping users on their platforms for as long as possible. What design tricks do they use?"},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/EY13xhNYsJw","sticky":false,"subhead":"Apps are designed to keep us on tech platforms as long as possible. But what design tricks do they use to do it, and how can you have more control over your own time? ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/education/536621/how-do-tech-companies-use-design-tricks-to-keep-you-hooked","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever find yourself losing track of time while you’re on your phone? Well, that’s not by accident. Our favorite apps are intentionally designed to keep us on them as long as possible so tech companies can gather data from us about what we like and engage with. This user data is a valuable commodity that they then sell to advertisers and use to improve their algorithms and user features. But what design tricks are these app companies using, and what is the impact on us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This episode of Above the Noise is a special collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.commonsense.org/education\">Common Sense Education\u003c/a> and Harvard’s \u003ca href=\"https://pz.harvard.edu/\">Center for Digital Thriving\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Guide your students to practice civil discourse about current topics and get practice writing CER (claim, evidence, reasoning) responses. \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">Explore lesson supports.\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are design tricks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Design tricks are the ways tech companies use user interface design features to grab our attention. This can be a number of things such as; infinite scroll (scrolling that never ends)sound notifications, the heart or thumbs-up icon that appears when you like a post, the text bubble that pops up when someone is typing, and many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the history of UX design?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 90’s as a graduate student at Stanford, BJ Fogg ran the first-ever series of experiments to discover how computers could change people’s attitudes and behaviors. The idea behind Fogg’s work is that computers can be designed so that they influence the behavior of the people who use them. This is called “User Experience” (UX) or “User Interface” (UI). Around the same time, Google was discovering if they analyzed search history, they could help with spelling errors in searches as they continued to explore this data they realized it had surprising power to predict things about us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the impact of these design tricks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Design tricks are used to keep people on their devices for as long as possible so tech companies can collect user data that they can sell to third-party companies for profit. It’s a big part of how companies make their money. However, these tricks aren’t just keeping us glued to our devices; they can also heavily influence our thoughts and ideas about ourselves and the way we see the world around us. This can be especially true for younger people who have grown up having so much access to information with social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Teens and Mental Health: How Girls Really Feel About Social Media\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/teens-and-mental-health-how-girls-really-feel-about-social-media\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Common Sense Media shares key findings and data around the impact of social media on the mental health of teens.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Teens and social media: Key findings from Pew Research Center surveys\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/24/teens-and-social-media-key-findings-from-pew-research-center-surveys/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the Pew Research Center summarizes findings from a teen and parent survey around social media usage and thoughts on the impact it has on their lives.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dark patterns, the tricks websites use to make you say yes, explained\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/recode/22351108/dark-patterns-ui-web-design-privacy\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Vox explores how user design and ‘dark patterns’ can manipulate the behaviors and choices that users make on websites and social media apps.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Psychologists speak out against tech companies that use “persuasive design” to lure in kids\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/8/8/17664580/persuasive-technology-psychology\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">interview \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from Vox, a psychologist speaks about the dangers and persuasive technology that apps and games have on kids. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why We Can’t Just Pick a Movie\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/digital-media-literacy/why-we-cant-just-pick-a-movie/1/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article and video\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Digital Media Literacy explains the choice paralysis that occurs when we have an abundance of choices when using our apps and technology and fall into scroll rabbit hole rather than making a singular decision.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536621/how-do-tech-companies-use-design-tricks-to-keep-you-hooked","authors":["11704"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_2135","education_2889","education_1050"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536622","label":"education_2813"},"education_536448":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536448","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536448","score":null,"sort":[1680201048000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"should-the-u-s-military-recruit-on-high-school-campuses","title":"Should the U.S. Military Recruit on High School Campuses?","publishDate":1680201048,"format":"video","headTitle":"Should the U.S. Military Recruit on High School Campuses? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>For most of U.S. history, the military has relied on conscription (a.k.a, the draft) every time there has been a major war. But after massive youth protests during the Vietnam War in the 1970s, the draft was ended. Since then, the U.S. armed forces have had to rely on marketing to entice young people to choose the military after high school. Fast forward to today, and Gen Z isn’t buying. Military recruitment numbers are at the lowest they’ve been in 50 years. There are plenty of reasons for the drop along with plenty of ways the military is trying to boost its numbers, including setting up recruiting centers in high schools and continuing to fund JROTC, a school-based, military-style leadership program. Now we want you to evaluate the evidence, then join the discussion: Should the U.S. military recruit on high school campuses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guides, transcripts, and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Is the U.S. military facing a recruitment crisis?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All branches of the U.S. military except for the Marine Corps failed to meet their recruiting goals for new soldiers in 2022, with the Army having the biggest shortfall (they missed their target by 15,000 – or 25% of their goal) – and so far nobody is predicting any better results in 2023. This is reported to be the worst recruiting crisis since 1973, the height of the Vietnam War. More than 20% of people between the ages of 18 – 25 failed to meet eligibility requirements, and only 9% of people in this age group even report interest in joining the military. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why is Gen Z rejecting the U.S. military?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most experts agree that the crisis is caused by competition from other jobs that offer good pay and benefits, and Gen Z’s lack of trust in the military as an institution. Much of that lack of trust is caused by greater access to information about sexual assault, racism, homophobia, and a growing lack of interest in the military lifestyle. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How does the U.S. military recruit new soldiers?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For most of U.S. history, the military has relied on mandatory conscription (aka, the “draft”) every time there has been a major war. But youth protests against the Draft reached a peak during the Vietnam War, leading to the end of the draft in 1973. Since then, the military has relied upon an all-voluntary force – which meant they had to double down on marketing and recruiting. Since the 1970s, the military has increased their spending each year on ad campaigns and hiring recruiters across the country. Many of these recruiters visit high school and college campuses, and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 authorized them to collect student data from high schools to do more targeted recruiting. More recently, the military has focused its marketing efforts on social media influencers and e-games to reach more young people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What is the JROTC and is it a recruiting program?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The U.S. Army Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) calls itself a “character development and citizenship program for youth,” \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> a military recruiter. The National Defense Act of 1916 established organized JROTC programs at public and private educational institutions. In 1964, Congress expanded the program to all military services and changed from active duty to shared support from the services and schools. As congressionally mandated by Title 10 United States Code, Section 2031, each military service must have a JROTC program. But the JROTC creates a direct pipeline for enlistment, and their programs are especially prevalent in low-income school districts that serve students of color – and recent reports show that students are often enlisted in JROTC without their express consent. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child say about recruiting minors for military service?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child added a protocol in 2002 that prohibited military recruitment of minors due to the “need to increase the protection of children from involvement in armed conflict.” Only the United States and Somalia did not sign it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>SELECTED SOURCES\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/10/02/army-misses-recruiting-goal-by-15000-soldiers/\">Army misses recruiting goal by 15,000 soldiers\u003c/a> (Army Times, Oct. 2022)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://jamrs.defense.gov/Portals/20/Documents/YP51Fall2021PUBLICRELEASEPropensityUpdate.pdf\">Fall 2021 Propensity Update\u003c/a> (U.S. Department of Defense)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/57878/1/the-era-of-military-funded-e-girl-warfare-army-influencers-tiktok\">How E-girl influencers are trying to get Gen Z into the military\u003c/a> (Dazed, Jan. 2023)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/3244620/military-esports-how-gaming-is-changing-recruitment-morale/\">Military Esports: How Gaming Is Changing Recruitment & Morale\u003c/a> (U.S. Department of Defense, Dec. 2022)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://morningconsult.com/form/gen-z-worldview-tracker/\">How 2020 is Impacting Gen Z’s Worldview\u003c/a>\u003cb> (Morning Consult, June 2020)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/politics/2020/09/01/military-diversity-army-shows-few-black-officers-top-leadership/3377371001/\">Where are the Black officers? US Army shows diversity in its ranks but few promotions to the top\u003c/a> (USA Today, Sep. 2020)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/demographics-us-military\">Demographics of the U.S. Military\u003c/a> (Council on Foreign Relations, Jul. 2020)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/11/us/jrotc-schools-mandatory-automatic-enrollment.html\">Thousands of Teens Are Being Pushed Into Military’s Junior R.O.T.C.\u003c/a> (New York Times, Dec. 2022)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743656/m1/1/high_res_d/RS22362_2009Jan29.pdf\">Military Recruitment Provisions Under the No Child Left Behind Act: A Legal Analysis\u003c/a> (Congressional Research Service, Jan. 2009)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (United Nations, May 2020)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-rights-child-involvement-children\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-rights-child-involvement-children\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The U.S. military faced a historic decline in new enlistments in 2022. Why are so many young people saying no to military service, and how ethical are the military's recruiting tactics?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760078,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":907},"headData":{"title":"Should the U.S. Military Recruit on High School Campuses? | KQED","description":"The U.S. military faced a historic decline in new enlistments in 2022. Why are so many young people saying no to military service?