Diet Hit A Snag? Your Gut Bacteria May Be Partly To Blame
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Your Gut Bacteria May Be Partly To Blame","publishDate":1533584460,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/08/20180806_me_diet_hit_a_snag_your_gut_bacteria_may_be_partly_to_blame.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever been on a diet but didn't hit your goal weight? Your gut bacteria may be part of the explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research suggests the mix of microbes in our guts can either help — or hinder — weight-loss efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We started with the premise that people have different microbial makeups, and this could influence how well they do with dieting,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/kashyap-purna-c-m-b-b-s/bio-00092735\">Purna Kashyap\u003c/a>, a gastroenterologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, Kashyap and his collaborators tracked the progress of people who were enrolled in a lifestyle-intervention program for weight loss. The participants were advised to follow a low-calorie diet, and they were tracked closely for about three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that people who lost at least 5 percent of their body weight had a different gut bacteria as compared to those who did not lose 5 percent of their body weight,\" Kashyap explains. Their findings are \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(18)30148-4/abstract\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Mayo Clinic Proceedings\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful dieters had an increased abundance of a bacteria called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5585883/\">Phascolarctobacterium\u003c/a>, whereas another bacteria,\u003cem> Dialister\u003c/em>, was associated with a failure to lose the weight. And, Kashyap says it's likely that there are other types of bacteria that might influence dieting as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how might bacteria influence weight loss? It turns out we can get a significant number of calories from our microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it works: Consider what happens when you eat an apple. You digest most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there's a certain part of the apple we can't absorb,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/martin-j-blaser\">Martin Blaser\u003c/a>, a professor in the Department of Microbiology at NYU Langone Medical Center. \"We don't have the right enzymes to digest every bit of [the apple], but our bacteria can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it this way: The bacteria eat what we can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they produce byproducts that we can digest. So these byproducts become another source of calories for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study suggests that certain bacteria — or mix of bacteria — may be more efficient at creating \"extra\" calories for us to digest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Somewhere between 5 to 15 percent of all our calories come from that kind of digestion, where the microbes are providing energy for us, that we couldn't [otherwise] get,\" Blaser explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This calorie boost could be beneficial if food were scarce. \"If times were bad, if we were starving, we'd really welcome it,\" Blaser says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at a time when many people want to lose weight, these extra calories may be an unwanted gift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study was small — just 26 participants. Now, researchers want to conduct a larger, follow-up study, including dieters from different geographic regions, to see if they can reproduce the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If two studies show the same thing, then we're on more solid ground,\" Blaser says. He was not involved in the research, but agreed to review the findings for NPR. For now, he says these findings are intriguing, but preliminary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, if the results hold up in a larger group, it could lead to more tailored dieting approaches. \"What we would hope to do is to be able to individualize care for people,\" Kashyap says. \"And we'd also try to develop new probiotics, which we could use to change the microbial makeup.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probiotics that are currently on the market would not be effective. The idea is to develop a new product that includes the specific types of bacteria linked to successful dieting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's not so simple to manipulate the mix of microbes in our guts. Identifying the organism — or organisms — that are thought to be beneficial is just the first step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the organisms would need to be cultivated and mass-produced in order to create a new probiotic. \"Some bacteria are difficult to work with,\" so it could be challenging, says Blaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if it's possible to produce a probiotic for dieters based on this research, \"it's at least some years off,\" Blaser says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Diet+Hit+A+Snag%3F+Your+Gut+Bacteria+May+Be+Partly+To+Blame&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are learning more about how our gut microbes may influence dieting. A small new study finds successful dieters have a different mix of bacteria than less-successful dieters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1533584460,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"Diet Hit A Snag? Your Gut Bacteria May Be Partly To Blame | KQED","description":"Scientists are learning more about how our gut microbes may influence dieting. A small new study finds successful dieters have a different mix of bacteria than less-successful dieters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"130027 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=130027","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2018/08/06/diet-hit-a-snag-your-gut-bacteria-may-be-partly-to-blame/","disqusTitle":"Diet Hit A Snag? Your Gut Bacteria May Be Partly To Blame","nprImageCredit":"sorbetto","nprByline":"Allison Aubrey, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/2018/08/06/635904259/morning-edition-for-august-6-2018\">Morning Edition\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"635362706","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=635362706&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/06/635362706/diet-hit-a-snag-your-gut-bacteria-may-be-partly-to-blame?ft=nprml&f=635362706","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 06 Aug 2018 10:33:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 06 Aug 2018 04:58:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 06 Aug 2018 10:33:51 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/08/20180806_me_diet_hit_a_snag_your_gut_bacteria_may_be_partly_to_blame.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=174&p=3&story=635362706&ft=nprml&f=635362706","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1635907993-cb4d87.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=174&p=3&story=635362706&ft=nprml&f=635362706","audioTrackLength":174,"path":"/bayareabites/130027/diet-hit-a-snag-your-gut-bacteria-may-be-partly-to-blame","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/08/20180806_me_diet_hit_a_snag_your_gut_bacteria_may_be_partly_to_blame.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=174&p=3&story=635362706&ft=nprml&f=635362706","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"nprOneAudioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/08/20180806_me_diet_hit_a_snag_your_gut_bacteria_may_be_partly_to_blame.