Devastating Banana Fungus Arrives In Colombia, Threatening The Fruit's Future
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The plants were turning yellow and wilting, as if they didn't have water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas recognized the symptoms. He'd seen them before, in devastated banana plantations in the Philippines. These are the effects of a fungus called \u003cem>Fusarium\u003c/em>. But the implications were devastating, and García-Bastidas hoped he was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt this thing in my heart that was like kind of praying for a false positive, or something like that,\" García-Bastidas recalls. \"It was terrible\" — and doubly distressing because it affected his homeland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next month, he says, he had trouble sleeping. He flew to Colombia, collected samples of the wilting plants and tested them. The results confirmed his fears. The plants were infected with a variant of \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus called \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4\">Tropical Race 4\u003c/a>, or TR4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TR4 \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4#Distribution\">began marching\u003c/a> through the world's banana-growing countries in the 1990s. First detected in Taiwan, it moved to Malaysia and Indonesia, then jumped to China, Australia and the Philippines. It showed up in Mozambique, in Africa, five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People involved in banana production or research have taken extreme measures to prevent it from spreading. When García-Bastidas visits an area where the fungus is present, he'll buy a new pair of shoes before entering another banana-growing region to avoid bringing in a speck of fungus-contaminated soil. The main international conference on banana research no longer takes place in any banana-growing country, to reduce the risk that the fungus might hitch a ride with one of the researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somehow, though, it has now hopped the ocean and arrived in Latin America. García-Bastidas says he expected it would happen someday, but not so quickly. \"It's very difficult to control the spread of this disease,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus lives in the soil. No one knows how to eradicate it or to treat infected plants. It invades banana plants through their roots and then blocks the vessels that carry water and nutrients, starving the plants. It kills most members of the banana family, including the variety called Cavendish that accounts for the vast majority of bananas traded internationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colombian authorities have declared a national emergency and launched efforts to contain the fungus. Banana growers are destroying all banana plants anywhere near a plant that shows symptoms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be too late, though. By the time symptoms appear, the fungus has already been present in the soil around that plant for at least a year. During that time, people may have been walking through the farms, perhaps picking up bits of fungus on their shoes and spreading it. \"I hope I'm wrong, but most likely it spread already to other places,\" says García-Bastidas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only good news may be that the disaster will unfold slowly. It can take years or decades for the fungus to move across entire countries or continents. In Asia, individual farms have been devastated, but many of the affected countries remain major banana producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers are trying \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/11/462375558/our-favorite-banana-may-be-doomed-can-new-varieties-replace-it\">desperately to find a new kind of banana\u003c/a> that can survive Tropical Race 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Australia have created a fungus-resistant variety using genetic engineering. It's still being tested and would require government approval before it could be grown or sold. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists are looking through nature's storehouse. When García-Bastidas was a graduate student at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands, he tested 300 different members of the banana family. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, 80% of the [varieties] that I tested were susceptible to TR4,\" he says. \"But there is a little bit of hope with the other ones that were not susceptible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those fungus-resistant plants are ready to replace the bananas that currently fill supermarket shelves. Most of them are cooking bananas, or plantains. Others are wild bananas with tiny fruit that's inedible; the pods are full of seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, however, is that plant breeders can take these plants and cross-pollinate them, mating them with other, more commercially viable bananas, reshuffling the genes to create new varieties that are both delicious and immune to TR4. The company where García-Bastidas now works, \u003ca href=\"https://www.keygene.com/\">Keygene\u003c/a>, is one of the research centers pursuing this goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding bananas is so complicated that few people have ever tried it. For one thing, it takes bananas with seed-filled fruit, since those seeds represent the new genetic combinations that plant breeders want. Yet those seeds can't appear in the fruit of a commercial variety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas says the task is very difficult. But it is possible. And now it's necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/16/751499719/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A fungus that has destroyed banana plantations in Asia is now in Latin America. The disease moves slowly, but there's no cure, and it could mean calamity for the continent's banana industry. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1565976736,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":886},"headData":{"title":"Devastating Banana Fungus Arrives In Colombia, Threatening The Fruit's Future | KQED","description":"A fungus that has destroyed banana plantations in Asia is now in Latin America. The disease moves slowly, but there's no cure, and it could mean calamity for the continent's banana industry. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"134460 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=134460","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2019/08/16/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future/","disqusTitle":"Devastating Banana Fungus Arrives In Colombia, Threatening The Fruit's Future","nprImageCredit":"Jan Sochor","nprByline":"Dan Charles, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"LatinContent via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"751499719","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=751499719&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/16/751499719/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future?ft=nprml&f=751499719","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 16 Aug 2019 11:48:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 16 Aug 2019 09:39:57 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 16 Aug 2019 11:48:56 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/134460/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"bayareabites_105848","label":"More on Tropical Race 4 "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest fears of the fresh fruit industry just came true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fungal disease that has been destroying banana plantations in Asia has arrived in Latin America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, the worst moment was [seeing] the first pictures,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.keygene.com/news-events/keygenes-tr4-expert-coordinates-diagnostics-on-samples-from-suspected-colombian-banana-farms/\">Fernando Alexander García-Bastidas\u003c/a>, a banana researcher at the Dutch company Keygene, who carried out tests confirming what had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some farmers in Colombia, where García-Bastidas grew up, sent him photos of their banana plants two months ago. The plants were turning yellow and wilting, as if they didn't have water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas recognized the symptoms. He'd seen them before, in devastated banana plantations in the Philippines. These are the effects of a fungus called \u003cem>Fusarium\u003c/em>. But the implications were devastating, and García-Bastidas hoped he was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt this thing in my heart that was like kind of praying for a false positive, or something like that,\" García-Bastidas recalls. \"It was terrible\" — and doubly distressing because it affected his homeland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next month, he says, he had trouble sleeping. He flew to Colombia, collected samples of the wilting plants and tested them. The results confirmed his fears. The plants were infected with a variant of \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus called \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4\">Tropical Race 4\u003c/a>, or TR4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TR4 \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4#Distribution\">began marching\u003c/a> through the world's banana-growing countries in the 1990s. First detected in Taiwan, it moved to Malaysia and Indonesia, then jumped to China, Australia and the Philippines. It showed up in Mozambique, in Africa, five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People involved in banana production or research have taken extreme measures to prevent it from spreading. When García-Bastidas visits an area where the fungus is present, he'll buy a new pair of shoes before entering another banana-growing region to avoid bringing in a speck of fungus-contaminated soil. The main international conference on banana research no longer takes place in any banana-growing country, to reduce the risk that the fungus might hitch a ride with one of the researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somehow, though, it has now hopped the ocean and arrived in Latin America. García-Bastidas says he expected it would happen someday, but not so quickly. \"It's very difficult to control the spread of this disease,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus lives in the soil. No one knows how to eradicate it or to treat infected plants. It invades banana plants through their roots and then blocks the vessels that carry water and nutrients, starving the plants. It kills most members of the banana family, including the variety called Cavendish that accounts for the vast majority of bananas traded internationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colombian authorities have declared a national emergency and launched efforts to contain the fungus. Banana growers are destroying all banana plants anywhere near a plant that shows symptoms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be too late, though. By the time symptoms appear, the fungus has already been present in the soil around that plant for at least a year. During that time, people may have been walking through the farms, perhaps picking up bits of fungus on their shoes and spreading it. \"I hope I'm wrong, but most likely it spread already to other places,\" says García-Bastidas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only good news may be that the disaster will unfold slowly. It can take years or decades for the fungus to move across entire countries or continents. In Asia, individual farms have been devastated, but many of the affected countries remain major banana producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers are trying \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/11/462375558/our-favorite-banana-may-be-doomed-can-new-varieties-replace-it\">desperately to find a new kind of banana\u003c/a> that can survive Tropical Race 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Australia have created a fungus-resistant variety using genetic engineering. It's still being tested and would require government approval before it could be grown or sold. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists are looking through nature's storehouse. When García-Bastidas was a graduate student at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands, he tested 300 different members of the banana family. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, 80% of the [varieties] that I tested were susceptible to TR4,\" he says. \"But there is a little bit of hope with the other ones that were not susceptible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those fungus-resistant plants are ready to replace the bananas that currently fill supermarket shelves. Most of them are cooking bananas, or plantains. Others are wild bananas with tiny fruit that's inedible; the pods are full of seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, however, is that plant breeders can take these plants and cross-pollinate them, mating them with other, more commercially viable bananas, reshuffling the genes to create new varieties that are both delicious and immune to TR4. The company where García-Bastidas now works, \u003ca href=\"https://www.keygene.com/\">Keygene\u003c/a>, is one of the research centers pursuing this goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding bananas is so complicated that few people have ever tried it. For one thing, it takes bananas with seed-filled fruit, since those seeds represent the new genetic combinations that plant breeders want. Yet those seeds can't appear in the fruit of a commercial variety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas says the task is very difficult. But it is possible. And now it's necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/16/751499719/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/134460/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future","authors":["byline_bayareabites_134460"],"categories":["bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_2203","bayareabites_16272"],"featImg":"bayareabites_134461","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_134403":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_134403","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"134403","score":null,"sort":[1565710590000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science","title":"Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here's The Science","publishDate":1565710590,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>[aside postid='news_11718100,news_11719669' label='More on Beef']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133231,bayareabites_131706' label='About Antibiotics in Beef Production' align='left']\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133954,bayareabites_134201' label='More on Nutrition']\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There are many elements to consider: climate, animal welfare, greenhouse gas emissions, land use. And with so many factors at play, sometimes the answer gets complicated.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1565710590,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1377},"headData":{"title":"Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here's The Science | KQED","description":"There are many elements to consider: climate, animal welfare, greenhouse gas emissions, land use. And with so many factors at play, sometimes the answer gets complicated.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"134403 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=134403","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2019/08/13/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science/","disqusTitle":"Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here's The Science","nprImageCredit":"John Greim","nprByline":"Nancy Matsumoto, NPR Food","nprImageAgency":"LightRocket via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"746576239","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=746576239&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science?ft=nprml&f=746576239","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 13 Aug 2019 10:40:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 13 Aug 2019 07:00:56 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 13 Aug 2019 10:40:08 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/134403/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"news_11718100,news_11719669","label":"More on Beef "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"bayareabites_133231,bayareabites_131706","label":"About Antibiotics in Beef Production ","align":"left"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"bayareabites_133954,bayareabites_134201","label":"More on Nutrition "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/134403/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science","authors":["byline_bayareabites_134403"],"categories":["bayareabites_1962","bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_620","bayareabites_16272","bayareabites_14756"],"featImg":"bayareabites_134404","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_134383":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_134383","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"134383","score":null,"sort":[1565455549000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"chicken-plants-see-little-fallout-from-immigration-raids","title":"Chicken Plants See Little Fallout From Immigration Raids","publishDate":1565455549,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>[aside postID='bayareabites_101144' label='Want to adopt a chicken?']\u003cbr>\nFederal agents carried out one of the largest immigration raids in recent history this week, arresting nearly 700 workers at chicken processing plants in Mississippi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you can still buy a rotisserie bird at your local supermarket tonight for less than $10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the government crackdown has had little effect on the wider food processing industry, a dangerous business that is heavily reliant on immigrant labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says its crackdown helps discourage illegal immigration. But workers' advocates warn it leaves vulnerable employees open to exploitation and unsafe working conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Americans really need to think about where their chicken and where their beef and their pork comes from and really demand that the industry raise labor standards,\" says Debbie Berkowitz, who directs a health and safety program at the National Employment Law Project. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities raided seven Mississippi poultry plants on Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdms/pr/largest-single-state-worksite-enforcement-action-nation-s-history-conducted-ice-and-doj\">arresting 680 people\u003c/a> suspected of living in the country illegally. So far, no charges have been brought against the five companies that run the plants, although federal officials say that could change as the investigation is ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has focused considerable resources on workplace immigration probes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/features/worksite-enforcement\">Investigations and audits more than tripled\u003c/a> last year, and arrests of workers rose even more. But there was no comparable increase in the number of employers cited. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These enforcement actions are always aimed toward the workforces,\" says Ted Genoways, whose 2014 book, \u003cem>The Chain,\u003c/em> focuses on the food processing industry. \"No one ever seems to ask how it is that a company comes to employ a factory full of people who do not have legal immigration status.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genoways says that is reminiscent of other high-profile raids on a meatpacking plant in Postville, Iowa, in 2008 and at half a dozen Swift plants in 2006.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID='bayareabites_117913' label='Meet your meats']\u003cbr>\n\"In all those cases, there were work stoppages, huge numbers of people swept up, families divided, but little to no consequences for the people who did the hiring,\" he says. \"And those plants were back up and in production in fairly short order.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koch Foods, one of the companies raided in Mississippi this week, said in \u003ca href=\"http://kochfoodsinc.com/news/2019/08/08/KochFoodsConfirmsMortonMSICERaid\">a statement\u003c/a> that it closed for one shift on Wednesday but planned to keep operating to \"minimize customer impact.\" The company also advertised a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/events/1125933620950363/\">hiring fair\u003c/a> in Mississippi next Monday and advised job applicants to bring two forms of ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koch Foods (no relation to Charles and David Koch, the majority shareholders of Koch Industries) — \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-1-18b.cfm\">paid nearly $4 million\u003c/a> last year to settle a complaint brought by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Latina workers at the company's plant in Morton, Miss., accused the company of both racial and sexual harassment. The company admitted no wrongdoing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of the companies raided this week, Peco Foods, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nelp.org/publication/workplace-safety-enforcement-continues-decline-trump-administration/\">two workers suffer amputations last year\u003c/a> at a chicken processing plant in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/industry-issues/worker-safety-u-s-poultry-industry/\">chicken industry boasts\u003c/a> that its processing plants have gotten safer. The rate of workplace injuries was \u003ca href=\"https://www.ishn.com/articles/111233-poultry-industry-injuries-decreasing\">cut by half \u003c/a>between 2003 and 2016. But poultry workers are still twice as likely to suffer serious injuries and six times as likely to contract a workplace illness as other private sector employees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkowitz, who was chief of staff at OSHA during the Obama administration, says those numbers are likely understated, because of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nelp.org/publication/workplace-safety-enforcement-continues-decline-trump-administration/\">declining government inspections\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The industry is totally dependent on finding workers who will not raise issues and who, to a degree, live in fear of the company and they'll just keep their head down and do the work,\" Berkowitz says. \"For the last 30 years that's been immigrant labor.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter-century ago, journalist Tony Horwitz documented the miserable conditions in a chicken processing plant in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/tony-horwitz\">Pulitzer Prize-winning story\u003c/a> for \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>. Industry observers say little has changed since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On a good day, the work is repetitive and stressful,\" Genoways says. \"On a bad day, if there's a single mistake made by anyone in a group, there's a high risk of accident.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If anything, the pressure on workers has only increased, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/business/pork-factory-regulations.html\">processing lines move ever faster\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Meatpacking remains one of the most dangerous jobs in America,\" Genoways says. \"And because of that, for really more than a century it's been a job that's very often done by first-generation immigrants who are just looking for a foot in the door and a way up the economic ladder in America.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/09/749932968/chicken-plants-see-little-fallout-from-immigration-raids\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Trump administration says its crackdown helps discourage illegal immigration. But workers' advocates warn it leaves vulnerable employees open to exploitation and unsafe working conditions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1565455856,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":761},"headData":{"title":"Chicken Plants See Little Fallout From Immigration Raids | KQED","description":"The Trump administration says its crackdown helps discourage illegal immigration. But workers' advocates warn it leaves vulnerable employees open to exploitation and unsafe working conditions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"134383 https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=134383","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2019/08/10/chicken-plants-see-little-fallout-from-immigration-raids/","disqusTitle":"Chicken Plants See Little Fallout From Immigration Raids","nprImageCredit":"Rogelio V. Solis","nprByline":"Scott Horsley, All Things Considered","nprImageAgency":"AP","nprStoryId":"749932968","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=749932968&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/09/749932968/chicken-plants-see-little-fallout-from-immigration-raids?ft=nprml&f=749932968","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:56:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Fri, 09 Aug 2019 19:05:12 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:56:40 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/08/20190809_atc_immigrant_workers.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1006&d=229&p=2&story=749932968&ft=nprml&f=749932968","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1749932969-85b8fb.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1006&d=229&p=2&story=749932968&ft=nprml&f=749932968","path":"/bayareabites/134383/chicken-plants-see-little-fallout-from-immigration-raids","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/08/20190809_atc_immigrant_workers.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1006&d=229&p=2&story=749932968&ft=nprml&f=749932968","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"bayareabites_101144","label":"Want to adopt a chicken? "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nFederal agents carried out one of the largest immigration raids in recent history this week, arresting nearly 700 workers at chicken processing plants in Mississippi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you can still buy a rotisserie bird at your local supermarket tonight for less than $10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the government crackdown has had little effect on the wider food processing industry, a dangerous business that is heavily reliant on immigrant labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says its crackdown helps discourage illegal immigration. But workers' advocates warn it leaves vulnerable employees open to exploitation and unsafe working conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Americans really need to think about where their chicken and where their beef and their pork comes from and really demand that the industry raise labor standards,\" says Debbie Berkowitz, who directs a health and safety program at the National Employment Law Project. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities raided seven Mississippi poultry plants on Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdms/pr/largest-single-state-worksite-enforcement-action-nation-s-history-conducted-ice-and-doj\">arresting 680 people\u003c/a> suspected of living in the country illegally. So far, no charges have been brought against the five companies that run the plants, although federal officials say that could change as the investigation is ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has focused considerable resources on workplace immigration probes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/features/worksite-enforcement\">Investigations and audits more than tripled\u003c/a> last year, and arrests of workers rose even more. But there was no comparable increase in the number of employers cited. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These enforcement actions are always aimed toward the workforces,\" says Ted Genoways, whose 2014 book, \u003cem>The Chain,\u003c/em> focuses on the food processing industry. \"No one ever seems to ask how it is that a company comes to employ a factory full of people who do not have legal immigration status.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genoways says that is reminiscent of other high-profile raids on a meatpacking plant in Postville, Iowa, in 2008 and at half a dozen Swift plants in 2006.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"bayareabites_117913","label":"Meet your meats "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\"In all those cases, there were work stoppages, huge numbers of people swept up, families divided, but little to no consequences for the people who did the hiring,\" he says. \"And those plants were back up and in production in fairly short order.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koch Foods, one of the companies raided in Mississippi this week, said in \u003ca href=\"http://kochfoodsinc.com/news/2019/08/08/KochFoodsConfirmsMortonMSICERaid\">a statement\u003c/a> that it closed for one shift on Wednesday but planned to keep operating to \"minimize customer impact.\" The company also advertised a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/events/1125933620950363/\">hiring fair\u003c/a> in Mississippi next Monday and advised job applicants to bring two forms of ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koch Foods (no relation to Charles and David Koch, the majority shareholders of Koch Industries) — \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-1-18b.cfm\">paid nearly $4 million\u003c/a> last year to settle a complaint brought by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Latina workers at the company's plant in Morton, Miss., accused the company of both racial and sexual harassment. The company admitted no wrongdoing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of the companies raided this week, Peco Foods, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nelp.org/publication/workplace-safety-enforcement-continues-decline-trump-administration/\">two workers suffer amputations last year\u003c/a> at a chicken processing plant in Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/industry-issues/worker-safety-u-s-poultry-industry/\">chicken industry boasts\u003c/a> that its processing plants have gotten safer. The rate of workplace injuries was \u003ca href=\"https://www.ishn.com/articles/111233-poultry-industry-injuries-decreasing\">cut by half \u003c/a>between 2003 and 2016. But poultry workers are still twice as likely to suffer serious injuries and six times as likely to contract a workplace illness as other private sector employees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkowitz, who was chief of staff at OSHA during the Obama administration, says those numbers are likely understated, because of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nelp.org/publication/workplace-safety-enforcement-continues-decline-trump-administration/\">declining government inspections\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The industry is totally dependent on finding workers who will not raise issues and who, to a degree, live in fear of the company and they'll just keep their head down and do the work,\" Berkowitz says. \"For the last 30 years that's been immigrant labor.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter-century ago, journalist Tony Horwitz documented the miserable conditions in a chicken processing plant in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/tony-horwitz\">Pulitzer Prize-winning story\u003c/a> for \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>. Industry observers say little has changed since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On a good day, the work is repetitive and stressful,\" Genoways says. \"On a bad day, if there's a single mistake made by anyone in a group, there's a high risk of accident.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If anything, the pressure on workers has only increased, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/business/pork-factory-regulations.html\">processing lines move ever faster\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Meatpacking remains one of the most dangerous jobs in America,\" Genoways says. \"And because of that, for really more than a century it's been a job that's very often done by first-generation immigrants who are just looking for a foot in the door and a way up the economic ladder in America.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/09/749932968/chicken-plants-see-little-fallout-from-immigration-raids\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/134383/chicken-plants-see-little-fallout-from-immigration-raids","authors":["byline_bayareabites_134383"],"categories":["bayareabites_1962","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_2035"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_14775","bayareabites_14177","bayareabites_16272"],"featImg":"bayareabites_134389","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_103739":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_103739","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"103739","score":null,"sort":[1447426802000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-oaklands-roots-of-change-transforms-food-policy-in-california","title":"How Oakland's Roots of Change is Transforming Food Policy in California","publishDate":1447426802,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>What's the difference between free range and organic chickens? Should I eat \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/16/vegans-stomach-unpalatable-truth-quinoa\" target=\"_blank\">quinoa\u003c/a>? And tell me again why organic spinach is twice the cost of conventional? Given the complexity of contemporary food systems and their related issues, it's not surprising that some consumers latch onto simplistic answers to these confusing series of questions: GMOs = always bad! Small, organic farms = going to save the world! Big ag = the enemy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Roots of Change\u003c/a> avoids this kind of easy thinking through their groundbreaking policy work, educational initiatives, and their engaging social media presence. They post a steady stream of topical articles on their \u003ca href=\"http://facebook.com/rootsofchange\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook page\u003c/a> -- with added commentary -- which attracts varied opinions from their fans. These well-intentioned commenters occasionally reduce complicated issues into black-and-white, \"good guys vs. bad guys\" arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roots of Change genuinely wants to change this dynamic. Their social media manager diplomatically steps into these online debates by gently pointing out hidden facets of the convoluted processes that shape our food systems -- thus encouraging a more balanced discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to an \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/rootsofchange/photos/a.102897345876.103231.87964505876/10153073645310877/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\">individual who advocated that Foster Farms be shut down\u003c/a> due to concerns over one of its poultry processing plant's water usage, the manager wrote,“It is a bit more complex.\" Then he/she went on to explain that Foster contracts with several local farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you put [them] out of business, you could hurt just those farmers you'd like to see flourish. A better way would be to grow the market for local, organic and sustainably raised birds and attract producers to that marketplace. But no matter what, it takes water to process chickens, lots of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This willingness to think broadly and to deeply engage with the community has made Roots Of Change a formidable organization. (They’ve also attracted a broad audience on Facebook with over 60,000 followers.) The group describes themselves as a “think and do tank,” and their goal is to change current food systems through policy work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since their inception in 2002, they've laid the foundation for lasting change through many projects, such as helping San Francisco and Los Angeles create viable, effective food policies. They were \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/policy-watch/roc-sponsored-leg/\" target=\"_blank\">instrumental in shaping Market Match\u003c/a>, the statewide incentive program that matches nutritional benefits like WIC and CalFresh at farmers markets. And they helped influence \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/agvision/\" target=\"_blank\">Ag Vision\u003c/a>, the state’s plan for a healthy agricultural future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103737\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-103737 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21.jpg\" alt=\"Celebrating the passage of nutrition incentive matching legislation AB 1321 at Heart of the City Farmers Market in September. From left: Christina Oatfield, Eli Zigas, Peter Ruddock, Michael Dimock, Assemblymember Phil Ting, Kate Creps, Martin Bourque, Xavier Morales, Allen Moy.