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She received her Nutritional Consulting Certification from Bauman College and offers clients individualized nutritional support. As an illustrator she creates hand drawn and digitally colored illustrations that whimsically capture the essence of her subjects and are easily digested by readers. Much of her inspiration comes from her undeniable love for vegetables, as well her knack for anthropomorphizing what's on her plate. Lila has had several pieces published in KQED’s Bay Area Bites as well as in Edible East Bay Magazine. For more of a taste of Lila's offering, check out her website \u003ca href=\"http://www.lilavolkas.com/\">lilavolkas.com\u003c/a>","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e520743544a0600729bc45ff3ab43206?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"bayareabites","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lila Volkas | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e520743544a0600729bc45ff3ab43206?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e520743544a0600729bc45ff3ab43206?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lilavolkas"},"lisalanders":{"type":"authors","id":"5412","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"5412","found":true},"name":"Lisa Landers","firstName":"Lisa","lastName":"Landers","slug":"lisalanders","email":"llanders@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lisa Landers is a producer and writer whose work includes documentaries, museum exhibitions, and educational multimedia. Her work has covered a diversity of subject matter including natural history, ecological and social issues, cultural exploration, food, music, and architecture. She’s developed and produced films for broadcasters such as National Geographic, Smithsonian Channel, and the Discovery Channel. Her work as an exhibition developer and multimedia producer has been featured at institutions including the American Museum of Natural History, the National Building Museum, and The Tech Museum. Her writing has also appeared in a wide variety of print and online publications.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1e4aa08f6f0a92ea11a2779a453cb36d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"bayareabites","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","edit_theme_options","subscriber"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lisa Landers | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1e4aa08f6f0a92ea11a2779a453cb36d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1e4aa08f6f0a92ea11a2779a453cb36d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lisalanders"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"arts","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"bayareabites_118006":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_118006","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"118006","score":null,"sort":[1496942783000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"spies-in-the-field-as-farming-goes-high-tech-espionage-threat-grows","title":"Spies In The Field: As Farming Goes High-Tech, Espionage Threat Grows","publishDate":1496942783,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As a group of visiting scientists prepared to board a plane in Hawaii that would take them back home to China, U.S. customs agents found rice seeds in their luggage. Those seeds are likely to land at least one scientist in federal prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture today is a high-tech business, but as that technology has developed, so has the temptation to take shortcuts and steal trade secrets that could unlock huge profits. The FBI \u003ca href=\"https://ucr.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/agricultural-economic-espionage-brochure\">calls agricultural economic espionage \"a growing threat\"\u003c/a> and some are worried that biotech piracy can spell big trouble for a dynamic and growing U.S. industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the western outskirts of Junction City, Kan., just off of Interstate 70, sits an unassuming industrial building. The white lettering on the blue sign out front reads \"Ventria Bioscience,\" and driving by, it is hard to believe the nondescript building houses a cutting-edge research facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Ventria have developed a way to genetically engineer rice so that it can be used to grow human proteins for medical uses. The process places a microscopic piece of synthetic DNA into the rice genome, which tells the growing plant to make the desired protein as it matures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria President and CEO Scott Deeter says the idea goes back 25 or 30 years, but his company was the first to commercialize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1998px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business.\" width=\"1998\" height=\"1499\" class=\"size-full wp-image-118007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg 1998w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1998px) 100vw, 1998px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business. \u003ccite>(Bryan Thompson/Harvest Public Media)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It's really been the dream of our industry for a long time,\" Deeter says. \"The challenge has really been that the yield of the target product in the plant material was never high enough to make it cost-effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company invested some $85 million in developing the technology, Deeter says, and he thinks it has the potential to generate upwards of $1 billion in annual revenue. But that potential could be undermined by foreign piracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Ventria rice breeder Weiqiang Zhang is awaiting sentencing in federal court in Kansas City for conspiring to steal the company's trade secrets. He hosted the delegation of visiting scientists from a Chinese crops research institute in whose luggage authorities found the rice seeds in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Had they succeeded in stealing the gene-spliced rice, the scientists may have been able to reverse-engineer it and ultimately undercut Ventria's market. Deeter says it could have driven his company out of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a field manager for agribusiness giant Pioneer Hi-Bred International found a man on his knees in an Iowa field, digging up seed corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Mo Hailong—also known as Robert Mo—according to court documents. Hailong, who is originally from China, pleaded guilty in January 2016 to conspiring to steal trade secrets involving corn seed developed by Monsanto and Pioneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Griess, the assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa, says the investigation \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-seeds-idUSKCN0X80D6\">began as a simple matter\u003c/a> of a farmer being suspicious about something he saw and reporting it. Digging up seeds in an open field may be simple, but it is difficult to put a precise value on the loss in cases involving trade secrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without question, the value of the seed technology in our case was absolutely off the charts,\" Griess says. \"There's simply no disputing by anyone how valuable this is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intellectual property is often hard to protect, no matter what form it takes: films, books, consumer products. The technology used in our food system, however, presents a unique challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where the commodity in question is grown in open fields, it's sometimes difficult,\" Griess says. \"And this case is a testament to that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court cases in Kansas and Iowa are the only ones Griess is aware of that have been criminally prosecuted, but he says there have been a few other investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are countries in this world that are in dire need of this technology, and one of the ways you go about obtaining it is to steal it,\" Griess says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ties To China\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theft of intellectual property costs the U.S. economy hundreds of billions each year, according to a recent report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/index.html\">Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property\u003c/a>, a Washington D.C.-based ad-hoc panel formed to study \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/report/IP_Commission_Report_Update_2017.pdf\">intellectual property theft\u003c/a>. China, the authors say, is the biggest offender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the last five to seven years, the majority of the cases the government has brought have involved espionage by the Chinese,\" says Peter Toren, an intellectual property attorney in Washington, D.C. Toren was not involved in the IP Commission Report, but as a federal prosecutor in the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the Justice Department, he won one of the first cases ever prosecuted under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should come as no surprise, he says, that scientists in China would be interested in technology related to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it's in agriculture or any other field, they need access to the technology,\" Toren says. \"And, certainly, if you have 1.4 billion people, access to better seeds is something that you're going to be very interested in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria's Scott Deeter hopes that China will crack down on these cases, and that scientists across the world will respect each other's innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the world is better off with that, I mean you get more creativity,\" Deeter says. \"If you make creativity a commodity and something to be stolen, and don't respect it, you won't have very much. It will go away. And that's the risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Deeter says his company has to continue to innovate in order to stay one step ahead of the thieves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003cem>This story comes to us from the \u003ca href=\"http://kcur.org/term/kansas-news-service#stream/0\">Kansas News Service\u003c/a>, a collaboration covering health, education and politics across the state. \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcur.org/\">KCUR 89.3\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent cases involving Chinese nationals conspiring to steal trade secrets — from gene-spliced rice to corn seed — have highlighted the risk of intellectual property theft from U.S. companies.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1496942804,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":996},"headData":{"title":"Spies In The Field: As Farming Goes High-Tech, Espionage Threat Grows | KQED","description":"Recent cases involving Chinese nationals conspiring to steal trade secrets — from gene-spliced rice to corn seed — have highlighted the risk of intellectual property theft from U.S. companies.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"118006 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=118006","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2017/06/08/spies-in-the-field-as-farming-goes-high-tech-espionage-threat-grows/","disqusTitle":"Spies In The Field: As Farming Goes High-Tech, Espionage Threat Grows","source":"Food Trends and Technology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/food-and-technology/","nprByline":"Bryan Thompson, \u003ca href=\"http://kcur.org/#stream/0\">KCUR\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\">NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"531771780","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=531771780&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/06/08/531771780/spies-in-the-field-as-farming-goes-high-tech-espionage-threat-grows?ft=nprml&f=531771780","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 08 Jun 2017 08:39:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 08 Jun 2017 08:00:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 08 Jun 2017 10:51:21 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/118006/spies-in-the-field-as-farming-goes-high-tech-espionage-threat-grows","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a group of visiting scientists prepared to board a plane in Hawaii that would take them back home to China, U.S. customs agents found rice seeds in their luggage. Those seeds are likely to land at least one scientist in federal prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture today is a high-tech business, but as that technology has developed, so has the temptation to take shortcuts and steal trade secrets that could unlock huge profits. The FBI \u003ca href=\"https://ucr.fbi.gov/investigate/counterintelligence/agricultural-economic-espionage-brochure\">calls agricultural economic espionage \"a growing threat\"\u003c/a> and some are worried that biotech piracy can spell big trouble for a dynamic and growing U.S. industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the western outskirts of Junction City, Kan., just off of Interstate 70, sits an unassuming industrial building. The white lettering on the blue sign out front reads \"Ventria Bioscience,\" and driving by, it is hard to believe the nondescript building houses a cutting-edge research facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Ventria have developed a way to genetically engineer rice so that it can be used to grow human proteins for medical uses. The process places a microscopic piece of synthetic DNA into the rice genome, which tells the growing plant to make the desired protein as it matures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria President and CEO Scott Deeter says the idea goes back 25 or 30 years, but his company was the first to commercialize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1998px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business.\" width=\"1998\" height=\"1499\" class=\"size-full wp-image-118007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d.jpg 1998w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/06/060117_tradesecrets_deeter-6adf7ab82efe77a4cfed378936a4f714ccb22c3d-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1998px) 100vw, 1998px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Deeter, president and CEO of Ventria Bioscience, says that Chinese theft of his technology could have driven him out of business. \u003ccite>(Bryan Thompson/Harvest Public Media)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It's really been the dream of our industry for a long time,\" Deeter says. \"The challenge has really been that the yield of the target product in the plant material was never high enough to make it cost-effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company invested some $85 million in developing the technology, Deeter says, and he thinks it has the potential to generate upwards of $1 billion in annual revenue. But that potential could be undermined by foreign piracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Ventria rice breeder Weiqiang Zhang is awaiting sentencing in federal court in Kansas City for conspiring to steal the company's trade secrets. He hosted the delegation of visiting scientists from a Chinese crops research institute in whose luggage authorities found the rice seeds in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Had they succeeded in stealing the gene-spliced rice, the scientists may have been able to reverse-engineer it and ultimately undercut Ventria's market. Deeter says it could have driven his company out of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crime In The Field\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a field manager for agribusiness giant Pioneer Hi-Bred International found a man on his knees in an Iowa field, digging up seed corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was Mo Hailong—also known as Robert Mo—according to court documents. Hailong, who is originally from China, pleaded guilty in January 2016 to conspiring to steal trade secrets involving corn seed developed by Monsanto and Pioneer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Griess, the assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa, says the investigation \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-seeds-idUSKCN0X80D6\">began as a simple matter\u003c/a> of a farmer being suspicious about something he saw and reporting it. Digging up seeds in an open field may be simple, but it is difficult to put a precise value on the loss in cases involving trade secrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without question, the value of the seed technology in our case was absolutely off the charts,\" Griess says. \"There's simply no disputing by anyone how valuable this is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intellectual property is often hard to protect, no matter what form it takes: films, books, consumer products. The technology used in our food system, however, presents a unique challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Where the commodity in question is grown in open fields, it's sometimes difficult,\" Griess says. \"And this case is a testament to that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court cases in Kansas and Iowa are the only ones Griess is aware of that have been criminally prosecuted, but he says there have been a few other investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are countries in this world that are in dire need of this technology, and one of the ways you go about obtaining it is to steal it,\" Griess says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ties To China\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theft of intellectual property costs the U.S. economy hundreds of billions each year, according to a recent report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/index.html\">Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property\u003c/a>, a Washington D.C.