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever been on a diet but didn't hit your goal weight? Your gut bacteria may be part of the explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research suggests the mix of microbes in our guts can either help — or hinder — weight-loss efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We started with the premise that people have different microbial makeups, and this could influence how well they do with dieting,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/kashyap-purna-c-m-b-b-s/bio-00092735\">Purna Kashyap\u003c/a>, a gastroenterologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, Kashyap and his collaborators tracked the progress of people who were enrolled in a lifestyle-intervention program for weight loss. The participants were advised to follow a low-calorie diet, and they were tracked closely for about three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that people who lost at least 5 percent of their body weight had a different gut bacteria as compared to those who did not lose 5 percent of their body weight,\" Kashyap explains. Their findings are \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(18)30148-4/abstract\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Mayo Clinic Proceedings\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful dieters had an increased abundance of a bacteria called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5585883/\">Phascolarctobacterium\u003c/a>, whereas another bacteria,\u003cem> Dialister\u003c/em>, was associated with a failure to lose the weight. And, Kashyap says it's likely that there are other types of bacteria that might influence dieting as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how might bacteria influence weight loss? It turns out we can get a significant number of calories from our microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it works: Consider what happens when you eat an apple. You digest most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there's a certain part of the apple we can't absorb,\" explains \u003ca href=\"https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/martin-j-blaser\">Martin Blaser\u003c/a>, a professor in the Department of Microbiology at NYU Langone Medical Center. \"We don't have the right enzymes to digest every bit of [the apple], but our bacteria can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it this way: The bacteria eat what we can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, in the process, they produce byproducts that we can digest. So these byproducts become another source of calories for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study suggests that certain bacteria — or mix of bacteria — may be more efficient at creating \"extra\" calories for us to digest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Somewhere between 5 to 15 percent of all our calories come from that kind of digestion, where the microbes are providing energy for us, that we couldn't [otherwise] get,\" Blaser explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This calorie boost could be beneficial if food were scarce. \"If times were bad, if we were starving, we'd really welcome it,\" Blaser says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at a time when many people want to lose weight, these extra calories may be an unwanted gift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study was small — just 26 participants. Now, researchers want to conduct a larger, follow-up study, including dieters from different geographic regions, to see if they can reproduce the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If two studies show the same thing, then we're on more solid ground,\" Blaser says. He was not involved in the research, but agreed to review the findings for NPR. For now, he says these findings are intriguing, but preliminary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, if the results hold up in a larger group, it could lead to more tailored dieting approaches. \"What we would hope to do is to be able to individualize care for people,\" Kashyap says. \"And we'd also try to develop new probiotics, which we could use to change the microbial makeup.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probiotics that are currently on the market would not be effective. The idea is to develop a new product that includes the specific types of bacteria linked to successful dieting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's not so simple to manipulate the mix of microbes in our guts. Identifying the organism — or organisms — that are thought to be beneficial is just the first step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the organisms would need to be cultivated and mass-produced in order to create a new probiotic. \"Some bacteria are difficult to work with,\" so it could be challenging, says Blaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if it's possible to produce a probiotic for dieters based on this research, \"it's at least some years off,\" Blaser says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Diet+Hit+A+Snag%3F+Your+Gut+Bacteria+May+Be+Partly+To+Blame&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/130027/diet-hit-a-snag-your-gut-bacteria-may-be-partly-to-blame","authors":["byline_bayareabites_130027"],"categories":["bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_663","bayareabites_12708"],"featImg":"bayareabites_130028","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_98010":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_98010","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"98010","score":null,"sort":[1436891762000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"prozac-in-the-yogurt-aisle-can-good-bacteria-chill-us-out","title":"Prozac In The Yogurt Aisle: Can 'Good' Bacteria Chill Us Out?","publishDate":1436891762,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Morning Edition:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/07/20150714_me_prozac_in_the_yogurt_aisle_can_good_bacteria_chill_us_out.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that fermented foods — including yogurt and kefir — are good for us goes way back. But could the benefits of \"good bacteria\" extend beyond our guts to our brains?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobel prize-winning scientist Elie Metchnikoff (also known as Ilya Ilich Mechnikov) first observed a connection between fermented milk and longevity among Bulgarian peasants more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Metchnikoff is regarded by many as the father of probiotics,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://theafricainstitute.uwo.ca/about/affiliated_faculty/gregor_reid.html\">Gregor Reid\u003c/a> of the University of Western Ontario, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/biblio/ressources/histoire/textes_integraux/metchnikoff/formatexmetabio2007anukam.pdf\">published\u003c/a> a look back at Metchnikoff's contributions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metchnikoff came up with \"the scientific rationale for the use of live microbes in the prevention and treatment of infections,\" according to Reid. And back in 1907, he says, Metchnikoff hypothesized that replacing or diminishing the number of bad bacteria in the gut with lactic acid bacteria — like the kind found in yogurt and kefir — \"could normalize bowel health and prolong life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Metchnikoff's ideas were ignored for decades. Reid says after the discovery of penicillin, science focused on the use of antibiotics to kill off harmful bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's only recently, Reid says, that the importance of beneficial bacteria has come into the limelight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_98016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/07/elie_metchnikoff.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/07/elie_metchnikoff.jpg\" alt=\"More than a century ago, Élie Metchnikoff, a Nobel prize-winning microbiologist, hypothesized that lactic acid bacteria — like the kind found in our yogurt — was important to gut health and longevity.\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" class=\"size-full wp-image-98016\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century ago, Élie Metchnikoff, a Nobel prize-winning microbiologist, hypothesized that lactic acid bacteria — like the kind found in our yogurt — was important to gut health and longevity. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elie_Metchnikoff_-_Between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915_-_LOC.jpg\">via Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bacteria used to be the thing we had to eradicate,\" Reid says. But people are now realizing that many kinds of bacteria provide a benefit. \"So it's a paradigm shift, a massive shift in our thinking,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This shift has led to an explosive growth in research. Scientists have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/04/21/400393756/how-modern-life-depletes-our-gut-microbes\">documented\u003c/a> that beneficial microorganisms play a critical role in how our bodies function. And along the way, it's become clear that the influence goes beyond the gut. Scientists have documented that the mix of bacteria that populate our gut influence our susceptibility to — or our immunity against — allergies, eczema and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150623/ncomms8320/full/ncomms8320.html\">asthma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers are turning their attention to our emotional health. It turns out that there's a lot of communication between our guts and our brains. Scientists studying this refer to this as the gut-brain axis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gut-brain-axis is the collective communication pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain,\" explains \u003ca href=\"http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/C003/jcryan\">John Cryan\u003c/a>, a professor of anatomy and neuroscience at University College Cork in Ireland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the information travels along the vagus nerve, which extends from our guts to our brains. Cryan says the idea that the two regions