Is Water Recycling the Answer to the Bay Area's Drought Woes, Algae Blooms?
From Sewage to Drinking Glass: California's Plan to Recycle Water
Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities
California Farmers Look to Oil Industry for Water
Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts
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Recycled water for human consumption, he added, will be so clean that workers will have to add minerals to it, because the purification process strips the water of necessary minerals that make it drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recycling the region’s used water for drinking, a process called “direct potable reuse,” is not happening anywhere in the Bay Area — at least not yet. Polhemus’ agency, however, is working to change that by drawing up \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983699/from-sewage-to-drinking-glass-californias-plan-to-recycle-water\">rules for how local water agencies can pump ultra-purified water straight into the pipes that connect to people’s homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies that opt in early would either have to build entirely new water recycling plants, join forces with other water companies, or add water reuse capabilities to their operations. The entirely optional regulations could be official next year and, within half a decade, some agencies may be using the technique to help drought-proof their water portfolios.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Darrin Polhemus, deputy director, California’s Division of Drinking Water\"]‘It’s going to be purified water that’s going to have the highest level of treatment ever, and it will be monitored at the beginning, middle and end.’[/pullquote]“It’s going to be purified water that’s going to have the highest level of treatment ever, and it will be monitored at the beginning, middle and end of the purification process,” Polhemus said. “It is the highest treated water we’re ever going to produce in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water and climate experts believe recycling wastewater for human use is a climate adaptation strategy that, if employed wisely, could be a remedy for both future water shortages and the toxic algae blooms that have begun to perennially plague the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The impacts of climate change need solutions commensurate to the issue, and water recycling for human use is the reimagining we need,” said William Abraham Tarpeh, an assistant professor of chemical engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A large room full of industrial equipment and a poster of a person holding a glass of clear water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo hangs above the microfiltration systems at Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San José on Aug. 14, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The purification process in a nutshell: Once soiled water swirls down the drain or toilet and reaches a wastewater plant or recycling facility, it is forced through a series of tiny tubes, pipes and filters and hit with ultraviolet light and other treatments like reverse osmosis and hydrogen peroxide, to strain and scrub out bacteria and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is beat up a lot. It’s the same technology used to desalinate ocean water,” said Lakeisha Bryant, a spokesperson for the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which operates the \u003ca href=\"https://www.valleywater.org/your-water/recycled-and-purified-water\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Treatment Purification Center\u003c/a> in San José. Similar to most other agencies in Northern California, the water purified in the facility is currently only used for things like landscape irrigation, cleaning buildings, industrial cooling, some agriculture and toilet flushing — but not human consumption. Some agencies even sell the recycled wastewater to oil refineries to generate steam to make fuel. Others hope to pump it deep into the earth to recharge depleted aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley Water aims to use recycled wastewater for at least 10% of the county’s total water demands by 2025, \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.valleywater.org/your-water/recycled-and-purified-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.valleywater.org/your-water/recycled-and-purified-water\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">its website states\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while none of that will be for human consumption, the agency is also attempting a small-scale pilot project to bottle water for human use over the next year in preparation for the new statewide rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A young Black woman standing in a factory holds a bottle of water. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lakeisha Bryant, of Valley Water, samples a bottle of recycled water at Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San José on Aug. 14, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be good enough for people to drink, and that will be a huge game changer when it comes to public perception,” said Lei Hong, operations manager at the South Bay plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the state’s impending water recycling guidelines, another impending regulation, set to roll out next spring, will have far-reaching effects in the Bay Area. All 37 wastewater treatment plants across the region will be required, via a permitting process, to reduce the sheer volume of treated wastewater they pump into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plethora of microscopic elements — like nitrogen and phosphorus — in that water is a smorgasbord for the single-tailed algae that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983775/as-algal-bloom-returns-to-the-bay-is-swimming-safe-for-humans-and-pets\">darkened the water rusty brown in parts of the bay the past two summers\u003c/a>, and last year killed thousands of fish.