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Celebrating the passage of nutrition incentive matching legislation AB 1321 at Heart of the City Farmers Market in September. From left: Christina Oatfield, Eli Zigas, Peter Ruddock, Michael Dimock, Assemblymember Phil Ting, Kate Creps, Martin Bourque, Xavier Morales, Allen Moy. \u003ccite>(Doris Meier)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to catalyze the food movement, [and] provide road maps to victories for transforming the food system,” said Michael Dimock, president of Roots of Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, the group’s main initiative has been the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/projects/california-food-policy-council/\" target=\"_blank\">California Food Policy Council\u003c/a>. This group of 29 regional food policy councils works together to share ideas, resources, and lobbies on behalf of food and ag-related issues in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The council’s broad goals means that their work can't be narrowly classified. They encompass all aspects of the food system, from the environmental impacts of raising meat to fast food workers’ fight for fair wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a long history of working with all elements, what we call grass tops to grassroots,” Dimock said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a spirited debate in the early days of the council to agree on their six main focus areas: healthy food access; ecological farming systems; small farm viability; farm labor; school food environments; and reasonable food system infrastructure. Council members include advocates from a range of fields, including public health, social justice, local economies, environmentalism and labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Roots Of Change's biggest goals, Dimock said, was to “bring more democracy [and] more people to the food system, because there were too few interest groups controlling the evolution of the food system. That approach has proved to be politically powerful. If you can bring a broad cross section of people into a policy debate, it’s clear that, ‘Wow, people from all walks of life support this. We can get bills passed.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103736\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-103736 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31.jpg\" alt=\"The group discusses their 2013 Legislative Report on Food & Farming at the capitol building in Sacramento in early 2014. From left: Michael Dimock, Y. Armando Nieto, Assemblymember Roger Dickinson, D’Artagnan Scorza, Matthew Marsom, Brenda Ruiz.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group discusses their 2013 Legislative Report on Food & Farming at the Capitol Building in Sacramento in early 2014. From left: Michael Dimock, Y. Armando Nieto, Assemblymember Roger Dickinson, D’Artagnan Scorza, Matthew Marsom, Brenda Ruiz. \u003ccite>(Doris Meier)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When people learn about their work, Dimock says they often assume that mainstream agricultural groups are the enemy, but it’s not true. Agricultural groups, representing farmers weakened by the drought and in search of solutions, have supported Roots of Change on important legislation like climate change bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to include farmers in all of the conversations we have around the development of bills so that we can take into account their needs. Our long-term vision is that agriculture remain vibrant and central to the California culture and economy. Part of what makes us California is our incredible diversity, and the innovation and farming systems here,” he said, noting California’s storied history that spans the early days of organic farming to landmark events in the food justice movement. “Ag has to remain at the center of our culture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roots of Change’s success hasn’t been without its challenges. In 2008 and 2009, \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/projects/working-diversity-fierce-allies-project/\" target=\"_blank\">the group recognized \u003c/a>that they were struggling with issues of racism and classism and sought outside help. (They're not alone in \u003ca href=\"http://munchies.vice.com/articles/the-new-food-movement-has-a-problem-with-race\" target=\"_blank\">facing this type of criticism regarding diversity\u003c/a>, however.) Following that, the group embarked on a two-year process with Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.peoplesgrocery.org/roots_of_change\" target=\"_blank\">People’s Grocery\u003c/a> to improve their \"cultural competency\" and unite on common goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, Dimock said, their biggest problems revolve around funding -- like many non-profits. Historically, the group’s funding has been foundation-based, but as Roots of Change increases their lobbying efforts, many foundations can’t allocate funds for such explicitly political goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dimock is optimistic about the future of the organization. One of their most recent successes was the signing of bill \u003ca href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a80/news-room/press-releases/governor-brown-signs-gonzalez-bill-protecting-grocery-workers-jobs\" target=\"_blank\">AB 359\u003c/a> into law by Governor Brown this summer. The new law helps protect grocery store workers from being fired when a store changes owners and is the first statewide law of its kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the next few weeks, Roots of Change will release their yearly legislative report, which outlines the group’s goals for reworking the state's food system, the policies they support, and reveals how politicians across the state voted. The report also serves as a reminder to politicians that their constituents care about food issues -- while praising those who acknowledge them and calling out those who don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the coming years, they're planning to expand the California Food Policy Council across the country, creating a collaborative national group that enacts long-term policy change around food systems.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This Oakland organization takes an all-inclusive approach to changing food systems statewide. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448008698,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1235},"headData":{"title":"How Oakland's Roots of Change is Transforming Food Policy in California | KQED","description":"This Oakland organization takes an all-inclusive approach to changing food systems statewide. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"103739 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=103739","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/11/13/how-oaklands-roots-of-change-transforms-food-policy-in-california/","disqusTitle":"How Oakland's Roots of Change is Transforming Food Policy in California","source":"Politics, Activism & Food Safety","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/category/politics-activism-food-safety/","path":"/bayareabites/103739/how-oaklands-roots-of-change-transforms-food-policy-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What's the difference between free range and organic chickens? Should I eat \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/16/vegans-stomach-unpalatable-truth-quinoa\" target=\"_blank\">quinoa\u003c/a>? And tell me again why organic spinach is twice the cost of conventional? Given the complexity of contemporary food systems and their related issues, it's not surprising that some consumers latch onto simplistic answers to these confusing series of questions: GMOs = always bad! Small, organic farms = going to save the world! Big ag = the enemy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Roots of Change\u003c/a> avoids this kind of easy thinking through their groundbreaking policy work, educational initiatives, and their engaging social media presence. They post a steady stream of topical articles on their \u003ca href=\"http://facebook.com/rootsofchange\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook page\u003c/a> -- with added commentary -- which attracts varied opinions from their fans. These well-intentioned commenters occasionally reduce complicated issues into black-and-white, \"good guys vs. bad guys\" arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roots of Change genuinely wants to change this dynamic. Their social media manager diplomatically steps into these online debates by gently pointing out hidden facets of the convoluted processes that shape our food systems -- thus encouraging a more balanced discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to an \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/rootsofchange/photos/a.102897345876.103231.87964505876/10153073645310877/?type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\">individual who advocated that Foster Farms be shut down\u003c/a> due to concerns over one of its poultry processing plant's water usage, the manager wrote,“It is a bit more complex.\" Then he/she went on to explain that Foster contracts with several local farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you put [them] out of business, you could hurt just those farmers you'd like to see flourish. A better way would be to grow the market for local, organic and sustainably raised birds and attract producers to that marketplace. But no matter what, it takes water to process chickens, lots of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This willingness to think broadly and to deeply engage with the community has made Roots Of Change a formidable organization. (They’ve also attracted a broad audience on Facebook with over 60,000 followers.) The group describes themselves as a “think and do tank,” and their goal is to change current food systems through policy work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since their inception in 2002, they've laid the foundation for lasting change through many projects, such as helping San Francisco and Los Angeles create viable, effective food policies. They were \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/policy-watch/roc-sponsored-leg/\" target=\"_blank\">instrumental in shaping Market Match\u003c/a>, the statewide incentive program that matches nutritional benefits like WIC and CalFresh at farmers markets. And they helped influence \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/agvision/\" target=\"_blank\">Ag Vision\u003c/a>, the state’s plan for a healthy agricultural future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103737\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-103737 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21.jpg\" alt=\"Celebrating the passage of nutrition incentive matching legislation AB 1321 at Heart of the City Farmers Market in September. From left: Christina Oatfield, Eli Zigas, Peter Ruddock, Michael Dimock, Assemblymember Phil Ting, Kate Creps, Martin Bourque, Xavier Morales, Allen Moy.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited21-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Celebrating the passage of nutrition incentive matching legislation AB 1321 at Heart of the City Farmers Market in September. From left: Christina Oatfield, Eli Zigas, Peter Ruddock, Michael Dimock, Assemblymember Phil Ting, Kate Creps, Martin Bourque, Xavier Morales, Allen Moy. \u003ccite>(Doris Meier)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our goal is to catalyze the food movement, [and] provide road maps to victories for transforming the food system,” said Michael Dimock, president of Roots of Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, the group’s main initiative has been the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/projects/california-food-policy-council/\" target=\"_blank\">California Food Policy Council\u003c/a>. This group of 29 regional food policy councils works together to share ideas, resources, and lobbies on behalf of food and ag-related issues in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The council’s broad goals means that their work can't be narrowly classified. They encompass all aspects of the food system, from the environmental impacts of raising meat to fast food workers’ fight for fair wages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a long history of working with all elements, what we call grass tops to grassroots,” Dimock said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a spirited debate in the early days of the council to agree on their six main focus areas: healthy food access; ecological farming systems; small farm viability; farm labor; school food environments; and reasonable food system infrastructure. Council members include advocates from a range of fields, including public health, social justice, local economies, environmentalism and labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Roots Of Change's biggest goals, Dimock said, was to “bring more democracy [and] more people to the food system, because there were too few interest groups controlling the evolution of the food system. That approach has proved to be politically powerful. If you can bring a broad cross section of people into a policy debate, it’s clear that, ‘Wow, people from all walks of life support this. We can get bills passed.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103736\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-103736 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31.jpg\" alt=\"The group discusses their 2013 Legislative Report on Food & Farming at the capitol building in Sacramento in early 2014. From left: Michael Dimock, Y. Armando Nieto, Assemblymember Roger Dickinson, D’Artagnan Scorza, Matthew Marsom, Brenda Ruiz.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/11/edited31-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group discusses their 2013 Legislative Report on Food & Farming at the Capitol Building in Sacramento in early 2014. From left: Michael Dimock, Y. Armando Nieto, Assemblymember Roger Dickinson, D’Artagnan Scorza, Matthew Marsom, Brenda Ruiz. \u003ccite>(Doris Meier)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When people learn about their work, Dimock says they often assume that mainstream agricultural groups are the enemy, but it’s not true. Agricultural groups, representing farmers weakened by the drought and in search of solutions, have supported Roots of Change on important legislation like climate change bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to include farmers in all of the conversations we have around the development of bills so that we can take into account their needs. Our long-term vision is that agriculture remain vibrant and central to the California culture and economy. Part of what makes us California is our incredible diversity, and the innovation and farming systems here,” he said, noting California’s storied history that spans the early days of organic farming to landmark events in the food justice movement. “Ag has to remain at the center of our culture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roots of Change’s success hasn’t been without its challenges. In 2008 and 2009, \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootsofchange.org/projects/working-diversity-fierce-allies-project/\" target=\"_blank\">the group recognized \u003c/a>that they were struggling with issues of racism and classism and sought outside help. (They're not alone in \u003ca href=\"http://munchies.vice.com/articles/the-new-food-movement-has-a-problem-with-race\" target=\"_blank\">facing this type of criticism regarding diversity\u003c/a>, however.) Following that, the group embarked on a two-year process with Oakland’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.peoplesgrocery.org/roots_of_change\" target=\"_blank\">People’s Grocery\u003c/a> to improve their \"cultural competency\" and unite on common goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, Dimock said, their biggest problems revolve around funding -- like many non-profits. Historically, the group’s funding has been foundation-based, but as Roots of Change increases their lobbying efforts, many foundations can’t allocate funds for such explicitly political goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dimock is optimistic about the future of the organization. One of their most recent successes was the signing of bill \u003ca href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a80/news-room/press-releases/governor-brown-signs-gonzalez-bill-protecting-grocery-workers-jobs\" target=\"_blank\">AB 359\u003c/a> into law by Governor Brown this summer. The new law helps protect grocery store workers from being fired when a store changes owners and is the first statewide law of its kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the next few weeks, Roots of Change will release their yearly legislative report, which outlines the group’s goals for reworking the state's food system, the policies they support, and reveals how politicians across the state voted. The report also serves as a reminder to politicians that their constituents care about food issues -- while praising those who acknowledge them and calling out those who don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the coming years, they're planning to expand the California Food Policy Council across the country, creating a collaborative national group that enacts long-term policy change around food systems.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/103739/how-oaklands-roots-of-change-transforms-food-policy-in-california","authors":["5566"],"categories":["bayareabites_109","bayareabites_1962","bayareabites_95","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_2554","bayareabites_366","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_11497","bayareabites_669","bayareabites_15090","bayareabites_15089"],"featImg":"bayareabites_103738","label":"source_bayareabites_103739"},"bayareabites_101505":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_101505","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"101505","score":null,"sort":[1443708026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-millet-the-next-super-grain","title":"Is Millet the Next Super Grain?","publishDate":1443708026,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>When scientists Amrita Hazra and Patricia Bubner arrived in Berkeley, California a few years back to do post-doctoral science at the University of California, they bonded over what they saw as an alarming lack of diversity in the American diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, Hazra, from India, and Bubner, from Austria, had both grown up eating many more diverse grains than they could find in the States. And they both had a fondness for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet\">millet\u003c/a>; Hazra likes to add it to soups, to give texture, while Bubner makes patties with it, or \u003ca href=\"http://themilletproject.org/recipes/desserts-and-bakery/sweet-millet-with-apples-and-honey/\">cooks it in milk like porridge\u003c/a> and adds apples and honey. But, Hazra was disappointed to learn that the variety of millets consumed in India are not available here, and they found that most Americans hardly ate it at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_101512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 924px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1.jpg\" alt=\"Millet Project team members Amrita Hazra (left) and Gavin Abreu (right)\" width=\"924\" height=\"614\" class=\"size-full wp-image-101512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1.jpg 924w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1-800x532.