are so interconnected should not be a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Think of phrases in our everyday language,\" Cryan says. We have \"gut instincts\" and \"gut feelings,\" he notes — or if we're brave, then we're \"gutsy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We refer to butterflies in our tummy if we're feeling a bit anxious. So we portray a raft of human emotions directly in our gut,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years back, Cryan and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cryan+PNAS+2011+lactobacillus\">published \u003c/a>the findings of a simple experiment. They took a strain of lactobacillus — known as \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/acidophilus/background/hrb-20058615\">Lactobacillus rhamnosus\u003c/a>\u003c/em> — that's one of the most commonly used probiotics, or beneficial microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They fed it to one group of mice every day for a month, and they looked to see if the rodents' behavior changed. The results, Cryan says, were striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found was that the animals that were fed the lactobacillus — compared to those that were just fed a regular broth — were a lot less anxious. And they behaved almost as if they were on Valium or Prozac,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other labs doing similar animal experiments have also shown that probiotics can influence their emotional state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of course, mice are not people. For starters, their emotional lives are much less complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have begun to explore whether this effect may be seen in humans. To date, there have been a handful of small studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, a recent study \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=steenbergen++probiotics+leiden\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Brain, Behavior, and Immunity\u003c/em>. Researchers at Leiden University in The Netherlands recruited 40 healthy volunteers. (The study was funded in part by a probiotics manufacturer, but the company had no say in its design or execution.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And out of those 40 people, we made two groups,\" explains Laura Steenbergen, a neuroscience researcher who worked on the study. Twenty people took a probiotic containing a mix of eight strains of bacteria for one month. The other 20 volunteers got a placebo that looked exactly the same. So no one in the study knew what they were getting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to assess their vulnerability to sad moods, all 40 participants filled out questionnaires at the beginning and end of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were asked to rate on a scale how strongly they agreed with a host of statements, like this one: \"When I'm in a sad mood, I think how my life could be different.\" Or \"when I'm down, I more often feel overwhelmed by things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one month, what Steenbergen and her colleagues found is that the participants taking the probiotics answered these questions significantly differently than they had at the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was different is that they reported less aggressive thoughts and less ruminative thoughts,\" Steenbergen told us by phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, bottom line, they were a little more chill? \"Yes, it means they were less reactive to negative thoughts and feelings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how much weight to give studies like these. Asking people to report how they're feeling is a tricky business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And scientists say it's still early days for this line of research, so we should be cautious in interpreting the findings. Especially since the effects of probiotics can be subtle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to make sure the science proves the concept,\" Gregor Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, I ask, there's not likely to be a probiotic that has the strength of Prozac in the yogurt aisle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So far, no one has come out with magical strains saying this improves brain function,\" Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as this body of evidence builds, scientists including Reid say \"beneficial bacteria\" are finally getting the attention they deserve. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In recent years, a body of research has shown that beneficial microbes play a critical role in how our bodies work. And it turns out there's a lot of communication between our gut and our brain.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1436891762,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1058},"headData":{"title":"Prozac In The Yogurt Aisle: Can 'Good' Bacteria Chill Us Out? | KQED","description":"In recent years, a body of research has shown that beneficial microbes play a critical role in how our bodies work. And it turns out there's a lot of communication between our gut and our brain.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"98010 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=98010","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/07/14/prozac-in-the-yogurt-aisle-can-good-bacteria-chill-us-out/","disqusTitle":"Prozac In The Yogurt Aisle: Can 'Good' Bacteria Chill Us Out?","nprByline":"Allison Aubrey, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\">NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"422623067","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=422623067&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/14/422623067/prozac-in-the-yogurt-aisle-can-good-bacteria-chill-us-out?ft=nprml&f=422623067","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 14 Jul 2015 11:25:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 14 Jul 2015 03:42:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 14 Jul 2015 05:22:56 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/07/20150714_me_prozac_in_the_yogurt_aisle_can_good_bacteria_chill_us_out.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=345&p=3&story=422623067&t=progseg&e=422799162&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=422623067","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1422800679-054c67.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=345&p=3&story=422623067&t=progseg&e=422799162&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=422623067","path":"/bayareabites/98010/prozac-in-the-yogurt-aisle-can-good-bacteria-chill-us-out","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/07/20150714_me_prozac_in_the_yogurt_aisle_can_good_bacteria_chill_us_out.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&d=345&p=3&story=422623067&t=progseg&e=422799162&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=422623067","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Morning Edition:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2015/07/20150714_me_prozac_in_the_yogurt_aisle_can_good_bacteria_chill_us_out.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that fermented foods — including yogurt and kefir — are good for us goes way back. But could the benefits of \"good bacteria\" extend beyond our guts to our brains?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobel prize-winning scientist Elie Metchnikoff (also known as Ilya Ilich Mechnikov) first observed a connection between fermented milk and longevity among Bulgarian peasants more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Metchnikoff is regarded by many as the father of probiotics,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://theafricainstitute.uwo.ca/about/affiliated_faculty/gregor_reid.html\">Gregor Reid\u003c/a> of the University of Western Ontario, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/biblio/ressources/histoire/textes_integraux/metchnikoff/formatexmetabio2007anukam.pdf\">published\u003c/a> a look back at Metchnikoff's contributions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metchnikoff came up with \"the scientific rationale for the use of live microbes in the prevention and treatment of infections,\" according to Reid. And back in 1907, he says, Metchnikoff hypothesized that replacing or diminishing the number of bad bacteria in the gut with lactic acid bacteria — like the kind found in yogurt and kefir — \"could normalize bowel health and prolong life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Metchnikoff's ideas were ignored for decades. Reid says after the discovery of penicillin, science focused on the use of antibiotics to kill off harmful bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's only recently, Reid says, that the importance of beneficial bacteria has come into the limelight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_98016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/07/elie_metchnikoff.