When Sleeping in a New Place, Half Your Brain Stands Guard
Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep
Common ADHD Medications Do Indeed Disturb Children's Sleep
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And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"No wonder you don't feel rested after a first night in a new place: Half your brain has stayed alert while the other half enjoyed deeper sleep.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1461271345,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":640},"headData":{"title":"When Sleeping in a New Place, Half Your Brain Stands Guard | KQED","description":"No wonder you don't feel rested after a first night in a new place: Half your brain has stayed alert while the other half enjoyed deeper sleep.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"When Sleeping in a New Place, Half Your Brain Stands Guard","datePublished":"2016-04-21T16:56:40.000Z","dateModified":"2016-04-21T20:42:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"175362 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=175362","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/04/21/when-sleeping-in-a-new-place-half-your-brain-stands-guard/","disqusTitle":"When Sleeping in a New Place, Half Your Brain Stands Guard","nprImageCredit":"parema","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"474691141","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=474691141&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/21/474691141/half-your-brain-stands-guard-when-sleeping-in-a-new-place?ft=nprml&f=474691141","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 21 Apr 2016 12:03:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 21 Apr 2016 12:03:01 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 21 Apr 2016 12:03:01 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/175362/when-sleeping-in-a-new-place-half-your-brain-stands-guard","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you sleep in unfamiliar surroundings, only half your brain is getting a good night's rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The left side seems to be more awake than the right side,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.brown.edu/Departments/CLPS/people/yuka-sasaki\">Yuka Sasaki\u003c/a>, an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological sciences at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30174-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, helps explain why people tend to feel tired after sleeping in a new place. And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/175362/when-sleeping-in-a-new-place-half-your-brain-stands-guard","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_175362"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_461","stateofhealth_2597"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_175363","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_168874":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_168874","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"168874","score":null,"sort":[1459881160000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep","title":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep","publishDate":1459881160,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from the book \u003c/em>The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't experienced it, no simple description will capture the feeling of deep, dizzying fatigue that can accompany the first few weeks with a newborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the third child, Emily was wishing for an infant boarding school that could keep her son for those first few weeks of constant night waking and return him in a semiregulated state at about eight weeks. Well, not really, but the thought might have crossed her admittedly addled brain at 3 a.m. on several successive nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that mothers, being the ones with the breast milk, have it the worst. But science seems to indicate otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-168917\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-168917 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/Screen-Shot-2016-04-05-at-11.43.24-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-04-05 at 11.43.24 AM\" width=\"307\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one 2013 study of 21 mother-father pairs enjoying their first infant experience found that fathers actually got less sleep than the mothers and experienced more confirmed sleepiness, as measured using wrist trackers. The study authors also found that even though the mothers got more sleep, their sleep was disturbed more often, which makes sense given their role in feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both parents reported feeling about the same level of tiredness, but mothers scored worse on neurobehavioral testing (all those awakenings). Lest you think that maybe that study, with its small sample, was a one-off, a 2004 study of 72 couples during the first postpartum month also used wrist trackers and also found that fathers had objectively less sleep than mothers. Sleep was measured throughout the day, though, and the mothers appeared to play catch-up during daytime hours when fathers were unable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted that work factors played a role in the level of sleep disturbance, which seems like yet another bit of evidence in favor of family or parental leave for both parents. Not unexpectedly, both mothers and fathers were tired, and both parents were a lot more sleep disturbed and fatigued during that first month with an infant than they were in the last month of pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allure of the studies that include fathers is that much of the earlier research focused only on mothers and their level of fatigue. But a family with a newborn typically involves a parental partnership of some sort, and the role of the nonbirthing partner can be critical. And the sleep deprivation and fatigue of the nonbirthing partner go unrecognized by their birthing partner. A 2011 study of 21 new parent pairs suggests as much, and that this lack of recognition of sleep-deprivation problems goes both ways. Mothers overestimated how well fathers slept (the study looked only at mother–father parenting pairs), and fathers overestimated mothers' disturbed mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the women didn't think the men were as sleep deprived as the men felt, and the men thought the women were moodier than the women felt. Just one more reason that a good partnership is key for surviving the stresses of parenting an infant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a 2009 review takes on the reasons for what the authors call a \"robust decline in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood.\" The term \"robust decline\" sounds rather dire, and these authors point to sleep deprivation and disruption as having a role in this fraying of the partnership following the arrival of the bundle of joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these short-term effects on function and mood and potentially long-term effects on partnership, sleep deprivation can have more acute consequences. Again, fathers bear the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 study of 241 new fathers found that even though they got less than six hours of sleep a night — interrupted sleep, at that — they still worked \"long hours.\" The fathers, completing a questionnaire when their infants were 6 and 12 weeks of age, were tired, and that fatigue seemed to feed into reduced vigilance about safe behaviors in the workplace. Without the ability to compensate for lost sleep during the day, these fathers simply rode out their fatigue while working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mothers who stay at home also need relief, and science supports them in that. A 2014 cross-sectional study of women in Taiwan, for example, found that women whose daily housework duties were reduced experienced better sleep quality in the postpartum period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in special cases such as a mother recovering from a cesarean section, sleep deprivation can be even worse. One study comparing women who'd had cesarean sections with those who had vaginal deliveries found that the women who'd delivered by cesarean section got less sleep (4.5 hours a night) than those who'd had vaginal deliveries (6 hours a night). The study was tiny, with only six women who'd had a cesarean section and 15 who had had a vaginal delivery, and all of the infants spent time in ICU just after birth, but the results do suggest some extra support is needed for women who have had the major surgery that is a cesarean section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twins are another special case, and not only because they change the parent-to-baby ratio from 2:1 to 1:1. Here again fathers take the bigger hit: In a 2008 study of eight parent pairs of full-term twins, the dads got less sleep, whether measured only for the night or for the entire day. The good news is that things got better over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the message we leave behind here. In general, things do get better when it comes to parental sleep deprivation. But don't underestimate the dangers, especially in those early days. Studies have shown that sleepy driving can be as dangerous as or worse than drunk driving. Plus plenty of research links insufficient sleep to various health problems and to irritability, higher stress levels, and reduced patience, all of which can be dangerous for an infant if the parent is severely sleep-deprived. For those with a history of mental illness, sleep deprivation can cause relapses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, tend to your partnership, and if you have the opportunity, don't refuse to take family or parental leave if it's offered. And that includes you stay-at-home moms who want to do it all yourself. Let Grandma, uncle, aunt, sister, nephew, neighbor help if it's offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Emily Willingham is a research scientist and science journalist, with a Ph.D. in biological sciences from the University of Texas at Austin, and a completed postdoctoral fellowship in pediatric urology at the University of California, San Francisco. Her writing has been featured in \u003c/em>The New York Times\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Forbes,\u003cem> among other outlets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is a reporter and journalist who writes about health, science and evidence-based parenting. She has a master's degree in photojournalism from the University of Texas at Austin. Her writing has appeared in \u003c/em>NPR\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Forbes\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Politico\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Healthday\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Everyday Health\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+New+Parents%2C+Dad+May+Be+The+One+Missing+The+Most+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New moms get a lot of sympathy over lack of sleep, but studies find that dads may be hurting more, a new book on the science of parenting says. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1459890548,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1174},"headData":{"title":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep | KQED","description":"New moms get a lot of sympathy over lack of sleep, but studies find that dads may be hurting more, a new book on the science of parenting says. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep","datePublished":"2016-04-05T18:32:40.000Z","dateModified":"2016-04-05T21:09:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"168874 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=168874","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/04/05/huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep/","disqusTitle":"Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep","nprImageCredit":"Thanasis Zovoilis","nprByline":"Tara Haelle, Emily Willingham \u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/\">NPR Shots\u003c/a>","nprImageAgency":"Flickr RF/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"473002684","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=473002684&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/05/473002684/for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep?ft=nprml&f=473002684","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 05 Apr 2016 13:05:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 05 Apr 2016 10:11:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 05 Apr 2016 13:04:59 -0400","path":"/stateofhealth/168874/huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from the book \u003c/em>The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't experienced it, no simple description will capture the feeling of deep, dizzying fatigue that can accompany the first few weeks with a newborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the third child, Emily was wishing for an infant boarding school that could keep her son for those first few weeks of constant night waking and return him in a semiregulated state at about eight weeks. Well, not really, but the thought might have crossed her admittedly addled brain at 3 a.m. on several successive nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that mothers, being the ones with the breast milk, have it the worst. But science seems to indicate otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-168917\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-168917 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/Screen-Shot-2016-04-05-at-11.43.24-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-04-05 at 11.43.24 AM\" width=\"307\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one 2013 study of 21 mother-father pairs enjoying their first infant experience found that fathers actually got less sleep than the mothers and experienced more confirmed sleepiness, as measured using wrist trackers. The study authors also found that even though the mothers got more sleep, their sleep was disturbed more often, which makes sense given their role in feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both parents reported feeling about the same level of tiredness, but mothers scored worse on neurobehavioral testing (all those awakenings). Lest you think that maybe that study, with its small sample, was a one-off, a 2004 study of 72 couples during the first postpartum month also used wrist trackers and also found that fathers had objectively less sleep than mothers. Sleep was measured throughout the day, though, and the mothers appeared to play catch-up during daytime hours when fathers were unable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted that work factors played a role in the level of sleep disturbance, which seems like yet another bit of evidence in favor of family or parental leave for both parents. Not unexpectedly, both mothers and fathers were tired, and both parents were a lot more sleep disturbed and fatigued during that first month with an infant than they were in the last month of pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allure of the studies that include fathers is that much of the earlier research focused only on mothers and their level of fatigue. But a family with a newborn typically involves a parental partnership of some sort, and the role of the nonbirthing partner can be critical. And the sleep deprivation and fatigue of the nonbirthing partner go unrecognized by their birthing partner. A 2011 study of 21 new parent pairs suggests as much, and that this lack of recognition of sleep-deprivation problems goes both ways. Mothers overestimated how well fathers slept (the study looked only at mother–father parenting pairs), and fathers overestimated mothers' disturbed mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the women didn't think the men were as sleep deprived as the men felt, and the men thought the women were moodier than the women felt. Just one more reason that a good partnership is key for surviving the stresses of parenting an infant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a 2009 review takes on the reasons for what the authors call a \"robust decline in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood.\" The term \"robust decline\" sounds rather dire, and these authors point to sleep deprivation and disruption as having a role in this fraying of the partnership following the arrival of the bundle of joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these short-term effects on function and mood and potentially long-term effects on partnership, sleep deprivation can have more acute consequences. Again, fathers bear the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 study of 241 new fathers found that even though they got less than six hours of sleep a night — interrupted sleep, at that — they still worked \"long hours.\" The fathers, completing a questionnaire when their infants were 6 and 12 weeks of age, were tired, and that fatigue seemed to feed into reduced vigilance about safe behaviors in the workplace. Without the ability to compensate for lost sleep during the day, these fathers simply rode out their fatigue while working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mothers who stay at home also need relief, and science supports them in that. A 2014 cross-sectional study of women in Taiwan, for example, found that women whose daily housework duties were reduced experienced better sleep quality in the postpartum period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in special cases such as a mother recovering from a cesarean section, sleep deprivation can be even worse. One study comparing women who'd had cesarean sections with those who had vaginal deliveries found that the women who'd delivered by cesarean section got less sleep (4.5 hours a night) than those who'd had vaginal deliveries (6 hours a night). The study was tiny, with only six women who'd had a cesarean section and 15 who had had a vaginal delivery, and all of the infants spent time in ICU just after birth, but the results do suggest some extra support is needed for women who have had the major surgery that is a cesarean section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twins are another special case, and not only because they change the parent-to-baby ratio from 2:1 to 1:1. Here again fathers take the bigger hit: In a 2008 study of eight parent pairs of full-term twins, the dads got less sleep, whether measured only for the night or for the entire day. The good news is that things got better over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the message we leave behind here. In general, things do get better when it comes to parental sleep deprivation. But don't underestimate the dangers, especially in those early days. Studies have shown that sleepy driving can be as dangerous as or worse than drunk driving. Plus plenty of research links insufficient sleep to various health problems and to irritability, higher stress levels, and reduced patience, all of which