-based ad-hoc panel formed to study \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcommission.org/report/IP_Commission_Report_Update_2017.pdf\">intellectual property theft\u003c/a>. China, the authors say, is the biggest offender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the last five to seven years, the majority of the cases the government has brought have involved espionage by the Chinese,\" says Peter Toren, an intellectual property attorney in Washington, D.C. Toren was not involved in the IP Commission Report, but as a federal prosecutor in the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the Justice Department, he won one of the first cases ever prosecuted under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should come as no surprise, he says, that scientists in China would be interested in technology related to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it's in agriculture or any other field, they need access to the technology,\" Toren says. \"And, certainly, if you have 1.4 billion people, access to better seeds is something that you're going to be very interested in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventria's Scott Deeter hopes that China will crack down on these cases, and that scientists across the world will respect each other's innovations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the world is better off with that, I mean you get more creativity,\" Deeter says. \"If you make creativity a commodity and something to be stolen, and don't respect it, you won't have very much. It will go away. And that's the risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Deeter says his company has to continue to innovate in order to stay one step ahead of the thieves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003cem>This story comes to us from the \u003ca href=\"http://kcur.org/term/kansas-news-service#stream/0\">Kansas News Service\u003c/a>, a collaboration covering health, education and politics across the state. \u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2017 \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcur.org/\">KCUR 89.3\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/118006/spies-in-the-field-as-farming-goes-high-tech-espionage-threat-grows","authors":["byline_bayareabites_118006"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_272","bayareabites_15872","bayareabites_8523"],"featImg":"bayareabites_118010","label":"source_bayareabites_118006"},"bayareabites_116810":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_116810","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"116810","score":null,"sort":[1492181846000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","title":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?","publishDate":1492181846,"format":"image","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>When the CEOs of both Monsanto and Bayer met with Donald Trump to talk about their potential merger just three days before the inauguration, they made some \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-17/bayer-to-invest-8-billion-and-add-3-000-jobs-trump-aide-says\">big promises\u003c/a>. If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/3ys0fgZ7hmA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492181846,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":55,"wordCount":3177},"headData":{"title":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation? | KQED","description":"Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"116810 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=116810","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2017/04/14/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/","disqusTitle":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/author/tgreenaway/\">Twilight Greenaway\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/civileat/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>","path":"/bayareabites/116810/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the CEOs of both Monsanto and Bayer met with Donald Trump to talk about their potential merger just three days before the inauguration, they made some \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-17/bayer-to-invest-8-billion-and-add-3-000-jobs-trump-aide-says\">big promises\u003c/a>. If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/116810/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","authors":["byline_bayareabites_116810"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_15412","bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_10773","bayareabites_14236","bayareabites_15823","bayareabites_8523"],"featImg":"bayareabites_116813","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_101281":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_101281","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"101281","score":null,"sort":[1443196658000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reclaiming-syrias-seeds-from-an-icy-arctic-vault","title":"Reclaiming Syria's Seeds From An Icy Arctic Vault","publishDate":1443196658,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Morning Edition:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/09/20150924_me_scientists_tap_seed_vault_to_rebuild_a_vital_collection_stranded_by_war.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halfway between mainland Norway and the North Pole, there's an underground \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/what-we-do/svalbard-global-seed-vault/\">vault\u003c/a> filled with seeds. It's sometimes called the \"doomsday vault.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past seven years, scientists have been putting seeds into this vault, filling it with samples of the crops that people rely on for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for the first time, they're about to bring some seeds back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.icarda.org/\">International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas\u003c/a> wants to make the withdrawal. ICARDA works in areas across North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia and has an important collection of seeds in the vault — more than 135,000 different samples of crops that farmers have planted in these regions for thousands of years plus wild relatives of those crops. Among the most important are wheat, barley, chickpeas and lentils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/luigi-guarino/\">Luigi Guarino\u003c/a>, a scientist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/\">Global Crop Diversity Trust\u003c/a>, which was set up to help secure seed collections around the world, says many of ICARDA's seeds were collected decades ago. Scientists would have a very hard time finding many of these varieties today. \"It's material that in many cases is no longer grown in the field,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant breeders treasure these seeds. Hidden in collections like these, they may find plants that can survive new diseases, or thrive in a changing climate. These seeds could be the building blocks for new varieties that farmers may need in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, ICARDA stored its seeds in a refrigerated room at its headquarters and shared them with other researchers in other countries. A few years ago, it sent a backup copy of the whole collection to the doomsday vault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was \u003ca href=\"http://www.icarda.org/update/icarda-receives-gregor-mendel-innovation-prize-ensuring-safekeeping-its-genebank-collection#sthash.fDcFxx62.dpbs\">just in time\u003c/a>, because ICARDA is based in Aleppo, Syria, which has been caught up in that country's ongoing violence. Most of ICARDA's scientists have left the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guarino says the seed collection is still in Aleppo, but it's really hard to use it. \"On occasion, staff from Aleppo do go there to retrieve seeds to fulfill requests, but that's just becoming too difficult now,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ICARDA has decided to rebuild its seed collection in Morocco. To do so, it's asking to retrieve part of its seed backup from that Arctic vault — officially called the Global Seed Vault. It's carved into the side of a frozen mountain in the Norwegian-controlled archipelago called Svalbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICARDA could have reconstituted its collection from seeds that it had shared with other seed banks, but the backup copy at Svalbard had been generated more recently, and it was conveniently all in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The keepers of the vault will haul out 130 boxes containing tens of thousands of small aluminum packets, each one filled with seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICARDA scientists in Morocco and Lebanon will grow new plants from those seeds harvesting duplicate copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most will stay at ICARDA's new seed collection, available for sharing with plant breeders around the world. But one set will return to the vault in Svalbard — just in case there's another emergency. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On a remote Arctic island, there's an underground vault filled with seeds. Now, for the first time, scientists are about to retrieve some of those seeds to replace a collection trapped in Syria.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443196658,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":539},"headData":{"title":"Reclaiming Syria's Seeds From An Icy Arctic Vault | KQED","description":"On a remote Arctic island, there's an underground vault filled with seeds. Now, for the first time, scientists are about to retrieve some of those seeds to replace a collection trapped in Syria.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"101281 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=101281","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/09/25/reclaiming-syrias-seeds-from-an-icy-arctic-vault/","disqusTitle":"Reclaiming Syria's Seeds From An Icy Arctic Vault","nprByline":"Dan Charles, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\">NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"443053665","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=443053665&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/09/24/443053665/scientists-tap-seed-vault-to-rebuild-a-vital-collection-stranded-by-war?ft=nprml&f=443053665","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 24 Sep 2015 18:23:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 24 Sep 2015 05:04:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 24 Sep 2015 18:23:21 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/09/20150924_me_scientists_tap_seed_vault_to_rebuild_a_vital_collection_stranded_by_war.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=145&p=3&story=443053665&t=progseg&e=442758895&seg=2&ft=nprml&f=443053665","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1443053666-c17dfe.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=145&p=3&story=443053665&t=progseg&e=442758895&seg=2&ft=nprml&f=443053665","path":"/bayareabites/101281/reclaiming-syrias-seeds-from-an-icy-arctic-vault","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/09/20150924_me_scientists_tap_seed_vault_to_rebuild_a_vital_collection_stranded_by_war.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=145&p=3&story=443053665&t=progseg&e=442758895&seg=2&ft=nprml&f=443053665","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Morning Edition:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/09/20150924_me_scientists_tap_seed_vault_to_rebuild_a_vital_collection_stranded_by_war.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halfway between mainland Norway and the North Pole, there's an underground \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/what-we-do/svalbard-global-seed-vault/\">vault\u003c/a> filled with seeds. It's sometimes called the \"doomsday vault.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past seven years, scientists have been putting seeds into this vault, filling it with samples of the crops that people rely on for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for the first time, they're about to bring some seeds back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.icarda.org/\">International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas\u003c/a> wants to make the withdrawal. ICARDA works in areas across North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia and has an important collection of seeds in the vault — more than 135,000 different samples of crops that farmers have planted in these regions for thousands of years plus wild relatives of those crops. Among the most important are wheat, barley, chickpeas and lentils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/luigi-guarino/\">Luigi Guarino\u003c/a>, a scientist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/\">Global Crop Diversity Trust\u003c/a>, which was set up to help secure seed collections around the world, says many of ICARDA's seeds were collected decades ago. Scientists would have a very hard time finding many of these varieties today. \"It's material that in many cases is no longer grown in the field,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant breeders treasure these seeds. Hidden in collections like these, they may find plants that can survive new diseases, or thrive in a changing climate. These seeds could be the building blocks for new varieties that farmers may need in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, ICARDA stored its seeds in a refrigerated room at its headquarters and shared them with other researchers in other countries. A few years ago, it sent a backup copy of the whole collection to the doomsday vault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was \u003ca href=\"http://www.icarda.org/update/icarda-receives-gregor-mendel-innovation-prize-ensuring-safekeeping-its-genebank-collection#sthash.fDcFxx62.dpbs\">just in time\u003c/a>, because ICARDA is based in Aleppo, Syria, which has been caught up in that country's ongoing violence. Most of ICARDA's scientists have left the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guarino says the seed collection is still in Aleppo, but it's really hard to use it. \"On occasion, staff from Aleppo do go there to retrieve seeds to fulfill requests, but that's just becoming too difficult now,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ICARDA has decided to rebuild its seed collection in Morocco. To do so, it's asking to retrieve part of its seed backup from that Arctic vault — officially called the Global Seed Vault. It's carved into the side of a frozen mountain in the Norwegian-controlled archipelago called Svalbard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICARDA could have reconstituted its collection from seeds that it had shared with other seed banks, but the backup copy at Svalbard had been generated more recently, and it was conveniently all in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The keepers of the vault will haul out 130 boxes containing tens of thousands of small aluminum packets, each one filled with seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICARDA scientists in Morocco and Lebanon will grow new plants from those seeds harvesting duplicate copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most will stay at ICARDA's new seed collection, available for sharing with plant breeders around the world. But one set will return to the vault in Svalbard — just in case there's another emergency. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/101281/reclaiming-syrias-seeds-from-an-icy-arctic-vault","authors":["byline_bayareabites_101281"],"categories":["bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_14888","bayareabites_14889","bayareabites_14887","bayareabites_8523","bayareabites_13950"],"featImg":"bayareabites_101282","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_99311":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_99311","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"99311","score":null,"sort":[1439502346000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"an-illustrated-guide-benefits-to-soaking-and-sprouting-legumes-grains-and-seeds","title":"An Illustrated Guide: Benefits to Soaking and Sprouting Legumes, Grains and Seeds","publishDate":1439502346,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>I look out my window on a classic foggy Bay Area morning and see a family of deer chomping on some recently planted baby kale peaking its head out of the earth. “ Nooooooo!” I yell as I burst out of my door and shoo the deer away. Since that incident, I have taken a little hiatus on growing food in my backyard and have focused on the garden I can grow inside my kitchen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My newest food adventure has been sprouting nuts, seeds, beans, and grains. Beans, nuts, seeds and whole grains contain \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytic_acid\" target=\"_blank\">phytic acid\u003c/a>, a compound that inhibits the body from absorbing nutrients and minerals. Most people don’t realize the importance of soaking your legumes and grains before you eat or cook them to break down the phytic acid and other anti-nutrients to make them more digestible. The soaking process is extremely simple; all you need to do is soak your nuts, seeds, beans or grains in water for the appropriate amount of time. (See Soaking & Sprouting Times chart in this post below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1797px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new.jpg\" alt=\"Phytic Acid\" width=\"1797\" height=\"1221\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99319\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new.jpg 1797w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-400x272.