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"The U.S. military faced a historic decline in new enlistments in 2022. Why are so many young people saying no to military service?"},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/zN4P4Kkopoo","sticky":false,"subhead":"The U.S. military faced a historic decline in new enlistments in 2022. Why are so many young people saying no to military service?","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/education/536448/should-the-u-s-military-recruit-on-high-school-campuses","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For most of U.S. history, the military has relied on conscription (a.k.a, the draft) every time there has been a major war. But after massive youth protests during the Vietnam War in the 1970s, the draft was ended. Since then, the U.S. armed forces have had to rely on marketing to entice young people to choose the military after high school. Fast forward to today, and Gen Z isn’t buying. Military recruitment numbers are at the lowest they’ve been in 50 years. There are plenty of reasons for the drop along with plenty of ways the military is trying to boost its numbers, including setting up recruiting centers in high schools and continuing to fund JROTC, a school-based, military-style leadership program. Now we want you to evaluate the evidence, then join the discussion: Should the U.S. military recruit on high school campuses?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guides, transcripts, and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Is the U.S. military facing a recruitment crisis?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All branches of the U.S. military except for the Marine Corps failed to meet their recruiting goals for new soldiers in 2022, with the Army having the biggest shortfall (they missed their target by 15,000 – or 25% of their goal) – and so far nobody is predicting any better results in 2023. This is reported to be the worst recruiting crisis since 1973, the height of the Vietnam War. More than 20% of people between the ages of 18 – 25 failed to meet eligibility requirements, and only 9% of people in this age group even report interest in joining the military. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why is Gen Z rejecting the U.S. military?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most experts agree that the crisis is caused by competition from other jobs that offer good pay and benefits, and Gen Z’s lack of trust in the military as an institution. Much of that lack of trust is caused by greater access to information about sexual assault, racism, homophobia, and a growing lack of interest in the military lifestyle. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How does the U.S. military recruit new soldiers?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For most of U.S. history, the military has relied on mandatory conscription (aka, the “draft”) every time there has been a major war. But youth protests against the Draft reached a peak during the Vietnam War, leading to the end of the draft in 1973. Since then, the military has relied upon an all-voluntary force – which meant they had to double down on marketing and recruiting. Since the 1970s, the military has increased their spending each year on ad campaigns and hiring recruiters across the country. Many of these recruiters visit high school and college campuses, and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 authorized them to collect student data from high schools to do more targeted recruiting. More recently, the military has focused its marketing efforts on social media influencers and e-games to reach more young people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What is the JROTC and is it a recruiting program?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The U.S. Army Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) calls itself a “character development and citizenship program for youth,” \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> a military recruiter. The National Defense Act of 1916 established organized JROTC programs at public and private educational institutions. In 1964, Congress expanded the program to all military services and changed from active duty to shared support from the services and schools. As congressionally mandated by Title 10 United States Code, Section 2031, each military service must have a JROTC program. But the JROTC creates a direct pipeline for enlistment, and their programs are especially prevalent in low-income school districts that serve students of color – and recent reports show that students are often enlisted in JROTC without their express consent. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child say about recruiting minors for military service?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child added a protocol in 2002 that prohibited military recruitment of minors due to the “need to increase the protection of children from involvement in armed conflict.” Only the United States and Somalia did not sign it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>SELECTED SOURCES\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/10/02/army-misses-recruiting-goal-by-15000-soldiers/\">Army misses recruiting goal by 15,000 soldiers\u003c/a> (Army Times, Oct. 2022)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://jamrs.defense.gov/Portals/20/Documents/YP51Fall2021PUBLICRELEASEPropensityUpdate.pdf\">Fall 2021 Propensity Update\u003c/a> (U.S. Department of Defense)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/57878/1/the-era-of-military-funded-e-girl-warfare-army-influencers-tiktok\">How E-girl influencers are trying to get Gen Z into the military\u003c/a> (Dazed, Jan. 2023)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/3244620/military-esports-how-gaming-is-changing-recruitment-morale/\">Military Esports: How Gaming Is Changing Recruitment & Morale\u003c/a> (U.S. Department of Defense, Dec. 2022)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://morningconsult.com/form/gen-z-worldview-tracker/\">How 2020 is Impacting Gen Z’s Worldview\u003c/a>\u003cb> (Morning Consult, June 2020)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/politics/2020/09/01/military-diversity-army-shows-few-black-officers-top-leadership/3377371001/\">Where are the Black officers? US Army shows diversity in its ranks but few promotions to the top\u003c/a> (USA Today, Sep. 2020)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/demographics-us-military\">Demographics of the U.S. Military\u003c/a> (Council on Foreign Relations, Jul. 2020)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/11/us/jrotc-schools-mandatory-automatic-enrollment.html\">Thousands of Teens Are Being Pushed Into Military’s Junior R.O.T.C.\u003c/a> (New York Times, Dec. 2022)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743656/m1/1/high_res_d/RS22362_2009Jan29.pdf\">Military Recruitment Provisions Under the No Child Left Behind Act: A Legal Analysis\u003c/a> (Congressional Research Service, Jan. 2009)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (United Nations, May 2020)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-rights-child-involvement-children\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-convention-rights-child-involvement-children\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536448/should-the-u-s-military-recruit-on-high-school-campuses","authors":["9619"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_666","education_2889"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536449","label":"education_2813"},"education_536415":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536415","score":null,"sort":[1679437764000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-lab-grown-meat-the-answer-to-our-meat-eating-problems","title":"Is Lab-Grown Meat The Answer To Our Meat Eating Problems?","publishDate":1679437764,"format":"video","headTitle":"Is Lab-Grown Meat The Answer To Our Meat Eating Problems? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>The sad truth is that we have a meat problem. We raise BILLIONS of animals every year, and for many of them, the conditions are pretty terrible. And the whole process is a big contributor to climate change. New food technology now exists where instead of growing the entire animal, lab-grown meat allows you to only grow what you’re going to eat, and that happens with cells. Join Myles in exploring the cell-to-table process of lab-grown meat and the potential impacts it can have on the environment and the global food industry. Will lab-grown meat help solve the environmental impacts of our meat-eating society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guides, transcripts, and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is lab-grown meat and how is it made?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of growing the entire animal, lab-grown meat allows you to only grow what you’re going to eat, and that happens with cells. Food scientists grab some cells from the animal through a tissue biopsy and then isolate and separate out the specific cells that they want. Then, they immerse those cells in a nutrient broth and that gives them all the nourishment that they need to grow and survive. They’re housed in what’s called the bioreactor. The bioreactor controls all of the environmental conditions to facilitate and promote their growth. So as the cells grow in the bioreactor, they get to larger and larger numbers, and you can achieve almost an infinite number of cells from this process. Then, scientists separate the cells from the broth and form a 3D shape that looks similar to a cut of meat, and that is what you eat on your plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the point of growing meat in a lab?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a meat problem. We raise BILLIONS of animals every year, and for many of them, the conditions are pretty terrible. And the whole process is a big contributor to climate change in 3 big ways. Number 1 is land use and carbon dioxide. The earth’s surface is mostly water, and only a fraction of the land can be used to grow food. Most of that land is either grazing land for animals or land used to grow food to feed the animals. We’re actually cutting down forests to make more space so we can eat MORE meat. And that’s a problem because trees capture CO2, which is a significant contributor to climate change. So, the more we eat meat, the fewer trees grow, and more CO2 escapes into the atmosphere. Number 2 is fresh water. Raising animals for meat takes a lot of fresh water – and that’s a finite resource. That means we can run out. Pound-for-pound, raising meat takes a lot more water to grow than a non-meat source of protein like soy. Number 3 is greenhouse gasses coming from the animals themselves. They’re constantly emitting carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, both of which contribute to climate change. Cattle are the worst, because, well, cow burps! Each year, a single cow will belch about 220 pounds of methane, which doesn’t stay in the atmosphere as long as CO2, but is much worse when it comes to warming the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>6 Pressing Questions About Beef and Climate Change, Answered\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the World Resources Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores the connection between beef production and climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakdown of global land use today\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/land-use\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://ourworldindata.org/land-use\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/land-use\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These series of interactive charts, maps and graphs from Our World in Data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> help visualize global land use patterns over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fact check: How bad is eating meat for the climate?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Deutsche Welle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explains how producing and eating meat impacts the environment and climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cultivated meat: Out of the lab, into the frying pan\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/cultivated-meat-out-of-the-lab-into-the-frying-pan\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/cultivated-meat-out-of-the-lab-into-the-frying-pan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/cultivated-meat-out-of-the-lab-into-the-frying-pan\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Mckinsey and Company\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores what cultivated meat is, how it is created and the potential impacts it can have on the global food industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Beef: The “King” of the Big Water Footprints\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.watercalculator.org/news/articles/beef-king-big-water-footprints/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.watercalculator.org/news/articles/beef-king-big-water-footprints/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.watercalculator.org/news/articles/beef-king-big-water-footprints/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article from Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explains how meat production impacts water usage and provides detailed calculations showing in what ways water is used.