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/07/elie_metchnikoff.jpg\" alt=\"More than a century ago, Élie Metchnikoff, a Nobel prize-winning microbiologist, hypothesized that lactic acid bacteria — like the kind found in our yogurt — was important to gut health and longevity.\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" class=\"size-full wp-image-98016\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a century ago, Élie Metchnikoff, a Nobel prize-winning microbiologist, hypothesized that lactic acid bacteria — like the kind found in our yogurt — was important to gut health and longevity. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elie_Metchnikoff_-_Between_ca._1910_and_ca._1915_-_LOC.jpg\">via Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Bacteria used to be the thing we had to eradicate,\" Reid says. But people are now realizing that many kinds of bacteria provide a benefit. \"So it's a paradigm shift, a massive shift in our thinking,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This shift has led to an explosive growth in research. Scientists have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/04/21/400393756/how-modern-life-depletes-our-gut-microbes\">documented\u003c/a> that beneficial microorganisms play a critical role in how our bodies function. And along the way, it's become clear that the influence goes beyond the gut. Scientists have documented that the mix of bacteria that populate our gut influence our susceptibility to — or our immunity against — allergies, eczema and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150623/ncomms8320/full/ncomms8320.html\">asthma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers are turning their attention to our emotional health. It turns out that there's a lot of communication between our guts and our brains. Scientists studying this refer to this as the gut-brain axis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The gut-brain-axis is the collective communication pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain,\" explains \u003ca href=\"http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/C003/jcryan\">John Cryan\u003c/a>, a professor of anatomy and neuroscience at University College Cork in Ireland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the information travels along the vagus nerve, which extends from our guts to our brains. Cryan says the idea that the two regions are so interconnected should not be a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Think of phrases in our everyday language,\" Cryan says. We have \"gut instincts\" and \"gut feelings,\" he notes — or if we're brave, then we're \"gutsy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We refer to butterflies in our tummy if we're feeling a bit anxious. So we portray a raft of human emotions directly in our gut,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years back, Cryan and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cryan+PNAS+2011+lactobacillus\">published \u003c/a>the findings of a simple experiment. They took a strain of lactobacillus — known as \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/acidophilus/background/hrb-20058615\">Lactobacillus rhamnosus\u003c/a>\u003c/em> — that's one of the most commonly used probiotics, or beneficial microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They fed it to one group of mice every day for a month, and they looked to see if the rodents' behavior changed. The results, Cryan says, were striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we found was that the animals that were fed the lactobacillus — compared to those that were just fed a regular broth — were a lot less anxious. And they behaved almost as if they were on Valium or Prozac,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other labs doing similar animal experiments have also shown that probiotics can influence their emotional state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of course, mice are not people. For starters, their emotional lives are much less complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have begun to explore whether this effect may be seen in humans. To date, there have been a handful of small studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, a recent study \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=steenbergen++probiotics+leiden\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Brain, Behavior, and Immunity\u003c/em>. Researchers at Leiden University in The Netherlands recruited 40 healthy volunteers. (The study was funded in part by a probiotics manufacturer, but the company had no say in its design or execution.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And out of those 40 people, we made two groups,\" explains Laura Steenbergen, a neuroscience researcher who worked on the study. Twenty people took a probiotic containing a mix of eight strains of bacteria for one month. The other 20 volunteers got a placebo that looked exactly the same. So no one in the study knew what they were getting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to assess their vulnerability to sad moods, all 40 participants filled out questionnaires at the beginning and end of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were asked to rate on a scale how strongly they agreed with a host of statements, like this one: \"When I'm in a sad mood, I think how my life could be different.\" Or \"when I'm down, I more often feel overwhelmed by things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After one month, what Steenbergen and her colleagues found is that the participants taking the probiotics answered these questions significantly differently than they had at the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was different is that they reported less aggressive thoughts and less ruminative thoughts,\" Steenbergen told us by phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, bottom line, they were a little more chill? \"Yes, it means they were less reactive to negative thoughts and feelings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how much weight to give studies like these. Asking people to report how they're feeling is a tricky business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And scientists say it's still early days for this line of research, so we should be cautious in interpreting the findings. Especially since the effects of probiotics can be subtle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to make sure the science proves the concept,\" Gregor Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, I ask, there's not likely to be a probiotic that has the strength of Prozac in the yogurt aisle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So far, no one has come out with magical strains saying this improves brain function,\" Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as this body of evidence builds, scientists including Reid say \"beneficial bacteria\" are finally getting the attention they deserve. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/98010/prozac-in-the-yogurt-aisle-can-good-bacteria-chill-us-out","authors":["byline_bayareabites_98010"],"categories":["bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_12708","bayareabites_11654","bayareabites_14633","bayareabites_184","bayareabites_2890"],"featImg":"bayareabites_98011","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_75020":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_75020","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"75020","score":null,"sort":[1386877428000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"chowing-down-on-meat-dairy-alters-gut-bacteria-a-lot-and-quickly","title":"Chowing Down On Meat, Dairy Alters Gut Bacteria A Lot, And Quickly","publishDate":1386877428,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75022\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/12/mg_0101-58835d0be26aa0461f0fa99213bb1f048536f517-e1386877251665.