Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?
When China Spurns GMO Corn Imports, American Farmers Lose Billions
How American Food Companies Go GMO-Free In A GMO World
Washington State Says 'No' To GMO Labels
Golden Rice Study Violated Ethical Rules, Tufts Says
Getting to the Bottom of the Peacotum
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If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/3ys0fgZ7hmA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492181846,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":55,"wordCount":3177},"headData":{"title":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation? | KQED","description":"Gene editing technology is being heralded as a game-changer, but it raises serious questions as five of the Big Six agriculture and chemical companies seek to merge.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"116810 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=116810","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2017/04/14/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/","disqusTitle":"Monsanto’s Driverless Car: Is CRISPR Gene Editing Driving Seed Consolidation?","nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/author/tgreenaway/\">Twilight Greenaway\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/civileat/\">Civil Eats\u003c/a>","path":"/bayareabites/116810/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the CEOs of both Monsanto and Bayer met with Donald Trump to talk about their potential merger just three days before the inauguration, they made some \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-17/bayer-to-invest-8-billion-and-add-3-000-jobs-trump-aide-says\">big promises\u003c/a>. If the union between the world’s largest seed company and the German multinational chemical, pharmaceutical, and life-sciences company is blessed by antitrust regulators, the companies have pledged to add 3,000 high-tech American jobs and to combine—rather than consolidate and trim—their R&D budgets to the tune of $16 billion over the next six years, or $2.7 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two companies have been locked in a dance since May 2016, when Monsanto \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/monsanto-rejects-bayer-merger-offer-says-its-open-to-talks-1464110057\">rejected\u003c/a> Bayer’s initial $62 billion offer. Then, last fall, the merger reappeared in the news in a noteworthy chain of events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On September 14, Bayer upped its offer to $66 billion and Monsanto accepted, putting a third major seed company merger on the table, beside ChemChina’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/chemchina-offers-more-than-43-billion-for-syngenta-1454480529\">$43 billion takeover\u003c/a> of Syngenta and Dow Chemical’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/dupont-earnings-top-estimates-on-sales-of-plastics-to-carmakers\">intended merger\u003c/a> with DuPont. On the day it was announced, the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2016/09/14/bayer-and-monsanto-merge-in-mega-deal-aimed-at-domi-worlds-food-supply/?utm_term=.70f457ae8a04\">called the Bayer-Monsanto deal\u003c/a> the “mega-deal that could reshape [the] world’s food supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week later, spokespeople for the companies behind all three mergers were asked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/consolidation-and-competition-in-the-us-seed-and-agrochemical-industry\">testify\u003c/a> before the senate judiciary committee, on what senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) called a “\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/05fc5120c295442fbc7c0f2a11ce19cd/senate-panel-scrutinize-proposed-bayer-monsanto-merger\">merger tsunami\u003c/a>.” Then, just two days later, Monsanto \u003ca href=\"http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-announces-global-licensing-agreement-broad-institute-key-genome-edi\">announced\u003c/a> it had licensed the rights to use CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing—a technology that has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/the-gene-hackers\">called\u003c/a> the “Model T of genetics” for its power to change the way we live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid-fire timing may have been a coincidence, but it also may be a sign of what’s to come. And it’s just one of many indications that CRISPR/Cas9 and other next-generation gene editing technologies will likely be at the forefront of the seed industry in the years ahead. Some even see gene editing, which is said to be simpler, less expensive, and more consumer-friendly than traditional genetic engineering, as one factor \u003ca href=\"http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2162211-why-crispr-is-key-to-massive-agribusiness-consolidations/\">driving\u003c/a> the mergers. And while that’s up for debate, it’s clearly an important part of the strategy for companies looking to control, and profit from, the world’s seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the European Union \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/syngenta-chemchina-takeover.html?mwrsm=Email&_r=0\">cleared the way\u003c/a> for the ChemChina–Syngenta takeover, suggesting the other two mergers may be imminent. If that happens, the resulting three companies would control nearly 60 percent of global seedstocks (including as much as 80 percent of U.S. corn seeds) and 70 percent of the global pesticide market. And these companies are also making a bid to control much more than seeds and pesticides. Monsanto, for example, is already making a play to control many other facets of modern agriculture—including tools for precision planting and high-tech \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/monsanto-acquires-weather-big-data-company-climate-corporation-for-930m/\">weather prediction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/\">media coverage\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">gene editing\u003c/a> has pointed to its potential to break molds and change the genetic playing field, when it comes to agriculture, it will likely follow a more familiar path: CRISPR and other similar technology will most likely be used by scientists mainly to continue developing seeds that withstand consistent doses of pesticides on large, industrialized farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto has been conducting research with genome-editing techniques for years, and we are excited to be integrating additional technology from licensing partners in to this body of work,” Tom Adams, biotechnology lead for Monsanto, said in an email. Over the past year, the company has announced several licensing agreements that will allow it to access gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 (which is said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14406\">more precise\u003c/a>), as well as a tool from Dow AgroScience called EXZACT™ Precision Technology\u003csup>®\u003c/sup> Platform\u003cu>,\u003c/u> among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Adams said this work is still in its early days, he added, “we believe that genome-editing techniques have great potential to improve and unlock capabilities across our leading germplasm and genome libraries to enable a wide variety of improvements across crop systems.” However, he added, “We do not view it as a replacement for plant biotechnology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SEED: The Untold Story will premiere on the PBS series \u003ci>Independent Lens\u003c/i> on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\" tabindex=\"0\" data-term=\"goog_1829742120\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">April 17, 2017 at 10PM\u003c/span>\u003c/span>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/seed-the-untold-story/\">Learn more\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3ys0fgZ7hmA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gene Editing vs. Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1996, Monsanto has released a series of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant seeds, beginning with Roundup Ready soybeans in 1996, and moving on to corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, and more. Today, Roundup Ready crops account for over \u003ca href=\"https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx\">94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn\u003c/a> grown in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As these products have come to dominate the farm landscape, weeds have also become resistant to Roundup. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Fact-Sheet-on-Superweeds_16-Sep-2014.pdf\">Weed Science Society of America\u003c/a>, “overreliance on herbicides with a single mechanism of action to control certain weeds has led to the selection of weeds resistant to that mechanism of action.” Similarly, incidents of pesticide resistance have also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/limits-sought-on-gmo-corn-as-pest-resistance-grows-1425587078\">been on the rise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_116814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg\" alt=\"Roundup\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2017/04/170410-crispr-2-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roundup \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/26673445341\">Mike Mozart\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers often find themselves on what critics call a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/gmos-pesticides-profit/pesticide-treadmill\">pesticide treadmill\u003c/a>, where each new form of resistance requires a more powerful solution. Companies have spent the last several years working on seeds with “stacked traits,” which combine two or more genes of interest into a single plant. In the case of Monsanto, that has meant, for instance, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/09/03/are-you-ready-for-monsantos-1-billion-herbicide-fa.aspx\">breeding seeds\u003c/a> that tolerate both glyphosate and a second herbicide called dicamba.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main difference between gene editing and classical genetic engineering is that the former allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of an organism—by changing or “knocking out” the function of a gene—without introducing genes from other organisms. This last part is key, because it’s often the combination of parts of various organisms—such as genes from bacteria added to corn to create herbicide resistance or genes from an arctic flounder added to strawberries to make them able to withstand cold weather—that has made the public wary of GMOs in their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the image of CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing tools as an “entirely pristine” technology that rules out all foreign DNA isn’t entirely accurate, says Maywa Montenegro, a Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They aren’t wrong in saying CRISPR doesn’t need to introduce foreign DNA, but it absolutely can. That’s what it’s very good at,” she said. “But it’s also important for people to understand that you can create huge, impactful changes in a plant’s functioning without introducing anything foreign.” De-activating, or knocking out, a gene function, can significantly change the plants and animals involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n9/full/nbt.2969.html\">mildew-resistant wheat\u003c/a> developed in China, for instance, scientists were able to introduce “targeted mutations” using CRISPR/Cas9 without inserting new genes. In another example, Cibus, a San Diego-based startup, has produced (and commercialized) an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibus.com/\">herbicide-resistant canola\u003c/a> using another early gene-editing technique called Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"http://www.agriculture.com/technology/how-gene-editing-will-change-agriculture\">says\u003c/a> it has other crops, such as herbicide-resistant rice and flax seeds, in the pipeline. DuPont is also working with the Berkeley-based start-up Caribou Biosciences (founded by \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/02/18/caribou-biosciences-co-founded-campus-researcher-jennifer-doudna-receives-intellectual-property-rights-crispr-technology/\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, one of the founders and patent-holders of CRISPR/Cas9 technology) to develop gene-edited, drought-resistant corn and wheat varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most widely discussed food produced using gene editing today is a \u003ca href=\"http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2016/fall-winter/a-crispr-mushroom\">non-browning mushroom\u003c/a> developed using CRISPR/Cas9 at Pennsylvania State University. The mushroom received a great deal of media attention last spring, when the Penn State scientists received \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">a letter\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) informing them that the agency would not be regulating its field testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, a number of media outlets reported that the mushroom had “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/gene-edited-crispr-mushroom-escapes-us-regulation-1.19754\">escaped regulation\u003c/a>,” suggesting that gene editing was not only remarkably different than tradition genetic engineering in crucial ways, but that it also might be the key to avoiding government oversight. But on both accounts, the reality may be less cut and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Gene-Edited Seeds be Regulated?