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-800x544.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-1440x978.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-1180x802.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-960x652.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1797px) 100vw, 1797px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phytic Acid \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soaking simulates “rain” that tells the legumes, grains and seeds that it is time to come out and grow. You can either choose to soak these foods and consume them or continue along on the journey to sprouting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920.jpg\" alt=\"Soaking simulates “rain.”\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99320\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-400x291.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-800x581.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-1440x1046.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-1180x857.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-960x698.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soaking simulates “rain.” \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sally Fallon, in her book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Nourishing-Traditions-Challenges-Politically-Dictocrats/dp/0967089735\" target=\"_blank\">Nourishing Traditions\u003c/a>, speaks to modern-day eaters about what they can learn about healthy eating from the traditional diets of our ancestors. The Chinese were the first people to sprout beans as they sailed on voyages overseas. It was the vitamin C in sprouted mung beans that prevented the crew from getting scurvy. The instructions to sprout dried peas for soups were found in old French cookbooks and the popular Middle Eastern grain, bulgur, is made from sprouted wheat. Our ancestors all over the world were aware of the benefits of eating live foods and Fallon gives an excellent overview of why it is beneficial for 21st century eaters to soak and sprout their legumes, grains and seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The process of germination not only produces vitamin C but also changes the composition of grains and seeds in numerous beneficial ways. Sprouting increases vitamin B content, especially B2, B5, and B6. Carotene increases dramatically–sometimes eightfold. Even more important, sprouting neutralizes phytic acid, a substance present in the bran of all grains [and in legumes and seeds] that inhibits absorption of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc; sprouting also neutralizes enzyme inhibitors present in all seeds. These inhibitors can neutralize our own precious enzymes in the digestive tract…Finally, numerous enzymes that help digestion are produced during the germination process.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here is where you get to choose your own soaking and sprouting adventure.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920.jpg\" alt=\"How to Soak & Sprout\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99323\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-1440x752.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-1180x616.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-960x501.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How to Soak & Sprout - click on image for larger view. \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Soak your legumes/grains/seeds.\u003c/strong> Put your legumes/grains/seeds in a glass bowl or half-gallon canning jar and cover with twice as much filtered water as your nuts and seeds or beans. (So for one cup of almonds cover with two cups of filtered water.)\u003cbr>\n * \u003cem>Optional:\u003c/em> add 1 TBS of apple cider vinegar OR ½ TBS of salt for every 2 cups of nuts/seeds/beans to help breakdown the phytic acid.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Wait and let your legumes/grains/seeds soak for the appropriate amount of time.\u003c/strong> (See Soaking & Sprouting Times chart in this post below.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rinse your soaked legumes/grains/seeds until the water runs clear.\u003c/strong> You can either use a strainer or \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_c_0_14?url=search-alias%3Dgarden&field-keywords=sprouting+jar+lid&sprefix=sprouting+jar+%2Chpc%2C414&rh=n%3A1055398%2Ck%3Asprouting+jar+lid\" target=\"_blank\">sprouting jar lid\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n Here is where you can choose to stop your journey or continue down another path. Now that your legumes/grains/seeds have been soaked you can dehydrate them in a dehydrator (at 120 degrees overnight) or in an oven at lowest setting (170 degrees) for about 12 hours or until completely dry. If you are using nuts you could also proceed to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/01/17/start-your-new-years-diet-off-right-with-homemade-nut-milks/\" target=\"_blank\">make your own nut milk\u003c/a> and then use the pulp to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/06/22/diy-breakfast-the-secret-life-of-granola-and-almond-milk/\" target=\"_blank\">make granola\u003c/a>. Or if you are making beans, you can cook them right away and eat them. Note that sprouted beans take less time to cook.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sprout!\u003c/strong> Take your soaked legumes/grains/seeds and place them in a jar with a sprouting lid face down in your dish rack. This allows the excess water to drain off and the air to circulate so that the legumes/grains/seeds can grow. Shift yourself into caretaking mode because you need to “water your indoor garden” by rinsing the legumes/grains/seeds several times a day (at least twice). See the chart below for sprouting times.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Grow.\u003c/strong> As you continue to rinse your legumes/grains/seeds you will notice a white or green tail start to grow. That means they have sprouted!\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Store.\u003c/strong> Keep your sprouts in the fridge for 3-4 days or dehydrate them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Important note!\u003c/em> Sprouts are at risk for contamination, which can result in bacterial growths, such as E. coli leading to foodborne illnesses. Always purchase organic fresh products from a reliable source, wash your hands thoroughly before handling foods, and keep sprouting jars and all kitchen surfaces clean to avoid cross contamination. Always consume sprouts within a few days, fresh and straight out of the fridge.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920.jpg\" alt=\"Soaking & Sprouting Times\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1005\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99321\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-800x419.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-1440x754.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-1180x618.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-960x503.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soaking & Sprouting Times - click on image for larger view. \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the sun goes down on a summer night I stand in my kitchen and pop a sprouted almond into my mouth. Looking out into my yard, sure enough, there is the family of deer relaxing in the grass. I make eye contact with the Mama deer and raise a sprouted almond to her, “this time these are for me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920.jpg\" alt=\"Nut, Seed, Bean, Grain\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1441\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99324\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nut, Seed, Bean, Grain \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Resources:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Nourishing-Traditions-Challenges-Politically-Dictocrats/dp/0967089735\" target=\"_blank\">Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats\u003c/a> by Sally Fallon, Mary G. Enig, Ph.D (amazon.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nutritionstripped.com/guide-to-soaking-and-sprouting/\" target=\"_blank\">Guide to Soaking and Sprouting\u003c/a> (nutritionstripped.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ournourishingroots.com/real-food-101-how-to-soak-sprout-and-dehydrate-nuts-beans-and-seeds/\" target=\"_blank\">REAL FOOD 101: How to Soak, Sprout, and Dehydrate Nuts, Beans, and Seeds\u003c/a> (ournourishingroots.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weedemandreap.com/guide-soaking-sprouting-grains/\" target=\"_blank\">Your Guide To Soaking & Sprouting Whole Grains, Beans, Nuts, & Seeds\u003c/a> (weedemandreap.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Grow a micro-garden in your kitchen by sprouting legumes, grains and seeds. Sprouting makes these foods more digestible and enhances their nutritional value.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1439577980,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":1028},"headData":{"title":"An Illustrated Guide: Benefits to Soaking and Sprouting Legumes, Grains and Seeds | KQED","description":"Grow a micro-garden in your kitchen by sprouting legumes, grains and seeds. Sprouting makes these foods more digestible and enhances their nutritional value.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"99311 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=99311","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/08/13/an-illustrated-guide-benefits-to-soaking-and-sprouting-legumes-grains-and-seeds/","disqusTitle":"An Illustrated Guide: Benefits to Soaking and Sprouting Legumes, Grains and Seeds","source":"DIY and Urban Homesteading","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/diy-and-urban-homesteading/","path":"/bayareabites/99311/an-illustrated-guide-benefits-to-soaking-and-sprouting-legumes-grains-and-seeds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I look out my window on a classic foggy Bay Area morning and see a family of deer chomping on some recently planted baby kale peaking its head out of the earth. “ Nooooooo!” I yell as I burst out of my door and shoo the deer away. Since that incident, I have taken a little hiatus on growing food in my backyard and have focused on the garden I can grow inside my kitchen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My newest food adventure has been sprouting nuts, seeds, beans, and grains. Beans, nuts, seeds and whole grains contain \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytic_acid\" target=\"_blank\">phytic acid\u003c/a>, a compound that inhibits the body from absorbing nutrients and minerals. Most people don’t realize the importance of soaking your legumes and grains before you eat or cook them to break down the phytic acid and other anti-nutrients to make them more digestible. The soaking process is extremely simple; all you need to do is soak your nuts, seeds, beans or grains in water for the appropriate amount of time. (See Soaking & Sprouting Times chart in this post below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1797px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new.jpg\" alt=\"Phytic Acid\" width=\"1797\" height=\"1221\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99319\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new.jpg 1797w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-400x272.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-800x544.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-1440x978.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-1180x802.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout2_edited-new-960x652.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1797px) 100vw, 1797px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phytic Acid \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soaking simulates “rain” that tells the legumes, grains and seeds that it is time to come out and grow. You can either choose to soak these foods and consume them or continue along on the journey to sprouting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920.jpg\" alt=\"Soaking simulates “rain.”\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99320\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-400x291.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-800x581.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-1440x1046.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-1180x857.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout3_edited-1920-960x698.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soaking simulates “rain.” \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sally Fallon, in her book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Nourishing-Traditions-Challenges-Politically-Dictocrats/dp/0967089735\" target=\"_blank\">Nourishing Traditions\u003c/a>, speaks to modern-day eaters about what they can learn about healthy eating from the traditional diets of our ancestors. The Chinese were the first people to sprout beans as they sailed on voyages overseas. It was the vitamin C in sprouted mung beans that prevented the crew from getting scurvy. The instructions to sprout dried peas for soups were found in old French cookbooks and the popular Middle Eastern grain, bulgur, is made from sprouted wheat. Our ancestors all over the world were aware of the benefits of eating live foods and Fallon gives an excellent overview of why it is beneficial for 21st century eaters to soak and sprout their legumes, grains and seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The process of germination not only produces vitamin C but also changes the composition of grains and seeds in numerous beneficial ways. Sprouting increases vitamin B content, especially B2, B5, and B6. Carotene increases dramatically–sometimes eightfold. Even more important, sprouting neutralizes phytic acid, a substance present in the bran of all grains [and in legumes and seeds] that inhibits absorption of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc; sprouting also neutralizes enzyme inhibitors present in all seeds. These inhibitors can neutralize our own precious enzymes in the digestive tract…Finally, numerous enzymes that help digestion are produced during the germination process.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here is where you get to choose your own soaking and sprouting adventure.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920.jpg\" alt=\"How to Soak & Sprout\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99323\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-1440x752.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-1180x616.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout5_edited1920-960x501.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How to Soak & Sprout - click on image for larger view. \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Soak your legumes/grains/seeds.\u003c/strong> Put your legumes/grains/seeds in a glass bowl or half-gallon canning jar and cover with twice as much filtered water as your nuts and seeds or beans. (So for one cup of almonds cover with two cups of filtered water.)\u003cbr>\n * \u003cem>Optional:\u003c/em> add 1 TBS of apple cider vinegar OR ½ TBS of salt for every 2 cups of nuts/seeds/beans to help breakdown the phytic acid.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Wait and let your legumes/grains/seeds soak for the appropriate amount of time.\u003c/strong> (See Soaking & Sprouting Times chart in this post below.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rinse your soaked legumes/grains/seeds until the water runs clear.\u003c/strong> You can either use a strainer or \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_c_0_14?url=search-alias%3Dgarden&field-keywords=sprouting+jar+lid&sprefix=sprouting+jar+%2Chpc%2C414&rh=n%3A1055398%2Ck%3Asprouting+jar+lid\" target=\"_blank\">sprouting jar lid\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n Here is where you can choose to stop your journey or continue down another path. Now that your legumes/grains/seeds have been soaked you can dehydrate them in a dehydrator (at 120 degrees overnight) or in an oven at lowest setting (170 degrees) for about 12 hours or until completely dry. If you are using nuts you could also proceed to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/01/17/start-your-new-years-diet-off-right-with-homemade-nut-milks/\" target=\"_blank\">make your own nut milk\u003c/a> and then use the pulp to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/06/22/diy-breakfast-the-secret-life-of-granola-and-almond-milk/\" target=\"_blank\">make granola\u003c/a>. Or if you are making beans, you can cook them right away and eat them. Note that sprouted beans take less time to cook.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sprout!\u003c/strong> Take your soaked legumes/grains/seeds and place them in a jar with a sprouting lid face down in your dish rack. This allows the excess water to drain off and the air to circulate so that the legumes/grains/seeds can grow. Shift yourself into caretaking mode because you need to “water your indoor garden” by rinsing the legumes/grains/seeds several times a day (at least twice). See the chart below for sprouting times.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Grow.\u003c/strong> As you continue to rinse your legumes/grains/seeds you will notice a white or green tail start to grow. That means they have sprouted!\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Store.\u003c/strong> Keep your sprouts in the fridge for 3-4 days or dehydrate them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Important note!\u003c/em> Sprouts are at risk for contamination, which can result in bacterial growths, such as E. coli leading to foodborne illnesses. Always purchase organic fresh products from a reliable source, wash your hands thoroughly before handling foods, and keep sprouting jars and all kitchen surfaces clean to avoid cross contamination. Always consume sprouts within a few days, fresh and straight out of the fridge.