Next, add a diluted calcium chloride solution, stirring it into the milk in the same manner as the culture. The calcium chloride will help the milk form firmer, easier-to-work-with curds. When milk goes through the pasteurization and homogenization process, it can lose a substantial amount of calcium, which will in turn affect the clotting properties of the milk once rennet is added. In order to make sure the calcium chloride is evenly distributed, it is best to dilute it in a bit of water before adding it to the milk.

Both rennet and calcium chloride are key ingredients to forming a firm curd. Photo: Kate Williams

Finally, add the rennet. Animal rennet comes from the stomach lining of calves, lambs, or goats, and the enzymes present in the stomach cause the milk to coagulate and separate into firm curds and whey. (Acids will also cause milk to coagulate, but will not form firm, stable curds.) If animal rennet makes you squeamish, you can use vegetable rennet. Vegetable rennet contains the same enzymes as the animal version, yet is derived from a species of mold. Just like the calcium chloride, it is necessary to dilute the rennet before adding it to the milk, and to whisk it in slowly, using an up-and-down motion.

Once the rennet is incorporated, cover the pot and let it sit at room temperature for another hour. At this point the milk should have transformed into a sold mass of curd surrounded by light yellow whey. To check if the milk is fully set, you’ll want to perform a “clean break” test. Simply stick an offset spatula or thin knife into the cheese and gently push it sideways. You should see a clean line of separation between the curds and the whey. If the line of separation is still blurry, re-cover the pot and let it sit for 15 more minutes before testing again.

Cutting the curd into small cubes allows it to release whey and form solid cheese. Photo: Kate Williams

Now it is time to cut the curds. Using that same spatula or knife, cut the curds into a grid of 1/2-inch squares. It doesn’t have to be totally perfect, but evenly cut curd will (logically) drain more evenly than curd cut into random-sized blocks. Let the cut curd sit undisturbed for 10 minutes.

To firm the curds up just a bit, you’ll need to slowly heat the whey up to 90 degrees. I like to do this over the lowest heat possible so that it takes around 20 minutes to bring the whey up to temperature. While the pot is heating, stir the curds gently using a flexible rubber spatula. This process will break the curds up into smaller pieces and allow them to release more whey. Make sure you’re checking the temperature of the yellow whey (not the curds) every few minutes to monitor its progress. Let the curds rest for 5 minutes, undisturbed.

To drain the gently cooked curds, transfer them to a colander lined with butter muslin or cheesecloth. Photo: Kate Williams

While the curds rest, line a colander with damped butter muslin or a double layer of cheesecloth, letting excess cloth hang over the sides of the colander. Now gently transfer the curds to the colander using a slotted spoon. Let the curds drain for about 30 minutes, or until there’s little whey visible around the curds. Don’t throw away the drained whey—you’ll need it to make a brine later.

The curds then need to drain overnight wrapped in the muslin. I like to hang the sack of curds off of a spoon on top of a stockpot. Photo: Kate Williams

To let the curds drain further, gently tie the corners of the muslin into a sack, and slip a long wooden spoon through the knot. Use the spoon to hang the sack of curds over a deep stockpot or bucket. Tie the corners of the muslin together to create a sack, slip a wooden spoon handle through the knot, and hang the sack over a stockpot or bucket. Transfer the pot to the refrigerator and let the curds continue to drain overnight.

Once the cheese has firmed up, it should hold its shape in a ball. Photo: Kate Williams

Sliced slabs of cheese are then heavily salted before curing in the refrigerator for 5 days. Photo: Kate Williams

Now that the curds are drained, it’s time to salt the cheese. Gently unwrap the ball of cheese and slice it into slabs that are about one inch thick. Place the slabs in a rimmed baking dish (or a couple if you’ve only got small ones handy), and sprinkle with 2 tablespoons of kosher salt, covering both sides. It sounds like a lot of salt, but much of it will draw moisture out of the cheese and will be drained off. Plus, feta is salty! Cover the dishes with plastic wrap and place in the refrigerator until the cheese has stopped extruding whey, about five days. You’ll want to drain off extruded whey and flip the slabs over once a day.