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/12/mg_0101-58835d0be26aa0461f0fa99213bb1f048536f517-e1386877251665.jpg\" alt=\"To figure out how diet influences the microbiome, scientists put volunteers on two extreme diets: one that included only meat, egg and cheese and one that contained only grains, vegetables and legumes. Photo: Morgan Walker/NPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" class=\"size-full wp-image-75022\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To figure out how diet influences the microbiome, scientists put volunteers on two extreme diets: one that included only meat, egg and cheese and one that contained only grains, vegetables and legumes. Photo: Morgan Walker/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Michaeleen Doucleff, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/12/10/250007042/chowing-down-on-meat-and-dairy-alters-gut-bacteria-a-lot-and-quickly\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (12/11/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like Harvard University scientists have given us another reason to walk past the cheese platter at holiday parties and reach for the carrot sticks instead: Your gut bacteria will thank you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Switching to a diet packed with meat and cheese — and very few carbohydrates — alters the trillions of microbes living in the gut, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12820.html\">report\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change happens quickly. Within two days, the types of microbes thriving in the gut shuffle around. And there are signs that some of these shifts might not be so good for your gut: One type of bacterium that flourishes under the meat-rich diet has been linked to inflammation and intestinal diseases in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, I love meat,\" says microbiologist \u003ca href=\"http://mgm.duke.edu/faculty/david/index.htm\">Lawrence David\u003c/a>, who contributed to the study and is now at Duke University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I will say that I definitely feel a lot more guilty ordering a hamburger ... since doing this work,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just beginning to learn about how our decisions at the dinner table — or the drive-through — tweak our microbiome, that is, the communities of bacteria living in our bodies. But one thing is becoming clear: The critters hanging out in our intestine influence many aspects of our health, including weight, immunity and perhaps even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/18/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds/\">behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And interest in studying the links between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/11/can-we-eat-our-way-to-a-healthier-microbiome-its-complicated/\">diet and the human microbiome\u003c/a> is growing. Previous research in this field had turned up tantalizing evidence that eating fiber can alter the composition of gut bacteria. But these studies had looked at diets over long periods of times — months and even years. David and his colleagues wanted to know whether fiber — or lack of it — could alter gut bacteria more rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure that out, the researchers got nine volunteers to go on two extreme diets for five days each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first diet was all about meat and cheese. \"Breakfast was eggs and bacon,\" David says. \"Lunch was ribs and briskets, and then for dinner, it was salami and prosciutto with an assortment of cheeses. The volunteers had pork rinds for snacks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after a break, the nine volunteers began a second, fiber-rich diet at the other end of the spectrum: It all came from plants. \"Breakfast was granola cereal,\" David says. \"For lunch, it was jasmine rice, cooked onions, tomatoes, squash, garlic, peas and lentils.\" Dinner looked similar, and the volunteers could snack on bananas and mangoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The animal-based diet is admittedly a little extreme,\" he says. \"But the plant-based diet is one you might find in a developing country.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David and the team analyzed the volunteers' microbiomes before, during and after each diet. And the effects of all that meat and cheese were immediately apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The relative abundance of various bacteria species looked like it shifted within a day after the food hit the gut,\" David says. After the volunteers had spent about three days on each diet, the bacteria in the gut even started to change their behavior. \"The kind of genes turned on in the microbes changed in both diets,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, microbes that \"love bile\" — the \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> — started to dominate the volunteers' guts during the animal-based diet. Bile helps the stomach digest fats. So people make more bile when their diet is rich in meat and dairy fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11225.html?elq=90eb4524de5c415ca71c3b0484151d10\">found\u003c/a> that blooms of \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> cause inflammation and colitis in mice. \"But we didn't measure levels of inflammation in our subjects,\" David says. \"That's the next step.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he says, his team's data support the overall animal model that \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> promotes inflammation, which could ultimately be controlled by diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our study is a proof of concept that you can modify the microbiome through diet,\" David says. \"But we're still a long ways off from being able to manipulate the community in any kind of way that an engineer would be pleased about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even just classifying \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> as \"bad bacteria\" is a tricky matter, says Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/kashyap-purna-c-mbbs/BIO-00092735\">Purna Kashyap\u003c/a>, a gastroenterologist at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These bacteria are members of a community that have lived in harmony with us for thousands of years,\" says Kashyap, who wasn't involved in the study. \"You can't just pick out one member of this whole team and say it's bad. Most bacteria in the gut are here for our benefit, but given the right environment, they can turn on us and cause disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Kashyap thinks the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>study is exciting because the findings unlock a potentially new avenue for treating intestinal diseases. \"We want to look at diet as a way of treating patients,\" Kashyap says. \"This study shows that short-term dietary interventions can change microbial composition and function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, figuring out exactly how to do that will take much more research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The paper has made the next leap in the field,\" Kashyap says. \"With discovery comes responsibility. Once you make this big finding, it needs to be tested appropriately.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Shifting to a diet that's packed with pork, cheese and eggs has a big influence on the trillion of bacteria living in our guts, even after just a few days, new research shows. And some of these changes probably aren't so good. One type of microbe that flourishes under the meat-based diet has been linked to diseases in mice.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1386877428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":893},"headData":{"title":"Chowing Down On Meat, Dairy Alters Gut Bacteria A Lot, And Quickly | KQED","description":"Shifting to a diet that's packed with pork, cheese and eggs has a big influence on the trillion of bacteria living in our guts, even after just a few days, new research shows. And some of these changes probably aren't so good. One type of microbe that flourishes under the meat-based diet has been linked to diseases in mice.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"75020 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=75020","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/12/12/chowing-down-on-meat-dairy-alters-gut-bacteria-a-lot-and-quickly/","disqusTitle":"Chowing Down On Meat, Dairy Alters Gut Bacteria A Lot, And Quickly","nprByline":"Michaeleen Doucleff","nprStoryId":"250007042","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=250007042&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/12/10/250007042/chowing-down-on-meat-and-dairy-alters-gut-bacteria-a-lot-and-quickly?ft=3&f=250007042","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 11 Dec 2013 19:54:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 11 Dec 2013 13:34:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 11 Dec 2013 17:37:11 -0500","path":"/bayareabites/75020/chowing-down-on-meat-dairy-alters-gut-bacteria-a-lot-and-quickly","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_75022\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/12/mg_0101-58835d0be26aa0461f0fa99213bb1f048536f517-e1386877251665.