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cows and climate change\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/making-cattle-more-sustainable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/making-cattle-more-sustainable\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/making-cattle-more-sustainable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from UC Davis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores how cattle impact climate change and some solutions for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions to be more sustainable.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Join Myles in exploring the cell-to-table process of lab-grown meat and the potential impacts it can have on the environment and the global food industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760084,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":830},"headData":{"title":"Is Lab-Grown Meat The Answer To Our Meat Eating Problems? | KQED","description":"Is Lab-Grown Meat The Answer To Our Meat Eating Problems?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Is Lab-Grown Meat The Answer To Our Meat Eating Problems?"},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/mSkbz4HL6m8","sourceUrl":"https://youtu.be/mSkbz4HL6m8","sticky":false,"subhead":"Myles explores the cell to table process of lab-grown meat and the potential impacts it can have on the environment and the global food industry. ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/education/536415/is-lab-grown-meat-the-answer-to-our-meat-eating-problems","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The sad truth is that we have a meat problem. We raise BILLIONS of animals every year, and for many of them, the conditions are pretty terrible. And the whole process is a big contributor to climate change. New food technology now exists where instead of growing the entire animal, lab-grown meat allows you to only grow what you’re going to eat, and that happens with cells. Join Myles in exploring the cell-to-table process of lab-grown meat and the potential impacts it can have on the environment and the global food industry. Will lab-grown meat help solve the environmental impacts of our meat-eating society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guides, transcripts, and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is lab-grown meat and how is it made?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of growing the entire animal, lab-grown meat allows you to only grow what you’re going to eat, and that happens with cells. Food scientists grab some cells from the animal through a tissue biopsy and then isolate and separate out the specific cells that they want. Then, they immerse those cells in a nutrient broth and that gives them all the nourishment that they need to grow and survive. They’re housed in what’s called the bioreactor. The bioreactor controls all of the environmental conditions to facilitate and promote their growth. So as the cells grow in the bioreactor, they get to larger and larger numbers, and you can achieve almost an infinite number of cells from this process. Then, scientists separate the cells from the broth and form a 3D shape that looks similar to a cut of meat, and that is what you eat on your plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the point of growing meat in a lab?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a meat problem. We raise BILLIONS of animals every year, and for many of them, the conditions are pretty terrible. And the whole process is a big contributor to climate change in 3 big ways. Number 1 is land use and carbon dioxide. The earth’s surface is mostly water, and only a fraction of the land can be used to grow food. Most of that land is either grazing land for animals or land used to grow food to feed the animals. We’re actually cutting down forests to make more space so we can eat MORE meat. And that’s a problem because trees capture CO2, which is a significant contributor to climate change. So, the more we eat meat, the fewer trees grow, and more CO2 escapes into the atmosphere. Number 2 is fresh water. Raising animals for meat takes a lot of fresh water – and that’s a finite resource. That means we can run out. Pound-for-pound, raising meat takes a lot more water to grow than a non-meat source of protein like soy. Number 3 is greenhouse gasses coming from the animals themselves. They’re constantly emitting carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, both of which contribute to climate change. Cattle are the worst, because, well, cow burps! Each year, a single cow will belch about 220 pounds of methane, which doesn’t stay in the atmosphere as long as CO2, but is much worse when it comes to warming the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>6 Pressing Questions About Beef and Climate Change, Answered\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/insights/6-pressing-questions-about-beef-and-climate-change-answered\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the World Resources Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores the connection between beef production and climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakdown of global land use today\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/land-use\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://ourworldindata.org/land-use\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/land-use\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These series of interactive charts, maps and graphs from Our World in Data\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> help visualize global land use patterns over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fact check: How bad is eating meat for the climate?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-is-eating-meat-bad-for-the-environment/a-63595148\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Deutsche Welle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explains how producing and eating meat impacts the environment and climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cultivated meat: Out of the lab, into the frying pan\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/cultivated-meat-out-of-the-lab-into-the-frying-pan\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/cultivated-meat-out-of-the-lab-into-the-frying-pan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/cultivated-meat-out-of-the-lab-into-the-frying-pan\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Mckinsey and Company\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores what cultivated meat is, how it is created and the potential impacts it can have on the global food industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Beef: The “King” of the Big Water Footprints\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.watercalculator.org/news/articles/beef-king-big-water-footprints/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.watercalculator.org/news/articles/beef-king-big-water-footprints/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.watercalculator.org/news/articles/beef-king-big-water-footprints/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article from Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explains how meat production impacts water usage and provides detailed calculations showing in what ways water is used.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cows and climate change\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/making-cattle-more-sustainable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/making-cattle-more-sustainable\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/making-cattle-more-sustainable\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from UC Davis\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores how cattle impact climate change and some solutions for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions to be more sustainable.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536415/is-lab-grown-meat-the-answer-to-our-meat-eating-problems","authors":["10621"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_666","education_2889","education_2908"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536416","label":"education_2813"},"education_536403":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536403","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536403","score":null,"sort":[1677708578000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hidden-health-risks-of-highways","title":"The Hidden Health Risks of Highways","publishDate":1677708578,"format":"video","headTitle":"The Hidden Health Risks of Highways | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Highways are a huge part of our everyday lives in the United States, but could the traffic pollution they cause be shortening our lives? Myles Bess explores the health impacts of freeways and looks at removing them as a potential solution to the harms caused by environmental racism.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guide, transcripts and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the history of the highway system in the U.S.? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short answer: former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He had seen examples in his early career of highways in America, but it wasn’t until WWII when he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe that his dream of an interstate highway system really started to take shape. While stationed in Germany he saw how the allies used Germany’s ~Reichsautobahn~ (their high-speed roadway system) to move goods, supplies, and people super efficiently, helping them nearly win the war. His thinking was that Americans need highways to get around, be evacuated in case of an emergency like war, or move supplies in case of a war. So after becoming President, he passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. By the ’90s there were 45,000 miles of road built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did highways segregate and displace communities of color?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was still racially segregated at the time of highway expansion. Communities of color were not prioritized when some of these choices of where to place highways were made. Black and white communities were largely divided, and many of the highways were literally built around Black neighborhoods, isolating those communities away from the rest of white America. This also led to displacement as some highways were built right through neighborhoods, tearing down housing and businesses displacing and destroying Black communities as they weren’t protected and considered as politically valuable as wealthier white communities were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is environmental racism? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we know how, why, and where the highways were placed, what impact are they having on us today? Environmental racism is racial discrimination in environmental policy decisions. Looking at Oakland and Los Angeles as examples, we see that folks who live closer to highways have higher exposure to the pollution which can cause an array of health problems such as asthma, other respiratory issues, lower life expectancy, and potential developmental delays for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are potential solutions to highway pollution and displacement? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities across the U.S. have removed portions of freeways or have announced studies to look into removing them. One argument that’s always brought up is that removing highways could increase traffic, or commuting would be worse somehow. However, most projects are only talking about removing a portion of a highway– not the entire thing– and typically the highways being proposed for removal aren’t used as heavily as other portions of the highway or are in poor condition. There’s also the question of reparations: how do we compensate the communities most impacted who are still dealing with the effects of highway expansion today? In 2022, President Biden proposed 1.9 billion dollars in grants to fund “Neighborhood Access and Equity” as part of the Inflation Reduction Act to help rebuild communities impacted by highways and infrastructure. While it remains to be seen how this funding will be distributed and implemented, it is considered an important step towards progress by many affected communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOURCES:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Can Removing Highways Fix America’s Cities? (The New York Times)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/27/climate/us-cities-highway-removal.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/27/climate/us-cities-highway-removal.html\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/27/climate/us-cities-highway-removal.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This New York Times article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> compares before and after aerial shots of various American cities during the highway boom and explores the successes and challenges of removing highways in the city of Rochester, NY.