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Gurian-Sherman, director of sustainable agriculture and senior scientist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/a> (CFS), says the letter USDA sent to Penn State about the non-browning mushroom was just one of over 30 that went out at that time in response to requests by a variety of entities working with gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the USDA did clearly mention the fact that the mushroom didn’t contain any foreign DNA in its response, that wasn’t the only reason it abdicated its regulatory authority. Just as important, it seems, is the fact that the mushroom was not in any way considered a “plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see, when it comes to regulating GMO crops, plant pests have been at the heart of the USDA’s regulation approach; all other genetically engineered products fall under the auspices of either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (A document from the Pew Charitable Trusts includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/food_and_biotechnology/hhsbiotech0901pdf.pdf\">handy chart\u003c/a> detailing which agency is supposed to regulate what types of organisms.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/downloads/reg_loi/15-321-01_air_response_signed.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to Penn State concluded with this sentence: “Please be advised that the white button mushroom variety described in your letter may still be subject to other regulatory authorities such as the FDA or EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So gene editing was by no means the only factor at hand. “As soon as they put genes in from any plant pest they would immediately become regulated by USDA,” said Gurian-Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, exactly how the FDA plans to regulate gene editing is yet to be seen. Since January, the agency has been \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2017-00840.pdf\">seeking public input\u003c/a> on the topic in both medical research and agriculture. One core question at hand is whether gene editing will be considered “genetic engineering.” And at a time when a growing number of consumers want to know exactly what’s in their food—and around \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97567&page=1\">90 percent\u003c/a> of Americans say they want to see genetically engineered ingredients in food labeled—this is as much a question of consumer demand as it is a question of regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already see lots of people who are supportive of genetic engineering, calling [gene editing] ‘advanced breeding,’” said Gurian-Sherman. But, he added, “In terms of most of the legal definitions of genetic engineering that are out there right now, it applies. I think it is a legitimate area for argument whether this is generally safer or not or more acceptable, but they clearly don’t want to label it genetic engineering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, “the FDA’s documents now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ucm059098.htm\">clearly say\u003c/a> their definition of bioengineering is the same as the \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2017/04/10/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation/definition%2520of%2520modern%2520biotechnolgy\">definition\u003c/a> of modern biotechnology held by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/\">Codex Alimentarius\u003c/a>.” That’s the “Food Code” established by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex definition refers to any organism made using “the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques.” And since gene editing does precisely that, Hansen believes the answer is clear: Gene editing should be seen as genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone agrees. In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v48/n2/full/ng.3505.html\">editorial\u003c/a> last January, for instance, the editors of \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> endorsed “the principle of transparency in the production of genome-edited crops and livestock…with no further need for regulation or distinction of these goods from the products of traditional breeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.C. Berkeley’s Montenegro describes CRISPR/Cas9 as a kind of Swiss army knife with the potential to be paradigm-shifting. But, she adds that, for that reason, it calls for a lot more scrutiny and regulatory oversight\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen agrees. Using gene editing, he said, “You can identify a key sequence you want to cut. But wherever that sequence occurs in the genome, you would get a cut. And you will also get a cut at sequences that look similar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen also points to the fact that scientists have experienced at least some \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.13586/full\">off-target effects\u003c/a> with most gene editing technology to date. He points to the case of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/hiv-overcomes-crispr-gene-editing-attack-1.19712\">effort to destroy the HIV virus\u003c/a> with CRISPR/Cas9. Although scientists engineered T-cells with CRISPR to recognize and destroy HIV, he said, “it took the HIV just a couple of weeks to evolve resistance to CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a recent effort to \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/pdf/Ostrov_Church_2016.pdf\">artificially synthesize\u003c/a> a new genome for \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a group of scientists decided not to use gene editing because, they wrote, “these strategies…likely would introduce off-target mutations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, CFS’s Gurian-Sherman says there are big questions about how regulatory bodies under the Trump administration will choose to respond to the technology. For one, he says, gene editing could be much harder to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Detecting [transgenic] engineered changes, for a molecular biologist is really, really easy,” he said. But some of these [gene edits] are not going to leave much of a fingerprint, if at all, and they’re going to be very hard to trace,” he said. “So something like the kind of testing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nongmoproject.org/\">Non-GMO Project\u003c/a> does probably wouldn’t be possible in foods edited with CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Monsanto appears to be preparing for the possibility of regulation. When Lux Research, an independent technology research and advisory firm, looked into the Monsanto-Bayer merger in December, they surmised that gene editing was an important part of Monsanto’s appeal to Bayer, but that it was by no means the only technology they’re banking on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto’s advantage in the space is that they’re super diverse and they have their hands in all the cookie jars,” said Laura Lee, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://members.luxresearchinc.com/research/report/21808\">Lux’s report\u003c/a>. “So they’d be able to advance traits using CRISPR, or if the regulatory bodies step in and decide to classify CRISPR as genetic modification or put a harmful label on it, they’ll have of other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“More Accessible” Technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CRISPR and other gene editing tools are seen as more affordable and more efficient, they’re also being touted as more accessible than traditional genetic engineering—and they are already being used in small private laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think the fact that this science is accessible to and being explored by many researchers across the public and private sectors is exciting—and will only improve the types of products that will ultimately be accessible to farmers,” said Monsanto’s Tom Adams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most traditional genetically engineered traits take years and cost millions to produce (an average of $\u003ca href=\"https://croplife.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf_files/Getting-a-Biotech-Crop-to-Market-Phillips-McDougall-Study.pdf\">136 million\u003c/a> to be exact). So bringing that number down could bring more constituents into the fold, despite the consolidation at the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But seeds produced this way will still be subject to strict intellectual property fines, says Gurian-Sherman. “[CRISPR] won’t be as controllable by the big companies, but the patenting (or lack thereof) could really be a limiting factor for smaller companies,” he said. Case in point, a non-exclusive license to use CRISPR/Cas9 is valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsherkow/2017/02/21/how-much-is-a-crispr-patent-license-worth/#141d34066b77\">$265 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if that license is used to create a handful of seed traits, it could be more than worth the investment for a company like Monsanto—particularly if it can deliver on sought-after traits such as drought tolerance. And it might lead one to deduce that a newly merged company such as Monsanto-Bayer would use gene editing to bring down its overall R&D budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not necessarily the case, says Montenegro. In addition to facing pressure from the Trump Administration to spend mightily in the U.S., she points to an economic phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox\">Jevons paradox\u003c/a>, wherein technology makes a process more efficient, but that efficiency ends up leading to increasing demand. (Jevon first observed the phenomenon while observing the coal industry of the 19th Century.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another important question is whether this more accessible technology will be put to use to create seeds designed for alternative or more sustainable farming systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro says she has heard from one plant breeder at the University of Minnesota who was interested in using CRISPR/Cas9 for \u003ca href=\"http://open-pollinated-seeds.org.uk/participatory-plant-breeding/\">participatory plant breeding\u003c/a>—a tactic involving farmers that is often used in the developing world—and to breed plants that could be amenable to diversified organic farming systems. But she says it’s not likely that a wider playing field will change the basic premise of the bulk of the work done using gene-editing technology—which is to engineer seeds used on large-scale industrial farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While I don’t want to foreclose the possibility of using CRISPR for agroecology, [companies and institutions] are underinvesting and undercutting basic agroecology research to such a large degree that even the lower-hanging fruit hasn’t yet been picked,” Montenegro said. This “massive asymmetry” makes her doubtful that the technology will help researchers tread new paths when it comes to sustainable practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurian-Sherman is no more optimistic. “There are ways you can breed or adapt crops for sustainable agricultural systems that don’t rely on inputs like fertilizers and pesticides as much,” he said. “You can breed crops that attract natural enemies, or take advantage of the slower release of organic nutrients from cover crops and manure. I can go on and on about traits that are valuable to sustainable farming. But that’s not going to be of interest to these companies because they’re actually antithetical to their business models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union’s Hansen says the current excitement about gene editing reminds him of the very early days or genetic engineering. “In the late 80s and early 90s, they were saying they’d be able to do everything with GE. Thirty years later, all you have is herbicide-tolerant plants and Bt plants. Or that’s the vast majority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was created in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://itvs.org/\">ITVS\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the Author\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTwilight Greenaway is the Managing Editor of Civil Eats. Her articles about food and farming have appeared in The New York Times, NPR.org, The Guardian, TakePart, Modern Farmer, Gastronomica and on Grist, where she served as the food editor from 2011-2012. See more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.twilightgreenaway.com/\">TwilightGreenaway.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/116810/monsantos-driverless-car-is-crispr-gene-editing-driving-seed-consolidation","authors":["byline_bayareabites_116810"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_11028","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_15412","bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_10773","bayareabites_14236","bayareabites_15823","bayareabites_8523"],"featImg":"bayareabites_116813","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_85462":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_85462","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"85462","score":null,"sort":[1406904379000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-china-spurns-gmo-corn-imports-american-farmers-lose-billions","title":"When China Spurns GMO Corn Imports, American Farmers Lose Billions","publishDate":1406904379,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_85463\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/07/china-corn_slide-37951b7619deca7318f37011c78f99f79705aa0e.