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/12/mg_0101-58835d0be26aa0461f0fa99213bb1f048536f517-e1386877251665.jpg\" alt=\"To figure out how diet influences the microbiome, scientists put volunteers on two extreme diets: one that included only meat, egg and cheese and one that contained only grains, vegetables and legumes. Photo: Morgan Walker/NPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" class=\"size-full wp-image-75022\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To figure out how diet influences the microbiome, scientists put volunteers on two extreme diets: one that included only meat, egg and cheese and one that contained only grains, vegetables and legumes. Photo: Morgan Walker/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Michaeleen Doucleff, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/12/10/250007042/chowing-down-on-meat-and-dairy-alters-gut-bacteria-a-lot-and-quickly\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (12/11/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like Harvard University scientists have given us another reason to walk past the cheese platter at holiday parties and reach for the carrot sticks instead: Your gut bacteria will thank you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Switching to a diet packed with meat and cheese — and very few carbohydrates — alters the trillions of microbes living in the gut, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12820.html\">report\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change happens quickly. Within two days, the types of microbes thriving in the gut shuffle around. And there are signs that some of these shifts might not be so good for your gut: One type of bacterium that flourishes under the meat-rich diet has been linked to inflammation and intestinal diseases in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, I love meat,\" says microbiologist \u003ca href=\"http://mgm.duke.edu/faculty/david/index.htm\">Lawrence David\u003c/a>, who contributed to the study and is now at Duke University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I will say that I definitely feel a lot more guilty ordering a hamburger ... since doing this work,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just beginning to learn about how our decisions at the dinner table — or the drive-through — tweak our microbiome, that is, the communities of bacteria living in our bodies. But one thing is becoming clear: The critters hanging out in our intestine influence many aspects of our health, including weight, immunity and perhaps even \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/18/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds/\">behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And interest in studying the links between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/11/can-we-eat-our-way-to-a-healthier-microbiome-its-complicated/\">diet and the human microbiome\u003c/a> is growing. Previous research in this field had turned up tantalizing evidence that eating fiber can alter the composition of gut bacteria. But these studies had looked at diets over long periods of times — months and even years. David and his colleagues wanted to know whether fiber — or lack of it — could alter gut bacteria more rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure that out, the researchers got nine volunteers to go on two extreme diets for five days each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first diet was all about meat and cheese. \"Breakfast was eggs and bacon,\" David says. \"Lunch was ribs and briskets, and then for dinner, it was salami and prosciutto with an assortment of cheeses. The volunteers had pork rinds for snacks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after a break, the nine volunteers began a second, fiber-rich diet at the other end of the spectrum: It all came from plants. \"Breakfast was granola cereal,\" David says. \"For lunch, it was jasmine rice, cooked onions, tomatoes, squash, garlic, peas and lentils.\" Dinner looked similar, and the volunteers could snack on bananas and mangoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The animal-based diet is admittedly a little extreme,\" he says. \"But the plant-based diet is one you might find in a developing country.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David and the team analyzed the volunteers' microbiomes before, during and after each diet. And the effects of all that meat and cheese were immediately apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The relative abundance of various bacteria species looked like it shifted within a day after the food hit the gut,\" David says. After the volunteers had spent about three days on each diet, the bacteria in the gut even started to change their behavior. \"The kind of genes turned on in the microbes changed in both diets,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, microbes that \"love bile\" — the \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> — started to dominate the volunteers' guts during the animal-based diet. Bile helps the stomach digest fats. So people make more bile when their diet is rich in meat and dairy fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11225.html?elq=90eb4524de5c415ca71c3b0484151d10\">found\u003c/a> that blooms of \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> cause inflammation and colitis in mice. \"But we didn't measure levels of inflammation in our subjects,\" David says. \"That's the next step.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he says, his team's data support the overall animal model that \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> promotes inflammation, which could ultimately be controlled by diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our study is a proof of concept that you can modify the microbiome through diet,\" David says. \"But we're still a long ways off from being able to manipulate the community in any kind of way that an engineer would be pleased about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even just classifying \u003cem>Bilophila\u003c/em> as \"bad bacteria\" is a tricky matter, says Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/kashyap-purna-c-mbbs/BIO-00092735\">Purna Kashyap\u003c/a>, a gastroenterologist at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These bacteria are members of a community that have lived in harmony with us for thousands of years,\" says Kashyap, who wasn't involved in the study. \"You can't just pick out one member of this whole team and say it's bad. Most bacteria in the gut are here for our benefit, but given the right environment, they can turn on us and cause disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Kashyap thinks the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>study is exciting because the findings unlock a potentially new avenue for treating intestinal diseases. \"We want to look at diet as a way of treating patients,\" Kashyap says. \"This study shows that short-term dietary interventions can change microbial composition and function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, figuring out exactly how to do that will take much more research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The paper has made the next leap in the field,\" Kashyap says. \"With discovery comes responsibility. Once you make this big finding, it needs to be tested appropriately.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/75020/chowing-down-on-meat-dairy-alters-gut-bacteria-a-lot-and-quickly","authors":["byline_bayareabites_75020"],"categories":["bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916"],"tags":["bayareabites_12782","bayareabites_10480","bayareabites_12708","bayareabites_243","bayareabites_12684","bayareabites_10921"],"featImg":"bayareabites_75021","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_74045":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_74045","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"74045","score":null,"sort":[1384795992000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds","title":"Gut Bacteria Might Guide The Workings Of Our Minds","publishDate":1384795992,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gutbrain-connectionfinal-208b660ef99fecde8bdfff90d65b564ff1c050bd.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gutbrain-connectionfinal-208b660ef99fecde8bdfff90d65b564ff1c050bd.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration by Benjamin Arthur for NPR\" width=\"1449\" height=\"1086\" class=\"size-full wp-image-74046\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by Benjamin Arthur for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/18/244526773/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/11/20131118_me_05.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/146944972/rob-stein\">Rob Stein\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/18/244526773/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds\">Shots at NPR Health\u003c/a> (11/18/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could the microbes that inhabit our guts help explain that old idea of \"gut feelings?\" There's growing evidence that gut bacteria really might influence our minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm always by profession a skeptic,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uclahealth.org/body.cfm?xyzpdqabc=0&id=479&action=detail&ref=8408\">Dr. Emeran Mayer\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles. \"But I do believe that our gut microbes affect what goes on in our brains.