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Brief History Of How Racism Shaped Interstate Highways (NPR)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/984784455/a-brief-history-of-how-racism-shaped-interstate-highways\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/984784455/a-brief-history-of-how-racism-shaped-interstate-highways\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/984784455/a-brief-history-of-how-racism-shaped-interstate-highways\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This NPR Morning Edition interview\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> dives into the history of the interstate highway system with NYU Law Professor Deborah Archer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The racist history of America’s interstate highway boom (LA Times)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2021-11-11/the-racist-history-of-americas-interstate-highway-boom\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2021-11-11/the-racist-history-of-americas-interstate-highway-boom\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2021-11-11/the-racist-history-of-americas-interstate-highway-boom\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This LA Times article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores how the planning of the highway system was influenced by racist decision-making and discriminatory housing practices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Assessing the Distribution of Air Pollution Health Risks within Cities: A Neighborhood-Scale Analysis Leveraging High-Resolution Data Sets in the Bay Area, California (Environmental Health Perspectives)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011332/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011332/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011332/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This scientific research paper \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">assesses the health risks of those living in high traffic-related air-polluted areas in the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Interstate Highways Gutted Communities—and Reinforced Segregation (History.com)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/interstate-highway-system-infrastructure-construction-segregation\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.history.com/news/interstate-highway-system-infrastructure-construction-segregation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/interstate-highway-system-infrastructure-construction-segregation\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores how the interstate highway system displaced thousands of poor, Black communities in various cities all over the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Highways are everywhere in America and are a big part of our everyday lives -- but is their presence shortening our lives? Myles Bess explores the health impacts of freeways and looks at removing them as a potential solution.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760088,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":862},"headData":{"title":"The Hidden Health Risks of Highways | KQED","description":"Highways are everywhere in America and are a big part of our everyday lives -- but is their presence shortening our lives? Myles Bess explores the health impacts of freeways and looks at removing them as a potential solution.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Highways are everywhere in America and are a big part of our everyday lives -- but is their presence shortening our lives? Myles Bess explores the health impacts of freeways and looks at removing them as a potential solution."},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/ow5NMC5Cqck","sticky":false,"subhead":"How highway expansion in the U.S. has harmed communities","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/education/536403/the-hidden-health-risks-of-highways","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Highways are a huge part of our everyday lives in the United States, but could the traffic pollution they cause be shortening our lives? Myles Bess explores the health impacts of freeways and looks at removing them as a potential solution to the harms caused by environmental racism.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guide, transcripts and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the history of the highway system in the U.S.? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short answer: former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He had seen examples in his early career of highways in America, but it wasn’t until WWII when he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe that his dream of an interstate highway system really started to take shape. While stationed in Germany he saw how the allies used Germany’s ~Reichsautobahn~ (their high-speed roadway system) to move goods, supplies, and people super efficiently, helping them nearly win the war. His thinking was that Americans need highways to get around, be evacuated in case of an emergency like war, or move supplies in case of a war. So after becoming President, he passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. By the ’90s there were 45,000 miles of road built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did highways segregate and displace communities of color?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was still racially segregated at the time of highway expansion. Communities of color were not prioritized when some of these choices of where to place highways were made. Black and white communities were largely divided, and many of the highways were literally built around Black neighborhoods, isolating those communities away from the rest of white America. This also led to displacement as some highways were built right through neighborhoods, tearing down housing and businesses displacing and destroying Black communities as they weren’t protected and considered as politically valuable as wealthier white communities were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is environmental racism? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we know how, why, and where the highways were placed, what impact are they having on us today? Environmental racism is racial discrimination in environmental policy decisions. Looking at Oakland and Los Angeles as examples, we see that folks who live closer to highways have higher exposure to the pollution which can cause an array of health problems such as asthma, other respiratory issues, lower life expectancy, and potential developmental delays for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are potential solutions to highway pollution and displacement? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many cities across the U.S. have removed portions of freeways or have announced studies to look into removing them. One argument that’s always brought up is that removing highways could increase traffic, or commuting would be worse somehow. However, most projects are only talking about removing a portion of a highway– not the entire thing– and typically the highways being proposed for removal aren’t used as heavily as other portions of the highway or are in poor condition. There’s also the question of reparations: how do we compensate the communities most impacted who are still dealing with the effects of highway expansion today? In 2022, President Biden proposed 1.9 billion dollars in grants to fund “Neighborhood Access and Equity” as part of the Inflation Reduction Act to help rebuild communities impacted by highways and infrastructure. While it remains to be seen how this funding will be distributed and implemented, it is considered an important step towards progress by many affected communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOURCES:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Can Removing Highways Fix America’s Cities? (The New York Times)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/27/climate/us-cities-highway-removal.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/27/climate/us-cities-highway-removal.html\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/27/climate/us-cities-highway-removal.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This New York Times article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> compares before and after aerial shots of various American cities during the highway boom and explores the successes and challenges of removing highways in the city of Rochester, NY.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Brief History Of How Racism Shaped Interstate Highways (NPR)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/984784455/a-brief-history-of-how-racism-shaped-interstate-highways\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/984784455/a-brief-history-of-how-racism-shaped-interstate-highways\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/984784455/a-brief-history-of-how-racism-shaped-interstate-highways\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This NPR Morning Edition interview\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> dives into the history of the interstate highway system with NYU Law Professor Deborah Archer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The racist history of America’s interstate highway boom (LA Times)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2021-11-11/the-racist-history-of-americas-interstate-highway-boom\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2021-11-11/the-racist-history-of-americas-interstate-highway-boom\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing/story/2021-11-11/the-racist-history-of-americas-interstate-highway-boom\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This LA Times article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores how the planning of the highway system was influenced by racist decision-making and discriminatory housing practices.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Assessing the Distribution of Air Pollution Health Risks within Cities: A Neighborhood-Scale Analysis Leveraging High-Resolution Data Sets in the Bay Area, California (Environmental Health Perspectives)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011332/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011332/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011332/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This scientific research paper \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">assesses the health risks of those living in high traffic-related air-polluted areas in the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Interstate Highways Gutted Communities—and Reinforced Segregation (History.com)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/interstate-highway-system-infrastructure-construction-segregation\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.history.com/news/interstate-highway-system-infrastructure-construction-segregation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/interstate-highway-system-infrastructure-construction-segregation\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> explores how the interstate highway system displaced thousands of poor, Black communities in various cities all over the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536403/the-hidden-health-risks-of-highways","authors":["11704"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_452","education_666","education_2889","education_935"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536405","label":"education_2813"},"education_536380":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536380","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536380","score":null,"sort":[1677274834000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-can-parasocial-relationships-affect-your-life","title":"How Can Parasocial Relationships Affect Your Life?","publishDate":1677274834,"format":"video","headTitle":"How Can Parasocial Relationships Affect Your Life? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Do you feel a special connection with a famous person? You might be in a parasocial relationship. Parasocial relationships are one-sided relationships between a media viewer and someone famous like an actor, musician, athlete, or influencer. Parasocial relationships can have benefits. For example, hearing about an athlete’s struggle with depression might inspire fans to address their own mental health concerns. On the other hand, parasocial relationships are one-sided by definition. This can cause problems, especially if they take the place of real-life relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guide, transcripts and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why do some people form parasocial relationships?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few different ideas for why some people might form these bonds. One theory is called parasocial attachment theory, which suggests that forming parasocial relationships has a lot to do with your attachment style. Attachment styles describe how you relate to people and it’s thought to be influenced by how you bonded with your caregivers when you were young. People with avoidant attachment styles tend to not form these types of relationships, whereas people with more anxious and secure attachment styles tend to have a wider variety of parasocial relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some benefits of parasocial relationships?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasocial relationships can actually help motivate positive changes and well-being for some people. The tween and teen years in particular are a time when people tend to form parasocial relationships, and some research suggests those relationships can help with identity formation and autonomy. Some research has found that when celebrities share their mental health struggles, can motivate people to seek out information about mental health and make people feel like they are part of an in-group that might have similar struggles. Additionally, some research suggests that parasocial relationships can actually help decrease prejudice and stereotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the downsides of parasocial relationships?