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/07/china-corn_slide-37951b7619deca7318f37011c78f99f79705aa0e.jpg\" alt=\"A corn purchaser writes on his account in northwest China in 2012. In November 2013, officials began rejecting imports of U.S. corn when they detected traces of a new gene not yet approved in China. Photo: Peng Zhaozhi/Xinhua/Landov\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1198\" class=\"size-full wp-image-85463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A corn purchaser writes on his account in northwest China in 2012. In November 2013, officials began rejecting imports of U.S. corn when they detected traces of a new gene not yet approved in China. Photo: Peng Zhaozhi/Xinhua/Landov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/07/31/336833095/when-china-spurns-gmo-corn-imports-american-farmers-lose-billions\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (7/31/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a while there, China was the American farmer's best friend. The world's most populous nation had so many pigs and chickens to feed, it became one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2014-april/china-in-the-next-decade-rising-meat-demand-and-growing-imports-of-feed.aspx#.U9qutONdV8E\">top importers\u003c/a> of U.S. corn and soybeans almost overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China also developed a big appetite for another corn-derived animal feed called \"dried distillers grains with solubles,\" or \u003ca href=\"http://www.grains.org/buyingselling/ddgs\">DDGS\u003c/a>, a byproduct of ethanol production. China's appetites for the stuff drove up global grain prices and filled Midwestern pockets with cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, though, the lovely relationship has gone sour, all because of biotechnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years ago, American farmers began planting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/event/default.asp?EventID=130\">new type\u003c/a> of genetically engineered corn invented by the seed company \u003ca href=\"http://www.syngenta.com/global/corporate/en/Pages/home.aspx\">Syngenta\u003c/a>. This GMO contains a new version of a gene that protects the corn plant from certain insects. Problem is, this new gene isn't yet approved in China, and Chinese officials didn't appreciate it when traces of the new, as-yet-unapproved GMOs started showing up in boatloads of American grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crackdown began in November 2013. China began rejecting shiploads of corn when officials detected traces of the new gene. By February of this year, U.S. exports of corn to China had practically ceased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, some American grain exporters said that there was little to worry about. The Chinese move, they said, probably was intended to slow down imports temporarily in order to make sure that China's farmers got a decent price for their own corn harvest. As evidence, they pointed to the fact that China continued to accept imports of DDGS, which also contain traces of the unapproved gene. The U.S. sent $1.6 billion worth of DDGS to China last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, last week, China expanded the ban to DDGS, shocking many traders. The price of DDGS plunged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngfa.org/\">National Grain and Feed Association\u003c/a>, the Chinese ban on corn and corn products may end up costing American farmers, ethanol producers and traders a total of about $3 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ngfa.org/about-ngfa/organization/ngfa-team/#mfisher\">Max Fisher\u003c/a>, director of Economics for the NGFA, who came up with that estimate, says the ban actually is hurting the Chinese, too. \"They replaced [the U.S. corn] with more expensive grains,\" he says, such as barley from Australia. But one group of American farmers is benefiting: China is importing lots more \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/31/231509864/heat-drought-draw-farmers-back-to-sorghum-the-camel-of-crops\">sorghum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interesting twist, American farm groups seem unsure whom to blame. Some are angry at China. Others point their finger at Syngenta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.grains.org/\">U.S. Grains Council\u003c/a> wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grains.org/news/20140727/letter-secretary-vilsack\">letter\u003c/a> to Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, urging his \"immediate, direct, and personal intervention\" with Chinese officials \"to halt this current regulatory sabotage of the DDGS trade with China.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NGFA and the \u003ca href=\"http://naega.org/\">North American Export Grain Association\u003c/a>, on the other hand, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngfa.org/2014/01/24/ngfa-naega-issue-joint-statement-urging-syngenta-to-suspend-commercialization-of-agrisure-viptera-and-duracade-biotech-corn/\">called\u003c/a> on Syngenta to stop selling the offending corn varieties until those varieties can be sold in major export markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're being a bad actor here,\" says Max Fisher of NGFA, referring to Syngenta. \"They're making $40 million\" selling the new corn varieties, \"but it's costing U.S. farmers $1 billion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta, for its part, \u003ca href=\"http://www.syngenta-us.com/images/CornTraitCommunicationJan302014.pdf\">rejects\u003c/a> any blame for the debacle. \"We want to get technology into the hands of farmers as soon as possible,\" said the company's CEO, David Morgan, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.syngenta-us.com/Viptera_Exports/\">video\u003c/a> released on Syngenta's website. \"We can't expect growers to wait indefinitely for access to technologies, based on what foreign governments decide to do.\" According to Morgan, China has failed to make a timely decision on the new gene, which goes by the name MIR 162.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if China approved MIR 162, however, the ban might remain. That's because Syngenta began selling yet another new new type of GMO corn this year, which also is not yet approved in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta has asked farmers to take that corn to specific grain processors, who will keep it from getting into export shipments. But Fisher thinks the new gene is likely to show up in exports. \"Farmers are going to be farmers,\" he says, and sell their grain through the usual channels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"China has been a big and growing market for U.S. corn. But then farmers started planting a kind of genetically engineered corn that's not yet approved in China, and the Chinese government struck back.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1406904379,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":745},"headData":{"title":"When China Spurns GMO Corn Imports, American Farmers Lose Billions | KQED","description":"China has been a big and growing market for U.S. corn. But then farmers started planting a kind of genetically engineered corn that's not yet approved in China, and the Chinese government struck back.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"85462 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=85462","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/08/01/when-china-spurns-gmo-corn-imports-american-farmers-lose-billions/","disqusTitle":"When China Spurns GMO Corn Imports, American Farmers Lose Billions","nprByline":"Dan Charles","nprStoryId":"336833095","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=336833095&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/07/31/336833095/when-china-spurns-gmo-corn-imports-american-farmers-lose-billions?ft=3&f=336833095","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 31 Jul 2014 17:45:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 31 Jul 2014 17:45:50 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 31 Jul 2014 17:45:50 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/85462/when-china-spurns-gmo-corn-imports-american-farmers-lose-billions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_85463\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/07/china-corn_slide-37951b7619deca7318f37011c78f99f79705aa0e.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/07/china-corn_slide-37951b7619deca7318f37011c78f99f79705aa0e.jpg\" alt=\"A corn purchaser writes on his account in northwest China in 2012. In November 2013, officials began rejecting imports of U.S. corn when they detected traces of a new gene not yet approved in China. Photo: Peng Zhaozhi/Xinhua/Landov\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1198\" class=\"size-full wp-image-85463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A corn purchaser writes on his account in northwest China in 2012. In November 2013, officials began rejecting imports of U.S. corn when they detected traces of a new gene not yet approved in China. Photo: Peng Zhaozhi/Xinhua/Landov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/07/31/336833095/when-china-spurns-gmo-corn-imports-american-farmers-lose-billions\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (7/31/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a while there, China was the American farmer's best friend. The world's most populous nation had so many pigs and chickens to feed, it became one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2014-april/china-in-the-next-decade-rising-meat-demand-and-growing-imports-of-feed.aspx#.U9qutONdV8E\">top importers\u003c/a> of U.S. corn and soybeans almost overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China also developed a big appetite for another corn-derived animal feed called \"dried distillers grains with solubles,\" or \u003ca href=\"http://www.grains.org/buyingselling/ddgs\">DDGS\u003c/a>, a byproduct of ethanol production. China's appetites for the stuff drove up global grain prices and filled Midwestern pockets with cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, though, the lovely relationship has gone sour, all because of biotechnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years ago, American farmers began planting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/event/default.asp?EventID=130\">new type\u003c/a> of genetically engineered corn invented by the seed company \u003ca href=\"http://www.syngenta.com/global/corporate/en/Pages/home.aspx\">Syngenta\u003c/a>. This GMO contains a new version of a gene that protects the corn plant from certain insects. Problem is, this new gene isn't yet approved in China, and Chinese officials didn't appreciate it when traces of the new, as-yet-unapproved GMOs started showing up in boatloads of American grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crackdown began in November 2013. China began rejecting shiploads of corn when officials detected traces of the new gene. By February of this year, U.S. exports of corn to China had practically ceased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, some American grain exporters said that there was little to worry about. The Chinese move, they said, probably was intended to slow down imports temporarily in order to make sure that China's farmers got a decent price for their own corn harvest. As evidence, they pointed to the fact that China continued to accept imports of DDGS, which also contain traces of the unapproved gene. The U.S. sent $1.6 billion worth of DDGS to China last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, last week, China expanded the ban to DDGS, shocking many traders. The price of DDGS plunged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngfa.org/\">National Grain and Feed Association\u003c/a>, the Chinese ban on corn and corn products may end up costing American farmers, ethanol producers and traders a total of about $3 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ngfa.org/about-ngfa/organization/ngfa-team/#mfisher\">Max Fisher\u003c/a>, director of Economics for the NGFA, who came up with that estimate, says the ban actually is hurting the Chinese, too. \"They replaced [the U.S. corn] with more expensive grains,\" he says, such as barley from Australia. But one group of American farmers is benefiting: China is importing lots more \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/31/231509864/heat-drought-draw-farmers-back-to-sorghum-the-camel-of-crops\">sorghum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interesting twist, American farm groups seem unsure whom to blame. Some are angry at China. Others point their finger at Syngenta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.grains.org/\">U.S. Grains Council\u003c/a> wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grains.org/news/20140727/letter-secretary-vilsack\">letter\u003c/a> to Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, urging his \"immediate, direct, and personal intervention\" with Chinese officials \"to halt this current regulatory sabotage of the DDGS trade with China.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NGFA and the \u003ca href=\"http://naega.org/\">North American Export Grain Association\u003c/a>, on the other hand, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ngfa.org/2014/01/24/ngfa-naega-issue-joint-statement-urging-syngenta-to-suspend-commercialization-of-agrisure-viptera-and-duracade-biotech-corn/\">called\u003c/a> on Syngenta to stop selling the offending corn varieties until those varieties can be sold in major export markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're being a bad actor here,\" says Max Fisher of NGFA, referring to Syngenta. \"They're making $40 million\" selling the new corn varieties, \"but it's costing U.S. farmers $1 billion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta, for its part, \u003ca href=\"http://www.syngenta-us.com/images/CornTraitCommunicationJan302014.pdf\">rejects\u003c/a> any blame for the debacle. \"We want to get technology into the hands of farmers as soon as possible,\" said the company's CEO, David Morgan, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.syngenta-us.com/Viptera_Exports/\">video\u003c/a> released on Syngenta's website. \"We can't expect growers to wait indefinitely for access to technologies, based on what foreign governments decide to do.