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millet Project team members Amrita Hazra (left) and Gavin Abreu (right) \u003ccite>(Raquel Moreira)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While millet is grown and consumed in vast quantities in places like Africa, India, and parts of Europe, the ancient grain is much less popular here. In fact, it is mostly marketed for bird seed rather than for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millet is the term for a group of small seeded grasses. If you’ve ever cooked Proso millet, the variety available here, you know that it is yellow in color, and looks like a small bead when raw. Cooked in water or broth, it becomes fluffy in texture, with a slightly nutty taste. As with many grains though, it doesn’t have much flavor at all, and is mostly used as a vehicle to soak up whatever sauce you serve it with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Hazra and Bubner joined forces with Gavin Abreu, a student at U.C. Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, who had launched several food businesses in his native Mexico City, to create what they call \u003ca href=\"http://themilletproject.org/\">The Millet Project\u003c/a>. The project is geared toward, “rediscovering the traditions of cultivating millets and further reintroducing them into our diet.” The group applied for and was given seed funding from the \u003ca href=\"http://food.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Food Institute\u003c/a>, which awards grants with the aim of diversifying the local food system. A third researcher, Pedro Gonçalves, who was interested in the grain’s sustainable properties, later joined the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They received $24,000 to fund one year of research, and are looking for funding sources to continue the working. While they have no plans to start an organization or non-profit, and it isn’t tied into any kind of degree program, Bubner said, “we do this because we are genuinely interested in it and want to contribute to a change in the current food system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why are these researchers so excited about millet? For starters, it’s a nutritional powerhouse. While its levels of antioxidants, iron, protein, calcium, and B vitamins vary from variety to variety, like quinoa, it has higher levels of protein and micronutrients than corn or rice. It’s also gluten-free. But the team doesn’t want millet to be marketed specifically as a gluten-free food, because, as Hazra puts it, “everyone should eat it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, she said, “Millets have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818E/T0818E0b.htm#Continue\">balanced nutritional profile\u003c/a>,” meaning they have fewer carbohydrates and more protein and fiber than common grains like rice, wheat, and corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a grain with a nutritional profile similar to that of quinoa, millet also wins out in the budgetary department. According to Hazra, “Millet is the cheapest grain the bulk section” of her local supermarket; while organic quinoa sells there for $5.99 a pound, a pound of organic millet costs only $1.29. This is because as quinoa has grown in popularity, the price of it has increased, too. While it thrives in the harsh conditions of its native Bolivia and Peru, it must be adapted to grow elsewhere (\u003ca href=\"http://thefern.org/2014/10/quinoa-quarrel/\">something American scientists are working on\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, millet is incredibly resilient in a variety of climates. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cgiar.org/\">Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research\u003c/a> describes it as a crop that can be grown in the “hungry season,” meaning that it often flourishes at times when the previous year’s grain supplies are exhausted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the only crops that will grow in very bad soil with very little water,” said Bubner, “which is why it’s grown so widely in Africa.” It also grows faster than other crops—an average of 110 days from seed to grain, said Bubner, noting that wheat takes a minimum of 140 days, and rice up to 150 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This drought-tolerant quality might be part of what has caught the eye of the Berkeley Food Institute, and others in California, where farmers are enduring an historic multi-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are 50 to 60 varieties of millet in existence, procuring seeds to grow them all would be nearly impossible, so the team is growing the four most widely available varieties at the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://gilltractfarm.wordpress.com/\">Gill Tract Community Farm\u003c/a>, an urban farm that is open to the community and gives researchers a place to experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Proso, the researchers are growing Japanese Barnyard millet, “a beautiful variety that has thick husks but might be difficult to hull,” said Hazra; Pearl millet, the variety most commonly grown in India; and Foxtail millet, also called German millet. (Teff, the grain used to make the Ethiopian flatbread injera, is also a form of millet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farmermai.com/\">Millet\u003c/a> Project is also working with six California farmers—some of whom are already food activists in their own right, like Doug Mosel of the \u003ca href=\"http://mendocinograin.net/\">Mendocino Grain Project\u003c/a> and Mai Nguyen of Ca Phao Farm—north of the Bay Area. Many of the farmers are excited to be growing millet for the first time, with seed provided through the grant. “We can see how it fares in different regions and soils in Northern California, so we can learn what conditions it likes best,” said Bubner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_101511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 924px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3.jpg\" alt=\"Four types of millet seeds (for planting) and hulled millet and millet meal (for consumption).\" width=\"924\" height=\"614\" class=\"size-full wp-image-101511\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3.jpg 924w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3-800x532.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four types of millet seeds (for planting) and hulled millet and millet meal (for consumption). \u003ccite>(Raquel Moreira)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All the researchers have also gotten a crash course in farming, as they are tending to their own crops at the Gill Tract Farm, and have travelled to the other farms to help out. And even Bubner’s mother was drafted to join in, since she visited her daughter during planting time. “I told her she had it coming, since she’s the one who first introduced me to millet,” said Bubner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of cultivating these unsung varieties, The Millet Project also recently held an exhibit extolling the virtues of the grain. They invited visitors to try foods like bread, crackers, and sausage made with millet, and gluten-free beer brewed from the grain. The hope is to pique the interest of eaters looking to expand their diets and eat more whole grains, and to help increase consumer demand, which could result in more millet grown and consumed in the U.S. in the not-too-distant future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking like the millet evangelist she is, Bubner recalled a recent visit to an agricultural area of Northern California where it was hot, dry, and all she saw was rice fields and almond trees, two crops known to rely heavily on irrigation. “I thought ‘Are you sure that’s a good idea?’ That could be millet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A group of researchers hopes to bring this nutritious, drought-tolerant grain to the mainstream.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443672674,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1260},"headData":{"title":"Is Millet the Next Super Grain? | KQED","description":"A group of researchers hopes to bring this nutritious, drought-tolerant grain to the mainstream.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"101505 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=101505","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/10/01/is-millet-the-next-super-grain/","disqusTitle":"Is Millet the Next Super Grain?","path":"/bayareabites/101505/is-millet-the-next-super-grain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When scientists Amrita Hazra and Patricia Bubner arrived in Berkeley, California a few years back to do post-doctoral science at the University of California, they bonded over what they saw as an alarming lack of diversity in the American diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, Hazra, from India, and Bubner, from Austria, had both grown up eating many more diverse grains than they could find in the States. And they both had a fondness for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet\">millet\u003c/a>; Hazra likes to add it to soups, to give texture, while Bubner makes patties with it, or \u003ca href=\"http://themilletproject.org/recipes/desserts-and-bakery/sweet-millet-with-apples-and-honey/\">cooks it in milk like porridge\u003c/a> and adds apples and honey. But, Hazra was disappointed to learn that the variety of millets consumed in India are not available here, and they found that most Americans hardly ate it at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_101512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 924px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1.jpg\" alt=\"Millet Project team members Amrita Hazra (left) and Gavin Abreu (right)\" width=\"924\" height=\"614\" class=\"size-full wp-image-101512\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1.jpg 924w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet1-800x532.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millet Project team members Amrita Hazra (left) and Gavin Abreu (right) \u003ccite>(Raquel Moreira)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While millet is grown and consumed in vast quantities in places like Africa, India, and parts of Europe, the ancient grain is much less popular here. In fact, it is mostly marketed for bird seed rather than for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millet is the term for a group of small seeded grasses. If you’ve ever cooked Proso millet, the variety available here, you know that it is yellow in color, and looks like a small bead when raw. Cooked in water or broth, it becomes fluffy in texture, with a slightly nutty taste. As with many grains though, it doesn’t have much flavor at all, and is mostly used as a vehicle to soak up whatever sauce you serve it with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Hazra and Bubner joined forces with Gavin Abreu, a student at U.C. Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, who had launched several food businesses in his native Mexico City, to create what they call \u003ca href=\"http://themilletproject.org/\">The Millet Project\u003c/a>. The project is geared toward, “rediscovering the traditions of cultivating millets and further reintroducing them into our diet.” The group applied for and was given seed funding from the \u003ca href=\"http://food.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Food Institute\u003c/a>, which awards grants with the aim of diversifying the local food system. A third researcher, Pedro Gonçalves, who was interested in the grain’s sustainable properties, later joined the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They received $24,000 to fund one year of research, and are looking for funding sources to continue the working. While they have no plans to start an organization or non-profit, and it isn’t tied into any kind of degree program, Bubner said, “we do this because we are genuinely interested in it and want to contribute to a change in the current food system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why are these researchers so excited about millet? For starters, it’s a nutritional powerhouse. While its levels of antioxidants, iron, protein, calcium, and B vitamins vary from variety to variety, like quinoa, it has higher levels of protein and micronutrients than corn or rice. It’s also gluten-free. But the team doesn’t want millet to be marketed specifically as a gluten-free food, because, as Hazra puts it, “everyone should eat it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, she said, “Millets have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818E/T0818E0b.htm#Continue\">balanced nutritional profile\u003c/a>,” meaning they have fewer carbohydrates and more protein and fiber than common grains like rice, wheat, and corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a grain with a nutritional profile similar to that of quinoa, millet also wins out in the budgetary department. According to Hazra, “Millet is the cheapest grain the bulk section” of her local supermarket; while organic quinoa sells there for $5.99 a pound, a pound of organic millet costs only $1.29. This is because as quinoa has grown in popularity, the price of it has increased, too. While it thrives in the harsh conditions of its native Bolivia and Peru, it must be adapted to grow elsewhere (\u003ca href=\"http://thefern.org/2014/10/quinoa-quarrel/\">something American scientists are working on\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lastly, millet is incredibly resilient in a variety of climates. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cgiar.org/\">Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research\u003c/a> describes it as a crop that can be grown in the “hungry season,” meaning that it often flourishes at times when the previous year’s grain supplies are exhausted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the only crops that will grow in very bad soil with very little water,” said Bubner, “which is why it’s grown so widely in Africa.” It also grows faster than other crops—an average of 110 days from seed to grain, said Bubner, noting that wheat takes a minimum of 140 days, and rice up to 150 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This drought-tolerant quality might be part of what has caught the eye of the Berkeley Food Institute, and others in California, where farmers are enduring an historic multi-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are 50 to 60 varieties of millet in existence, procuring seeds to grow them all would be nearly impossible, so the team is growing the four most widely available varieties at the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://gilltractfarm.wordpress.com/\">Gill Tract Community Farm\u003c/a>, an urban farm that is open to the community and gives researchers a place to experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Proso, the researchers are growing Japanese Barnyard millet, “a beautiful variety that has thick husks but might be difficult to hull,” said Hazra; Pearl millet, the variety most commonly grown in India; and Foxtail millet, also called German millet. (Teff, the grain used to make the Ethiopian flatbread injera, is also a form of millet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farmermai.com/\">Millet\u003c/a> Project is also working with six California farmers—some of whom are already food activists in their own right, like Doug Mosel of the \u003ca href=\"http://mendocinograin.net/\">Mendocino Grain Project\u003c/a> and Mai Nguyen of Ca Phao Farm—north of the Bay Area. Many of the farmers are excited to be growing millet for the first time, with seed provided through the grant. “We can see how it fares in different regions and soils in Northern California, so we can learn what conditions it likes best,” said Bubner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_101511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 924px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3.jpg\" alt=\"Four types of millet seeds (for planting) and hulled millet and millet meal (for consumption).\" width=\"924\" height=\"614\" class=\"size-full wp-image-101511\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3.jpg 924w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/10/millet3-800x532.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four types of millet seeds (for planting) and hulled millet and millet meal (for consumption). \u003ccite>(Raquel Moreira)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All the researchers have also gotten a crash course in farming, as they are tending to their own crops at the Gill Tract Farm, and have travelled to the other farms to help out. And even Bubner’s mother was drafted to join in, since she visited her daughter during planting time. “I told her she had it coming, since she’s the one who first introduced me to millet,” said Bubner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of cultivating these unsung varieties, The Millet Project also recently held an exhibit extolling the virtues of the grain. They invited visitors to try foods like bread, crackers, and sausage made with millet, and gluten-free beer brewed from the grain. The hope is to pique the interest of eaters looking to expand their diets and eat more whole grains, and to help increase consumer demand, which could result in more millet grown and consumed in the U.S. in the not-too-distant future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking like the millet evangelist she is, Bubner recalled a recent visit to an agricultural area of Northern California where it was hot, dry, and all she saw was rice fields and almond trees, two crops known to rely heavily on irrigation. “I thought ‘Are you sure that’s a good idea?’ That could be millet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/101505/is-millet-the-next-super-grain","authors":["5583","5567"],"categories":["bayareabites_264","bayareabites_13718","bayareabites_8770","bayareabites_2554"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_2143","bayareabites_744","bayareabites_8860","bayareabites_13517"],"featImg":"bayareabites_101506","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_96584":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_96584","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"96584","score":null,"sort":[1433376692000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-may-cost-californias-farmers-almost-3-billion-in-2015","title":"Drought May Cost California's Farmers Almost $3 Billion In 2015","publishDate":1433376692,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>California's drought isn't just turning green lawns brown or \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/droughtshaming\">#droughtshaming\u003c/a> into a trending topic. It's taking a multi-billion dollar toll on the state's agricultural industry as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of California, Davis is out with a \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/2015Drought_PrelimAnalysis.pdf\">new report\u003c/a>, and some of the numbers are steep. The study found that in 2015 alone, the drought will cost the state's farmers industry $2.7 billion dollars and more than 18,000 jobs, with 564,000 acres fallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's just for one year. \"This study does not address long-term costs of groundwater overdraft, such as higher pumping costs and greater water scarcity,\" it reads. \"The socioeconomic impacts of an extended drought, in 2016 and beyond, could be much more severe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/howitt\">Richard Howitt\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus at UC Davis, and one of the authors of the study, says the situation for farmers could be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite really big cuts — 60 percent in the surface water supplies — access to underground water has allowed [farmers] to compensate for at least 70 percent of that,\" Howitt tells The Salt. \"So the net cut is around 8 percent of total water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But groundwater is now running low as well, especially in the Central Valley of California, the heart of California farm country. \"This is concentrated in those areas that don't have access to underground water,\" Howitt says. \"These places are in what we call the Central Valley, the San Joaquin Valley. The impacts are hitting small farmers and farm workers [there].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Ag, Howitt says, has reserves to deal with the ongoing drought in a way that smaller farmers do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howitt does say the agricultural industry is finding creative ways to deal with the drought. \"It's significantly worse than last year, but people have come up with cleverer ways of offsetting the effects,\" he said. \"The ... thing that surprised us a bit was how much the farmers are modifying and adapting to this situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, they are moving crops around, like tomatoes. They are normally are grown in the south, but farmers are shifting production north, to where there are better water supplies. Howitt says farmers are also trying to focus on the highest value crops — like fruits, nuts and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report comes in the same week that statewide mandatory water cutbacks \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/01/396859879/california-governor-issues-1st-ever-statewide-mandatory-water-reductions\">took effect\u003c/a>, requiring a net 25 percent reduction in water use for California cities and towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state's agriculture industry is exempt from those mandatory cutbacks. And Howitt says that's appropriate. \"Ag has got a very, very bad supply,\" he notes. \"They've taken their cuts, and overall they're taking a bigger cut than 25 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, some California farmers are already agreeing to voluntarily cut their water use. A group of farmers in the Central Valley has agreed to reduce water use by 25 percent from 2013 levels, or fallow 25 percent of their land. California's State Water Board said in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2015/pr052215_riparian_proposal.pdf\">statement\u003c/a> it welcomes the farmers' proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howitt says UC Davis will update its study in July, with predictions for what he calls a \"worst-case scenario.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The state's farmers could be out $2.7 billion dollars and more than 18,000 jobs, with 564,000 acres fallowed by the end of 2015, researchers at UC Davis write in a new report.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1556745933,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":533},"headData":{"title":"Drought May Cost California's Farmers Almost $3 Billion In 2015 | KQED","description":"The state's farmers could be out $2.7 billion dollars and more than 18,000 jobs, with 564,000 acres fallowed by the end of 2015, researchers at UC Davis write in a new report.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"96584 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=96584","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/06/03/drought-may-cost-californias-farmers-almost-3-billion-in-2015/","disqusTitle":"Drought May Cost California's Farmers Almost $3 Billion In 2015","nprByline":"Sam Sanders, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\">NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"411802252","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=411802252&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/06/03/411802252/drought-may-cost-californias-farmers-almost-3-billion-in-2015?ft=nprml&f=411802252","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 03 Jun 2015 17:46:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 03 Jun 2015 17:46:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 03 Jun 2015 17:46:30 -0400","path":"/bayareabites/96584/drought-may-cost-californias-farmers-almost-3-billion-in-2015","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California's drought isn't just turning green lawns brown or \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/droughtshaming\">#droughtshaming\u003c/a> into a trending topic. It's taking a multi-billion dollar toll on the state's agricultural industry as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of California, Davis is out with a \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/2015Drought_PrelimAnalysis.pdf\">new report\u003c/a>, and some of the numbers are steep. The study found that in 2015 alone, the drought will cost the state's farmers industry $2.7 billion dollars and more than 18,000 jobs, with 564,000 acres fallowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's just for one year. \"This study does not address long-term costs of groundwater overdraft, such as higher pumping costs and greater water scarcity,\" it reads. \"The socioeconomic impacts of an extended drought, in 2016 and beyond, could be much more severe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/howitt\">Richard Howitt\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus at UC Davis, and one of the authors of the study, says the situation for farmers could be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite really big cuts — 60 percent in the surface water supplies — access to underground water has allowed [farmers] to compensate for at least 70 percent of that,\" Howitt tells The Salt. \"So the net cut is around 8 percent of total water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But groundwater is now running low as well, especially in the Central Valley of California, the heart of California farm country. \"This is concentrated in those areas that don't have access to underground water,\" Howitt says. \"These places are in what we call the Central Valley, the San Joaquin Valley. The impacts are hitting small farmers and farm workers [there].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Ag, Howitt says, has reserves to deal with the ongoing drought in a way that smaller farmers do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howitt does say the agricultural industry is finding creative ways to deal with the drought. \"It's significantly worse than last year, but people have come up with cleverer ways of offsetting the effects,\" he said. \"The ... thing that surprised us a bit was how much the farmers are modifying and adapting to this situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he says, they are moving crops around, like tomatoes. They are normally are grown in the south, but farmers are shifting production north, to where there are better water supplies. Howitt says farmers are also trying to focus on the highest value crops — like fruits, nuts and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report comes in the same week that statewide mandatory water cutbacks \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/01/396859879/california-governor-issues-1st-ever-statewide-mandatory-water-reductions\">took effect\u003c/a>, requiring a net 25 percent reduction in water use for California cities and towns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state's agriculture industry is exempt from those mandatory cutbacks. And Howitt says that's appropriate. \"Ag has got a very, very bad supply,\" he notes. \"They've taken their cuts, and overall they're taking a bigger cut than 25 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, some California farmers are already agreeing to voluntarily cut their water use. A group of farmers in the Central Valley has agreed to reduce water use by 25 percent from 2013 levels, or fallow 25 percent of their land. California's State Water Board said in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2015/pr052215_riparian_proposal.pdf\">statement\u003c/a> it welcomes the farmers' proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howitt says UC Davis will update its study in July, with predictions for what he calls a \"worst-case scenario.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/96584/drought-may-cost-californias-farmers-almost-3-billion-in-2015","authors":["byline_bayareabites_96584"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_358","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_2143","bayareabites_14775","bayareabites_11497"],"featImg":"bayareabites_96585","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_96228":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_96228","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"96228","score":null,"sort":[1432051250000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"who-is-behind-those-water-signs-on-the-i-5","title":"Who Is Behind Those Water Signs On I-5?","publishDate":1432051250,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>They’re a ubiquitous sight on the I-5: giant signs posted along the highway blaring dire messages about the water supply, farming, and what's endangering both (politicians, mainly).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the signs have been up for nearly a decade, they’ve taken on a particular resonance in the last few years. Years of record \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-Jerry-Brown-declares-5152625.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low rainfall\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/RegionalDroughtMonitor.aspx?west\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subsequent drought\u003c/a> have left once-fertile fields dry and barren. For sheltered city dwellers, the signs are a stark reminder of California's \u003ca href=\"http://watereconomics.ucsd.edu/cali_timeline.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">never-ending water fight\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signs are the work of \u003ca href=\"http://www.familiesprotectingthevalley.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Families Protecting the Valley\u003c/a> (FPV), a loosely organized group of farmers and concerned locals in the San Joaquin Valley, whose mission is to add another voice to the state’s ongoing conversation about water. Armed with a small budget and the support of the local community, the group is trying to take back the water narrative from politicians, businesses and environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The environmentalists, you’ve got to give them credit,” said Denis Prosperi, founder of Families Protecting the Valley. “They’ve done a hell of a PR job convincing people that there’s enough water for fish and farmers, enough water for everybody, we've just got to manage it differently. Well, there’s not. There never was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Madera farmer (almonds and wine grapes) started the organization in 2000, when Enron was trying to build \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=MVt5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT232&lpg=PT232&dq=Azurix+madera&source=bl&ots=O8xCNyIKUw&sig=ybZcP-rLcRjAm8UdJGDSXUjmDWY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tLdWVbrPJsPFsAXw7IHYBg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Azurix%20madera&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a $45 million water bank in Madera County\u003c/a>. Residents and local businesses donated time and money to oppose the project, and managed to successfully kill it. The group was dormant for a few years, re-constituting to fight the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2009/10/27/77853/san-joaquin-restoration-fight.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Joaquin River Restoration Program\u003c/a>, which it believed would have debilitating effects on the surface water supply for farmers. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Regions/4/San-Joaquin-River\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">river restoration program\u003c/a>, designed “to restore and maintain fish populations in ‘good condition’ in the main stem of the San Joaquin River below Friant Dam to the confluence of the Merced River,\" was the result of a settlement agreement in a lawsuit filed by environmental groups. Prosperi formalized the group during this period, putting together a board of directors, and setting up a website and email newsletter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-96234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3.jpg\" alt=\"The signs are so iconic they were even featured in this Kickstarter funded board game about California's water issues. Photo: Shelby Pope\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-400x393.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-800x785.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-1440x1414.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-1180x1158.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-960x943.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The signs are so iconic they were even featured in this Kickstarter funded board game about California's water issues. Photo: Shelby Pope\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since then, the group has been agitating for the rights of farmers to have continued access to water, and has offered \u003ca href=\"http://www.familiesprotectingthevalley.com/responses-m-57-57.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many suggestions\u003c/a> for how the state’s budget and water supply should be allocated. Despite the agriculture lobby’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2014/04/the-politics-of-drought-california-water-interests-prime-the-pump-in-washington/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">powerful presence\u003c/a> in Sacramento, the group doesn't feel heard. It wants the valley's sizable role in both the state’s economy and on the nation’s dinner table to be reflected in the water farmers there receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close to the tipping point, in that if we don’t have a change in policy very quickly about solving the problem long term, then the economic dislocation is going to start,” said Prosperi. “It’s going to be very hard. Detroit -- that’s what it’s going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation has become increasingly dire. Paltry rainfall has left valley farmers with less water than ever. Last year, they were hit with a staggering blow: all farmers who got their water from the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which provides water to over three million acres of farmland, including six of the country’s seven most productive farming counties, \u003ca href=\"http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2015/world/california-drought-cuts-farm-water-allocation-zero-second-consecutive-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would receive no water\u003c/a> at all. This move forced the farmers to use water already in reserve or, if possible, to buy water from another source. Things didn’t get better this year. The farmers again didn’t receive any allocations from the Central Valley Project, and the group has little faith in any of Governor Brown’s plans to address the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these hardships, the farmers have had to deal with the general public's increasing antipathy towards farmers’ water use. As the state sees more reservoirs and rivers run dry, agriculture, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most sources agree\u003c/a> uses 80% of the state’s water, has become a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2015/04/03/agriculture-is-80-percent-of-water-use-in-california-why-arent-farmers-being-forced-to-cut-back/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">popular target\u003c/a>. Families Protecting The Valley contends that agriculture only \u003ca href=\"http://www.familiesprotectingthevalley.com/news.php?ax=v&n=10&id=10&nid=394\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uses about 40%\u003c/a> of the state’s water. (\u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/sustaining-california-agriculture-in-an-uncertain-future/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more\u003c/a> about this complicated and often contentious subject.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, over the years, the farmers have been forced to become public relations experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I give the environmental community credit. They came out saying ag uses 80% of the water, one gallon per [almond] and they blanketed the media to the point where the lie becomes the truth,” Prosperi said. “Our side hasn’t done that. Farmers aren’t made that way. They think, ‘Well, they’re wrong, we’re right, people gotta see that.’ Well, people don’t see it, and we’re losing the PR battle. In fact, I’ll say we already lost the PR battle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families Protecting the Valley tried a few different methods. The group sent people to meetings in Sacramento, created a TV ad, and has sent people to San Francisco to pass out flyers. None of these measures were enough to get the message sufficiently into the mainstream, and proved too expensive for the group, which survives solely on donations. It needed a cheap and effective way to get its message into the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myTQOHKPj-Q\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the signs came in. Around 2008, with the help of a friend, Hanford real estate broker and former farmer Russ Waymire put up the group's first sign: “Congress Created Dust Bowl.” Other signs soon followed, but it took awhile to get the message right. Waymire and his pals tried different size signs, experimenting with the fewest number of words needed to get the point across. FPV members drove down the highway at 80 miles an hour to see if the signs were legible. Local farmers quickly became interested in the project, offering up their land to host signs, while others started to put up signs of their own along Highway 99 and Interstate 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People were eager to help, Waymire said. “Some people were saying ‘We’re not working weekends, we’re not getting enough hours, want us to stand out here? Get us some signs, we’ll stand out here by I-5 and we'll tell these people.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people, they’re busy with their lives, believing what people are telling them and what they hear, which is that farmers are the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 602px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-96236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edited1.jpg\" alt=\"One of Families Protecting The Valley's signs. Photo: Families Protecting The Valley\" width=\"602\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edited1.jpg 602w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edited1-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Families Protecting The Valley's signs. Photo: Families Protecting The Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the phone, both Prosperi and Waymire speak quickly and passionately, carefully laying out their evidence and information for their cause like lawyers at trial. It’s a hard fight, one they feel they are losing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People ask us, are you guys going to win or lose? And I [say] no, we’ve already lost. I’m not stupid,” Prosperi said. “But the point is: I want to get enough people to hear the other side, where somewhere out in the future, somebody will say, ‘You know, those guys were right.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Prosperi and Waymire worry they are fighting a losing battle, they can’t stop. Farms \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/05/california-drought-farms-silence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are dying\u003c/a>, families are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/04/22/303726931/fields-and-farm-jobs-dry-up-with-californias-worsening-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">losing their livelihoods\u003c/a> and there’s no end in sight. Yet still they press on, trying to share their perspective on how California's water resources should be used, bit by bit, sign by sign, in the hope that one day soon, people will wake up and realize how wrong they’ve been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were fighting before the drought. Now the drought has brought to a head what we’ve been telling people for years is going to happen,” Prosperi said. “Hopefully somewhere along the line, there’ll be a realization that the state is going in the wrong direction. But if they don’t do something quick, it’s going to be too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor's Note:\u003c/strong> \u003ci>This post has been updated since publication, adding clarifying information about some of the water projects discussed.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The signs, \"Congress Created Dust Bowl,\" \"No Water=No Jobs,\" are the work of Families Protecting The Valley, a group of farmers desperate to get your attention. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1556744943,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1420},"headData":{"title":"Who Is Behind Those Water Signs On I-5? | KQED","description":"The signs, "Congress Created Dust Bowl," "No Water=No Jobs," are the work of Families Protecting The Valley, a group of farmers desperate to get your attention. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"96228 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=96228","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/05/19/who-is-behind-those-water-signs-on-the-i-5/","disqusTitle":"Who Is Behind Those Water Signs On I-5?","path":"/bayareabites/96228/who-is-behind-those-water-signs-on-the-i-5","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re a ubiquitous sight on the I-5: giant signs posted along the highway blaring dire messages about the water supply, farming, and what's endangering both (politicians, mainly).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the signs have been up for nearly a decade, they’ve taken on a particular resonance in the last few years. Years of record \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-Jerry-Brown-declares-5152625.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low rainfall\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/RegionalDroughtMonitor.aspx?west\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subsequent drought\u003c/a> have left once-fertile fields dry and barren. For sheltered city dwellers, the signs are a stark reminder of California's \u003ca href=\"http://watereconomics.ucsd.edu/cali_timeline.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">never-ending water fight\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signs are the work of \u003ca href=\"http://www.familiesprotectingthevalley.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Families Protecting the Valley\u003c/a> (FPV), a loosely organized group of farmers and concerned locals in the San Joaquin Valley, whose mission is to add another voice to the state’s ongoing conversation about water. Armed with a small budget and the support of the local community, the group is trying to take back the water narrative from politicians, businesses and environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The environmentalists, you’ve got to give them credit,” said Denis Prosperi, founder of Families Protecting the Valley. “They’ve done a hell of a PR job convincing people that there’s enough water for fish and farmers, enough water for everybody, we've just got to manage it differently. Well, there’s not. There never was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Madera farmer (almonds and wine grapes) started the organization in 2000, when Enron was trying to build \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=MVt5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT232&lpg=PT232&dq=Azurix+madera&source=bl&ots=O8xCNyIKUw&sig=ybZcP-rLcRjAm8UdJGDSXUjmDWY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tLdWVbrPJsPFsAXw7IHYBg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Azurix%20madera&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a $45 million water bank in Madera County\u003c/a>. Residents and local businesses donated time and money to oppose the project, and managed to successfully kill it. The group was dormant for a few years, re-constituting to fight the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2009/10/27/77853/san-joaquin-restoration-fight.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Joaquin River Restoration Program\u003c/a>, which it believed would have debilitating effects on the surface water supply for farmers. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Regions/4/San-Joaquin-River\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">river restoration program\u003c/a>, designed “to restore and maintain fish populations in ‘good condition’ in the main stem of the San Joaquin River below Friant Dam to the confluence of the Merced River,\" was the result of a settlement agreement in a lawsuit filed by environmental groups. Prosperi formalized the group during this period, putting together a board of directors, and setting up a website and email newsletter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96234\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-96234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3.jpg\" alt=\"The signs are so iconic they were even featured in this Kickstarter funded board game about California's water issues. Photo: Shelby Pope\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-400x393.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-800x785.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-1440x1414.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-1180x1158.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-960x943.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edied3-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The signs are so iconic they were even featured in this Kickstarter funded board game about California's water issues. Photo: Shelby Pope\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since then, the group has been agitating for the rights of farmers to have continued access to water, and has offered \u003ca href=\"http://www.familiesprotectingthevalley.com/responses-m-57-57.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many suggestions\u003c/a> for how the state’s budget and water supply should be allocated. Despite the agriculture lobby’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2014/04/the-politics-of-drought-california-water-interests-prime-the-pump-in-washington/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">powerful presence\u003c/a> in Sacramento, the group doesn't feel heard. It wants the valley's sizable role in both the state’s economy and on the nation’s dinner table to be reflected in the water farmers there receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very close to the tipping point, in that if we don’t have a change in policy very quickly about solving the problem long term, then the economic dislocation is going to start,” said Prosperi. “It’s going to be very hard. Detroit -- that’s what it’s going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation has become increasingly dire. Paltry rainfall has left valley farmers with less water than ever. Last year, they were hit with a staggering blow: all farmers who got their water from the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/cvp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which provides water to over three million acres of farmland, including six of the country’s seven most productive farming counties, \u003ca href=\"http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2015/world/california-drought-cuts-farm-water-allocation-zero-second-consecutive-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would receive no water\u003c/a> at all. This move forced the farmers to use water already in reserve or, if possible, to buy water from another source. Things didn’t get better this year. The farmers again didn’t receive any allocations from the Central Valley Project, and the group has little faith in any of Governor Brown’s plans to address the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these hardships, the farmers have had to deal with the general public's increasing antipathy towards farmers’ water use. As the state sees more reservoirs and rivers run dry, agriculture, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most sources agree\u003c/a> uses 80% of the state’s water, has become a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2015/04/03/agriculture-is-80-percent-of-water-use-in-california-why-arent-farmers-being-forced-to-cut-back/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">popular target\u003c/a>. Families Protecting The Valley contends that agriculture only \u003ca href=\"http://www.familiesprotectingthevalley.com/news.php?ax=v&n=10&id=10&nid=394\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uses about 40%\u003c/a> of the state’s water. (\u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/sustaining-california-agriculture-in-an-uncertain-future/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn more\u003c/a> about this complicated and often contentious subject.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, over the years, the farmers have been forced to become public relations experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I give the environmental community credit. They came out saying ag uses 80% of the water, one gallon per [almond] and they blanketed the media to the point where the lie becomes the truth,” Prosperi said. “Our side hasn’t done that. Farmers aren’t made that way. They think, ‘Well, they’re wrong, we’re right, people gotta see that.’ Well, people don’t see it, and we’re losing the PR battle. In fact, I’ll say we already lost the PR battle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families Protecting the Valley tried a few different methods. The group sent people to meetings in Sacramento, created a TV ad, and has sent people to San Francisco to pass out flyers. None of these measures were enough to get the message sufficiently into the mainstream, and proved too expensive for the group, which survives solely on donations. It needed a cheap and effective way to get its message into the world.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/myTQOHKPj-Q'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/myTQOHKPj-Q'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>That's where the signs came in. Around 2008, with the help of a friend, Hanford real estate broker and former farmer Russ Waymire put up the group's first sign: “Congress Created Dust Bowl.” Other signs soon followed, but it took awhile to get the message right. Waymire and his pals tried different size signs, experimenting with the fewest number of words needed to get the point across. FPV members drove down the highway at 80 miles an hour to see if the signs were legible. Local farmers quickly became interested in the project, offering up their land to host signs, while others started to put up signs of their own along Highway 99 and Interstate 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People were eager to help, Waymire said. “Some people were saying ‘We’re not working weekends, we’re not getting enough hours, want us to stand out here? Get us some signs, we’ll stand out here by I-5 and we'll tell these people.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people, they’re busy with their lives, believing what people are telling them and what they hear, which is that farmers are the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 602px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-96236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edited1.jpg\" alt=\"One of Families Protecting The Valley's signs. Photo: Families Protecting The Valley\" width=\"602\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edited1.jpg 602w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/edited1-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Families Protecting The Valley's signs. Photo: Families Protecting The Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the phone, both Prosperi and Waymire speak quickly and passionately, carefully laying out their evidence and information for their cause like lawyers at trial. It’s a hard fight, one they feel they are losing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People ask us, are you guys going to win or lose? And I [say] no, we’ve already lost. I’m not stupid,” Prosperi said. “But the point is: I want to get enough people to hear the other side, where somewhere out in the future, somebody will say, ‘You know, those guys were right.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Prosperi and Waymire worry they are fighting a losing battle, they can’t stop. Farms \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/05/california-drought-farms-silence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are dying\u003c/a>, families are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/04/22/303726931/fields-and-farm-jobs-dry-up-with-californias-worsening-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">losing their livelihoods\u003c/a> and there’s no end in sight. Yet still they press on, trying to share their perspective on how California's water resources should be used, bit by bit, sign by sign, in the hope that one day soon, people will wake up and realize how wrong they’ve been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were fighting before the drought. Now the drought has brought to a head what we’ve been telling people for years is going to happen,” Prosperi said. “Hopefully somewhere along the line, there’ll be a realization that the state is going in the wrong direction. But if they don’t do something quick, it’s going to be too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor's Note:\u003c/strong> \u003ci>This post has been updated since publication, adding clarifying information about some of the water projects discussed.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/96228/who-is-behind-those-water-signs-on-the-i-5","authors":["5566"],"categories":["bayareabites_1962","bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_2143","bayareabites_14775","bayareabites_11497"],"featImg":"bayareabites_96235","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_96095":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_96095","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"96095","score":null,"sort":[1431544171000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-california-farmers-are-conflicted-about-using-less-water","title":"Why California Farmers Are Conflicted About Using Less Water","publishDate":1431544171,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story from NPR's \"All Things Considered.\"\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/05/20150511_atc_why_california_farmers_are_conflicted_about_using_less_water.