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasocial relationships can be problematic if they interfere with or take the place of real-life relationships. For example, research has found that they can contribute to anxiety, loneliness, and social isolation, especially if they involve social media. And there’s research that suggests that intense parasocial relationships can be linked to addiction to social media platforms. And if someone feels a parasocial connection to someone who displays problematic or negative behavior or traits, then that person might also pick up some of those things as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>SOURCES\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are Parasocial Relationships (Medical News Today)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/parasocial-relationships\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article in Medical News Today\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> breaks down the pros and cons of parasocial relationships. It also outlines the differences between being a fan and being in a parasocial relationship. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are Parasocial Relationships (Psych Central)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/health/parasocial-relationships\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> examines what a parasocial relationship is and how they are different from parasocial interactions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Is Attachment Theory? (VeryWell Mind)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> explains what attachment theory is. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Relations Between YouTube Addiction, Social Anxiety and Parasocial Relationships with YouTubers: A Moderated-Mediation Model Based on a Cognitive-Behavioral Framework (Humans and Computer Behavior)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563219301827\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This study in the journal Humans and Computer Behavior\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows the connection between parasocial relationships and social anxiety. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Role of Media Figures in Adolescent Development: Relations between Autonomy, Attachment, and Interest in Celebrities\u003c/b>\u003cb> (Personality & Individual Differences)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1951577/The_role_of_media_figures_in_adolescent_development_Relations_between_autonomy_attachment_and_interest_in_celebrities\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study in the journal Personality & Individual Differences\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> unpacks the role of media figures and celebrities and how they relate to relationships teenagers have in their own lives. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Do you feel a special connection with a celebrity or famous person? You might be in a parasocial relationship. Myles Bess explores the psychology of parasocial relationships and seeks to answer the question: Why do some people have them and are they harmful?\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760095,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":591},"headData":{"title":"How Can Parasocial Relationships Affect Your Life? | KQED","description":"Do you feel a special connection with a celebrity or famous person? You might be in a parasocial relationship. Learn more.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Do you feel a special connection with a celebrity or famous person? You might be in a parasocial relationship. Learn more."},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/OdcEyj8s0h8","sticky":false,"subhead":"Why do some people have special connections with people they don't know, and are these relationships harmful?","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/education/536380/how-can-parasocial-relationships-affect-your-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Do you feel a special connection with a famous person? You might be in a parasocial relationship. Parasocial relationships are one-sided relationships between a media viewer and someone famous like an actor, musician, athlete, or influencer. Parasocial relationships can have benefits. For example, hearing about an athlete’s struggle with depression might inspire fans to address their own mental health concerns. On the other hand, parasocial relationships are one-sided by definition. This can cause problems, especially if they take the place of real-life relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>TEACHERS\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Bring \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into your middle or high school classroom with free lesson plans, viewing guide, transcripts and more for all episodes on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/above-the-noise-collection/\">\u003cb>PBS Learning Media\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why do some people form parasocial relationships?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few different ideas for why some people might form these bonds. One theory is called parasocial attachment theory, which suggests that forming parasocial relationships has a lot to do with your attachment style. Attachment styles describe how you relate to people and it’s thought to be influenced by how you bonded with your caregivers when you were young. People with avoidant attachment styles tend to not form these types of relationships, whereas people with more anxious and secure attachment styles tend to have a wider variety of parasocial relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some benefits of parasocial relationships?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasocial relationships can actually help motivate positive changes and well-being for some people. The tween and teen years in particular are a time when people tend to form parasocial relationships, and some research suggests those relationships can help with identity formation and autonomy. Some research has found that when celebrities share their mental health struggles, can motivate people to seek out information about mental health and make people feel like they are part of an in-group that might have similar struggles. Additionally, some research suggests that parasocial relationships can actually help decrease prejudice and stereotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the downsides of parasocial relationships?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasocial relationships can be problematic if they interfere with or take the place of real-life relationships. For example, research has found that they can contribute to anxiety, loneliness, and social isolation, especially if they involve social media. And there’s research that suggests that intense parasocial relationships can be linked to addiction to social media platforms. And if someone feels a parasocial connection to someone who displays problematic or negative behavior or traits, then that person might also pick up some of those things as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>SOURCES\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are Parasocial Relationships (Medical News Today)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/parasocial-relationships\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article in Medical News Today\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> breaks down the pros and cons of parasocial relationships. It also outlines the differences between being a fan and being in a parasocial relationship. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are Parasocial Relationships (Psych Central)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://psychcentral.com/health/parasocial-relationships\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> examines what a parasocial relationship is and how they are different from parasocial interactions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Is Attachment Theory? (VeryWell Mind)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> explains what attachment theory is. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Relations Between YouTube Addiction, Social Anxiety and Parasocial Relationships with YouTubers: A Moderated-Mediation Model Based on a Cognitive-Behavioral Framework (Humans and Computer Behavior)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563219301827\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This study in the journal Humans and Computer Behavior\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows the connection between parasocial relationships and social anxiety. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Role of Media Figures in Adolescent Development: Relations between Autonomy, Attachment, and Interest in Celebrities\u003c/b>\u003cb> (Personality & Individual Differences)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1951577/The_role_of_media_figures_in_adolescent_development_Relations_between_autonomy_attachment_and_interest_in_celebrities\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study in the journal Personality & Individual Differences\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> unpacks the role of media figures and celebrities and how they relate to relationships teenagers have in their own lives. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536380/how-can-parasocial-relationships-affect-your-life","authors":["6544"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_367","education_666","education_745","education_2889","education_2908","education_926"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536381","label":"education_2813"},"education_536287":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536287","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536287","score":null,"sort":[1670458286000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-can-the-social-model-of-disability-change-how-society-views-autism","title":"How Can the Social Model of Disability Change How Society Views Autism?","publishDate":1670458286,"format":"video","headTitle":"How Can the Social Model of Disability Change How Society Views Autism? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. So, it’s no surprise that everyone’s brain develops in a unique way. Unfortunately, neurodivergent people, including those with autism spectrum disorder, have historically been viewed through the lens of the medical model. In this view, autism is something that needs to be fixed or cured. The social model of disability turns this around. It focuses more on how society can adapt to fit the needs of the person. In this episode, Myles talks to people with autism and explores what acceptance of neurodiversity could look like. Watch and then let us know: How can the social model of disability change how society views autism?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS:\u003c/strong> Get your students in the discussion on KQED Learn, a safe place for middle and high school students to investigate controversial topics and share their voices. \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/126?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=atn\">Click to see this video and lesson plan on KQED Learn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is autism?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look up the definition of autism, you’ll get something like this: autism is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain that can affect how people behave, communicate, interact, and learn. The OFFICIAL diagnosis goes by ASD – Autism Spectrum Disorder. But, there’s no one look or symptom you can point to and decree – this person has autism! It exists on a spectrum, meaning it shows up differently depending on the person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is neurodiversity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. So, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that everyone’s brain develops in a unique way. That’s how we get the concept of neurodiversity, which is the idea that there is no one, universally accepted definition of what a “normal” brain is. It basically focuses on how the kinds of behaviors we consider “normal” vary depending on the culture we live in. When someone behaves as expected by their society, they can be considered neurotypical. Most of society is built around how neurotypicals go about their day. But there are tons of people who don’t fit in with how society expects them to be. This includes many people with brain-base disabilities like autism, ADHD, Tourette’s – the list goes on. Many of them consider themselves neurodivergent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the difference between the medical model of disability and the social model?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most disabilities have historically been viewed through the lens of the medical model. Using this view, a disability is something that needs to be fixed or cured. For instance, if someone needs to get into a building, but that person is in a wheelchair, they need to adapt in order to get up the stairs to get through the door. The social model, on the other hand, focuses more on how the environment can be adapted to better fit the person. Using this model, you would build a ramp, so the person in a wheelchair could get into the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOURCE LIST\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Autism Spectrum Disorder\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0146-4\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This infographic from Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> defines the elements of ASD. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>The Myth of the Normal Brain: Embracing Neurodiversity\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/myth-normal-brain-embracing-neurodiversity/2015-04\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This journal article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the American Medical Association challenges the myth that anyone’s brain can be “normal.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Why the Focus of Autism Research Is Shifting Away from Searching for a ‘Cure’\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/health/kids-health/cure-autism-not-so-fast-n1055921\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story from NBC News\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> discusses how the hope for an autism “cure” often resulted in frustration and disappointment, but that now the medical profession is focusing on ways to make the lives of autistic people happier and healthier. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Neurodiversity\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/clearing-up-some-misconceptions-about-neurodiversity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Scientific American\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> addresses misconceptions about autism spectrum disorder and other forms of neurodiversity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>History of Autism. The Beginnings. Collusions or Serendipity\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1244751.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the Journal of Education Sciences\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is about the history of autism and how views of autism have evolved over time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>It’s Time We Dispelled These Myths About Autism\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151006-its-time-we-dispelled-these-myths-about-autism\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This piece from the BBC\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> seeks to correct myths about autism, including misinformation and disinformation about what causes autism spectrum disorder. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>The Vaccine-Autism Myth Started 20 Years Ago.\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5175704/andrew-wakefield-vaccine-autism/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story from Time\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the backstory of the completely false belief that autism is somehow related to a common childhood vaccine that prevents illness and death worldwide. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this episode, Myles talks to people with autism and explores what acceptance of neurodiversity could look like.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760113,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":737},"headData":{"title":"How Can the Social Model of Disability Change How Society Views Autism? | KQED","description":"How can the social model of disability change how society views autism?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"How can the social model of disability change how society views autism?"},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/dtckq9qOvEQ","sticky":false,"subhead":" In this episode Myles talks to people with autism and explores what acceptance of neurodiversity could look like. ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/education/536287/how-can-the-social-model-of-disability-change-how-society-views-autism","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. So, it’s no surprise that everyone’s brain develops in a unique way. Unfortunately, neurodivergent people, including those with autism spectrum disorder, have historically been viewed through the lens of the medical model. In this view, autism is something that needs to be fixed or cured. The social model of disability turns this around. It focuses more on how society can adapt to fit the needs of the person. In this episode, Myles talks to people with autism and explores what acceptance of neurodiversity could look like. Watch and then let us know: How can the social model of disability change how society views autism?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS:\u003c/strong> Get your students in the discussion on KQED Learn, a safe place for middle and high school students to investigate controversial topics and share their voices. \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/126?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=atn\">Click to see this video and lesson plan on KQED Learn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is autism?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look up the definition of autism, you’ll get something like this: autism is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain that can affect how people behave, communicate, interact, and learn. The OFFICIAL diagnosis goes by ASD – Autism Spectrum Disorder. But, there’s no one look or symptom you can point to and decree – this person has autism! It exists on a spectrum, meaning it shows up differently depending on the person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is neurodiversity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. So, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that everyone’s brain develops in a unique way. That’s how we get the concept of neurodiversity, which is the idea that there is no one, universally accepted definition of what a “normal” brain is. It basically focuses on how the kinds of behaviors we consider “normal” vary depending on the culture we live in. When someone behaves as expected by their society, they can be considered neurotypical. Most of society is built around how neurotypicals go about their day. But there are tons of people who don’t fit in with how society expects them to be. This includes many people with brain-base disabilities like autism, ADHD, Tourette’s – the list goes on. Many of them consider themselves neurodivergent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the difference between the medical model of disability and the social model?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most disabilities have historically been viewed through the lens of the medical model. Using this view, a disability is something that needs to be fixed or cured. For instance, if someone needs to get into a building, but that person is in a wheelchair, they need to adapt in order to get up the stairs to get through the door. The social model, on the other hand, focuses more on how the environment can be adapted to better fit the person. Using this model, you would build a ramp, so the person in a wheelchair could get into the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOURCE LIST\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Autism Spectrum Disorder\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0146-4\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This infographic from Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> defines the elements of ASD. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>The Myth of the Normal Brain: Embracing Neurodiversity\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/myth-normal-brain-embracing-neurodiversity/2015-04\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This journal article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the American Medical Association challenges the myth that anyone’s brain can be “normal.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Why the Focus of Autism Research Is Shifting Away from Searching for a ‘Cure’\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/health/kids-health/cure-autism-not-so-fast-n1055921\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story from NBC News\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> discusses how the hope for an autism “cure” often resulted in frustration and disappointment, but that now the medical profession is focusing on ways to make the lives of autistic people happier and healthier. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Neurodiversity\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/clearing-up-some-misconceptions-about-neurodiversity/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Scientific American\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> addresses misconceptions about autism spectrum disorder and other forms of neurodiversity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>History of Autism. The Beginnings. Collusions or Serendipity\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1244751.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the Journal of Education Sciences\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is about the history of autism and how views of autism have evolved over time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>It’s Time We Dispelled These Myths About Autism\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151006-its-time-we-dispelled-these-myths-about-autism\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This piece from the BBC\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> seeks to correct myths about autism, including misinformation and disinformation about what causes autism spectrum disorder. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>The Vaccine-Autism Myth Started 20 Years Ago.\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://time.com/5175704/andrew-wakefield-vaccine-autism/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story from Time\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the backstory of the completely false belief that autism is somehow related to a common childhood vaccine that prevents illness and death worldwide. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536287/how-can-the-social-model-of-disability-change-how-society-views-autism","authors":["10621"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_666","education_2135","education_2889","education_926"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536288","label":"education_2813"},"education_536282":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536282","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536282","score":null,"sort":[1670457571000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-can-beavers-and-their-habitats-teach-us-about-fighting-climate-change","title":"What Can Beavers and Their Habitats Teach Us About Fighting Climate Change?","publishDate":1670457571,"format":"video","headTitle":"What Can Beavers and Their Habitats Teach Us About Fighting Climate Change? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>The flat-tailed, dam-building beaver is more than just a buck-toothed furry face. They are a keystone species that help fight drought and climate change. Beaver dams keep the landscape wet, even during droughts, and the ponds work as carbon sinks. But these woodland superheroes were hunted almost to extinction in the last century and are still sometimes viewed as pests. Luckily, indigenous communities, who have always recognized beavers’ vital place in the ecosystem, are working with governments to protect and encourage beaver habitats. Watch the episode and then let us know: what can beavers and their habitats teach us about fighting climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS:\u003c/strong> Get your students in the discussion on KQED Learn, a safe place for middle and high school students to investigate controversial topics and share their voices. \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/125?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=atn\">Click to see this video and lesson plan on KQED Learn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do Beavers mitigate climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beavers are a keystone species – any organism, from animals and plants to bacteria and fungi that play a crucial role in holding a habitat together. A beaver’s main goal in their habitat is to make a pond for themselves to live in. They do so by building a dam and digging a bunch of little canals out from their ponds. What they are really doing, though, is slowing down the flow of water. This not only helps them survive, but it also benefits humans. The slowed-down water has time to sink into the soil and spread out into the floodplain. And so when things like drought or forest fires happen, there’s more stored water in the earth that prevents fires from spreading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did beavers nearly go extinct?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There used to be a BUNCH of beavers on this continent; there were anywhere from 100 to 400 million beavers here before the European fur trade and colonial settlements. But between colonizers building homes near streams and wetlands and also the fact that most Europeans thought beavers were pests and only valued them for their fur, beavers nearly went extinct, with their population shrinking by 90%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we co-exist more effectively with beavers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Indigenous communities here in the U.S. have always known about the positive impacts of beavers. Today, some tribes are working with local governments to help restore beaver populations and building artificial logjams to encourage beavers to come back. Humans and beavers are very similar, so sharing a territory with an animal like that challenges our human desire to be in control. This can be tricky but beavers are just doing what they’re on this earth to do: something that Indigenous people have recognized for years as necessary to human-nature balance. So going forward, how can humans adapt our environment to include beavers and all that they do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOURCE LIST\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cb>The Beaver Emerges as a Climate-Solving Hero\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-beaver-emerges-as-a-climate-solving-hero/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Scientific American\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> talks about the impact and importance of beavers in helping fight climate change. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Hunted to Extinction, England’s First Wild Beavers in 400 Years Allowed to Stay\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hunted-extinction-england-s-first-wild-beavers-400-years-allowed-n1236023\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This report from NBC News\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> reports on how beavers, once hunted to extinction in England, are being welcomed back because of their positive impact on the environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Wildlife Klamath Tribes Want Beavers Back in the Beaver State \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/articles/wildlife-klamath-tribes-want-beavers-back-in-the-beaver-state\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the High Country News\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> discusses how the Klamath tribe is advocating for beavers and the role they play in southern Oregon’s ecosystem. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>A World Without Beavers Is a World Without Wildlife We Love \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/news/a-world-without-beavers-world-without-wildlife-we-love\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the Audubon Society\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> talks about the impact and importance of beavers as a keystone species in ecosystems where birds can flourish. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>California Launches Beaver Restoration Program to Fight Climate Change \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-07/california-launches-beaver-restoration-program-to-fight-climate-change\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gives details about California’s plan to restore beaver habitats as a measure to fight climate change. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Keystone Species \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/keystone-species\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This encyclopedia entry from National Geographic\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> defines keystone species using the beaver as a prime example. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Did you know that beavers can help protect landscapes from wildfires and drought - and fight climate change?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760117,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":679},"headData":{"title":"What Can Beavers and Their Habitats Teach Us About Fighting Climate Change? | KQED","description":"Why might beavers be the climate change superheroes we've been waiting for?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Why might beavers be the climate change superheroes we've been waiting for?"},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/juFtc_xAjKY","sticky":false,"subhead":"Beavers just may be the climate change superheroes we've been waiting for. ","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/education/536282/what-can-beavers-and-their-habitats-teach-us-about-fighting-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The flat-tailed, dam-building beaver is more than just a buck-toothed furry face. They are a keystone species that help fight drought and climate change. Beaver dams keep the landscape wet, even during droughts, and the ponds work as carbon sinks. But these woodland superheroes were hunted almost to extinction in the last century and are still sometimes viewed as pests. Luckily, indigenous communities, who have always recognized beavers’ vital place in the ecosystem, are working with governments to protect and encourage beaver habitats. Watch the episode and then let us know: what can beavers and their habitats teach us about fighting climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS:\u003c/strong> Get your students in the discussion on KQED Learn, a safe place for middle and high school students to investigate controversial topics and share their voices. \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/125?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=atn\">Click to see this video and lesson plan on KQED Learn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do Beavers mitigate climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beavers are a keystone species – any organism, from animals and plants to bacteria and fungi that play a crucial role in holding a habitat together. A beaver’s main goal in their habitat is to make a pond for themselves to live in. They do so by building a dam and digging a bunch of little canals out from their ponds. What they are really doing, though, is slowing down the flow of water. This not only helps them survive, but it also benefits humans. The slowed-down water has time to sink into the soil and spread out into the floodplain. And so when things like drought or forest fires happen, there’s more stored water in the earth that prevents fires from spreading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did beavers nearly go extinct?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There used to be a BUNCH of beavers on this continent; there were anywhere from 100 to 400 million beavers here before the European fur trade and colonial settlements. But between colonizers building homes near streams and wetlands and also the fact that most Europeans thought beavers were pests and only valued them for their fur, beavers nearly went extinct, with their population shrinking by 90%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we co-exist more effectively with beavers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Indigenous communities here in the U.S. have always known about the positive impacts of beavers. Today, some tribes are working with local governments to help restore beaver populations and building artificial logjams to encourage beavers to come back. Humans and beavers are very similar, so sharing a territory with an animal like that challenges our human desire to be in control. This can be tricky but beavers are just doing what they’re on this earth to do: something that Indigenous people have recognized for years as necessary to human-nature balance. So going forward, how can humans adapt our environment to include beavers and all that they do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOURCE LIST\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cb>The Beaver Emerges as a Climate-Solving Hero\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-beaver-emerges-as-a-climate-solving-hero/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from Scientific American\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> talks about the impact and importance of beavers in helping fight climate change. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Hunted to Extinction, England’s First Wild Beavers in 400 Years Allowed to Stay\u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hunted-extinction-england-s-first-wild-beavers-400-years-allowed-n1236023\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This report from NBC News\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> reports on how beavers, once hunted to extinction in England, are being welcomed back because of their positive impact on the environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Wildlife Klamath Tribes Want Beavers Back in the Beaver State \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hcn.org/articles/wildlife-klamath-tribes-want-beavers-back-in-the-beaver-state\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the High Country News\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> discusses how the Klamath tribe is advocating for beavers and the role they play in southern Oregon’s ecosystem. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>A World Without Beavers Is a World Without Wildlife We Love \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/news/a-world-without-beavers-world-without-wildlife-we-love\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the Audubon Society\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> talks about the impact and importance of beavers as a keystone species in ecosystems where birds can flourish. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>California Launches Beaver Restoration Program to Fight Climate Change \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-07/california-launches-beaver-restoration-program-to-fight-climate-change\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article from the Los Angeles Times\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gives details about California’s plan to restore beaver habitats as a measure to fight climate change. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Keystone Species \u003c/b>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/keystone-species\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This encyclopedia entry from National Geographic\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> defines keystone species using the beaver as a prime example. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536282/what-can-beavers-and-their-habitats-teach-us-about-fighting-climate-change","authors":["11704"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_284","education_452","education_666","education_2889","education_2908"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536283","label":"education_2813"},"education_536131":{"type":"posts","id":"education_536131","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"education","id":"536131","score":null,"sort":[1666213667000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"536131","title":"How Should Schools Educate Teens About Drugs?","publishDate":1666213667,"format":"video","headTitle":"How Should Schools Educate Teens About Drugs? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":2813,"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>D.A.R.E. stands for “drug abuse resistance education” and is a program that has been in schools since the 80s to prevent youth from doing drugs. Schools widely accepted the program all over the country for decades, until scientists found it wasn’t really effective. Fast forward to the present day and D.A.R.E as made a comeback… sort of. Myles investigates how D.A.R.E. has changed its curriculum and other ways that drug education is being taught in schools. Join him in answering the question: How should schools educate teens about drugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS:\u003c/strong> Get your students in the discussion on KQED Learn, a safe place for middle and high school students to investigate controversial topics and share their voices. \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/123?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=atn\">Click to see this video and lesson plan on KQED Learn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is D.A.R.E?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D.A.R.E stands for drug abuse resistance education. It brings police officers into classrooms to teach students drug prevention, with the prevailing belief being that any amount of drug use, no matter how small, is harmful to the individual AND to society. D.A.R.E began in the early 80s in LA, but by the 90s it had gone national in nearly 75 percent of all school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was D.A.R.E effective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the science, not really. The “just say no” to drugs message at best worked in the short term, but wore off within a year or two. At the end of the day, having students say “no” just doesn’t leave a lasting impact on most of them because they’re parroting back a message to an adult. It doesn’t mimic real-life situations where they will need to say no to friends and other students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the new D.A.R.E of today a better version of the original?