\" According to Morgan, China has failed to make a timely decision on the new gene, which goes by the name MIR 162.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if China approved MIR 162, however, the ban might remain. That's because Syngenta began selling yet another new new type of GMO corn this year, which also is not yet approved in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta has asked farmers to take that corn to specific grain processors, who will keep it from getting into export shipments. But Fisher thinks the new gene is likely to show up in exports. \"Farmers are going to be farmers,\" he says, and sell their grain through the usual channels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/85462/when-china-spurns-gmo-corn-imports-american-farmers-lose-billions","authors":["byline_bayareabites_85462"],"categories":["bayareabites_1962","bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_358"],"tags":["bayareabites_272","bayareabites_515","bayareabites_11270","bayareabites_13645","bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_13644"],"featImg":"bayareabites_85463","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_77622":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_77622","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"77622","score":null,"sort":[1391534823000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world","title":"How American Food Companies Go GMO-Free In A GMO World","publishDate":1391534823,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8629-468dd35768d45afd8b5fc16a6702714163845b46.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8629-468dd35768d45afd8b5fc16a6702714163845b46.jpg\" alt=\"Allen Williams grows corn and soybeans for Clarkson Grain, which has been selling GMO-free grain to Japan for years. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1449\" height=\"1086\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77623\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen Williams grows corn and soybeans for Clarkson Grain, which has been selling GMO-free grain to Japan for years. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/04/269479079/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/4/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/04/269479079/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/02/20140204_me_how_american_food_companies_go_gmo-free_in_a_gmo_world.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite possibly, you've noticed some new food labels out there, like \"Not made with genetically modified ingredients\" or \"GMO-free.\" You might have seen them on boxes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cheerios.com/en/Articles/cheerios-and-gmos#.UvAOhD1dV8E\">Cheerios\u003c/a>, or on \u003ca href=\"http://murrayschicken.com/images/poop/Non-GMO_Chicken_Card_New.pdf\">chicken meat\u003c/a>. If you've shopped at Whole Foods, that retailer \u003ca href=\"http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/blog/gmo-labeling-coming-whole-foods-market\">says\u003c/a> it now sells more than 3,000 products that have been certified as \"non-GMO.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where does non-GMO food come from? After all, 90 percent of America's corn and soybeans are genetically modified, and producers of eggs, milk and meat rely on those crops to feed their animals. Soy oil and corn starch are used throughout the industry. Can big food companies really avoid GMOs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for the answer, I ended up at one of the first links in the non-GMO supply chain: a corn processing facility just north of the small town of Cerro Gordo, in west-central Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77624\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8582-65425013cf64e8b9d0446e5f0c8cada94772adc9.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8582-65425013cf64e8b9d0446e5f0c8cada94772adc9-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A robotic arm at Clarkson Grain takes a sample of blue corn to be tested for GMOs. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77624\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A robotic arm at Clarkson Grain takes a sample of blue corn to be tested for GMOs. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Truckloads of corn arrive here and stop at the \"scale house,\" where they're weighed. A remote-controlled steel probe dives into each load and sucks out some grain for testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's all standard at any corn handling facility. But at this processing plant, operated by \u003ca href=\"http://www.clarksongrain.com/\">Clarkson Grain\u003c/a>, there's one more test: a quick, five-minute check to see if this corn contains specific proteins that are the signature of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers have embraced these novel proteins; they protect a growing cornstalk from some insects, or weedkillers. So, at almost any corn processing facility in America, this test would come up positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here, a positive test means rejection; the truck has to turn around and leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson Grain only accepts GMO-free grain because that's what its customers want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't tell people what their values should be. We inquire, and then we do our best to support those values,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.clarksongrain.com/about-us.php\">Lynn Clarkson\u003c/a>, the company's founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson has been in the grain business for 40 years. He doesn't seem terribly excited about prices and profits, but he loves to talk about relationships: about the customers and suppliers who've stayed with him for decades, or the telegram of thanks he got, years ago, after his first foreign deal. \"That was the first compliment I had ever received in the grain business in 20 years,\" he recalls. \"Most of us want to make money, but we also want to do something that somebody appreciates.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77625\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8599-c749a296cc42c882cb30db2fdd4a4ffd5f1e78d7.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8599-c749a296cc42c882cb30db2fdd4a4ffd5f1e78d7-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Lynn Clarkson founded Clarkson Grain, which accepts only non-GMO grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77625\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lynn Clarkson founded Clarkson Grain, which accepts only non-GMO grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That story, and the story of Lynn Clarkson's company, helps explain how American food companies can, in fact, go GMO-free in a world filled with GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the story starts years ago, long before any GMOs existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynn Clarkson was a small-town grain dealer looking for new buyers for his corn. He drove to Chicago to talk to food companies, and he realized that they had a problem. \"If you ask food processors anywhere in the world, 90 percent of them will tell you there's too much variation in incoming raw materials,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn that these food processors were buying wasn't consistent. They'd cook it and get widely varying results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson told them that this problem had a simple cause. They were getting perhaps 30 different genetic types of corn in each shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson also proposed a solution: \"buying a single variety, a single hybrid, delivered at any one time, so you're not mixing different cooking characteristics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson set up a system that allowed him to deliver exactly that. He signed contracts with farmers near his hometown of Cerro Gordo, agreeing to pay them a little extra to supply specific corn hybrids, or particular varieties of soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He delivered this uniform, predictable grain to food companies, first in Chicago and then to those appreciative foreign buyers — in particular, in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When GMOs came on the scene about 20 years ago, it turned out that his Japanese customers didn't want them. Japanese food companies were suspicious of the new technology and didn't want to risk a hostile consumer reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Clarkson tweaked his supply chain to deliver what the Japanese wanted. He made sure his farmers grew varieties that weren't genetically engineered. The non-GMO niche was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wasn't the only one doing this. Clarkson shows me, on a wall map, the concentration of farmers who supply the Japanese market. Many are along the Illinois and Ohio rivers, with easy access to ships heading toward Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are thousands of them, and they're now happy to supply customers in the U.S., too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"U.S. buyers often think that we're starting from scratch\" with non-GMO grain, Clarkson says. \"Well, we're not. We're starting from millions of bushels of demand that are in place and being satisfied on a regular basis for Asian clients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these farmers don't have any philosophical objection to genetic engineering. In fact, most of them grow both GMO and non-GMO crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen Williams, who grows grain for Lynn Clarkson, says the choice to grow non-GMO grain simply comes down to money. \"You're just trying to improve your profit,\" he says. \"There's not a lot of ways to do that, if you're growing commodities. This is one way to do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He'll sell his non-GMO grain for 10 percent or 15 percent more than the standard market price. But there are complications. Some of the extra income gets eaten up by extra costs. He'll spend more money on pesticides, for instance, for his non-GMO soybean fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also has to make sure the grain he sends to Clarkson Grain doesn't contain any traces of his GMO crops. So when he finishes harvesting one of his GMO fields, he has to spend hours cleaning out his combine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, time is of the essence during harvest,\" he says. \"So to take time during harvest to clean out equipment and storage locations and transportation equipment is very expensive for a farmer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_85631-48099a9eb9629c29fd26c12e603c62305bf7f6b7.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_85631-48099a9eb9629c29fd26c12e603c62305bf7f6b7-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A GMO test kit in use at Clarkson Grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77626\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A GMO test kit in use at Clarkson Grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also, because corn pollen blows in the wind, he has to make sure his non-GMO fields of corn are a hundred feet from any GMO corn fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The separation doesn't always work perfectly. But Lynn Clarkson says the food industry is pragmatic; companies know that they have to tolerate small traces of GMOs. \"It always comes down to: How do you define GMO-free?\" he says. \"What's the tolerance level? If it's zero, we might as well have a drink and part friendly, because we can't do business. We cannot hit a zero standard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People just need to know, he says, that in the U.S., \"GMO-free\" means that something contains no more than 0.9 percent GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demand for non-GMO grain is growing. Lynn Clarkson has told farmers that he'll buy about 25 percent more non-GMO grain next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's modest offices beside the railroad tracks in the small town of Cerro Gordo, Wyatt Muse is fielding calls and emails. \"We have everything from the home survivalist wanting a 5-gallon bucket for their basement, up to people wanting a Panamax vessel to ship it into East Asia,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest query, sitting on Muse's desk, is from a snack food company in Europe. It wants non-GMO corn. \"We're going to send one container next week, and assuming they like the quality, we would probably be doing a 100 to 120 containers over the next few months,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the world of international grain trading, that's still pretty small. But there's a potential development that could transform this small niche market, Clarkson says: a surge in orders for animal feed. A few poultry and egg producers already are going GMO-free; if others do the same, the non-GMO wave could turn into a tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many American food companies, responding to consumer demands, are looking for grain that's not genetically modified. It turns out that non-GMO corn and soybeans aren't hard to find. Years ago, grain traders set up a supply chain to deliver non-GMO grain from U.S. farmers to customers in Japan.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1391534823,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1431},"headData":{"title":"How American Food Companies Go GMO-Free In A GMO World | KQED","description":"Many American food companies, responding to consumer demands, are looking for grain that's not genetically modified. It turns out that non-GMO corn and soybeans aren't hard to find. Years ago, grain traders set up a supply chain to deliver non-GMO grain from U.S. farmers to customers in Japan.