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920.jpg\" alt=\"Soaking & Sprouting Times\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1005\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99321\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-800x419.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-1440x754.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-1180x618.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout4_edited-1920-960x503.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soaking & Sprouting Times - click on image for larger view. \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the sun goes down on a summer night I stand in my kitchen and pop a sprouted almond into my mouth. Looking out into my yard, sure enough, there is the family of deer relaxing in the grass. I make eye contact with the Mama deer and raise a sprouted almond to her, “this time these are for me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920.jpg\" alt=\"Nut, Seed, Bean, Grain\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1441\" class=\"size-full wp-image-99324\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/08/soaknsprout6_edited-1920-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nut, Seed, Bean, Grain \u003ccite>(Lila Volkas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Resources:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Nourishing-Traditions-Challenges-Politically-Dictocrats/dp/0967089735\" target=\"_blank\">Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats\u003c/a> by Sally Fallon, Mary G. Enig, Ph.D (amazon.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://nutritionstripped.com/guide-to-soaking-and-sprouting/\" target=\"_blank\">Guide to Soaking and Sprouting\u003c/a> (nutritionstripped.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ournourishingroots.com/real-food-101-how-to-soak-sprout-and-dehydrate-nuts-beans-and-seeds/\" target=\"_blank\">REAL FOOD 101: How to Soak, Sprout, and Dehydrate Nuts, Beans, and Seeds\u003c/a> (ournourishingroots.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weedemandreap.com/guide-soaking-sprouting-grains/\" target=\"_blank\">Your Guide To Soaking & Sprouting Whole Grains, Beans, Nuts, & Seeds\u003c/a> (weedemandreap.com)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/99311/an-illustrated-guide-benefits-to-soaking-and-sprouting-legumes-grains-and-seeds","authors":["5404"],"categories":["bayareabites_2695","bayareabites_2638","bayareabites_11028"],"tags":["bayareabites_1931","bayareabites_4051","bayareabites_14706","bayareabites_8523","bayareabites_14592"],"featImg":"bayareabites_99318","label":"source_bayareabites_99311"},"bayareabites_97688":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_97688","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"97688","score":null,"sort":[1436223037000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"do-organic-farmers-need-special-seeds-and-money-to-breed-them","title":"Do Organic Farmers Need Special Seeds And Money To Breed Them?","publishDate":1436223037,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>Rearranging veggie genes is big business, and we're not even talking about biotechnology. Private companies and university researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/890776/aib772_002.pdf\">spend\u003c/a> hundreds of millions of dollars every year breeding better genetic varieties of food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But organic farmers say those programs have a big blind spot when it comes to figuring out which new varieties are truly better. Few companies or researchers test those varieties under organic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first axiom of plant breeding is, you breed for the environment of intended use,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.clifbarfamilyfoundation.org/about-us/friends-in-the-field\">Matthew Dillon\u003c/a>, who founded a group called the Organic Seed Alliance. The problem is, organic fields and conventional fields can be very different environments, thanks to big differences in the ways that farmers deal with weeds and insect pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an organic farmer, Dillon says, the ideal bean variety would be one that's capable of fending for itself in a hostile environment. Perhaps it starts growing quickly enough to get a head start on the weeds, or finds a way to fend off insect pests, or develops a bigger root system to extract nutrients from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those genetic traits, though, would allow it to shine in a typical test plot where weeds are controlled with herbicides, nutrients come from synthetic fertilizer, and farmers fight off insects with standard insecticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As evidence, he points to an \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=usdaarsfacpub\">experiment\u003c/a> at Washington State University, where breeders tested experimental varieties of wheat in both conventional and organic fields. The varieties that did well in conventional fields did not exactly match the top performers in organic fields, although some varieties did perform well in both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dillon founded the Organic Seed Alliance to promote the development of seeds for organic farmers. To be clear, these seeds are different from certified organic seeds which are produced in organic fields, but in most cases were originally created and selected, by plant breeders, in conventional fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dillon organization received some small grants from the Clif Bar Family Foundation, and eventually Clif Bar decided to give this cause a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kit Crawford [the co-founder of Clif Bar] approached me and said, 'Hey, we're recognizing that, if we want to make change in the world of food and farming, we need to start with the seed,' \" Dillon recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dillon went to work for Clif Bar & Company, which uses a lot of organic ingredients, as director of agricultural policy. He's also in charge of a \"Seed Matters\" initiative at the Clif Bar Family Foundation. His new employer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.clifbar.com/newsroom/clif-bar-spearheads-10-million-investment-to-fund-five-endowed-chairs-focused-on-organic-agricultural-research\">has now promised\u003c/a> to fund organic breeding endowments at five universities, at a cost that could reach $10 million. The first $2 million endowment will be established at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Organic Valley, a farmer cooperative based in Wisconsin, matched Clif Bar's contribution to the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/07/bill_custom-2a93afd7bc87bac3b0651d9052b3403c0aae0e23-e1436222642126.jpg\" alt='Bill Tracy, who breeds organic versions of sweet corn in Wisconsin, recently released one called \"Who Gets Kissed.\"' width=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-97690\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Tracy, who breeds organic versions of sweet corn in Wisconsin, recently released one called \"Who Gets Kissed.\" \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristina Hubbard )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few plant breeders at Wisconsin already have been working on seed varieties for organic farmers. \u003ca href=\"http://agronomy.wisc.edu/bill-tracy/\">Bill Tracy\u003c/a>, who breeds new versions of sweet corn, recently released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.highmowingseeds.com/blog/who-gets-kissed-corn/\">new one\u003c/a> called \"Who Gets Kissed.\" Among sweet corn breeders, \"I think I have the only organic seed program,\" Tracy says. Currently about 20 percent of Tracy's breeding program is aimed at organic farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of his new variety refers to an old game that was played in times when people grew corn that was genetically diverse. At corn husking time, a lucky person who found a rare ear of corn with red kernels had the right to kiss anyone that he or she chose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new variety, Tracy says, is particularly good at competing with weeds, and it has good resistance to diseases. It is also an old-style \"open-pollinated\" variety, rather than a hybrid. This means that farmers can use part of their harvest as seed for the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, Tracy says, he's hoping to create sweet corn varieties that are less prone to infestation by insects such as the corn ear worm. Biotech companies have created genetically engineered versions of corn with powerful insect resistance, but organic farmers have rejected the use of GMOs. Tracy hopes to find natural genetic resistance to insects in varieties of corn that grow in tropical regions, and introduce those genetic traits, through cross-pollination, into sweet corn varieties that American consumers like to eat. \"Flavor is most important,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracy doesn't expect to achieve the same almost-total resistance to ear worms as GMOs offer, but \"I'd love to get to 50 percent resistance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeders like Tracy will have the chance to apply for additional funding from the Clif Bar-funded endowment. And he says he's excited about the opportunity. The endowment will produce enough funding at least for an additional graduate student or field technician. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Organic farmers say they need crop varieties that were bred specifically for conditions on their farms. Clif Bar & Company decided to back their cause with up to $10 million in grants.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1436223037,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":816},"headData":{"title":"Do Organic Farmers Need Special Seeds And Money To Breed Them? | KQED","description":"Organic farmers say they need crop varieties that were bred specifically for conditions on their farms. Clif Bar & Company decided to back their cause with up to $10 million in grants.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"97688 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=97688","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/07/06/do-organic-farmers-need-special-seeds-and-money-to-breed-them/","disqusTitle":"Do Organic Farmers Need Special Seeds And Money To Breed Them?","nprByline":"Dan Charles, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\">NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"419238479","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=419238479&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/02/419238479/do-organic-farmers-need-special-seeds-and-money-to-breed-them?ft=nprml&f=419238479","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 02 Jul 2015 15:16:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 02 Jul 2015 15:03:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 02 Jul 2015 15:16:17 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/97688/do-organic-farmers-need-special-seeds-and-money-to-breed-them","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rearranging veggie genes is big business, and we're not even talking about biotechnology. Private companies and university researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/890776/aib772_002.pdf\">spend\u003c/a> hundreds of millions of dollars every year breeding better genetic varieties of food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But organic farmers say those programs have a big blind spot when it comes to figuring out which new varieties are truly better. Few companies or researchers test those varieties under organic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first axiom of plant breeding is, you breed for the environment of intended use,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.clifbarfamilyfoundation.org/about-us/friends-in-the-field\">Matthew Dillon\u003c/a>, who founded a group called the Organic Seed Alliance. The problem is, organic fields and conventional fields can be very different environments, thanks to big differences in the ways that farmers deal with weeds and insect pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an organic farmer, Dillon says, the ideal bean variety would be one that's capable of fending for itself in a hostile environment. Perhaps it starts growing quickly enough to get a head start on the weeds, or finds a way to fend off insect pests, or develops a bigger root system to extract nutrients from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those genetic traits, though, would allow it to shine in a typical test plot where weeds are controlled with herbicides, nutrients come from synthetic fertilizer, and farmers fight off insects with standard insecticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As evidence, he points to an \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=usdaarsfacpub\">experiment\u003c/a> at Washington State University, where breeders tested experimental varieties of wheat in both conventional and organic fields. The varieties that did well in conventional fields did not exactly match the top performers in organic fields, although some varieties did perform well in both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dillon founded the Organic Seed Alliance to promote the development of seeds for organic farmers. To be clear, these seeds are different from certified organic seeds which are produced in organic fields, but in most cases were originally created and selected, by plant breeders, in conventional fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dillon organization received some small grants from the Clif Bar Family Foundation, and eventually Clif Bar decided to give this cause a big boost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kit Crawford [the co-founder of Clif Bar] approached me and said, 'Hey, we're recognizing that, if we want to make change in the world of food and farming, we need to start with the seed,' \" Dillon recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dillon went to work for Clif Bar & Company, which uses a lot of organic ingredients, as director of agricultural policy. He's also in charge of a \"Seed Matters\" initiative at the Clif Bar Family Foundation. His new employer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.clifbar.com/newsroom/clif-bar-spearheads-10-million-investment-to-fund-five-endowed-chairs-focused-on-organic-agricultural-research\">has now promised\u003c/a> to fund organic breeding endowments at five universities, at a cost that could reach $10 million. The first $2 million endowment will be established at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Organic Valley, a farmer cooperative based in Wisconsin, matched Clif Bar's contribution to the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/07/bill_custom-2a93afd7bc87bac3b0651d9052b3403c0aae0e23-e1436222642126.jpg\" alt='Bill Tracy, who breeds organic versions of sweet corn in Wisconsin, recently released one called \"Who Gets Kissed.\"' width=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-97690\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Tracy, who breeds organic versions of sweet corn in Wisconsin, recently released one called \"Who Gets Kissed.\" \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristina Hubbard )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few plant breeders at Wisconsin already have been working on seed varieties for organic farmers. \u003ca href=\"http://agronomy.wisc.edu/bill-tracy/\">Bill Tracy\u003c/a>, who breeds new versions of sweet corn, recently released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.highmowingseeds.com/blog/who-gets-kissed-corn/\">new one\u003c/a> called \"Who Gets Kissed.\" Among sweet corn breeders, \"I think I have the only organic seed program,\" Tracy says. Currently about 20 percent of Tracy's breeding program is aimed at organic farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of his new variety refers to an old game that was played in times when people grew corn that was genetically diverse. At corn husking time, a lucky person who found a rare ear of corn with red kernels had the right to kiss anyone that he or she chose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new variety, Tracy says, is particularly good at competing with weeds, and it has good resistance to diseases. It is also an old-style \"open-pollinated\" variety, rather than a hybrid. This means that farmers can use part of their harvest as seed for the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, Tracy says, he's hoping to create sweet corn varieties that are less prone to infestation by insects such as the corn ear worm. Biotech companies have created genetically engineered versions of corn with powerful insect resistance, but organic farmers have rejected the use of GMOs. Tracy hopes to find natural genetic resistance to insects in varieties of corn that grow in tropical regions, and introduce those genetic traits, through cross-pollination, into sweet corn varieties that American consumers like to eat. \"Flavor is most important,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracy doesn't expect to achieve the same almost-total resistance to ear worms as GMOs offer, but \"I'd love to get to 50 percent resistance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeders like Tracy will have the chance to apply for additional funding from the Clif Bar-funded endowment. And he says he's excited about the opportunity. The endowment will produce enough funding at least for an additional graduate student or field technician. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/97688/do-organic-farmers-need-special-seeds-and-money-to-breed-them","authors":["byline_bayareabites_97688"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_14612","bayareabites_65","bayareabites_14614","bayareabites_14613","bayareabites_8523"],"featImg":"bayareabites_97689","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_94046":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_94046","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"94046","score":null,"sort":[1426708796000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"4-tasty-little-seeds-with-big-nutritional-benefits","title":"4 Tasty Little Seeds with Big Nutritional Benefits","publishDate":1426708796,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920.jpg\" alt=\"Four types of seeds: hemp, sunflower, pumpkin, sesame. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four types of seeds: hemp, sunflower, pumpkin, sesame. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I started tossing seeds on my salads because it reminded me of putting sprinkles on my ice cream. Although eating seeds doesn’t trigger the jolt of joy that chocolate sprinkles do, my grown-up taste buds are delighted by the savory flavors and subtle textures that seeds add to my bowl of greens. My delight factor increased after learning that some of these seeds are jam-packed with nutrients that are often lacking in our diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People forget that seeds are an excellent source of plant-based protein, healthy fat, fiber, vitamins, minerals and disease-fighting phytonutrients,” says Dr. Melina Jampolis, President of the National Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, eating seeds in their raw form is not necessarily more nutritious than eating them roasted or toasted. \"Cooking often helps to release or 'loosen' many food ingredients from their natural matrices such that they become more bioaccessible and bioavailable, explains Dr. Jeffrey Blumberg, Director of the Antioxidants Research Laboratory at Tufts University. \"If you prefer toasted seeds to raw ones, then you will consume more of these healthy foods and ultimately derive more of these nutrients -- and that is a good thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good fats that contribute to the seeds’ rich and nutty flavors also jack up the calorie count, so be mindful of the suggested serving size. I chose to highlight the seeds that I think are tastiest, but these are certainly not the only ones with nutritional benefits. Besides using seeds to spruce up your salads, they make a great addition to soups, stir-fries and your morning cereal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even taste good on ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pumpkin Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920.jpg\" alt=\"Pumpkin Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-800x560.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-1440x1008.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-768x538.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-320x224.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpkin Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also known as pepitas, these little powerhouses are loaded with all sorts of essential minerals such as manganese, phosphorus and potassium. They offer a substantial dose of magnesium: almost 50% of the daily intake recommended for adults. Jampolis says this is important because the majority of Americans don’t get the RDA of magnesium that they need. Maintaining an adequate amount of magnesium in our bodies helps to control blood sugar levels and blood pressure, and build bone density. \u003ca href=\"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/\" target=\"_blank\">Studies\u003c/a> have shown that magnesium may even play a role in preventing migraines. Pumpkin seeds are also rich in tryptophan, an amino acid that our bodies use to make serotonin and melatonin: two hormones that promote relaxation and are key to getting a good night’s sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization recommends eating pumpkin seeds as a good source of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002416.htm\" target=\"_blank\">zinc\u003c/a>, a mineral that plays an important role in cell growth and can boost your immunity. Eating pumpkin seeds \u003ca href=\"http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=82\" target=\"_blank\">along with their shells\u003c/a> may offer the highest amount of zinc, but you’ll still reap benefits if you prefer them without the hulls, as I do. My vote for the tastiest raw organic pumpkin seeds is a naturally hull-less, heirloom varietal grown in Austria and sold by \u003ca href=\"http://cbsnuts.com/wp/hulless-pumpkin-seeds/\" target=\"_blank\">CBs nuts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sunflower Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920.jpeg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920.jpeg\" alt=\"Sunflower Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-400x280.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-800x560.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-1440x1007.jpeg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-1180x825.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-768x537.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-320x224.jpeg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunflower Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also packed with minerals like magnesium and copper, sunflower seeds stand out for being rich in B-complex vitamins that support a healthy metabolism and help form red blood cells. Just one ounce of shelled sunflower seeds also contains two-thirds of the recommended \u003ca href=\"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/\" target=\"_blank\">daily dose of Vitamin E\u003c/a>, a nutrient that supports circulation and acts as an antioxidant, protecting your cells against damaging free radicals, among other \u003ca href=\"http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-e\" target=\"_blank\"> potential benefits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I prefer my seeds shelled, roasted and lightly salted, like those sold by Trader Joe's.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hemp Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920.jpg\" alt=\"Hemp Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-800x560.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-1440x1008.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-768x538.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-320x224.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hemp Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If I had known how nutty and delicious hemp seeds were, I would have started eating them ages ago. Hemp seeds have not been widely available until recently and nutritional research has been scant, likely because of a misleading association with marijuana, it’s psychotropic cousin (hemp and marijuana are different varieties of the same species, Cannabis sativa). \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868018/\" target=\"_blank\">What we do know\u003c/a> about hemp seeds -- other than the fact that they won’t get you high -- is that they are rich in omega-3s and a type of beneficial omega-6 fatty acid called \u003ca href=\"http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/gammalinolenic-acid\" target=\"_blank\">gamma linolenic acid\u003c/a> that’s not found in many foods and may help reduce inflammation (as opposed to some types of omega-6 that can actually promote inflammation). Omega-3s support heart health and brain function, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/omega-3/\" target=\"_blank\">new research\u003c/a> suggests they may offer benefits for people with conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemp seeds are also high in mineral, fiber and protein content, offering almost as much protein per serving as soybeans. Jampolis points out that “unlike many plant-based proteins, hemp seeds are complete protein – meaning that they contain all of the essential amino acids.” If you want to try out a small amount, head to the bulk aisle at your local Whole Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sesame Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201.jpeg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201.jpeg\" alt=\"Sesame Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94079\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-400x280.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-800x560.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-1440x1008.jpeg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-1180x826.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-768x538.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-320x224.jpeg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sesame Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiny but mighty, sesame seeds are loaded with many of the same essential minerals as pepitas, but the real stand out is their copper content. Just two tablespoons provides about 80 percent of our \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002419.htm\" target=\"_blank\">daily copper needs\u003c/a>; a mineral that supports the health of our bones, blood vessels, nerves, immune system and skin. Sesame seeds also contain sesamin and sesamolin; two phytochemicals that belong to a group of beneficial compounds called lignans, which provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Sesamin is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556122\" target=\"_blank\">currently being studied\u003c/a> for its potential in the prevention and treatment of certain types of cancers and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I find that toasting sesame seeds enhances their flavor and fragrance. The seeds come in an array of colors including ivory, yellow, red, brown and black. Mix up a multi-colored batch to create a rainbow sprinkle effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream.jpg\" alt=\"4 Seed Ice Cream. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-400x229.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-800x458.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-768x440.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-320x183.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">4 Seed Ice Cream. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Disclaimer:\u003c/strong> The information provided here is for general education purposes. Consult a medical practitioner for any health concerns.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Small but mighty, seeds like pumpkin, hemp, sunflower, and sesame are loaded with essential minerals, vitamins and disease-fighting nutrients that are often lacking from our diets.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1426809100,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1004},"headData":{"title":"4 Tasty Little Seeds with Big Nutritional Benefits | KQED","description":"Small but mighty, seeds like pumpkin, hemp, sunflower, and sesame are loaded with essential minerals, vitamins and disease-fighting nutrients that are often lacking from our diets.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"94046 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=94046","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/03/18/4-tasty-little-seeds-with-big-nutritional-benefits/","disqusTitle":"4 Tasty Little Seeds with Big Nutritional Benefits","path":"/bayareabites/94046/4-tasty-little-seeds-with-big-nutritional-benefits","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920.jpg\" alt=\"Four types of seeds: hemp, sunflower, pumpkin, sesame. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/seed_feature1920-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four types of seeds: hemp, sunflower, pumpkin, sesame. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I started tossing seeds on my salads because it reminded me of putting sprinkles on my ice cream. Although eating seeds doesn’t trigger the jolt of joy that chocolate sprinkles do, my grown-up taste buds are delighted by the savory flavors and subtle textures that seeds add to my bowl of greens. My delight factor increased after learning that some of these seeds are jam-packed with nutrients that are often lacking in our diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People forget that seeds are an excellent source of plant-based protein, healthy fat, fiber, vitamins, minerals and disease-fighting phytonutrients,” says Dr. Melina Jampolis, President of the National Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, eating seeds in their raw form is not necessarily more nutritious than eating them roasted or toasted. \"Cooking often helps to release or 'loosen' many food ingredients from their natural matrices such that they become more bioaccessible and bioavailable, explains Dr. Jeffrey Blumberg, Director of the Antioxidants Research Laboratory at Tufts University. \"If you prefer toasted seeds to raw ones, then you will consume more of these healthy foods and ultimately derive more of these nutrients -- and that is a good thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good fats that contribute to the seeds’ rich and nutty flavors also jack up the calorie count, so be mindful of the suggested serving size. I chose to highlight the seeds that I think are tastiest, but these are certainly not the only ones with nutritional benefits. Besides using seeds to spruce up your salads, they make a great addition to soups, stir-fries and your morning cereal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even taste good on ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pumpkin Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920.jpg\" alt=\"Pumpkin Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-800x560.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-1440x1008.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-768x538.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/pumpkin1920-320x224.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpkin Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also known as pepitas, these little powerhouses are loaded with all sorts of essential minerals such as manganese, phosphorus and potassium. They offer a substantial dose of magnesium: almost 50% of the daily intake recommended for adults. Jampolis says this is important because the majority of Americans don’t get the RDA of magnesium that they need. Maintaining an adequate amount of magnesium in our bodies helps to control blood sugar levels and blood pressure, and build bone density. \u003ca href=\"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/\" target=\"_blank\">Studies\u003c/a> have shown that magnesium may even play a role in preventing migraines. Pumpkin seeds are also rich in tryptophan, an amino acid that our bodies use to make serotonin and melatonin: two hormones that promote relaxation and are key to getting a good night’s sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization recommends eating pumpkin seeds as a good source of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002416.htm\" target=\"_blank\">zinc\u003c/a>, a mineral that plays an important role in cell growth and can boost your immunity. Eating pumpkin seeds \u003ca href=\"http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=82\" target=\"_blank\">along with their shells\u003c/a> may offer the highest amount of zinc, but you’ll still reap benefits if you prefer them without the hulls, as I do. My vote for the tastiest raw organic pumpkin seeds is a naturally hull-less, heirloom varietal grown in Austria and sold by \u003ca href=\"http://cbsnuts.com/wp/hulless-pumpkin-seeds/\" target=\"_blank\">CBs nuts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sunflower Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920.jpeg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920.jpeg\" alt=\"Sunflower Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1343\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-400x280.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-800x560.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-1440x1007.jpeg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-1180x825.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-768x537.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/sunflower1920-320x224.jpeg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunflower Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also packed with minerals like magnesium and copper, sunflower seeds stand out for being rich in B-complex vitamins that support a healthy metabolism and help form red blood cells. Just one ounce of shelled sunflower seeds also contains two-thirds of the recommended \u003ca href=\"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/\" target=\"_blank\">daily dose of Vitamin E\u003c/a>, a nutrient that supports circulation and acts as an antioxidant, protecting your cells against damaging free radicals, among other \u003ca href=\"http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-e\" target=\"_blank\"> potential benefits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I prefer my seeds shelled, roasted and lightly salted, like those sold by Trader Joe's.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hemp Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920.jpg\" alt=\"Hemp Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-800x560.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-1440x1008.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-768x538.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/hemp1920-320x224.