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought across much of the Western U.S. is now in its fourth year. In California — where it's the most intense — farms are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/04/07/398106067/calif-s-farmers-gulp-most-of-states-water-but-say-theyve-cut-back\">not under the same strict orders to conserve\u003c/a> as cities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And inside the agriculture industry, farmers are quietly debating how best to respond to the drought. Given uncertainty around pending state regulations, some say there may be an incentive to not invest in water-saving technologies right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the world of water conservation, there are a few no-brainer solutions. Take drip irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Salinas Valley — known as the Salad Bowl of the World — a big green, creaky tractor rolls over the acres of empty fields. It's not planting seeds. It's laying down a long thin rubber tube — called drip tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Antle, farm manager with \u003ca href=\"http://www.taproduce.com/consumer/our-story.php\">Tanimura & Antle\u003c/a>, points to the levers that pull the tape, like a sewing machine pulls thread from a wheel, and inject it into the ground. \"The weight of the soil on top of the tape holds it in,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drip irrigation is not new tech; it's just tried and true tech. The co-founder of Antle's grandfather's farm, George Tanimura, introduced this method for lettuce decades ago. (The drip method was used as far back as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377400001190\">1st century B.C. China\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-96096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/20150506_144550-dd4aa12ee1c71e6c1f90358d4f3ceabe73f81373-e1431542949356.jpg\" alt=\"Tanimura & Antle workers use tractors to install drip tape into fields that will be used to grow lettuce and other crops in California's Salinas Valley.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tanimura & Antle workers use tractors to install drip tape into fields that will be used to grow lettuce and other crops in California's Salinas Valley. \u003ccite>( Aarti Shahani/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tape has little slits. Turn on the faucet and water seeps out, gradually, close to the seeds. It's the farmer's version of a low-flow toilet — and a nice way to save water in windy Salinas Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Rossi, another manager here, says regular sprinklers are constantly missing their mark in this wind. \"It's blowing pretty good, I'd say 12 miles an hour,\" he says. \"We're pretty much slaves to the weather.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drill Versus Drip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanimura & Antle uses drip in nearly all its fields. But about 40 percent of farmland in Salinas doesn't do any drip irrigation at all, according to the Monterey County Farm Bureau. And a \u003ca href=\"http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IR.1943-4774.0000538?journalCode=jidedh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent statewide survey\u003c/a> found that farmland using drip (and another water-conserving technique called micro-irrigation) increased by just 5 percent in the decade ended in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rossi says many farmers have decided to drill instead of drip — to go deeper into their wells, even if it hurts the overall supply of groundwater — because in the short term it's cheaper. That bugs him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're saving, and then your neighbor's well next door to you is pumping and there's the sprinkler again,\" Rossi says. \"But they'll follow suit here soon or they're gonna have to follow suit soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Incentive To Not Conserve\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What farms will have to do is actually a matter of huge debate — and some say there is an incentive to not conserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the implementation of California's 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, new agencies are being formed across California to set baselines. Norm Groot, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://montereycfb.com/index.php?page=what-we-do\">Monterey County Farm Bureau\u003c/a>, says many farmers fear if they take less groundwater now, the baselines set for them will be smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very much a tricky situation,\" he says. \"You're asking people to conserve. And then you're establishing a further number that they have to conserve. And that's where the pain starts, is that they do the easy parts first, and then they don't get credit for that later on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that economics problem, game theory. In a zero-sum game, where there's only so much to go around, you don't want to lose your piece of the pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groot adds that farms have already taken steps to conserve, investing in drip irrigation where it's practicable for the crops being grown, installing soil moisture censors, and even using weather station data to determine when a plant is most receptive to watering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While giant farms like Tanimura & Antle can afford to lose a crop because of reduced water supplies, Groot says the small, family-owned farms will shut down. So they're fighting for survival. \"What choice do they have but to say, 'No, don't take my water, because it takes water to grow my crops'?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Bigger Pie?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local optimists say one choice is to make the pie bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a water recycling plant in Monterey County, Gary Petersen, the head of public works for the city of Salinas, explains how sewer water is purified into a source that isn't quite potable, but can be used for crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, his team realized it could take the water used to wash lettuce in the factories — hundreds of millions of gallons — and divert it here, to be recycled. Otherwise, it was just going into a pool that evaporated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Petersen says while water from the operation can't feed an entire valley, it matters because the farmers, who often work on their own, joined hands to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're seeing, especially with the continued drought, is that if we don't get together on this, there's going to be some really big losers,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cities in California have been ordered to cut water use. Farms have not, yet. Inside the industry, there's a quiet debate: Does it makes sense to invest in water-conserving tech now — or later?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1556745506,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":925},"headData":{"title":"Why California Farmers Are Conflicted About Using Less Water | KQED","description":"Cities in California have been ordered to cut water use. Farms have not, yet. Inside the industry, there's a quiet debate: Does it makes sense to invest in water-conserving tech now — or later?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"96095 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=96095","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/05/13/why-california-farmers-are-conflicted-about-using-less-water/","disqusTitle":"Why California Farmers Are Conflicted About Using Less Water","nprByline":"Aarti Shahani, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\" />NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"405888966","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=405888966&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/05/11/405888966/why-california-farmers-are-conflicted-about-using-less-water?ft=nprml&f=405888966","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 12 May 2015 08:58:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 11 May 2015 16:42:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 12 May 2015 08:58:16 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/05/20150511_atc_why_california_farmers_are_conflicted_about_using_less_water.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1003&d=260&p=2&story=405888966&t=progseg&e=405936490&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=405888966","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1405955658-e0b8de.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1003&d=260&p=2&story=405888966&t=progseg&e=405936490&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=405888966","audioTrackLength":260,"path":"/bayareabites/96095/why-california-farmers-are-conflicted-about-using-less-water","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/05/20150511_atc_why_california_farmers_are_conflicted_about_using_less_water.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1003&d=260&p=2&story=405888966&t=progseg&e=405936490&seg=14&ft=nprml&f=405888966","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story from NPR's \"All Things Considered.\"\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2015/05/20150511_atc_why_california_farmers_are_conflicted_about_using_less_water.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought across much of the Western U.S. is now in its fourth year. In California — where it's the most intense — farms are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/04/07/398106067/calif-s-farmers-gulp-most-of-states-water-but-say-theyve-cut-back\">not under the same strict orders to conserve\u003c/a> as cities are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And inside the agriculture industry, farmers are quietly debating how best to respond to the drought. Given uncertainty around pending state regulations, some say there may be an incentive to not invest in water-saving technologies right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the world of water conservation, there are a few no-brainer solutions. Take drip irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Salinas Valley — known as the Salad Bowl of the World — a big green, creaky tractor rolls over the acres of empty fields. It's not planting seeds. It's laying down a long thin rubber tube — called drip tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Antle, farm manager with \u003ca href=\"http://www.taproduce.com/consumer/our-story.php\">Tanimura & Antle\u003c/a>, points to the levers that pull the tape, like a sewing machine pulls thread from a wheel, and inject it into the ground. \"The weight of the soil on top of the tape holds it in,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drip irrigation is not new tech; it's just tried and true tech. The co-founder of Antle's grandfather's farm, George Tanimura, introduced this method for lettuce decades ago. (The drip method was used as far back as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377400001190\">1st century B.C. China\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-96096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/05/20150506_144550-dd4aa12ee1c71e6c1f90358d4f3ceabe73f81373-e1431542949356.jpg\" alt=\"Tanimura & Antle workers use tractors to install drip tape into fields that will be used to grow lettuce and other crops in California's Salinas Valley.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tanimura & Antle workers use tractors to install drip tape into fields that will be used to grow lettuce and other crops in California's Salinas Valley. \u003ccite>( Aarti Shahani/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tape has little slits. Turn on the faucet and water seeps out, gradually, close to the seeds. It's the farmer's version of a low-flow toilet — and a nice way to save water in windy Salinas Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Rossi, another manager here, says regular sprinklers are constantly missing their mark in this wind. \"It's blowing pretty good, I'd say 12 miles an hour,\" he says. \"We're pretty much slaves to the weather.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drill Versus Drip\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanimura & Antle uses drip in nearly all its fields. But about 40 percent of farmland in Salinas doesn't do any drip irrigation at all, according to the Monterey County Farm Bureau. And a \u003ca href=\"http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IR.1943-4774.0000538?journalCode=jidedh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent statewide survey\u003c/a> found that farmland using drip (and another water-conserving technique called micro-irrigation) increased by just 5 percent in the decade ended in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rossi says many farmers have decided to drill instead of drip — to go deeper into their wells, even if it hurts the overall supply of groundwater — because in the short term it's cheaper. That bugs him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're saving, and then your neighbor's well next door to you is pumping and there's the sprinkler again,\" Rossi says. \"But they'll follow suit here soon or they're gonna have to follow suit soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Incentive To Not Conserve\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What farms will have to do is actually a matter of huge debate — and some say there is an incentive to not conserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the implementation of California's 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, new agencies are being formed across California to set baselines. Norm Groot, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://montereycfb.com/index.php?page=what-we-do\">Monterey County Farm Bureau\u003c/a>, says many farmers fear if they take less groundwater now, the baselines set for them will be smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very much a tricky situation,\" he says. \"You're asking people to conserve. And then you're establishing a further number that they have to conserve. And that's where the pain starts, is that they do the easy parts first, and then they don't get credit for that later on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that economics problem, game theory. In a zero-sum game, where there's only so much to go around, you don't want to lose your piece of the pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groot adds that farms have already taken steps to conserve, investing in drip irrigation where it's practicable for the crops being grown, installing soil moisture censors, and even using weather station data to determine when a plant is most receptive to watering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While giant farms like Tanimura & Antle can afford to lose a crop because of reduced water supplies, Groot says the small, family-owned farms will shut down. So they're fighting for survival. \"What choice do they have but to say, 'No, don't take my water, because it takes water to grow my crops'?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Bigger Pie?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local optimists say one choice is to make the pie bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a water recycling plant in Monterey County, Gary Petersen, the head of public works for the city of Salinas, explains how sewer water is purified into a source that isn't quite potable, but can be used for crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, his team realized it could take the water used to wash lettuce in the factories — hundreds of millions of gallons — and divert it here, to be recycled. Otherwise, it was just going into a pool that evaporated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Petersen says while water from the operation can't feed an entire valley, it matters because the farmers, who often work on their own, joined hands to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're seeing, especially with the continued drought, is that if we don't get together on this, there's going to be some really big losers,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/96095/why-california-farmers-are-conflicted-about-using-less-water","authors":["byline_bayareabites_96095"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_10916"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_2143","bayareabites_14775","bayareabites_11497"],"featImg":"bayareabites_96097","label":"bayareabites"},"bayareabites_95039":{"type":"posts","id":"bayareabites_95039","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"bayareabites","id":"95039","score":null,"sort":[1428947731000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"beyond-almonds-a-rogues-gallery-of-guzzlers-in-californias-drought","title":"Beyond Almonds: A Rogue's Gallery of Guzzlers In California's Drought","publishDate":1428947731,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Bay Area Bites | KQED Food","labelTerm":{"site":"bayareabites"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Weekend Edition Sunday:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2015/04/20150412_wesun_beyond_almonds_a_rogues_gallery_of_guzzlers_in_californias_drought.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is parched. Wells are running dry. Vegetable fields have been left fallow and lawns are dying. There must be some villain behind all this, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course there is. In fact, have your pick. As a public service, The Salt is bringing you several of the leading candidates. They have been nominated by widely respected national publications and interest groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's just one problem: Not all of these shady characters live up to their nefarious job description. Let us explain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Almonds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/_10_percent_of_california_s_water_goes_to_almond_farming.html\">Slate\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/12/photos-matt-black-california-drought-almonds\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> have reported that almonds are sucking California dry. Each innocent-looking nut, we learn, robs the land of an entire gallon of water. All told, California's almonds consume three times more water than the entire city of Los Angeles. And their thirst is \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/01/california-drought-almonds-water-use\">growing\u003c/a>, year by year. California's farmers continue to convert new swaths of land to almond orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case closed? Maybe not, Grist \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/making-almonds-the-droughts-scapegoat-thats-nuts/?utm_source=syndication&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=feed_food\">retorts\u003c/a>. Almonds get a lot of attention because production of them has been booming. And it's true that they do consume more water, per acre, than many other crops (though not all). Vineyards use much less water than almonds, and most vegetables also require less irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's only if you calculate water use in gallons per acre or gallons per pound of product. There's a different, and probably better, way to calculate water efficiency. How about water consumption \u003cem>per unit of value created?