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"77622 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=77622","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/02/04/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world/","disqusTitle":"How American Food Companies Go GMO-Free In A GMO World","nprByline":"Dan Charles","nprStoryId":"269479079","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=269479079&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/04/269479079/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world?ft=3&f=269479079","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 04 Feb 2014 11:53:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 04 Feb 2014 03:41:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 04 Feb 2014 11:26:42 -0500","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/02/20140204_me_how_american_food_companies_go_gmo-free_in_a_gmo_world.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&ft=3&f=269479079","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1271355343-65d137.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1053&ft=3&f=269479079","path":"/bayareabites/77622/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/02/20140204_me_how_american_food_companies_go_gmo-free_in_a_gmo_world.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&ft=3&f=269479079","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8629-468dd35768d45afd8b5fc16a6702714163845b46.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8629-468dd35768d45afd8b5fc16a6702714163845b46.jpg\" alt=\"Allen Williams grows corn and soybeans for Clarkson Grain, which has been selling GMO-free grain to Japan for years. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1449\" height=\"1086\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77623\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen Williams grows corn and soybeans for Clarkson Grain, which has been selling GMO-free grain to Japan for years. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/04/269479079/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/4/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/04/269479079/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audio","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2014/02/20140204_me_how_american_food_companies_go_gmo-free_in_a_gmo_world.mp3","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite possibly, you've noticed some new food labels out there, like \"Not made with genetically modified ingredients\" or \"GMO-free.\" You might have seen them on boxes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cheerios.com/en/Articles/cheerios-and-gmos#.UvAOhD1dV8E\">Cheerios\u003c/a>, or on \u003ca href=\"http://murrayschicken.com/images/poop/Non-GMO_Chicken_Card_New.pdf\">chicken meat\u003c/a>. If you've shopped at Whole Foods, that retailer \u003ca href=\"http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/blog/gmo-labeling-coming-whole-foods-market\">says\u003c/a> it now sells more than 3,000 products that have been certified as \"non-GMO.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where does non-GMO food come from? After all, 90 percent of America's corn and soybeans are genetically modified, and producers of eggs, milk and meat rely on those crops to feed their animals. Soy oil and corn starch are used throughout the industry. Can big food companies really avoid GMOs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for the answer, I ended up at one of the first links in the non-GMO supply chain: a corn processing facility just north of the small town of Cerro Gordo, in west-central Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77624\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8582-65425013cf64e8b9d0446e5f0c8cada94772adc9.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8582-65425013cf64e8b9d0446e5f0c8cada94772adc9-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A robotic arm at Clarkson Grain takes a sample of blue corn to be tested for GMOs. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77624\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A robotic arm at Clarkson Grain takes a sample of blue corn to be tested for GMOs. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Truckloads of corn arrive here and stop at the \"scale house,\" where they're weighed. A remote-controlled steel probe dives into each load and sucks out some grain for testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's all standard at any corn handling facility. But at this processing plant, operated by \u003ca href=\"http://www.clarksongrain.com/\">Clarkson Grain\u003c/a>, there's one more test: a quick, five-minute check to see if this corn contains specific proteins that are the signature of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers have embraced these novel proteins; they protect a growing cornstalk from some insects, or weedkillers. So, at almost any corn processing facility in America, this test would come up positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here, a positive test means rejection; the truck has to turn around and leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson Grain only accepts GMO-free grain because that's what its customers want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't tell people what their values should be. We inquire, and then we do our best to support those values,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.clarksongrain.com/about-us.php\">Lynn Clarkson\u003c/a>, the company's founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson has been in the grain business for 40 years. He doesn't seem terribly excited about prices and profits, but he loves to talk about relationships: about the customers and suppliers who've stayed with him for decades, or the telegram of thanks he got, years ago, after his first foreign deal. \"That was the first compliment I had ever received in the grain business in 20 years,\" he recalls. \"Most of us want to make money, but we also want to do something that somebody appreciates.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77625\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8599-c749a296cc42c882cb30db2fdd4a4ffd5f1e78d7.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_8599-c749a296cc42c882cb30db2fdd4a4ffd5f1e78d7-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Lynn Clarkson founded Clarkson Grain, which accepts only non-GMO grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77625\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lynn Clarkson founded Clarkson Grain, which accepts only non-GMO grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That story, and the story of Lynn Clarkson's company, helps explain how American food companies can, in fact, go GMO-free in a world filled with GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the story starts years ago, long before any GMOs existed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynn Clarkson was a small-town grain dealer looking for new buyers for his corn. He drove to Chicago to talk to food companies, and he realized that they had a problem. \"If you ask food processors anywhere in the world, 90 percent of them will tell you there's too much variation in incoming raw materials,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn that these food processors were buying wasn't consistent. They'd cook it and get widely varying results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson told them that this problem had a simple cause. They were getting perhaps 30 different genetic types of corn in each shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson also proposed a solution: \"buying a single variety, a single hybrid, delivered at any one time, so you're not mixing different cooking characteristics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clarkson set up a system that allowed him to deliver exactly that. He signed contracts with farmers near his hometown of Cerro Gordo, agreeing to pay them a little extra to supply specific corn hybrids, or particular varieties of soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He delivered this uniform, predictable grain to food companies, first in Chicago and then to those appreciative foreign buyers — in particular, in Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When GMOs came on the scene about 20 years ago, it turned out that his Japanese customers didn't want them. Japanese food companies were suspicious of the new technology and didn't want to risk a hostile consumer reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Clarkson tweaked his supply chain to deliver what the Japanese wanted. He made sure his farmers grew varieties that weren't genetically engineered. The non-GMO niche was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wasn't the only one doing this. Clarkson shows me, on a wall map, the concentration of farmers who supply the Japanese market. Many are along the Illinois and Ohio rivers, with easy access to ships heading toward Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are thousands of them, and they're now happy to supply customers in the U.S., too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"U.S. buyers often think that we're starting from scratch\" with non-GMO grain, Clarkson says. \"Well, we're not. We're starting from millions of bushels of demand that are in place and being satisfied on a regular basis for Asian clients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these farmers don't have any philosophical objection to genetic engineering. In fact, most of them grow both GMO and non-GMO crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen Williams, who grows grain for Lynn Clarkson, says the choice to grow non-GMO grain simply comes down to money. \"You're just trying to improve your profit,\" he says. \"There's not a lot of ways to do that, if you're growing commodities. This is one way to do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He'll sell his non-GMO grain for 10 percent or 15 percent more than the standard market price. But there are complications. Some of the extra income gets eaten up by extra costs. He'll spend more money on pesticides, for instance, for his non-GMO soybean fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also has to make sure the grain he sends to Clarkson Grain doesn't contain any traces of his GMO crops. So when he finishes harvesting one of his GMO fields, he has to spend hours cleaning out his combine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, time is of the essence during harvest,\" he says. \"So to take time during harvest to clean out equipment and storage locations and transportation equipment is very expensive for a farmer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_85631-48099a9eb9629c29fd26c12e603c62305bf7f6b7.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/02/img_85631-48099a9eb9629c29fd26c12e603c62305bf7f6b7-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A GMO test kit in use at Clarkson Grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77626\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A GMO test kit in use at Clarkson Grain. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also, because corn pollen blows in the wind, he has to make sure his non-GMO fields of corn are a hundred feet from any GMO corn fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The separation doesn't always work perfectly. But Lynn Clarkson says the food industry is pragmatic; companies know that they have to tolerate small traces of GMOs. \"It always comes down to: How do you define GMO-free?\" he says. \"What's the tolerance level? If it's zero, we might as well have a drink and part friendly, because we can't do business. We cannot hit a zero standard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People just need to know, he says, that in the U.S., \"GMO-free\" means that something contains no more than 0.9 percent GMOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demand for non-GMO grain is growing. Lynn Clarkson has told farmers that he'll buy about 25 percent more non-GMO grain next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's modest offices beside the railroad tracks in the small town of Cerro Gordo, Wyatt Muse is fielding calls and emails. \"We have everything from the home survivalist wanting a 5-gallon bucket for their basement, up to people wanting a Panamax vessel to ship it into East Asia,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest query, sitting on Muse's desk, is from a snack food company in Europe. It wants non-GMO corn. \"We're going to send one container next week, and assuming they like the quality, we would probably be doing a 100 to 120 containers over the next few months,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the world of international grain trading, that's still pretty small. But there's a potential development that could transform this small niche market, Clarkson says: a surge in orders for animal feed. A few poultry and egg producers already are going GMO-free; if others do the same, the non-GMO wave could turn into a tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/77622/how-american-food-companies-go-gmo-free-in-a-gmo-world","authors":["byline_bayareabites_77622"],"categories":["bayareabites_1962","bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_34","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_11270","bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_10921"],"featImg":"bayareabites_77631","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_73540":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_73540","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"73540","score":null,"sort":[1383843548000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"washington-state-says-no-to-gmo-labels","title":"Washington State Says 'No' To GMO