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hemp Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If I had known how nutty and delicious hemp seeds were, I would have started eating them ages ago. Hemp seeds have not been widely available until recently and nutritional research has been scant, likely because of a misleading association with marijuana, it’s psychotropic cousin (hemp and marijuana are different varieties of the same species, Cannabis sativa). \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868018/\" target=\"_blank\">What we do know\u003c/a> about hemp seeds -- other than the fact that they won’t get you high -- is that they are rich in omega-3s and a type of beneficial omega-6 fatty acid called \u003ca href=\"http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/gammalinolenic-acid\" target=\"_blank\">gamma linolenic acid\u003c/a> that’s not found in many foods and may help reduce inflammation (as opposed to some types of omega-6 that can actually promote inflammation). Omega-3s support heart health and brain function, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/omega-3/\" target=\"_blank\">new research\u003c/a> suggests they may offer benefits for people with conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemp seeds are also high in mineral, fiber and protein content, offering almost as much protein per serving as soybeans. Jampolis points out that “unlike many plant-based proteins, hemp seeds are complete protein – meaning that they contain all of the essential amino acids.” If you want to try out a small amount, head to the bulk aisle at your local Whole Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sesame Seeds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201.jpeg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201.jpeg\" alt=\"Sesame Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94079\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-400x280.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-800x560.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-1440x1008.jpeg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-1180x826.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-768x538.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Sesame19201-320x224.jpeg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sesame Seeds. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiny but mighty, sesame seeds are loaded with many of the same essential minerals as pepitas, but the real stand out is their copper content. Just two tablespoons provides about 80 percent of our \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002419.htm\" target=\"_blank\">daily copper needs\u003c/a>; a mineral that supports the health of our bones, blood vessels, nerves, immune system and skin. Sesame seeds also contain sesamin and sesamolin; two phytochemicals that belong to a group of beneficial compounds called lignans, which provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Sesamin is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556122\" target=\"_blank\">currently being studied\u003c/a> for its potential in the prevention and treatment of certain types of cancers and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I find that toasting sesame seeds enhances their flavor and fragrance. The seeds come in an array of colors including ivory, yellow, red, brown and black. Mix up a multi-colored batch to create a rainbow sprinkle effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream.jpg\" alt=\"4 Seed Ice Cream. Photo: Lisa Landers\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" class=\"size-full wp-image-94076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-400x229.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-800x458.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-768x440.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/icecream-320x183.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">4 Seed Ice Cream. Photo: Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Disclaimer:\u003c/strong> The information provided here is for general education purposes. Consult a medical practitioner for any health concerns.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/94046/4-tasty-little-seeds-with-big-nutritional-benefits","authors":["5412"],"categories":["bayareabites_752","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_9310","bayareabites_1511","bayareabites_8523","bayareabites_9567","bayareabites_14221"],"featImg":"bayareabites_94074","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_80640":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_80640","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"80640","score":null,"sort":[1397753242000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds","title":"Plant Breeders Release First 'Open Source Seeds'","publishDate":1397753242,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_80641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 787px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/04/chopped-broccoli_wide-e32de22f95246dcd12135f94daa5dcd89a736783.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/04/chopped-broccoli_wide-e32de22f95246dcd12135f94daa5dcd89a736783.jpg\" alt=\"Backers of the new Open Source Seed Initiative will pass out 29 new varieties of 14 different crops, including broccoli, carrots and kale, on Thursday. Photo: J. Scott Applewhite/AP\" width=\"787\" height=\"443\" class=\"size-full wp-image-80641\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Backers of the new Open Source Seed Initiative will pass out 29 new varieties of 14 different crops, including broccoli, carrots and kale, on Thursday. Photo: J. Scott Applewhite/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/04/17/303772556/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/04/20140417_me_plant_breeders_release_first_open_source_seeds.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/04/17/303772556/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (4/17/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of scientists and food activists is launching a \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22748\">campaign\u003c/a> Thursday to change the rules that govern seeds. They're releasing 29 new varieties of crops under a new \"open source pledge\" that's intended to safeguard the ability of farmers, gardeners and plant breeders to share those seeds freely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's inspired by the example of open source software, which is freely available for anyone to use but cannot legally be converted into anyone's proprietary product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At an event on the campus of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, backers of the new Open Source Seed Initiative will pass out 29 new varieties of 14 different crops, including carrots, kale, broccoli and quinoa. Anyone receiving the seeds must pledge not to restrict their use by means of patents, licenses or any other kind of intellectual property. In fact, any future plant that's derived from these open source seeds also has to remain freely available as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nutrisci.wisc.edu/facultypages/f_goldman.html\">Irwin Goldman\u003c/a>, a vegetable breeder at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, helped organize the campaign. It's an attempt to restore the practice of open sharing that was the rule among plant breeders when he entered the profession more than 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If other breeders asked for our materials, we would send them a packet of seed, and they would do the same for us,\" he says. \"That was a wonderful way to work, and that way of working is no longer with us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, seeds are intellectual property. Some are patented as inventions. You need permission from the patent holder to use them, and you're not supposed to harvest seeds for replanting the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even university breeders operate under these rules. When Goldwin creates a new variety of onions, carrots or table beets, a technology-transfer arm of the university licenses it to seed companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brings in money that helps pay for Goldman's work, but he still doesn't like the consequences of restricting access to plant genes — what he calls germplasm. \"If we don't share germplasm and freely exchange it, then we will limit our ability to improve the crop,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sociologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.drs.wisc.edu/faculty/kloppenburg/index.php\">Jack Kloppenburg\u003c/a>, also at the University of Wisconsin, has been campaigning against seed patents for 30 years. His reasons go beyond \u003cbr>Goldman's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says turning seeds into private property has contributed to the rise of big seed companies that in turn promote ever-bigger, more specialized farms. \"The problem is concentration, and the narrow set of uses to which the technology and the breeding are being put,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kloppenburg says one important goal for this initiative is simply to get people thinking and talking about how seeds are controlled. \"It's to open people's minds,\" he says. \"It's kind of a biological meme, you might say: Free seed! Seed that can be used by anyone!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practical impact of the Open Source Seed Initiative on farmers and gardeners, however, may be limited. Even though anyone can use such seed, most people probably won't be able to find it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies that dominate the seed business probably will keep selling their own proprietary varieties or hybrids. There's more money to be made with those seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most commercial vegetable seeds are hybrids, which come with a kind of built-in security lock; if you replant seed from a hybrid, you won't get exactly the same kind of plant. (For this reason, some seed companies don't bother getting patents on their hybrids.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amseed.org/american-seed-trade-association-elects-john-schoenecker-to-leadership-role/\">John Shoenecker\u003c/a>, director of intellectual property for the seed company HM Clause and the incoming president of the American Seed Trade Association, says his company may avoid using open source seed to breed new commercial varieties \"because then we'd ... have limited potential to recoup the investment.\" That's because the offspring of open source seeds would have to be shared as well, and any other seed company could immediately sell the same variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative is probably more significant for plant breeders, especially at universities. Goldman says he expects many plant breeders at universities to join the open source effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, two small seed companies that specialize in selling to organic farmers — \u003ca href=\"http://www.highmowingseeds.com/\">High Mowing Organic Seeds\u003c/a> in Hardwick, Vt., and \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildgardenseed.com/\">Wild Garden Seed\u003c/a> in Philomath, Ore., are adding some open source seeds to their catalogs this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists and food activists are launching a campaign to promote seeds that can be freely shared, rather than protected through patents and licenses. They call it the Open Source Seed Initiative.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1397753242,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Plant Breeders Release First 'Open Source Seeds' | KQED","description":"Scientists and food activists are launching a campaign to promote seeds that can be freely shared, rather than protected through patents and licenses. They call it the Open Source Seed Initiative.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"80640 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=80640","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/04/17/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds/","disqusTitle":"Plant Breeders Release First 'Open Source Seeds'","nprByline":"Dan Charles","nprStoryId":"303772556","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=303772556&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/04/17/303772556/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds?ft=3&f=303772556","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 17 Apr 2014 10:29:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 17 Apr 2014 03:30:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 17 Apr 2014 10:29:03 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/04/20140417_me_plant_breeders_release_first_open_source_seeds.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&ft=3&f=303772556","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1304041910-91da39.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1053&ft=3&f=303772556","path":"/bayareabites/80640/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/04/20140417_me_plant_breeders_release_first_open_source_seeds.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&ft=3&f=303772556","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_80641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 787px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/04/chopped-broccoli_wide-e32de22f95246dcd12135f94daa5dcd89a736783.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/04/chopped-broccoli_wide-e32de22f95246dcd12135f94daa5dcd89a736783.jpg\" alt=\"Backers of the new Open Source Seed Initiative will pass out 29 new varieties of 14 different crops, including broccoli, carrots and kale, on Thursday. Photo: J. Scott Applewhite/AP\" width=\"787\" height=\"443\" class=\"size-full wp-image-80641\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Backers of the new Open Source Seed Initiative will pass out 29 new varieties of 14 different crops, including broccoli, carrots and kale, on Thursday. Photo: J. Scott Applewhite/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/04/17/303772556/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/04/20140417_me_plant_breeders_release_first_open_source_seeds.mp3","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/04/17/303772556/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (4/17/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of scientists and food activists is launching a \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22748\">campaign\u003c/a> Thursday to change the rules that govern seeds. They're releasing 29 new varieties of crops under a new \"open source pledge\" that's intended to safeguard the ability of farmers, gardeners and plant breeders to share those seeds freely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's inspired by the example of open source software, which is freely available for anyone to use but cannot legally be converted into anyone's proprietary product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At an event on the campus of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, backers of the new Open Source Seed Initiative will pass out 29 new varieties of 14 different crops, including carrots, kale, broccoli and quinoa. Anyone receiving the seeds must pledge not to restrict their use by means of patents, licenses or any other kind of intellectual property. In fact, any future plant that's derived from these open source seeds also has to remain freely available as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nutrisci.wisc.edu/facultypages/f_goldman.html\">Irwin Goldman\u003c/a>, a vegetable breeder at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, helped organize the campaign. It's an attempt to restore the practice of open sharing that was the rule among plant breeders when he entered the profession more than 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If other breeders asked for our materials, we would send them a packet of seed, and they would do the same for us,\" he says. \"That was a wonderful way to work, and that way of working is no longer with us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, seeds are intellectual property. Some are patented as inventions. You need permission from the patent holder to use them, and you're not supposed to harvest seeds for replanting the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even university breeders operate under these rules. When Goldwin creates a new variety of onions, carrots or table beets, a technology-transfer arm of the university licenses it to seed companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brings in money that helps pay for Goldman's work, but he still doesn't like the consequences of restricting access to plant genes — what he calls germplasm. \"If we don't share germplasm and freely exchange it, then we will limit our ability to improve the crop,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sociologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.drs.wisc.edu/faculty/kloppenburg/index.php\">Jack Kloppenburg\u003c/a>, also at the University of Wisconsin, has been campaigning against seed patents for 30 years. His reasons go beyond \u003cbr>Goldman's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says turning seeds into private property has contributed to the rise of big seed companies that in turn promote ever-bigger, more specialized farms. \"The problem is concentration, and the narrow set of uses to which the technology and the breeding are being put,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kloppenburg says one important goal for this initiative is simply to get people thinking and talking about how seeds are controlled. \"It's to open people's minds,\" he says. \"It's kind of a biological meme, you might say: Free seed! Seed that can be used by anyone!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practical impact of the Open Source Seed Initiative on farmers and gardeners, however, may be limited. Even though anyone can use such seed, most people probably won't be able to find it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies that dominate the seed business probably will keep selling their own proprietary varieties or hybrids. There's more money to be made with those seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most commercial vegetable seeds are hybrids, which come with a kind of built-in security lock; if you replant seed from a hybrid, you won't get exactly the same kind of plant. (For this reason, some seed companies don't bother getting patents on their hybrids.