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer thinks the bacteria in our digestive systems may help mold brain structure as we're growing up, and possibly influence our moods, behavior and feelings when we're adults. \"It opens up a completely new way of looking at brain function and health and disease,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Mayer is working on just that, doing MRI scans to look at the brains of thousands of volunteers and then comparing brain structure to the types of bacteria in their guts. He thinks he already has the first clues of a connection, from an analysis of about 60 volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer found that the connections between brain regions differed depending on which species of bacteria dominated a person's gut. That suggests that the specific mix of microbes in our guts might help determine what kinds of brains we have — how our brain circuits develop and how they're wired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"single-video\">\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.php?storyId=244526773&mediaId=245227995\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of course, this doesn't mean that the microbes are causing changes in brain structure, or in behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other researchers have been trying to figure out a possible connection by looking at gut microbes in mice. There they've found changes in both brain chemistry and behavior. One experiment involved replacing the gut bacteria of anxious mice with bacteria from fearless mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The mice became less anxious, more gregarious,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/medicine/gastro/faculty-member_collins.htm\">Stephen Collins\u003c/a> of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, who led a team that conducted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527413000787\">research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked the other way around, too — bold mice became timid when they got the microbes of anxious ones. And aggressive mice calmed down when the scientists altered their microbes by changing their diet, feeding them probiotics or dosing them with antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what might be causing the behavior changes, Collins and his colleagues then measured brain chemistry in mice. They found changes in a part of the brain involved in emotion and mood, including increases in a chemical called \u003ca href=\"http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2811%2900607-X/abstract\">brain-derived neurotrophic factor\u003c/a>, which plays a role in learning and memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also have been working on a really obvious question — how the gut microbes could \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n10/abs/nrn3346.html\">talk to the brain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big nerve known as the vagus nerve, which runs all the way from the brain to the abdomen, was a prime suspect. And when researchers in Ireland cut the vagus nerve in mice, they no longer saw the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/26/1102999108\">brain respond\u003c/a> to changes in the gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The vagus nerve is the highway of communication between what's going on in the gut and what's going on in the brain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/C003/jcryan\">John Cryan\u003c/a> of the University College Cork in Ireland, who has collaborated with Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gut microbes may also communicate with the brain in other ways, scientists say, by modulating the immune system or by producing their own versions of neurotransmitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm actually seeing new neurochemicals that have not been described before being produced by certain bacteria,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ttuhsc.edu/centers/aging/staff/marklyte.aspx\">Mark Lyte\u003c/a> of the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Abilene, who studies how microbes affect the endocrine system. \"These bacteria are, in effect, mind-altering microorganisms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research raises the possibility that scientists could someday create drugs that mimic the signals being sent from the gut to the brain, or just give people the good bacteria — probiotics — to prevent or treat problems involving the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One group of scientists has tested mice that have behaviors similar to some of the symptoms of autism in humans. The idea is that the probiotics might correct problems the animals have with their gastrointestinal systems — problems that many autistic children also have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mice, many of their autism behaviors were no longer present or strongly ameliorated with probiotics, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbe.caltech.edu/content/paul-h-patterson\">Paul Patterson\u003c/a> at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Calif. His research will be published soon in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experiments to test whether changing gut microbes in humans could affect the brain are only just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One team of researchers in Baltimore is testing a probiotic to see if it can help prevent relapses of mania among patients suffering from bipolar disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea is that these probiotic treatments may alter what we call the microbiome and then may contribute to an improvement of psychiatric symptoms,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sheppardpratt.org/sp_htmlcode/sp_clinicians/sp_clini_detail.aspx?DID=165&LID=2\">Faith Dickerson\u003c/a>, director of psychology at the Sheppard Pratt Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes perfect sense to me,\" says Leah, a study participant who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She agreed to talk with NPR if we agreed not to use her full name. \"Your brain is just another organ. It's definitely affected by what goes on in the rest of your body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's far too soon to know whether the probiotic has any effect, but Leah suspects it might. \"I'm doing really well,\" she says. \"I'm about to graduate college, and I'm doing everything right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer also has been studying the effects of probiotics on the brain in humans. Along with his colleague Kirsten Tillisch, Mayer gave healthy women yogurt containing a probiotic and then scanned their brains. He found subtle signs that the brain circuits involved in anxiety were less reactive, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00292-8/abstract\">paper\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Gastroenterology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mayer and others stress that a lot more work will be needed to know whether that probiotic — or any others — really could help people feel less anxious or help solve other problems involving the brain. He says, \"We're really in the early stages.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Anxious mice calm down when they get an infusion of gut microbes from mellow mice. That has scientists wondering if gut microbes play a role in the human brain, too. Research on that is only just beginning. But it's intriguing to think there could be a real truth to the phrase \"gut feelings.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1384935918,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.php"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1014},"headData":{"title":"Gut Bacteria Might Guide The Workings Of Our Minds | KQED","description":"Anxious mice calm down when they get an infusion of gut microbes from mellow mice. That has scientists wondering if gut microbes play a role in the human brain, too. Research on that is only just beginning. But it's intriguing to think there could be a real truth to the phrase "gut feelings."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74045 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=74045","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/18/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds/","disqusTitle":"Gut Bacteria Might Guide The Workings Of Our Minds","nprByline":"Rob Stein","nprStoryId":"244526773","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=244526773&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/18/244526773/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds?ft=3&f=244526773","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 18 Nov 2013 11:58:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 18 Nov 2013 04:00:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 18 Nov 2013 11:58:49 -0500","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/11/20131118_me_05.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=218987212&ft=3&f=244526773","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1245913171-121dc2.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=218987212&ft=3&f=244526773","path":"/bayareabites/74045/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/11/20131118_me_05.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=218987212&ft=3&f=244526773","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gutbrain-connectionfinal-208b660ef99fecde8bdfff90d65b564ff1c050bd.