can be dangerous for an infant if the parent is severely sleep-deprived. For those with a history of mental illness, sleep deprivation can cause relapses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, tend to your partnership, and if you have the opportunity, don't refuse to take family or parental leave if it's offered. And that includes you stay-at-home moms who want to do it all yourself. Let Grandma, uncle, aunt, sister, nephew, neighbor help if it's offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Emily Willingham is a research scientist and science journalist, with a Ph.D. in biological sciences from the University of Texas at Austin, and a completed postdoctoral fellowship in pediatric urology at the University of California, San Francisco. Her writing has been featured in \u003c/em>The New York Times\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Forbes,\u003cem> among other outlets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is a reporter and journalist who writes about health, science and evidence-based parenting. She has a master's degree in photojournalism from the University of Texas at Austin. Her writing has appeared in \u003c/em>NPR\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Forbes\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Politico\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Healthday\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Everyday Health\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+New+Parents%2C+Dad+May+Be+The+One+Missing+The+Most+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/168874/huh-for-new-parents-dad-may-be-the-one-missing-the-most-sleep","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_168874"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12"],"tags":["stateofhealth_93","stateofhealth_2597"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_168875","label":"stateofhealth"},"stateofhealth_113810":{"type":"posts","id":"stateofhealth_113810","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"stateofhealth","id":"113810","score":null,"sort":[1448728637000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"common-adhd-medications-do-indeed-disturb-childrens-sleep","title":"Common ADHD Medications Do Indeed Disturb Children's Sleep","publishDate":1448728637,"format":"standard","headTitle":"State of Health | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"stateofhealth"},"content":"\u003cp>For a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, meeting the daily expectations of home and school life can be a struggle that extends to bedtime. The stimulant medications commonly used to treat ADHD can cause difficulty falling and staying asleep, a study finds. And that can make the next day that much harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As parents are well aware, sleep affects a child's emotional and physical well-being, and it is no different for those with ADHD. \"Poor sleep makes ADHD symptoms worse,\" says Katherine M. Kidwell, a doctoral student in clinical psychology at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/ADHD-Medications-Make-it-Harder-For-Children-to-Sleep.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a>. \"When children with ADHD don't sleep well, they have problems paying attention the next day, and they are more impulsive and emotionally reactive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2MviotjpSvQhis11x4HmVRwXDvXd5AP3\"]Stimulant medications boost alertness, and some studies have found a detrimental effect on children's sleep. However, other studies have concluded that the stimulants' ameliorating effects improve sleep. The drugs include amphetamines such as Adderall and methylphenidate such as Ritalin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reconcile the mixed results on stimulants and children's sleep, Kidwell and her colleagues undertook a meta-analysis, a type of study that summarizes the results of existing research. The team found nine studies that met their criteria. These studies compared children who were taking stimulant medication with those who weren't. The studies also randomly assigned children to the experimental group or the control group and used objective measures of sleep quality and quantity, such as assessing sleep in a lab setting or with a wristwatch-like monitor at home rather than a parent's report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a stimulant medication leads to poor sleep overall for children, the researchers reported online Monday in \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>. They found that the more doses of medication a child took per day, the longer it took for that child to fall asleep at night. The study suggests that extended-release versions of stimulants, which are taken once a day, have less of an impact on how long it takes to fall asleep than immediate-release formulas, which are sometimes taken three times a day, with the last dose close to bedtime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, the quality of sleep, or sleep efficiency — the percentage of time one is asleep while in bed — was worse for those on stimulant medications, although those kids who had been on the drugs longer fared better than those who had just begun taking the medication. There was also a gender difference, with boys on stimulant medication getting poorer-quality sleep than girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, stimulants reduced the total amount of sleep children got at night. \"Families and pediatricians need to be aware that sleep problems are a real effect of stimulant medication,\" says Kidwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really good to see this,\" says William E. Pelham, a clinical psychologist and director of the Center for Children and Families at Florida International University, who studies ADHD in children and adolescents. Pediatricians are often quick to prescribe a medication without adequate follow-up, he says, and \"assessing sleep side effects is important — it needs to be something that pediatricians routinely do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For families, Kidwell says that the bedtime routines all parents use — reading stories, sharing news about the day, quiet activities like coloring — are very helpful for kids with ADHD too. \"But parents may need to provide more structure, support, and simpler reminders for children with ADHD.