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amseed.org/american-seed-trade-association-elects-john-schoenecker-to-leadership-role/\">John Shoenecker\u003c/a>, director of intellectual property for the seed company HM Clause and the incoming president of the American Seed Trade Association, says his company may avoid using open source seed to breed new commercial varieties \"because then we'd ... have limited potential to recoup the investment.\" That's because the offspring of open source seeds would have to be shared as well, and any other seed company could immediately sell the same variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative is probably more significant for plant breeders, especially at universities. Goldman says he expects many plant breeders at universities to join the open source effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, two small seed companies that specialize in selling to organic farmers — \u003ca href=\"http://www.highmowingseeds.com/\">High Mowing Organic Seeds\u003c/a> in Hardwick, Vt., and \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildgardenseed.com/\">Wild Garden Seed\u003c/a> in Philomath, Ore., are adding some open source seeds to their catalogs this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/80640/plant-breeders-release-first-open-source-seeds","authors":["byline_bayareabites_80640"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_2554","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_34","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_11270","bayareabites_13271","bayareabites_13270","bayareabites_8523","bayareabites_10921"],"featImg":"bayareabites_80641","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_76925":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_76925","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"76925","score":null,"sort":[1395335587000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lexicon-of-sustainability-seeds","title":"The Lexicon of Sustainability explores seed banks, seed swaps and the “seed sovereignty” movement","publishDate":1395335587,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"single-video\">\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"403\" src=\"http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365168407\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" seamless>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77107\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/Lexishort11-SEEDS_Roughcut_09.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-77107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/Lexishort11-SEEDS_Roughcut_09-e1390537002203-190x190.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Vandana Shiva\" width=\"190\" height=\"190\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Vandana Shiva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/business/monsanto-victorious-in-genetic-seed-case.html\" target=\"_blank\">agriculture companies control the patents and production of seeds\u003c/a> used by many commercial farmers, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/17/reporters-notes-backyard-seed-banks/\" target=\"_blank\">backyard gardeners\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/13/seed-banking-saving-both-agri-and-culture/\" target=\"_blank\">local seed banks\u003c/a> strive to preserve both the culture and biodiversity of seeds through their own methods. The latest video from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lexiconofsustainability.com/\" target=\"_blank\">The Lexicon of Sustainability\u003c/a>'s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2012/05/15/the-lexicon-of-sustainability-q-a-with-filmmaker-douglas-gayeton/\" target=\"_blank\">Douglas Gayeton\u003c/a> explores seed banks, seed swaps and the work of environmental activist, author and physicist \u003ca href=\"http://seedfreedom.in/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Vandana Shiva\u003c/a>, who explains the \"seed sovereignty\" movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5 Quotes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.westcountyseedbank.blogspot.com\" target=\"_blank\">Sara McCamant of West County Community Seed Exchange\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, Sebastopol, CA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On creating a seed exchange program:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"I have been running large educational garden projects for 25 years in Northern California. A small group of us were looking at what was missing to make a stronger, more resilient local food system in Sonoma County. I had always wanted to do more with seed and create a stronger network of seed savers after organizing yearly seed swaps. We saw the need for local seed as the first link to local resilience and sustainability [and] decided to launch a community seed bank where we would network with other seed savers and start a repository of locally-grown seed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Their big picture goal:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"The original mission of the seed exchange is to create a repository of locally-grown seed, build a network of seed savers and teach seed saving and the importance of local seed in our community. We have since added care for a community seed garden as part of our work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preserving diversity:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"The world of seed has quickly been taken over by large agro-chemical companies like Monsanto and Bayer. We have seen a huge loss of diversity of varieties of what is available in the food world in this consolidation. Seed is the first link of the food system and if that is dominated by large multinational companies, perhaps it is not so good for local resilience. Gardeners and small farmers need to integrate seed saving back into their systems and help build a strong local system to save and preserve varieties -- and also to adapt varieties to local climates.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Community building:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"It's also a great activity to do in community. Someone saving seed alone will just end up with a closet of old seeds, as you end up with thousands of seeds when you save [them]. But if you share and network, someone else can save some and you can save some. And then you can share them. Seed is a great investment; one seed can lead to thousands of seed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Serving as role models:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"There are a few of us who were the original seed libraries/banks, and many of the models have been based on the work that those original groups have done. The West County Community Seed Exchange is unique in that we only offer locally-grown seed. Our commitment is to local seed, while others such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.richmondgrowsseeds.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Richmond Grows\u003c/a> is also focused on seed access to promote people just being able to grow food. So they offer bought seed or donated seed from seed companies. We are also unique in that we are do not have a publicly accessible location like a library. We want to talk to the people who come, share information and hope they will sit in on a class. So we are open once a month [at a local church] for people to check out free seed and offer a class also. The seed garden is also at the church.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/LEX222_SeedSwap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-77051\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/LEX222_SeedSwap.jpg\" alt=\"West County Community Seed Exchange\" width=\"1132\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>All images, artwork and video by Douglas Gayeton\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While agriculture companies control the patents and production of seeds used by farmers, backyard gardeners and local seed banks strive to preserve both the culture and biodiversity of seeds through their own methods. The latest video from The Lexicon of Sustainability's Douglas Gayeton explores seed banks, seed exchanges and the work of environmental activist, author and physicist Dr. Vandana Shiva, who explains the \"seed sovereignty\" movement.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1395505326,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365168407"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":589},"headData":{"title":"The Lexicon of Sustainability explores seed banks, seed swaps and the “seed sovereignty” movement | KQED","description":"While agriculture companies control the patents and production of seeds used by farmers, backyard gardeners and local seed banks strive to preserve both the culture and biodiversity of seeds through their own methods. The latest video from The Lexicon of Sustainability's Douglas Gayeton explores seed banks, seed exchanges and the work of environmental activist, author and physicist Dr. Vandana Shiva, who explains the "seed sovereignty" movement.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"76925 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=76925","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/03/20/lexicon-of-sustainability-seeds/","disqusTitle":"The Lexicon of Sustainability explores seed banks, seed swaps and the “seed sovereignty” movement","path":"/bayareabites/76925/lexicon-of-sustainability-seeds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"single-video\">\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"403\" src=\"http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365168407\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" seamless>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77107\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 190px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/Lexishort11-SEEDS_Roughcut_09.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-77107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/Lexishort11-SEEDS_Roughcut_09-e1390537002203-190x190.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Vandana Shiva\" width=\"190\" height=\"190\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Vandana Shiva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/business/monsanto-victorious-in-genetic-seed-case.html\" target=\"_blank\">agriculture companies control the patents and production of seeds\u003c/a> used by many commercial farmers, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/17/reporters-notes-backyard-seed-banks/\" target=\"_blank\">backyard gardeners\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/13/seed-banking-saving-both-agri-and-culture/\" target=\"_blank\">local seed banks\u003c/a> strive to preserve both the culture and biodiversity of seeds through their own methods. The latest video from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lexiconofsustainability.com/\" target=\"_blank\">The Lexicon of Sustainability\u003c/a>'s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2012/05/15/the-lexicon-of-sustainability-q-a-with-filmmaker-douglas-gayeton/\" target=\"_blank\">Douglas Gayeton\u003c/a> explores seed banks, seed swaps and the work of environmental activist, author and physicist \u003ca href=\"http://seedfreedom.in/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Vandana Shiva\u003c/a>, who explains the \"seed sovereignty\" movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5 Quotes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.westcountyseedbank.blogspot.com\" target=\"_blank\">Sara McCamant of West County Community Seed Exchange\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, Sebastopol, CA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On creating a seed exchange program:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"I have been running large educational garden projects for 25 years in Northern California. A small group of us were looking at what was missing to make a stronger, more resilient local food system in Sonoma County. I had always wanted to do more with seed and create a stronger network of seed savers after organizing yearly seed swaps. We saw the need for local seed as the first link to local resilience and sustainability [and] decided to launch a community seed bank where we would network with other seed savers and start a repository of locally-grown seed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Their big picture goal:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"The original mission of the seed exchange is to create a repository of locally-grown seed, build a network of seed savers and teach seed saving and the importance of local seed in our community. We have since added care for a community seed garden as part of our work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preserving diversity:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"The world of seed has quickly been taken over by large agro-chemical companies like Monsanto and Bayer. We have seen a huge loss of diversity of varieties of what is available in the food world in this consolidation. Seed is the first link of the food system and if that is dominated by large multinational companies, perhaps it is not so good for local resilience. Gardeners and small farmers need to integrate seed saving back into their systems and help build a strong local system to save and preserve varieties -- and also to adapt varieties to local climates.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Community building:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"It's also a great activity to do in community. Someone saving seed alone will just end up with a closet of old seeds, as you end up with thousands of seeds when you save [them]. But if you share and network, someone else can save some and you can save some. And then you can share them. Seed is a great investment; one seed can lead to thousands of seed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Serving as role models:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\"There are a few of us who were the original seed libraries/banks, and many of the models have been based on the work that those original groups have done. The West County Community Seed Exchange is unique in that we only offer locally-grown seed. Our commitment is to local seed, while others such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.richmondgrowsseeds.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Richmond Grows\u003c/a> is also focused on seed access to promote people just being able to grow food. So they offer bought seed or donated seed from seed companies. We are also unique in that we are do not have a publicly accessible location like a library. We want to talk to the people who come, share information and hope they will sit in on a class. So we are open once a month [at a local church] for people to check out free seed and offer a class also. The seed garden is also at the church.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/LEX222_SeedSwap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-77051\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/01/LEX222_SeedSwap.jpg\" alt=\"West County Community Seed Exchange\" width=\"1132\" height=\"768\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>All images, artwork and video by Douglas Gayeton\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/76925/lexicon-of-sustainability-seeds","authors":["2100"],"categories":["bayareabites_109","bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_2554","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_60","bayareabites_1593","bayareabites_316"],"tags":["bayareabites_12979","bayareabites_12925","bayareabites_12981","bayareabites_10251","bayareabites_12978","bayareabites_12982","bayareabites_8523","bayareabites_13183","bayareabites_12980"],"featImg":"bayareabites_79304","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_68281":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_68281","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"68281","score":null,"sort":[1376585822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-a-seed-saver-discovered-one-of-our-favorite-tomatoes","title":"How a Seed Saver Discovered One of Our Favorite Tomatoes","publishDate":1376585822,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68288\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-full.jpg\" alt=\"A Cherokee purple tomato grown in Alaska in 2011. Photo: Sherry Shiesl/Tatiana's TOMATObase\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cherokee purple tomato grown in Alaska in 2011. Photo: Sherry Shiesl/Tatiana's TOMATObase\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Eliza Barclay, The Salt at NPR Food (8/14/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for those of us who are suckers for novelty, every year fruits and vegetables seem to come in more bewitching colors, shapes and flavors. Lately, we've been tickled by the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/08/06/the-cotton-candy-grape-a-sweet-spin-on-designer-fruit/\">cotton candy grape\u003c/a> and the vibrant orange \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/12/156683097/an-eggplant-of-a-different-color-can-be-just-as-sweet\">Turkish eggplant\u003c/a>. (Egg yolks can be ghostly white, too, but that's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/12/201501977/help-my-egg-yolks-are-freakishly-white\">another story\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go to the farmers market this time of year, tomatoes are strutting their stuff in all sorts of glorious and quirky hues: green striped, white, pink, even purplish-brown. They boast intriguing names, like Mortgage Lifter, \u003ca href=\"http://bonnieplants.com/products/arkansas-traveler-heirloom-tomato\">Arkansas Traveler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.rareseeds.com/pink-berkeley-tie-dye-tomato/\">Pink Berkeley Tie Dye\u003c/a>. Some are true heirlooms, passed down over decades or centuries. Others are brand new to the world, the progeny of the latest cross-breeding experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We got to wondering just who, besides farmers, is to thank for this expanding panoply. And we learned that while there are many professional breeders tinkering with the desirable traits that show up in the new varieties, amateur breeders — passionate seed savers and collectors — also play a vital role in discovering fruit and vegetable varieties guarded and nurtured by families over generations. Every now and then, these amateurs convince seed companies that the rest of the world will want to enjoy something they've discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nctomatoman.weebly.com/\">Craig LeHoullier\u003c/a>, a retired chemist from Raleigh, N.C., can take credit for introducing us to the Cherokee Purple tomato, one of the most popular heirlooms grown and sold today. You'd be forgiven if your first impression of this fruit, with its ungainly bulges and tones of brown, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/06/28/155917345/how-the-taste-of-tomatoes-went-bad-and-kept-on-going\">green\u003c/a> and purple, was dismissive. But its flavor consistently knocks socks off, with its balance of sweet, acid and savory — even a hint of smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeHoullier is — it's fair to say — obsessed with tomatoes and their stories. With more than 3,000 varieties, he has one of the largest personal tomato collections in the country. In his small yard at his home in the Raleigh suburbs, he can grow only 200 plants, so each year he must pore over the collection to decide what makes the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An avid gardener for much of his life, LeHoullier, 57, joined the Seed Savers Exchange in 1986 and began connecting with other gardeners and seed savers to trade tips and favorite varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, LeHoullier had built a reputation as a tomato connoisseur, joining a small group of other hard-core tomato seed savers committed to reviving heirlooms. (Heirlooms are much \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seedsavers.org/open-pollinated-heirloom-and-hybrid-seeds/\">friendlier to seed saving\u003c/a> than the ubiquitous red hybrid tomatoes that dominate the commercial market.