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, D.A.R.E adopted a new school curriculum called “Keepin’ It Real”. Keepin’ It Real was developed at a university by researchers that study and understand drugs and addiction and how that stuff affects the adolescent brain. And it’s different from the old, zero-tolerance D.A.R.E in that it’s not about “just saying no” and instead is more focused on helping students with their decision-making skills. Police officers have been re-trained so it’s more interactive and less based on lectures. And students can have discussions with other students. Studies conducted by the two researchers who created the program show it’s effective at reducing drug use and helping students resist peer pressure. But not everyone in the public health community is convinced the new D.A.R.E is much better than the previous program. One peer-reviewed study came to the conclusion that the evidence is “weak” and that it “may not be suited for nationwide implementation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is “harm reduction”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harm reduction describes an approach to public health issues such as teen drug abuse. Rather than a zero-tolerance philosophy, harm reduction is focused on helping people make more informed decisions about their own health and reducing the negative health impacts if they DO choose to do the behavior. With harm reduction, how you measure success is not, “Are students doing drugs less?” Instead, it’s how safe are they if they do drugs or are around drugs. For example, knowing how edible cannabis might affect you vs. smoking it. Or how to recognize the symptoms of an overdose and how best to respond to it. When harm reduction is taught well, it’s been proven to prevent death, injury, disease, overdose, and substance misuse. And one thing you WON’T find in harm reduction programs is police officers. There is an inherent conflict of interest in law enforcement talking to students about healthier choices around using illegal substances. And for many students from communities with a history of tense or even abusive relationships with law enforcement, police officers may not be the best messengers for talking honestly about drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why anti-drug campaigns like DARE fail \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2014/9/1/5998571/why-anti-drug-campaigns-like-dare-fail\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.vox.com/2014/9/1/5998571/why-anti-drug-campaigns-like-dare-fail\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2014/9/1/5998571/why-anti-drug-campaigns-like-dare-fail\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Vox investigates why anti-drug campaigns that promote zero tolerance are not effective.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A brief history of DARE, the anti-drug program Jeff Sessions wants to revive\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/12/a-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/12/a-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/12/a-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Washington Post summarizes the history of the D.A.R.E. Program in American schools up until its modern day curriculum shift.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The New D.A.R.E. Program—This One Works\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works/#\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works/#\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works/#\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Scientific American focuses on how the new D.A.R.E. curriculum emphasizes decision-making and behavior-changing techniques instead of a no-tolerance approach to drug use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drug Education Curriculum Moves Beyond ‘Just Say No’ to Teach Harm Reduction\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/drug-education-curriculum-moves-beyond-just-say-no-to-teach-harm-reduction/2019/10\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/drug-education-curriculum-moves-beyond-just-say-no-to-teach-harm-reduction/2019/10\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/drug-education-curriculum-moves-beyond-just-say-no-to-teach-harm-reduction/2019/10\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Ed Week, the author explores a new health education curriculum that centers on harm reduction rather than an abstinence approach to drug use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Coming to the new D.A.R.E.: A preliminary test of the officer-taught elementary keepin’ it REAL curriculum\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460317302022\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460317302022\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460317302022\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> published in the Addicted Behaviors Journal is the first evaluation of the new D.A.R.E. curriculum and shows after the program students had higher social and emotional skills.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Truth and D.A.R.E.: Is D.A.R.E.’s new Keepin’ it REAL curriculum suitable for American nationwide implementation?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> published in the Drugs, Education, Prevention and Policy Journal explores the effectiveness of D.A.R.E. ‘s new Keepin it REAL curriculum with results showing mixed reviews as an intervention for youth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If \"just say no\" didn't work 30 years ago, can it really work today? Why D.A.R.E's drug education program is back in schools and how it has changed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704760132,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1073},"headData":{"title":"How Should Schools Educate Teens About Drugs? | KQED","description":"If "just say no" didn't work 30 years ago, can it really work today? Why D.A.R.E's drug education program is back in schools and how it has changed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"If "just say no" didn't work 30 years ago, can it really work today? Why D.A.R.E's drug education program is back in schools and how it has changed."},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/6WMHuWMVNY0","sticky":false,"subhead":"The controversial D.A.R.E drug prevention program is back in schools -- how has it changed, and is it working?","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/education/536131/536131","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>D.A.R.E. stands for “drug abuse resistance education” and is a program that has been in schools since the 80s to prevent youth from doing drugs. Schools widely accepted the program all over the country for decades, until scientists found it wasn’t really effective. Fast forward to the present day and D.A.R.E as made a comeback… sort of. Myles investigates how D.A.R.E. has changed its curriculum and other ways that drug education is being taught in schools. Join him in answering the question: How should schools educate teens about drugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS:\u003c/strong> Get your students in the discussion on KQED Learn, a safe place for middle and high school students to investigate controversial topics and share their voices. \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/123?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=atn\">Click to see this video and lesson plan on KQED Learn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is D.A.R.E?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D.A.R.E stands for drug abuse resistance education. It brings police officers into classrooms to teach students drug prevention, with the prevailing belief being that any amount of drug use, no matter how small, is harmful to the individual AND to society. D.A.R.E began in the early 80s in LA, but by the 90s it had gone national in nearly 75 percent of all school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was D.A.R.E effective?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the science, not really. The “just say no” to drugs message at best worked in the short term, but wore off within a year or two. At the end of the day, having students say “no” just doesn’t leave a lasting impact on most of them because they’re parroting back a message to an adult. It doesn’t mimic real-life situations where they will need to say no to friends and other students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the new D.A.R.E of today a better version of the original?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, D.A.R.E adopted a new school curriculum called “Keepin’ It Real”. Keepin’ It Real was developed at a university by researchers that study and understand drugs and addiction and how that stuff affects the adolescent brain. And it’s different from the old, zero-tolerance D.A.R.E in that it’s not about “just saying no” and instead is more focused on helping students with their decision-making skills. Police officers have been re-trained so it’s more interactive and less based on lectures. And students can have discussions with other students. Studies conducted by the two researchers who created the program show it’s effective at reducing drug use and helping students resist peer pressure. But not everyone in the public health community is convinced the new D.A.R.E is much better than the previous program. One peer-reviewed study came to the conclusion that the evidence is “weak” and that it “may not be suited for nationwide implementation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is “harm reduction”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harm reduction describes an approach to public health issues such as teen drug abuse. Rather than a zero-tolerance philosophy, harm reduction is focused on helping people make more informed decisions about their own health and reducing the negative health impacts if they DO choose to do the behavior. With harm reduction, how you measure success is not, “Are students doing drugs less?” Instead, it’s how safe are they if they do drugs or are around drugs. For example, knowing how edible cannabis might affect you vs. smoking it. Or how to recognize the symptoms of an overdose and how best to respond to it. When harm reduction is taught well, it’s been proven to prevent death, injury, disease, overdose, and substance misuse. And one thing you WON’T find in harm reduction programs is police officers. There is an inherent conflict of interest in law enforcement talking to students about healthier choices around using illegal substances. And for many students from communities with a history of tense or even abusive relationships with law enforcement, police officers may not be the best messengers for talking honestly about drug use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why anti-drug campaigns like DARE fail \u003c/b>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2014/9/1/5998571/why-anti-drug-campaigns-like-dare-fail\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.vox.com/2014/9/1/5998571/why-anti-drug-campaigns-like-dare-fail\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2014/9/1/5998571/why-anti-drug-campaigns-like-dare-fail\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Vox investigates why anti-drug campaigns that promote zero tolerance are not effective.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A brief history of DARE, the anti-drug program Jeff Sessions wants to revive\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/12/a-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/12/a-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/12/a-brief-history-of-d-a-r-e-the-anti-drug-program-jeff-sessions-wants-to-revive/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Washington Post summarizes the history of the D.A.R.E. Program in American schools up until its modern day curriculum shift.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The New D.A.R.E. Program—This One Works\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works/#\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works/#\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-r-e-program-this-one-works/#\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from Scientific American focuses on how the new D.A.R.E. curriculum emphasizes decision-making and behavior-changing techniques instead of a no-tolerance approach to drug use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Drug Education Curriculum Moves Beyond ‘Just Say No’ to Teach Harm Reduction\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/drug-education-curriculum-moves-beyond-just-say-no-to-teach-harm-reduction/2019/10\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/drug-education-curriculum-moves-beyond-just-say-no-to-teach-harm-reduction/2019/10\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/drug-education-curriculum-moves-beyond-just-say-no-to-teach-harm-reduction/2019/10\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">article\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Ed Week, the author explores a new health education curriculum that centers on harm reduction rather than an abstinence approach to drug use.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Coming to the new D.A.R.E.: A preliminary test of the officer-taught elementary keepin’ it REAL curriculum\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460317302022\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460317302022\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306460317302022\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> published in the Addicted Behaviors Journal is the first evaluation of the new D.A.R.E. curriculum and shows after the program students had higher social and emotional skills.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Truth and D.A.R.E.: Is D.A.R.E.’s new Keepin’ it REAL curriculum suitable for American nationwide implementation?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09687637.2016.1208731\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> published in the Drugs, Education, Prevention and Policy Journal explores the effectiveness of D.A.R.E. ‘s new Keepin it REAL curriculum with results showing mixed reviews as an intervention for youth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/education/536131/536131","authors":["10621"],"categories":["education_1"],"tags":["education_2852","education_573","education_666","education_2889","education_2908"],"collections":["education_2813"],"featImg":"education_536144","label":"education_2813"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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