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gutbrain-connectionfinal-208b660ef99fecde8bdfff90d65b564ff1c050bd.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration by Benjamin Arthur for NPR\" width=\"1449\" height=\"1086\" class=\"size-full wp-image-74046\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by Benjamin Arthur for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/18/244526773/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/11/20131118_me_05.mp3","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/146944972/rob-stein\">Rob Stein\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/18/244526773/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds\">Shots at NPR Health\u003c/a> (11/18/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could the microbes that inhabit our guts help explain that old idea of \"gut feelings?\" There's growing evidence that gut bacteria really might influence our minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm always by profession a skeptic,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uclahealth.org/body.cfm?xyzpdqabc=0&id=479&action=detail&ref=8408\">Dr. Emeran Mayer\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles. \"But I do believe that our gut microbes affect what goes on in our brains.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer thinks the bacteria in our digestive systems may help mold brain structure as we're growing up, and possibly influence our moods, behavior and feelings when we're adults. \"It opens up a completely new way of looking at brain function and health and disease,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Mayer is working on just that, doing MRI scans to look at the brains of thousands of volunteers and then comparing brain structure to the types of bacteria in their guts. He thinks he already has the first clues of a connection, from an analysis of about 60 volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer found that the connections between brain regions differed depending on which species of bacteria dominated a person's gut. That suggests that the specific mix of microbes in our guts might help determine what kinds of brains we have — how our brain circuits develop and how they're wired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"single-video\">\u003ciframe width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/event/embeddedVideo.php?storyId=244526773&mediaId=245227995\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of course, this doesn't mean that the microbes are causing changes in brain structure, or in behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other researchers have been trying to figure out a possible connection by looking at gut microbes in mice. There they've found changes in both brain chemistry and behavior. One experiment involved replacing the gut bacteria of anxious mice with bacteria from fearless mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The mice became less anxious, more gregarious,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/medicine/gastro/faculty-member_collins.htm\">Stephen Collins\u003c/a> of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, who led a team that conducted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527413000787\">research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked the other way around, too — bold mice became timid when they got the microbes of anxious ones. And aggressive mice calmed down when the scientists altered their microbes by changing their diet, feeding them probiotics or dosing them with antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what might be causing the behavior changes, Collins and his colleagues then measured brain chemistry in mice. They found changes in a part of the brain involved in emotion and mood, including increases in a chemical called \u003ca href=\"http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2811%2900607-X/abstract\">brain-derived neurotrophic factor\u003c/a>, which plays a role in learning and memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also have been working on a really obvious question — how the gut microbes could \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n10/abs/nrn3346.html\">talk to the brain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big nerve known as the vagus nerve, which runs all the way from the brain to the abdomen, was a prime suspect. And when researchers in Ireland cut the vagus nerve in mice, they no longer saw the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/26/1102999108\">brain respond\u003c/a> to changes in the gut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The vagus nerve is the highway of communication between what's going on in the gut and what's going on in the brain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/C003/jcryan\">John Cryan\u003c/a> of the University College Cork in Ireland, who has collaborated with Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gut microbes may also communicate with the brain in other ways, scientists say, by modulating the immune system or by producing their own versions of neurotransmitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm actually seeing new neurochemicals that have not been described before being produced by certain bacteria,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ttuhsc.edu/centers/aging/staff/marklyte.aspx\">Mark Lyte\u003c/a> of the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Abilene, who studies how microbes affect the endocrine system. \"These bacteria are, in effect, mind-altering microorganisms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research raises the possibility that scientists could someday create drugs that mimic the signals being sent from the gut to the brain, or just give people the good bacteria — probiotics — to prevent or treat problems involving the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One group of scientists has tested mice that have behaviors similar to some of the symptoms of autism in humans. The idea is that the probiotics might correct problems the animals have with their gastrointestinal systems — problems that many autistic children also have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mice, many of their autism behaviors were no longer present or strongly ameliorated with probiotics, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbe.caltech.edu/content/paul-h-patterson\">Paul Patterson\u003c/a> at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Calif. His research will be published soon in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experiments to test whether changing gut microbes in humans could affect the brain are only just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One team of researchers in Baltimore is testing a probiotic to see if it can help prevent relapses of mania among patients suffering from bipolar disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea is that these probiotic treatments may alter what we call the microbiome and then may contribute to an improvement of psychiatric symptoms,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sheppardpratt.org/sp_htmlcode/sp_clinicians/sp_clini_detail.aspx?DID=165&LID=2\">Faith Dickerson\u003c/a>, director of psychology at the Sheppard Pratt Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes perfect sense to me,\" says Leah, a study participant who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She agreed to talk with NPR if we agreed not to use her full name. \"Your brain is just another organ. It's definitely affected by what goes on in the rest of your body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's far too soon to know whether the probiotic has any effect, but Leah suspects it might. \"I'm doing really well,\" she says. \"I'm about to graduate college, and I'm doing everything right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayer also has been studying the effects of probiotics on the brain in humans. Along with his colleague Kirsten Tillisch, Mayer gave healthy women yogurt containing a probiotic and then scanned their brains. He found subtle signs that the brain circuits involved in anxiety were less reactive, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00292-8/abstract\">paper\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Gastroenterology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mayer and others stress that a lot more work will be needed to know whether that probiotic — or any others — really could help people feel less anxious or help solve other problems involving the brain. He says, \"We're really in the early stages.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/74045/gut-bacteria-might-guide-the-workings-of-our-minds","authors":["byline_bayareabites_74045"],"categories":["bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_34","bayareabites_316"],"tags":["bayareabites_11456","bayareabites_12709","bayareabites_12708","bayareabites_12710","bayareabites_11018"],"featImg":"bayareabites_74050","label":"bayareabites"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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