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day in 1990, a packet of tomato seeds arrived in LeHoullier's mail with a \u003ca href=\"http://nctomatoman.topcities.com/Reference/CherokeePurple.jpg\">handwritten note\u003c/a>. The sender was John Green of Sevierville, Tenn., who wrote that the seeds came from very good tomatoes he'd gotten from a woman who received them from her neighbors. The neighbors said that the varietal had been in their family for 100 years, and that the seeds were originally received from Cherokee Indians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a question of being in the right place at the right time,\" says LeHoullier, who's now working on a book on heirloom tomatoes. \"Green had the forethought to send them to me, hoping that I would love them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His hunch was correct, and LeHoullier was so impressed with the tomatoes the color of a \"bad leg bruise\" that he named them Cherokee Purple and sent his friends at a few seed companies some seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If Craig hadn't said, 'This tomato is really amazing,' I doubt we would have tried it,\" says Ira Wallace, who coordinates the variety selection for Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, a cooperative seed company that's helped to promote and disseminate many heirloom varieties. \"It was an ugly tomato, and before all these heirlooms came along, all we knew were red and yellow tomatoes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.johnnyseeds.com/t-Message.aspx\">Rob Johnston\u003c/a> is the founder and CEO of Johnny's Selected Seeds, another company that got the Cherokee Purple from LeHoullier and now does good business from the seed. Johnston says it's rare that an amateur seed saver discovers a variety that becomes commercially popular, but it's more likely for tomatoes than, say, carrots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tomatoes are always a favorite of seed savers because they're easy to save,\" says Johnston. \"And tomato seeds have long viability, so they might sit in a glass jar in somebody's pantry for many years before someone discovers it and decides to keep growing it.\" But those purple carrots you might spy at the market? That's the work of professional breeders, says Johnston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68289\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-2.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Brunetti, a horticulturalist with Smithsonian Gardens, prunes Cherokee Purple tomato vines at the American Museum of Natural History Victory Garden. Photo: Eliza Barclay/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68289\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Brunetti, a horticulturalist with Smithsonian Gardens, prunes Cherokee Purple tomato vines at the American Museum of Natural History Victory Garden. Photo: Eliza Barclay/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As for the family lore that often accompanies heirloom seeds like the Cherokee Purple? Its accuracy is always hard to judge, says LeHoullier. \"It's one of the more fascinating and frustrating aspects of pursuing heirlooms. For the vast majority we have a tantalizing taste of history, but there are always more questions to ask,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Cherokee legend, Joe Brunetti, a horticulturalist with Smithsonian Gardens who manages the \u003ca href=\"http://gardens.si.edu/our-gardens/victory-garden.html\">Victory Garden\u003c/a> at the National Museum of American History, says it's quite conceivable that the Cherokees were growing tomatoes in Tennessee over 100 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We grow the Cherokee Purple in the Victory Garden because it tolerates the humidity and diseases here better than the other dark tomatoes,\" says Brunetti. \"That makes sense if it comes from the Tennessee River Valley originally, which is also humid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And seed savers say discoveries like the Cherokee Purple help preserve not just \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Preservation/Genetic-Resources-Preservation/\">genetic diversity\u003c/a> but also history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The stories themselves offer a snapshot of a time and place and region — they're a real wealth of cultural history,\" says Sara Straate, who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Preservation/Collection-Origins-Research-Effort/\">a project\u003c/a> to document the stories behind the seeds in the collection of the Seed Savers Exchange. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"At the farmers market this time of year, tomatoes are strutting their stuff in all sorts of glorious and quirky colors: green striped, white, pink, purplish-brown. Consumers have seed savers and amateur breeders to thank for discovering and sharing some of these heirloom varieties, like the Cherokee Purple.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1376585822,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1018},"headData":{"title":"How a Seed Saver Discovered One of Our Favorite Tomatoes | KQED","description":"At the farmers market this time of year, tomatoes are strutting their stuff in all sorts of glorious and quirky colors: green striped, white, pink, purplish-brown. Consumers have seed savers and amateur breeders to thank for discovering and sharing some of these heirloom varieties, like the Cherokee Purple.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68281 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=68281","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/08/15/how-a-seed-saver-discovered-one-of-our-favorite-tomatoes/","disqusTitle":"How a Seed Saver Discovered One of Our Favorite Tomatoes","nprByline":"Eliza Barclay","nprStoryId":"211372152","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=211372152&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/12/211372152/how-a-seed-saver-discovered-one-of-our-favorite-tomatoes?ft=3&f=211372152","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 14 Aug 2013 16:36:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 14 Aug 2013 12:31:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 14 Aug 2013 16:36:16 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/68281/how-a-seed-saver-discovered-one-of-our-favorite-tomatoes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68288\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-full.jpg\" alt=\"A Cherokee purple tomato grown in Alaska in 2011. Photo: Sherry Shiesl/Tatiana's TOMATObase\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cherokee purple tomato grown in Alaska in 2011. Photo: Sherry Shiesl/Tatiana's TOMATObase\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Eliza Barclay, The Salt at NPR Food (8/14/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for those of us who are suckers for novelty, every year fruits and vegetables seem to come in more bewitching colors, shapes and flavors. Lately, we've been tickled by the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/08/06/the-cotton-candy-grape-a-sweet-spin-on-designer-fruit/\">cotton candy grape\u003c/a> and the vibrant orange \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/12/156683097/an-eggplant-of-a-different-color-can-be-just-as-sweet\">Turkish eggplant\u003c/a>. (Egg yolks can be ghostly white, too, but that's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/12/201501977/help-my-egg-yolks-are-freakishly-white\">another story\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go to the farmers market this time of year, tomatoes are strutting their stuff in all sorts of glorious and quirky hues: green striped, white, pink, even purplish-brown. They boast intriguing names, like Mortgage Lifter, \u003ca href=\"http://bonnieplants.com/products/arkansas-traveler-heirloom-tomato\">Arkansas Traveler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.rareseeds.com/pink-berkeley-tie-dye-tomato/\">Pink Berkeley Tie Dye\u003c/a>. Some are true heirlooms, passed down over decades or centuries. Others are brand new to the world, the progeny of the latest cross-breeding experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We got to wondering just who, besides farmers, is to thank for this expanding panoply. And we learned that while there are many professional breeders tinkering with the desirable traits that show up in the new varieties, amateur breeders — passionate seed savers and collectors — also play a vital role in discovering fruit and vegetable varieties guarded and nurtured by families over generations. Every now and then, these amateurs convince seed companies that the rest of the world will want to enjoy something they've discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nctomatoman.weebly.com/\">Craig LeHoullier\u003c/a>, a retired chemist from Raleigh, N.C., can take credit for introducing us to the Cherokee Purple tomato, one of the most popular heirlooms grown and sold today. You'd be forgiven if your first impression of this fruit, with its ungainly bulges and tones of brown, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/06/28/155917345/how-the-taste-of-tomatoes-went-bad-and-kept-on-going\">green\u003c/a> and purple, was dismissive. But its flavor consistently knocks socks off, with its balance of sweet, acid and savory — even a hint of smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeHoullier is — it's fair to say — obsessed with tomatoes and their stories. With more than 3,000 varieties, he has one of the largest personal tomato collections in the country. In his small yard at his home in the Raleigh suburbs, he can grow only 200 plants, so each year he must pore over the collection to decide what makes the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An avid gardener for much of his life, LeHoullier, 57, joined the Seed Savers Exchange in 1986 and began connecting with other gardeners and seed savers to trade tips and favorite varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, LeHoullier had built a reputation as a tomato connoisseur, joining a small group of other hard-core tomato seed savers committed to reviving heirlooms. (Heirlooms are much \u003ca href=\"http://blog.seedsavers.org/open-pollinated-heirloom-and-hybrid-seeds/\">friendlier to seed saving\u003c/a> than the ubiquitous red hybrid tomatoes that dominate the commercial market.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day in 1990, a packet of tomato seeds arrived in LeHoullier's mail with a \u003ca href=\"http://nctomatoman.topcities.com/Reference/CherokeePurple.jpg\">handwritten note\u003c/a>. The sender was John Green of Sevierville, Tenn., who wrote that the seeds came from very good tomatoes he'd gotten from a woman who received them from her neighbors. The neighbors said that the varietal had been in their family for 100 years, and that the seeds were originally received from Cherokee Indians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a question of being in the right place at the right time,\" says LeHoullier, who's now working on a book on heirloom tomatoes. \"Green had the forethought to send them to me, hoping that I would love them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His hunch was correct, and LeHoullier was so impressed with the tomatoes the color of a \"bad leg bruise\" that he named them Cherokee Purple and sent his friends at a few seed companies some seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If Craig hadn't said, 'This tomato is really amazing,' I doubt we would have tried it,\" says Ira Wallace, who coordinates the variety selection for Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, a cooperative seed company that's helped to promote and disseminate many heirloom varieties. \"It was an ugly tomato, and before all these heirlooms came along, all we knew were red and yellow tomatoes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.johnnyseeds.com/t-Message.aspx\">Rob Johnston\u003c/a> is the founder and CEO of Johnny's Selected Seeds, another company that got the Cherokee Purple from LeHoullier and now does good business from the seed. Johnston says it's rare that an amateur seed saver discovers a variety that becomes commercially popular, but it's more likely for tomatoes than, say, carrots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tomatoes are always a favorite of seed savers because they're easy to save,\" says Johnston. \"And tomato seeds have long viability, so they might sit in a glass jar in somebody's pantry for many years before someone discovers it and decides to keep growing it.\" But those purple carrots you might spy at the market? That's the work of professional breeders, says Johnston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68289\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/tomatoes-2.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Brunetti, a horticulturalist with Smithsonian Gardens, prunes Cherokee Purple tomato vines at the American Museum of Natural History Victory Garden. Photo: Eliza Barclay/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68289\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Brunetti, a horticulturalist with Smithsonian Gardens, prunes Cherokee Purple tomato vines at the American Museum of Natural History Victory Garden. Photo: Eliza Barclay/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As for the family lore that often accompanies heirloom seeds like the Cherokee Purple? Its accuracy is always hard to judge, says LeHoullier. \"It's one of the more fascinating and frustrating aspects of pursuing heirlooms. For the vast majority we have a tantalizing taste of history, but there are always more questions to ask,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Cherokee legend, Joe Brunetti, a horticulturalist with Smithsonian Gardens who manages the \u003ca href=\"http://gardens.si.edu/our-gardens/victory-garden.html\">Victory Garden\u003c/a> at the National Museum of American History, says it's quite conceivable that the Cherokees were growing tomatoes in Tennessee over 100 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We grow the Cherokee Purple in the Victory Garden because it tolerates the humidity and diseases here better than the other dark tomatoes,\" says Brunetti. \"That makes sense if it comes from the Tennessee River Valley originally, which is also humid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And seed savers say discoveries like the Cherokee Purple help preserve not just \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Preservation/Genetic-Resources-Preservation/\">genetic diversity\u003c/a> but also history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The stories themselves offer a snapshot of a time and place and region — they're a real wealth of cultural history,\" says Sara Straate, who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Preservation/Collection-Origins-Research-Effort/\">a project\u003c/a> to document the stories behind the seeds in the collection of the Seed Savers Exchange. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/68281/how-a-seed-saver-discovered-one-of-our-favorite-tomatoes","authors":["byline_bayareabites_68281"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_2554","bayareabites_10916"],"tags":["bayareabites_12223","bayareabites_9711","bayareabites_12224","bayareabites_8523","bayareabites_453"],"featImg":"bayareabites_68287","label":"bayareabites"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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