Labels","publishDate":1383843548,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gmocars-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gmocars-lg.jpg\" alt='Cars in Tacoma, Wash., promoting a \"YES\" vote on I-522 in Washington state in October 2013. The initiative, which appears to have failed, would have required genetically engineered foods to be labeled. Photo: Ted S. Warren/ASSOCIATED PRESS' width=\"1120\" height=\"630\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cars in Tacoma, Wash., promoting a \"YES\" vote on I-522 in Washington state in October 2013. The initiative, which appears to have failed, would have required genetically engineered foods to be labeled. Photo: Ted S. Warren/ASSOCIATED PRESS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Eliza Barclay and Martin Kaste, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/11/07/243523116/washington-state-says-no-to-gmo-labels\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (11/7/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters appear to have defeated another attempt to require labels on genetically modified foods in Washington state. In early counts, the \"no\" campaign has what appears to be an \u003ca href=\"http://vote.wa.gov/results/current/State-Measures-Initiative-to-the-Legislature-522-Concerns-labeling-of-genetically-engineered-foods.html\">insurmountable lead\u003c/a> with 54 percent of votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot initiative would require labels on the front of packages for most food products, seeds and commodities like soy or corn if they were produced using genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push to require labeling had strong support in the polls a couple of months ago. But as the TV ad war heated up over the last few weeks, popular opinion swung against the idea of a mandatory GMO label on most groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out-of-state companies such as Monsanto, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and Nestle poured millions into the campaign against labeling, which argued that adding GMO designations would make food more expensive, and confuse consumers. In ads, they said the labels would increase the price of food for a three-person household by $350 to $400 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, Consumers Union, the policy and advocacy arm of \u003cem>Consumer Reports\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2013/10/labeling-genetically-engineered-food-washington-initiative-522/index.htm\">said\u003c/a> that estimate was too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yes on 522 campaign raised nearly $7.9 million of its own money, including large contributions from so-called \"natural\" product companies, like Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Thursday morning, the website of the campaign favoring GMO labels was reporting the vote as \"still too close to call.\" Campaign officials say they won't give up until the thousands of mail-in ballots yet to be counted are tallied. The final result will be certified by the state on Dec. 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar labeling initiative was defeated last year in California. But Maine and Connecticut passed labeling laws this summer (though both include stipulations that they won't take effect unless more states do the same).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate over GMOs in Washington state, check out Martin's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/16/235525984/so-what-happens-if-the-movement-to-label-gmos-succeeds\">October story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The \"no\" campaign appears to have an insurmountable lead in early counts with 54 percent of votes. The ballot initiative in favor of labeling had strong public support two months ago. But food companies spent millions to persuade voters that the labels would increase the cost of groceries.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1550616574,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":378},"headData":{"title":"Washington State Says 'No' To GMO Labels | KQED","description":"The "no" campaign appears to have an insurmountable lead in early counts with 54 percent of votes. The ballot initiative in favor of labeling had strong public support two months ago. But food companies spent millions to persuade voters that the labels would increase the cost of groceries.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73540 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=73540","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/11/07/washington-state-says-no-to-gmo-labels/","disqusTitle":"Washington State Says 'No' To GMO Labels","nprByline":"Eliza Barclay and Martin Kaste","nprStoryId":"243523116","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=243523116&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/11/07/243523116/washington-state-says-no-to-gmo-labels?ft=3&f=243523116","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 07 Nov 2013 11:41:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 07 Nov 2013 11:41:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 07 Nov 2013 11:41:12 -0500","path":"/bayareabites/73540/washington-state-says-no-to-gmo-labels","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gmocars-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/11/gmocars-lg.jpg\" alt='Cars in Tacoma, Wash., promoting a \"YES\" vote on I-522 in Washington state in October 2013. The initiative, which appears to have failed, would have required genetically engineered foods to be labeled. Photo: Ted S. Warren/ASSOCIATED PRESS' width=\"1120\" height=\"630\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cars in Tacoma, Wash., promoting a \"YES\" vote on I-522 in Washington state in October 2013. The initiative, which appears to have failed, would have required genetically engineered foods to be labeled. Photo: Ted S. Warren/ASSOCIATED PRESS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Eliza Barclay and Martin Kaste, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/11/07/243523116/washington-state-says-no-to-gmo-labels\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (11/7/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters appear to have defeated another attempt to require labels on genetically modified foods in Washington state. In early counts, the \"no\" campaign has what appears to be an \u003ca href=\"http://vote.wa.gov/results/current/State-Measures-Initiative-to-the-Legislature-522-Concerns-labeling-of-genetically-engineered-foods.html\">insurmountable lead\u003c/a> with 54 percent of votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ballot initiative would require labels on the front of packages for most food products, seeds and commodities like soy or corn if they were produced using genetic engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push to require labeling had strong support in the polls a couple of months ago. But as the TV ad war heated up over the last few weeks, popular opinion swung against the idea of a mandatory GMO label on most groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out-of-state companies such as Monsanto, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and Nestle poured millions into the campaign against labeling, which argued that adding GMO designations would make food more expensive, and confuse consumers. In ads, they said the labels would increase the price of food for a three-person household by $350 to $400 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, Consumers Union, the policy and advocacy arm of \u003cem>Consumer Reports\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2013/10/labeling-genetically-engineered-food-washington-initiative-522/index.htm\">said\u003c/a> that estimate was too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yes on 522 campaign raised nearly $7.9 million of its own money, including large contributions from so-called \"natural\" product companies, like Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Thursday morning, the website of the campaign favoring GMO labels was reporting the vote as \"still too close to call.\" Campaign officials say they won't give up until the thousands of mail-in ballots yet to be counted are tallied. The final result will be certified by the state on Dec. 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar labeling initiative was defeated last year in California. But Maine and Connecticut passed labeling laws this summer (though both include stipulations that they won't take effect unless more states do the same).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate over GMOs in Washington state, check out Martin's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/16/235525984/so-what-happens-if-the-movement-to-label-gmos-succeeds\">October story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/73540/washington-state-says-no-to-gmo-labels","authors":["byline_bayareabites_73540"],"categories":["bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_2035"],"tags":["bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_10921","bayareabites_12663"],"featImg":"bayareabites_73545","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_70379":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_70379","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"70379","score":null,"sort":[1379447295000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"golden-rice-study-violated-ethical-rules-tufts-says","title":"Golden Rice Study Violated Ethical Rules, Tufts Says","publishDate":1379447295,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70387\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/goldricecompare.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/goldricecompare.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"624\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-70387\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/17/223382375/golden-rice-study-violated-ethical-rules-tufts-says\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/17/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tufts University announced Tuesday that one of its researchers broke ethical rules while carrying out a study of genetically modified \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/03/10/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods/\">golden rice\u003c/a>\" in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Tufts report, the scientific conclusions of the study remain valid. The researchers had \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/3/658.abstract\">found\u003c/a> that a single bowl of this rice can supply more than half of a child's daily vitamin A requirement — the most convincing evidence so far that golden rice can, in fact, be a useful tool in fighting malnutrition. But when the study was published last year, anti-biotech campaigners at Greenpeace China immediately called it a scandal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/news/blog/24-children-used-as-guinea-pigs-in-geneticall/blog/41956/\">accusing\u003c/a> the research team, led by Tufts' Guangwen Tang, of feeding children a \"potentially dangerous product\" without informing their parents of exactly what the children were eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese media started investigating and found evidence that Tang and her collaborators in China had cut corners when it came to informing Chinese parents and Chinese regulatory authorities about details of the study. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/china-sacks-officials-over-golden-rice-controversy-1.11998\">report\u003c/a> in\u003cem> Nature\u003c/em> magazine, Chinese reporters found an email from a Chinese official involved in the study in which he explained that he was dropping any mention of genetic modification in some documents presented to the children's parents because it was \"too sensitive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December of last year, the Chinese government \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2012/12/chinese-researchers-punished-role-gm-rice-study\">announced\u003c/a> that it was punishing several China-based researchers who were involved in the study, removing them from their jobs. According to the government, the researchers didn't obtain proper approvals before carrying out the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some American researchers were skeptical of the Chinese findings. They suspected that the researchers involved in this study were simply the victims of an anti-biotech backlash in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tufts, after spending more than a year carrying out its own review, now says that the study was not \"conducted in full compliance with ... policy or federal regulations. According to the Tufts report, the researchers did not adequately explain the nature of golden rice and made some changes in the study without getting approval from the committee at Tufts that is supposed to review all research involving human subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guangwen Tang will be banned from conducting research on human subjects for two years. For two years after that, any research that she conducts will be under the direct supervision of another investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Tufts University says that one of its researchers violated ethics rules while carrying out a study of genetically modified \"golden rice\" in China. The study showed that the rice can fight malnutrition, but researchers didn't provide enough information to the parents of the children who ate it, Tufts says.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1379447544,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":428},"headData":{"title":"Golden Rice Study Violated Ethical Rules, Tufts Says | KQED","description":"Tufts University says that one of its researchers violated ethics rules while carrying out a study of genetically modified "golden rice" in China. The study showed that the rice can fight malnutrition, but researchers didn't provide enough information to the parents of the children who ate it, Tufts says.