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aimee Cunningham is a freelance science journalist based in the Washington, D.C., area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Common+ADHD+Medications+Do+Indeed+Disturb+Children%27s+Sleep+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's been a lot of disagreement. Now, an analysis says ADHD drugs make it harder for kids to fall -- and stay -- asleep.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448471136,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":594},"headData":{"title":"Common ADHD Medications Do Indeed Disturb Children's Sleep | KQED","description":"There's been a lot of disagreement. Now, an analysis says ADHD drugs make it harder for kids to fall -- and stay -- asleep.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Common ADHD Medications Do Indeed Disturb Children's Sleep","datePublished":"2015-11-28T16:37:17.000Z","dateModified":"2015-11-25T17:05:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"113810 http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=113810","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/11/28/common-adhd-medications-do-indeed-disturb-childrens-sleep/","disqusTitle":"Common ADHD Medications Do Indeed Disturb Children's Sleep","nprByline":"Aimee Cunningham","nprImageAgency":"iStockphoto","nprStoryId":"457137288","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=457137288&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/24/457137288/common-adhd-medications-do-indeed-disturb-childrens-sleep?ft=nprml&f=457137288","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 25 Nov 2015 10:00:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 24 Nov 2015 12:05:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 25 Nov 2015 10:00:13 -0500","path":"/stateofhealth/113810/common-adhd-medications-do-indeed-disturb-childrens-sleep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, meeting the daily expectations of home and school life can be a struggle that extends to bedtime. The stimulant medications commonly used to treat ADHD can cause difficulty falling and staying asleep, a study finds. And that can make the next day that much harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As parents are well aware, sleep affects a child's emotional and physical well-being, and it is no different for those with ADHD. \"Poor sleep makes ADHD symptoms worse,\" says Katherine M. Kidwell, a doctoral student in clinical psychology at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/ADHD-Medications-Make-it-Harder-For-Children-to-Sleep.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a>. \"When children with ADHD don't sleep well, they have problems paying attention the next day, and they are more impulsive and emotionally reactive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Stimulant medications boost alertness, and some studies have found a detrimental effect on children's sleep. However, other studies have concluded that the stimulants' ameliorating effects improve sleep. The drugs include amphetamines such as Adderall and methylphenidate such as Ritalin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reconcile the mixed results on stimulants and children's sleep, Kidwell and her colleagues undertook a meta-analysis, a type of study that summarizes the results of existing research. The team found nine studies that met their criteria. These studies compared children who were taking stimulant medication with those who weren't. The studies also randomly assigned children to the experimental group or the control group and used objective measures of sleep quality and quantity, such as assessing sleep in a lab setting or with a wristwatch-like monitor at home rather than a parent's report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a stimulant medication leads to poor sleep overall for children, the researchers reported online Monday in \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>. They found that the more doses of medication a child took per day, the longer it took for that child to fall asleep at night. The study suggests that extended-release versions of stimulants, which are taken once a day, have less of an impact on how long it takes to fall asleep than immediate-release formulas, which are sometimes taken three times a day, with the last dose close to bedtime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, the quality of sleep, or sleep efficiency — the percentage of time one is asleep while in bed — was worse for those on stimulant medications, although those kids who had been on the drugs longer fared better than those who had just begun taking the medication. There was also a gender difference, with boys on stimulant medication getting poorer-quality sleep than girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, stimulants reduced the total amount of sleep children got at night. \"Families and pediatricians need to be aware that sleep problems are a real effect of stimulant medication,\" says Kidwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really good to see this,\" says William E. Pelham, a clinical psychologist and director of the Center for Children and Families at Florida International University, who studies ADHD in children and adolescents. Pediatricians are often quick to prescribe a medication without adequate follow-up, he says, and \"assessing sleep side effects is important — it needs to be something that pediatricians routinely do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For families, Kidwell says that the bedtime routines all parents use — reading stories, sharing news about the day, quiet activities like coloring — are very helpful for kids with ADHD too. \"But parents may need to provide more structure, support, and simpler reminders for children with ADHD.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aimee Cunningham is a freelance science journalist based in the Washington, D.C., area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Common+ADHD+Medications+Do+Indeed+Disturb+Children%27s+Sleep+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/stateofhealth/113810/common-adhd-medications-do-indeed-disturb-childrens-sleep","authors":["byline_stateofhealth_113810"],"categories":["stateofhealth_12","stateofhealth_13"],"tags":["stateofhealth_96","stateofhealth_2597"],"featImg":"stateofhealth_113811","label":"stateofhealth"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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