[aside label='More Stories on Algae Bloom' tag='algae-bloom']Eileen White, executive officer of the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, which will issue the permits, said the new rules could force wastewater agencies to reduce their output of this algae food by as much as 50%, with the goal of eliminating the nutrient “buffet” that algae love feeding on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That exact percentage, however, is still an open point of debate. White’s team is meeting with water agencies across the region and said they will use the best science to determine the exact percentage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at very significant reductions given what occurred last summer,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 10% of all the water that flows into wastewater plants in the region today is recycled, White said, noting that while her board has encouraged local water agencies to increase their recycling capacity, there is currently no direct requirement to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lorien Fono, the executive director of the Bay Area Clean Water Agencies, which represents the five largest wastewater treatment agencies in the Bay Area, said there are significant barriers to turning wastewater into drinking water. The big one: price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can cost more than $1 billion to establish one water recycling project, a cost many agencies consider prohibitive, even with the help of available state and federal grants. Space for the new plants and jurisdictional issues are also major roadblocks. Only some wastewater agencies are water suppliers, so there would need to be collaboration across separate agencies and private companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is in its infancy in our region,” Fono said. She said the barriers, mostly cost and limited land, don’t make the Bay Area an ideal place for water recycling for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many agencies, geography is also a major limitation for expanding water recycling capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut.jpg\" alt='A purple sign on a metal post reads, \"Recycled Water in Use.\" Reeds and dead tan grass are behind it.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign says, ‘Recycled Water in Use’ outside of the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San José on Aug. 14, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amit Mutsuddy, director of wastewater for the East Bay Utility District, whose plant is sandwiched between three freeways, said he doesn’t think direct potable reuse is a likely option because of the hefty price tag and limited space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are landlocked, so we cannot expand,” he said, adding the agency is experimenting with other practices to decrease nutrients.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Lei Hong, operations manager, Santa Clara Valley Water District\"]‘It will be good enough for people to drink, and that will be a huge game changer when it comes to public perception.’[/pullquote]Mutsuddy’s site continuously pumps treated wastewater into the bay, several hundred feet from the shore, via a metal pipe 30 feet under the water. Much of that could be returned to the water supply, if recycling became a feasible option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an incredibly important moment,” said Meagan Mauter, a Stanford University environmental engineering professor, whose lab focuses, in part, on using renewable energy to meet the extensive power demands of wastewater treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to move towards the mentality that this is what the region needs to be thinking about in order to ensure the resiliency and affordability of our water supplies,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Water recycling could be a Bay Area climate adaptation solution that addresses increasing water shortages and harmful algae blooms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845919,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1400},"headData":{"title":"Is Water Recycling the Answer to the Bay Area's Drought Woes, Algae Blooms? | KQED","description":"Water recycling could be a Bay Area climate adaptation solution that addresses increasing water shortages and harmful algae blooms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983997/water-recycling-bay-area-answer-drought-algae-blooms","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When recycled for drinking, the millions of gallons of water that Bay Area residents flush down toilets and showers every day could be cleaner than the pristine \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11948948/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-hetch-hetchy-reservoir\">Hetch Hetchy water that flows from many taps in the region\u003c/a>, according to a top California water official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both are drinkable and pure,” said Darrin Polhemus, deputy director of the drinking water division of the state’s Water Resources Control Board. Recycled water for human consumption, he added, will be so clean that workers will have to add minerals to it, because the purification process strips the water of necessary minerals that make it drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recycling the region’s used water for drinking, a process called “direct potable reuse,” is not happening anywhere in the Bay Area — at least not yet. Polhemus’ agency, however, is working to change that by drawing up \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983699/from-sewage-to-drinking-glass-californias-plan-to-recycle-water\">rules for how local water agencies can pump ultra-purified water straight into the pipes that connect to people’s homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies that opt in early would either have to build entirely new water recycling plants, join forces with other water companies, or add water reuse capabilities to their operations. The entirely optional regulations could be official next year and, within half a decade, some agencies may be using the technique to help drought-proof their water portfolios.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘It’s going to be purified water that’s going to have the highest level of treatment ever, and it will be monitored at the beginning, middle and end.