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70379 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=70379","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/09/17/golden-rice-study-violated-ethical-rules-tufts-says/","disqusTitle":"Golden Rice Study Violated Ethical Rules, Tufts Says","nprByline":"Dan Charles","nprStoryId":"223382375","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=223382375&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/17/223382375/golden-rice-study-violated-ethical-rules-tufts-says?ft=3&f=223382375","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 17 Sep 2013 15:15:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 17 Sep 2013 13:23:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 17 Sep 2013 15:15:06 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/70379/golden-rice-study-violated-ethical-rules-tufts-says","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70387\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/goldricecompare.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/goldricecompare.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\" width=\"624\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-70387\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically modified to be enriched with beta-carotene, golden rice grains (left) are a deep yellow. At right, white rice grains. Photo: Isagani Serrano/International Rice Research Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/17/223382375/golden-rice-study-violated-ethical-rules-tufts-says\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/17/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tufts University announced Tuesday that one of its researchers broke ethical rules while carrying out a study of genetically modified \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/03/10/in-a-grain-of-golden-rice-a-world-of-controversy-over-gmo-foods/\">golden rice\u003c/a>\" in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Tufts report, the scientific conclusions of the study remain valid. The researchers had \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/3/658.abstract\">found\u003c/a> that a single bowl of this rice can supply more than half of a child's daily vitamin A requirement — the most convincing evidence so far that golden rice can, in fact, be a useful tool in fighting malnutrition. But when the study was published last year, anti-biotech campaigners at Greenpeace China immediately called it a scandal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/news/blog/24-children-used-as-guinea-pigs-in-geneticall/blog/41956/\">accusing\u003c/a> the research team, led by Tufts' Guangwen Tang, of feeding children a \"potentially dangerous product\" without informing their parents of exactly what the children were eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese media started investigating and found evidence that Tang and her collaborators in China had cut corners when it came to informing Chinese parents and Chinese regulatory authorities about details of the study. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/china-sacks-officials-over-golden-rice-controversy-1.11998\">report\u003c/a> in\u003cem> Nature\u003c/em> magazine, Chinese reporters found an email from a Chinese official involved in the study in which he explained that he was dropping any mention of genetic modification in some documents presented to the children's parents because it was \"too sensitive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December of last year, the Chinese government \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2012/12/chinese-researchers-punished-role-gm-rice-study\">announced\u003c/a> that it was punishing several China-based researchers who were involved in the study, removing them from their jobs. According to the government, the researchers didn't obtain proper approvals before carrying out the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some American researchers were skeptical of the Chinese findings. They suspected that the researchers involved in this study were simply the victims of an anti-biotech backlash in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tufts, after spending more than a year carrying out its own review, now says that the study was not \"conducted in full compliance with ... policy or federal regulations. According to the Tufts report, the researchers did not adequately explain the nature of golden rice and made some changes in the study without getting approval from the committee at Tufts that is supposed to review all research involving human subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guangwen Tang will be banned from conducting research on human subjects for two years. For two years after that, any research that she conducts will be under the direct supervision of another investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/70379/golden-rice-study-violated-ethical-rules-tufts-says","authors":["byline_bayareabites_70379"],"categories":["bayareabites_2998","bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_4084","bayareabites_1245","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_2035"],"tags":["bayareabites_272","bayareabites_11270","bayareabites_10772","bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10771","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_11675","bayareabites_12405","bayareabites_12407","bayareabites_11318","bayareabites_10921","bayareabites_12406"],"featImg":"bayareabites_70380","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_68950":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_68950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"68950","score":null,"sort":[1377645338000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"getting-to-the-bottom-of-the-peacotum","title":"Getting to the Bottom of the Peacotum","publishDate":1377645338,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/zaiger_fruit.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/zaiger_fruit.jpg\" alt=\"Fruit bowl photo courtesy of Dave Wilson Nursery\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68963\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fruit bowl photo courtesy of Dave Wilson Nursery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Post by Brie Mazurek, Online Education Manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/article/getting-bottom-peacotum\">CUESA\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (8/9/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, there were cherries in the spring, followed by apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums in the summer, spilling over into fall. Our choices were simple, or so they seemed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, stone fruit season brings all of the above and everything in between in a rainbow of colors and flavors: apriums, pluots, nectaplums, peacharines, pluerries, and even peacotums. Where did these designer breeds come from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the age of genetic engineering, the term “hybrid” can raise eyebrows and concerns for eaters. \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/seller/blossom-bluff-orchards\">Blossom Bluff Orchards\u003c/a>, an organic fruit farm based in Parlier, is one of a number of Ferry Plaza sellers who grow \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/food/pluots\">pluots\u003c/a> and other modern hybrids. “We get a lot of questions at the stand,” says fourth-generation farmer Bryce Loewen. “I think it’s great that people are thinking about GMOs. They’re worried about that stuff, and rightly so in my opinion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Family Trees\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68960\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/bryce_loewen.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/bryce_loewen.jpg\" alt=\"Bryce Loewen photo courtesy of Blossom Bluff Orchards\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bryce Loewen photo courtesy of Blossom Bluff Orchards\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hybridization is nothing new, nor was it invented by humans. For thousands of years, new plant varieties have developed in nature through mutation as well as crosses between plants. “A lot of the varieties that have been established for hundreds of years were the result of hybridizing, whether it was prompted by humans or not,” says Bryce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In classical plant breeding, the fruit breeder collects pollen from one variety with desirable traits and applies it to the blossoms of another variety. If the cross is fruitful, the breeder keeps the seeds and plants them. The seedlings are grown out, and several years later the breeder finds out what traits have prevailed. This type of artificial selection can take place between varieties within the same species (intraspecific) or between closely related species (interspecific). Although classical plant breeding methods have become more technologically complex over the years, the basic concept remains the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/hybrid-seeds-vs-gmos-zb0z1301zsor.aspx#axzz2dDHudbr6\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> is a modern invention developed in the late 20th century. Genetically modified plants are created in a laboratory using high-tech methods to insert genetic material from one plant or organism into the genes of another plant, creating species that would have almost no chance of occurring in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest experiments in selective plant breeding were conducted around the turn of the 20th century by pioneering horticulturist \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank\">Luther Burbank\u003c/a>, who developed the first plumcot (a 50/50 plum-apricot hybrid) and the Santa Rosa plum, as well as hundreds of other varieties of fruits and vegetables, on his farm in Sebastopol. While the plumcot was too delicate for commercial success, Burbank broke new ground and planted the seeds for breeders to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Flavor King\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the latter half of the 20th century, aesthetics, durability, and storability guided much of plant breeding, which meant flavor took a back seat. But in recent years, there has been a dramatic shift toward sweetness, due in large part to \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/product-information-general/about-zaiger-genetics\">Floyd Zaiger\u003c/a>, a man who is considered by many fruit aficionados to be the modern master of interspecific fruit breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a variety doesn’t have flavor, it doesn’t go anywhere,” says Dennis Tarry, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/\">Dave Wilson Nursery\u003c/a> in Modesto, the exclusive licensor of varieties introduced by Zaiger. “Much to the betterment of the industry, people actually want to eat their fruit as opposed to letting it rot in a fruit bowl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1989, Zaiger built on Burbank’s work when, after many years of plant breeding, he \u003ca href=\"http://www.gourmet.com/magazine/2000s/2000/09/matchmaker\">introduced and trademarked the pluot\u003c/a>, a plum-leaning stone fruit developed by crossing multiple generations of plum-apricot hybrids, and the aprium, another plum-apricot hybrid that tends toward the apricot side of the spectrum. Flavor King and Dapple Dandy pluots bear Zaiger’s trademark, as do many other popular interspecific and intraspecific varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68962\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/peacotums.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/peacotums.jpg\" alt=\"Peacotums photo courtesy of CUESA\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68962\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peacotums photo courtesy of CUESA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Controlled breeding takes many years of meticulous work, and there is no guarantee that the biological cross will yield the desired fruit. “It’s such a shotgun approach,” says Tarry. “Zaiger plants 50,000 to 60,000 of these crosses a year. We might wind up with six varieties that actually have characteristics that the fruit industry might find appealing. It’s a terrible labor of love to go through all that effort.” (\u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/seller/candycot-fruit-company\">CandyCot Fruit Company\u003c/a>, which makes a brief appearance in the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market in June, \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/article/sweetness-light-making-candycots\">has used such methods\u003c/a> to breed their famously sweet apricots.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pushing the envelope of interspecific plant breeding, in 2007 Zaiger patented the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/Peacotum-a-triple-treat-from-the-garden-3180956.php\">Bella Gold peacotum\u003c/a> in 2007. A three-way cross, the peacotum combines the sweetness of a peach with a hint of the plum’s tartness, all wrapped in an apricot-like fuzzy skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Blossom Bluff Orchards started bringing peacotums to farmers markets, the fruit were met with curiosity and quickly embraced. “Unlike some pluots, they really stand out,” said Bryce. “They’re very obviously something different, and the flavor is hard to compare.