\u003c/em> Gallons used per dollar of production, say. By that measure, almonds look just great, because they are so valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a very good argument that almonds are exactly what California's farmers \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be growing with their precious water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one problem with almonds, though. They're trees. They last for years, and they need water every single year, whether it's wet or dry. Farmers who've devoted their land to production of almonds (or walnuts and pistachios) can't easily adapt to water shortages. Letting the trees die would be a catastrophe, so they sometimes pay exorbitant prices or dig ever-deeper wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts like \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, from the University of California, Davis, say that in the future, California should take care to maintain a healthy mix of trees and annual crops like vegetables. In drought years, farmers could then decide not to plant their tomato fields, freeing up water for their trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Cows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look at this \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/workgroups/lcfssustain/hanson.pdf\">presentation\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/directory_facultypages.htm?id=40\">Blaine Hanson\u003c/a>, an irrigation expert also of UC-Davis, one thing jumps out. The agricultural product that truly dominates water use in California isn't almonds. It's alfalfa, plus \"other forages,\" such as irrigated pasture and corn that's chopped into a cattle feed called silage. These forage crops consume more water per acre than almonds, and they also cover nearly twice as much land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where do those products go? Primarily, they feed California's enormous (though shrinking) herd of milk-producing cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike almonds, forage crops don't bring particularly high prices. And they grow just fine in other places, too, such as the Midwest. So why should California sink its scarce water into such crops? It mainly results from the long tradition of dairy farming in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But abandoning milk production would entail considerable economic \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/the-drought-is-destroying-californias-organic-dairy-farms/\">dislocation\u003c/a>. Also, these crops have remained viable because many farmers are guaranteed ample supplies of cheap water. Those in the Imperial Valley, a major alfalfa producer, get water from the Colorado River. Which leads us to ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Laws and the politicians who make them.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where to start? With the founding of the republic, maybe. When Europeans and other outsiders settled this continent, they operated under the basic rule of first-come, first-served. People who settled land got to claim it. And in much of the West, if they built a dam to irrigate their fields, they acquired a permanent legal right to that water. There were very few questions asked about how that water should be used, or what it should cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic idea remains in force, although the system for delivering water has been transformed by large, government-financed networks of aqueducts and canals. And hidden inside this legal framework are several characters that arouse strong suspicions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Cheap water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, farmers don't have to outbid anyone for their water. They get it, or they don't, depending on the priority of their legal claim to it. Typically, they get that water for the cost of delivering it. This means that they don't have a pressing need to conserve that water, for instance, by switching into crops that make better, more economic, use of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A limited market for water is now developing, which sets higher prices on water. It's driving farmers to treat their irrigation water more like the precious commodity that it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Free water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the water that farmers pump from wells on their land. It's not exactly free, because it costs money to drill the well and pump the water, but farmers are legally free to use as much as they wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers have been racing to \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/06/22/modernizing-californias-groundwater-management/\">empty their aquifers\u003c/a>, draining the water in them at an astounding rate. California has now \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/11/04/groundwater-security-for-the-long-term/\">adopted\u003c/a> a plan which is supposed to eventually stop this, but it won't fully take effect for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the villains of choice in parts of California's agricultural community. California's environmental authorities have stepped into the water allocation game, asserting that the state's endangered wildlife have rights to water that trump the claims even of the earliest settlers. As a result, in drought years, farms are getting less water — much less, in many cases, than state authorities originally promised to deliver. This is why some farmers \u003ca href=\"http://naturalresources.house.gov/issues/issue/?IssueID=5921\">complain\u003c/a>, passionately, about a \"man-made drought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Exports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150409-water-agriculture-cattle-dairy-conservation-ngfood/\">reports\u003c/a>, California's farmers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26124989\">exporting\u003c/a> vast amounts of water to places like China, adding to the state's water shortage. These are not literal water exports, but \"virtual water\" in products like alfalfa or almonds that took a lot of water to produce. Upon closer examination, though, this villain doesn't look quite so guilty. As Lund from UC Davis \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/02/27/virtual-water-vs-real-water-in-california/\">points out\u003c/a>, alfalfa and almonds are the exceptions to the rule. If one counts all agricultural commodities, California imports far more virtual water than it exports. Its imports of corn, meat, lumber and cotton all required huge amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, time to pick one. Who's your drought-provoking villain of choice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is parched. Wells are running dry. Vegetable fields have been left fallow and lawns are dying. Who can we blame? From almonds to politicians to cheap water, here are seven candidates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1554328593,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1132},"headData":{"title":"Beyond Almonds: A Rogue's Gallery of Guzzlers In California's Drought | KQED","description":"California is parched. Wells are running dry. Vegetable fields have been left fallow and lawns are dying. Who can we blame? From almonds to politicians to cheap water, here are seven candidates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"95039 http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/?p=95039","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/04/13/beyond-almonds-a-rogues-gallery-of-guzzlers-in-californias-drought/","disqusTitle":"Beyond Almonds: A Rogue's Gallery of Guzzlers In California's Drought","nprByline":"Dan Charles, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/author/nprfood/\">NPR Food\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"398757250","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=398757250&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/04/12/398757250/beyond-almonds-a-rogues-gallery-of-guzzlers-in-californias-drought?ft=nprml&f=398757250","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sun, 12 Apr 2015 11:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sun, 12 Apr 2015 07:19:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sun, 12 Apr 2015 07:54:38 -0400","nprAudio":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2015/04/20150412_wesun_beyond_almonds_a_rogues_gallery_of_guzzlers_in_californias_drought.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&e=398757250&d=265&ft=nprml&f=398757250","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1399138683-b7d97e.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1053&e=398757250&d=265&ft=nprml&f=398757250","audioTrackLength":265,"path":"/bayareabites/95039/beyond-almonds-a-rogues-gallery-of-guzzlers-in-californias-drought","audioUrl":"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2015/04/20150412_wesun_beyond_almonds_a_rogues_gallery_of_guzzlers_in_californias_drought.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1053&e=398757250&d=265&ft=nprml&f=398757250","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on Weekend Edition Sunday:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2015/04/20150412_wesun_beyond_almonds_a_rogues_gallery_of_guzzlers_in_californias_drought.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is parched. Wells are running dry. Vegetable fields have been left fallow and lawns are dying. There must be some villain behind all this, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course there is. In fact, have your pick. As a public service, The Salt is bringing you several of the leading candidates. They have been nominated by widely respected national publications and interest groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's just one problem: Not all of these shady characters live up to their nefarious job description. Let us explain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Almonds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/_10_percent_of_california_s_water_goes_to_almond_farming.html\">Slate\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/media/2014/12/photos-matt-black-california-drought-almonds\">Mother Jones\u003c/a> have reported that almonds are sucking California dry. Each innocent-looking nut, we learn, robs the land of an entire gallon of water. All told, California's almonds consume three times more water than the entire city of Los Angeles. And their thirst is \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/01/california-drought-almonds-water-use\">growing\u003c/a>, year by year. California's farmers continue to convert new swaths of land to almond orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case closed? Maybe not, Grist \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/making-almonds-the-droughts-scapegoat-thats-nuts/?utm_source=syndication&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=feed_food\">retorts\u003c/a>. Almonds get a lot of attention because production of them has been booming. And it's true that they do consume more water, per acre, than many other crops (though not all). Vineyards use much less water than almonds, and most vegetables also require less irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's only if you calculate water use in gallons per acre or gallons per pound of product. There's a different, and probably better, way to calculate water efficiency. How about water consumption \u003cem>per unit of value created?\u003c/em> Gallons used per dollar of production, say. By that measure, almonds look just great, because they are so valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a very good argument that almonds are exactly what California's farmers \u003cem>should\u003c/em> be growing with their precious water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one problem with almonds, though. They're trees. They last for years, and they need water every single year, whether it's wet or dry. Farmers who've devoted their land to production of almonds (or walnuts and pistachios) can't easily adapt to water shortages. Letting the trees die would be a catastrophe, so they sometimes pay exorbitant prices or dig ever-deeper wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts like \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, from the University of California, Davis, say that in the future, California should take care to maintain a healthy mix of trees and annual crops like vegetables. In drought years, farmers could then decide not to plant their tomato fields, freeing up water for their trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Cows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look at this \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/workgroups/lcfssustain/hanson.pdf\">presentation\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/directory_facultypages.htm?id=40\">Blaine Hanson\u003c/a>, an irrigation expert also of UC-Davis, one thing jumps out. The agricultural product that truly dominates water use in California isn't almonds. It's alfalfa, plus \"other forages,\" such as irrigated pasture and corn that's chopped into a cattle feed called silage. These forage crops consume more water per acre than almonds, and they also cover nearly twice as much land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where do those products go? Primarily, they feed California's enormous (though shrinking) herd of milk-producing cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike almonds, forage crops don't bring particularly high prices. And they grow just fine in other places, too, such as the Midwest. So why should California sink its scarce water into such crops? It mainly results from the long tradition of dairy farming in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But abandoning milk production would entail considerable economic \u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/food/the-drought-is-destroying-californias-organic-dairy-farms/\">dislocation\u003c/a>. Also, these crops have remained viable because many farmers are guaranteed ample supplies of cheap water. Those in the Imperial Valley, a major alfalfa producer, get water from the Colorado River. Which leads us to ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Laws and the politicians who make them.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where to start? With the founding of the republic, maybe. When Europeans and other outsiders settled this continent, they operated under the basic rule of first-come, first-served. People who settled land got to claim it. And in much of the West, if they built a dam to irrigate their fields, they acquired a permanent legal right to that water. There were very few questions asked about how that water should be used, or what it should cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That basic idea remains in force, although the system for delivering water has been transformed by large, government-financed networks of aqueducts and canals. And hidden inside this legal framework are several characters that arouse strong suspicions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Cheap water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, farmers don't have to outbid anyone for their water. They get it, or they don't, depending on the priority of their legal claim to it. Typically, they get that water for the cost of delivering it. This means that they don't have a pressing need to conserve that water, for instance, by switching into crops that make better, more economic, use of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A limited market for water is now developing, which sets higher prices on water. It's driving farmers to treat their irrigation water more like the precious commodity that it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Free water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the water that farmers pump from wells on their land. It's not exactly free, because it costs money to drill the well and pump the water, but farmers are legally free to use as much as they wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, farmers have been racing to \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/06/22/modernizing-californias-groundwater-management/\">empty their aquifers\u003c/a>, draining the water in them at an astounding rate. California has now \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/11/04/groundwater-security-for-the-long-term/\">adopted\u003c/a> a plan which is supposed to eventually stop this, but it won't fully take effect for many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the villains of choice in parts of California's agricultural community. California's environmental authorities have stepped into the water allocation game, asserting that the state's endangered wildlife have rights to water that trump the claims even of the earliest settlers. As a result, in drought years, farms are getting less water — much less, in many cases, than state authorities originally promised to deliver. This is why some farmers \u003ca href=\"http://naturalresources.house.gov/issues/issue/?IssueID=5921\">complain\u003c/a>, passionately, about a \"man-made drought.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Exports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150409-water-agriculture-cattle-dairy-conservation-ngfood/\">reports\u003c/a>, California's farmers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26124989\">exporting\u003c/a> vast amounts of water to places like China, adding to the state's water shortage. These are not literal water exports, but \"virtual water\" in products like alfalfa or almonds that took a lot of water to produce. Upon closer examination, though, this villain doesn't look quite so guilty. As Lund from UC Davis \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2014/02/27/virtual-water-vs-real-water-in-california/\">points out\u003c/a>, alfalfa and almonds are the exceptions to the rule. If one counts all agricultural commodities, California imports far more virtual water than it exports. Its imports of corn, meat, lumber and cotton all required huge amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, time to pick one. Who's your drought-provoking villain of choice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/bayareabites/95039/beyond-almonds-a-rogues-gallery-of-guzzlers-in-californias-drought","authors":["byline_bayareabites_95039"],"categories":["bayareabites_1874","bayareabites_10028","bayareabites_10916","bayareabites_2035","bayareabites_34","bayareabites_60"],"tags":["bayareabites_129","bayareabites_8624","bayareabites_16381","bayareabites_11497"],"featImg":"bayareabites_95040","label":"bayareabites"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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