Finally, after those long five days of waiting, your feta can be ready to eat. If you prefer a saltier, brined feta, slice the slabs into 1-inch cubes and transfer to a large, 1-quart glass canning jar. Whisk the two cups of reserved whey with 3 tablespoons of kosher salt and pour the brine over the feta. (You’ll probably have extra brine.) Let the feta sit in the brine, refrigerated, for at least 24 hours or up to 3 weeks before using.

I find a way to sneak my homemade feta on to and into just about everything in my kitchen. My current favorite is using the cheese as a topping for poached eggs in tomato sauce.

Store the feta in a jar covered in brine (made from extruded whey and salt) for up to 3 weeks. Photo: Kate Williams

Recipe: Feta Cheese

Makes about 1 pound

Note: You can make this cheese vegetarian by using vegetable rennet, but pay close attention to the conversion amounts on the package. Some vegetable rennets are less concentrated than animal rennet. You may need to use more than what is listed in the recipe.

Ingredients:

1 gallon pasteurized whole goat, sheep, or cow’s milk
1/4 teaspoon direct-set mesophilic starter culture
1/4 teaspoon liquid calcium chloride diluted in 1/4 cup cool non-chlorinated water
1/4 teaspoon liquid animal rennet diluted in 1/4 cup cool non-chlorinated water
5 tablespoons Diamond Crystal kosher salt

Equipment:

Non-reactive stockpot or Dutch oven
Whisk
Offset spatula or thin knife
Rubber spatula
Instant-read thermometer
Slotted spoon
Colander
Butter muslin or cheesecloth
Wooden spoon
Baking dish(es)
1-quart glass jar

Instructions:

In a nonreactive stockpot or Dutch oven, gently heat the milk over low heat until it reaches 86 degrees. This should take about 15 minutes. Remove the milk from the heat.
Sprinkle the starter culture over the milk and let it hydrate for 2 minutes. Whisk the starter into the milk, using an up-and-down motion to distribute thoroughly. Cover and let the milk ripen at room temperature for 1 hour.
Add the diluted calcium chloride, whisking it gently with an up-and-down motion for two minutes. Then add the rennet in the same way.
Cover the pot and let it sit at room temperature for 1 hour. At this point the curds should have formed a solid mass and light yellow whey will float to the surface. The curds should show a clean line of separation when cut with a thin knife. (This is called the clean break test.) If the curds do not separate cleanly, let the curds sit for another 15 minutes, and test again.
Using an offset spatula or thin knife, cut the curds into a grid of 1/2-inch squares. Let the cut curd sit undisturbed for 10 minutes.
Stir the curds gently using a flexible rubber spatula for 20 minutes, while raising the temperature slowly (over low heat) to 90 degrees. This process will break the curds up into smaller pieces and allow them to release more whey. Let the curds rest for 5 minutes, undisturbed.
While the curds rest, line a colander with damped butter muslin or a double layer of cheesecloth, letting excess cloth hang over the sides of the colander. Using a slotted spoon, transfer the curds to the prepared colander and let drain for 30 minutes. Save and refrigerate 2 cups of the leftover drained whey to use in step 10.
Tie the corners of the muslin together to create a sack, slip a wooden spoon handle through the knot, and hang the sack over a stockpot or bucket. Transfer the pot to the refrigerator and let drain overnight. At this point, the cheese should no longer be dripping whey.
The next day, unwrap the cheese from the muslin and gently slice into 1-inch thick slabs. Place the slabs in a single layer in one or two rimmed baking dishes and sprinkle with 1 tablespoon of salt on each side of the slabs. Cover and refrigerate until the feta is very firm and has stopped extruding whey, about 5 days. Drain off the extruded whey and flip the slabs over once a day.
Slice the slabs into 1-inch cubes and transfer to a 1-quart canning jar. Whisk the reserved 2 cups of whey with remaining 3 tablespoons salt to create a brine. Pour the brine over feta and refrigerate for at least 24 hours or up to 3 weeks.

Information:

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