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Back to Basics\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But jumping on the latest stone fruit trends is not the only priority at Blossom Bluff, which currently grows upwards of 120 varieties. The Loewens are constantly seeking out cultivars that have unique flavor profiles and market demand, while filling in any gaps in their harvest calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re constantly looking at new varieties, but we’re also seeking out old ones,” says Bryce. One of their more recent additions was the classic yellow-fleshed Le Grande nectarine, which was developed near Parlier in the 1940s. “It was a gold standard for nectarines for a long time. We didn’t have that variety, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.masumoto.com/about-us/\">Mas Masumoto\u003c/a>, who’s just down the road from us, gave us scion wood from his trees to graft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68961\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/damson_plum_jonathan_billinger.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/damson_plum_jonathan_billinger.jpg\" alt=\"Damson plums photo by Jonathan Billinger.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68961\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Damson plums photo by Jonathan Billinger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Loewens have been getting requests for their \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damson\">Damson plums\u003c/a>, an English subspecies with a long history. Damsons are not the sweetest of stone fruit, but their distinctive blue-purple skin and complex, somewhat astringent flavor have made them a favorite among jam makers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaiger continues to dream up new stone fruit crosses to grace future orchards, just as nature and growers have been conspiring for centuries to bring out the best in summer’s harvest. “It’s hard to find a plum that doesn’t have some suspected crosses,” says Tarry. “Even the Santa Rosa plum, which we’ve loved for decades, is believed to have some apricot blood in it.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Find out your \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/whats-your-stone-fruit-name\">stone fruit name\u003c/a>!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look for Blossom Bluff Orchards at the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market on Saturdays and Tuesdays.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Today, stone fruit season brings in a rainbow of colors and flavors: apriums, pluots, nectaplums, peacharines, pluerries, and even peacotums. Where did these designer breeds come from? What is the difference between hybridization and genetic engineering?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1377645338,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1150},"headData":{"title":"Getting to the Bottom of the Peacotum | KQED","description":"Today, stone fruit season brings in a rainbow of colors and flavors: apriums, pluots, nectaplums, peacharines, pluerries, and even peacotums. Where did these designer breeds come from? What is the difference between hybridization and genetic engineering?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68950 http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=68950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/08/27/getting-to-the-bottom-of-the-peacotum/","disqusTitle":"Getting to the Bottom of the Peacotum","path":"/bayareabites/68950/getting-to-the-bottom-of-the-peacotum","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/zaiger_fruit.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/zaiger_fruit.jpg\" alt=\"Fruit bowl photo courtesy of Dave Wilson Nursery\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68963\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fruit bowl photo courtesy of Dave Wilson Nursery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Post by Brie Mazurek, Online Education Manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/article/getting-bottom-peacotum\">CUESA\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (8/9/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, there were cherries in the spring, followed by apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums in the summer, spilling over into fall. Our choices were simple, or so they seemed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, stone fruit season brings all of the above and everything in between in a rainbow of colors and flavors: apriums, pluots, nectaplums, peacharines, pluerries, and even peacotums. Where did these designer breeds come from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the age of genetic engineering, the term “hybrid” can raise eyebrows and concerns for eaters. \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/seller/blossom-bluff-orchards\">Blossom Bluff Orchards\u003c/a>, an organic fruit farm based in Parlier, is one of a number of Ferry Plaza sellers who grow \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/food/pluots\">pluots\u003c/a> and other modern hybrids. “We get a lot of questions at the stand,” says fourth-generation farmer Bryce Loewen. “I think it’s great that people are thinking about GMOs. They’re worried about that stuff, and rightly so in my opinion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Family Trees\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68960\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/bryce_loewen.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/bryce_loewen.jpg\" alt=\"Bryce Loewen photo courtesy of Blossom Bluff Orchards\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bryce Loewen photo courtesy of Blossom Bluff Orchards\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hybridization is nothing new, nor was it invented by humans. For thousands of years, new plant varieties have developed in nature through mutation as well as crosses between plants. “A lot of the varieties that have been established for hundreds of years were the result of hybridizing, whether it was prompted by humans or not,” says Bryce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In classical plant breeding, the fruit breeder collects pollen from one variety with desirable traits and applies it to the blossoms of another variety. If the cross is fruitful, the breeder keeps the seeds and plants them. The seedlings are grown out, and several years later the breeder finds out what traits have prevailed. This type of artificial selection can take place between varieties within the same species (intraspecific) or between closely related species (interspecific). Although classical plant breeding methods have become more technologically complex over the years, the basic concept remains the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/hybrid-seeds-vs-gmos-zb0z1301zsor.aspx#axzz2dDHudbr6\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> is a modern invention developed in the late 20th century. Genetically modified plants are created in a laboratory using high-tech methods to insert genetic material from one plant or organism into the genes of another plant, creating species that would have almost no chance of occurring in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest experiments in selective plant breeding were conducted around the turn of the 20th century by pioneering horticulturist \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank\">Luther Burbank\u003c/a>, who developed the first plumcot (a 50/50 plum-apricot hybrid) and the Santa Rosa plum, as well as hundreds of other varieties of fruits and vegetables, on his farm in Sebastopol. While the plumcot was too delicate for commercial success, Burbank broke new ground and planted the seeds for breeders to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Flavor King\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the latter half of the 20th century, aesthetics, durability, and storability guided much of plant breeding, which meant flavor took a back seat. But in recent years, there has been a dramatic shift toward sweetness, due in large part to \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/product-information-general/about-zaiger-genetics\">Floyd Zaiger\u003c/a>, a man who is considered by many fruit aficionados to be the modern master of interspecific fruit breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a variety doesn’t have flavor, it doesn’t go anywhere,” says Dennis Tarry, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/\">Dave Wilson Nursery\u003c/a> in Modesto, the exclusive licensor of varieties introduced by Zaiger. “Much to the betterment of the industry, people actually want to eat their fruit as opposed to letting it rot in a fruit bowl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1989, Zaiger built on Burbank’s work when, after many years of plant breeding, he \u003ca href=\"http://www.gourmet.com/magazine/2000s/2000/09/matchmaker\">introduced and trademarked the pluot\u003c/a>, a plum-leaning stone fruit developed by crossing multiple generations of plum-apricot hybrids, and the aprium, another plum-apricot hybrid that tends toward the apricot side of the spectrum. Flavor King and Dapple Dandy pluots bear Zaiger’s trademark, as do many other popular interspecific and intraspecific varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68962\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/peacotums.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/peacotums.jpg\" alt=\"Peacotums photo courtesy of CUESA\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68962\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peacotums photo courtesy of CUESA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Controlled breeding takes many years of meticulous work, and there is no guarantee that the biological cross will yield the desired fruit. “It’s such a shotgun approach,” says Tarry. “Zaiger plants 50,000 to 60,000 of these crosses a year. We might wind up with six varieties that actually have characteristics that the fruit industry might find appealing. It’s a terrible labor of love to go through all that effort.” (\u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/seller/candycot-fruit-company\">CandyCot Fruit Company\u003c/a>, which makes a brief appearance in the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market in June, \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/article/sweetness-light-making-candycots\">has used such methods\u003c/a> to breed their famously sweet apricots.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pushing the envelope of interspecific plant breeding, in 2007 Zaiger patented the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/Peacotum-a-triple-treat-from-the-garden-3180956.php\">Bella Gold peacotum\u003c/a> in 2007. A three-way cross, the peacotum combines the sweetness of a peach with a hint of the plum’s tartness, all wrapped in an apricot-like fuzzy skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Blossom Bluff Orchards started bringing peacotums to farmers markets, the fruit were met with curiosity and quickly embraced. “Unlike some pluots, they really stand out,” said Bryce. “They’re very obviously something different, and the flavor is hard to compare.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Back to Basics\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But jumping on the latest stone fruit trends is not the only priority at Blossom Bluff, which currently grows upwards of 120 varieties. The Loewens are constantly seeking out cultivars that have unique flavor profiles and market demand, while filling in any gaps in their harvest calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re constantly looking at new varieties, but we’re also seeking out old ones,” says Bryce. One of their more recent additions was the classic yellow-fleshed Le Grande nectarine, which was developed near Parlier in the 1940s. “It was a gold standard for nectarines for a long time. We didn’t have that variety, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.masumoto.com/about-us/\">Mas Masumoto\u003c/a>, who’s just down the road from us, gave us scion wood from his trees to graft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68961\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/damson_plum_jonathan_billinger.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/damson_plum_jonathan_billinger.jpg\" alt=\"Damson plums photo by Jonathan Billinger.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68961\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Damson plums photo by Jonathan Billinger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Loewens have been getting requests for their \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damson\">Damson plums\u003c/a>, an English subspecies with a long history. Damsons are not the sweetest of stone fruit, but their distinctive blue-purple skin and complex, somewhat astringent flavor have made them a favorite among jam makers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaiger continues to dream up new stone fruit crosses to grace future orchards, just as nature and growers have been conspiring for centuries to bring out the best in summer’s harvest. “It’s hard to find a plum that doesn’t have some suspected crosses,” says Tarry. “Even the Santa Rosa plum, which we’ve loved for decades, is believed to have some apricot blood in it.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Find out your \u003ca href=\"http://192.237.162.201:11777/whats-your-stone-fruit-name\">stone fruit name\u003c/a>!\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look for Blossom Bluff Orchards at the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market on Saturdays and Tuesdays.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/68950/getting-to-the-bottom-of-the-peacotum","authors":["5484"],"categories":["bayareabites_12276","bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_95","bayareabites_4084"],"tags":["bayareabites_12277","bayareabites_10771","bayareabites_10787","bayareabites_9712","bayareabites_12275","bayareabites_10713"],"featImg":"bayareabites_68963","label":"bayareabites"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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