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Darrin Polhemus, deputy director, California’s Division of Drinking Water","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s going to be purified water that’s going to have the highest level of treatment ever, and it will be monitored at the beginning, middle and end of the purification process,” Polhemus said. “It is the highest treated water we’re ever going to produce in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water and climate experts believe recycling wastewater for human use is a climate adaptation strategy that, if employed wisely, could be a remedy for both future water shortages and the toxic algae blooms that have begun to perennially plague the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The impacts of climate change need solutions commensurate to the issue, and water recycling for human use is the reimagining we need,” said William Abraham Tarpeh, an assistant professor of chemical engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983962\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983962\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A large room full of industrial equipment and a poster of a person holding a glass of clear water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67925_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-41-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo hangs above the microfiltration systems at Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San José on Aug. 14, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The purification process in a nutshell: Once soiled water swirls down the drain or toilet and reaches a wastewater plant or recycling facility, it is forced through a series of tiny tubes, pipes and filters and hit with ultraviolet light and other treatments like reverse osmosis and hydrogen peroxide, to strain and scrub out bacteria and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is beat up a lot. It’s the same technology used to desalinate ocean water,” said Lakeisha Bryant, a spokesperson for the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which operates the \u003ca href=\"https://www.valleywater.org/your-water/recycled-and-purified-water\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Treatment Purification Center\u003c/a> in San José. Similar to most other agencies in Northern California, the water purified in the facility is currently only used for things like landscape irrigation, cleaning buildings, industrial cooling, some agriculture and toilet flushing — but not human consumption. Some agencies even sell the recycled wastewater to oil refineries to generate steam to make fuel. Others hope to pump it deep into the earth to recharge depleted aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley Water aims to use recycled wastewater for at least 10% of the county’s total water demands by 2025, \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.valleywater.org/your-water/recycled-and-purified-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.valleywater.org/your-water/recycled-and-purified-water\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">its website states\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while none of that will be for human consumption, the agency is also attempting a small-scale pilot project to bottle water for human use over the next year in preparation for the new statewide rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A young Black woman standing in a factory holds a bottle of water. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS68046_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-58-BL-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lakeisha Bryant, of Valley Water, samples a bottle of recycled water at Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San José on Aug. 14, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be good enough for people to drink, and that will be a huge game changer when it comes to public perception,” said Lei Hong, operations manager at the South Bay plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the state’s impending water recycling guidelines, another impending regulation, set to roll out next spring, will have far-reaching effects in the Bay Area. All 37 wastewater treatment plants across the region will be required, via a permitting process, to reduce the sheer volume of treated wastewater they pump into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plethora of microscopic elements — like nitrogen and phosphorus — in that water is a smorgasbord for the single-tailed algae that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983775/as-algal-bloom-returns-to-the-bay-is-swimming-safe-for-humans-and-pets\">darkened the water rusty brown in parts of the bay the past two summers\u003c/a>, and last year killed thousands of fish.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"More Stories on Algae Bloom ","tag":"algae-bloom"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Eileen White, executive officer of the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, which will issue the permits, said the new rules could force wastewater agencies to reduce their output of this algae food by as much as 50%, with the goal of eliminating the nutrient “buffet” that algae love feeding on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That exact percentage, however, is still an open point of debate. White’s team is meeting with water agencies across the region and said they will use the best science to determine the exact percentage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking at very significant reductions given what occurred last summer,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 10% of all the water that flows into wastewater plants in the region today is recycled, White said, noting that while her board has encouraged local water agencies to increase their recycling capacity, there is currently no direct requirement to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lorien Fono, the executive director of the Bay Area Clean Water Agencies, which represents the five largest wastewater treatment agencies in the Bay Area, said there are significant barriers to turning wastewater into drinking water. The big one: price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can cost more than $1 billion to establish one water recycling project, a cost many agencies consider prohibitive, even with the help of available state and federal grants. Space for the new plants and jurisdictional issues are also major roadblocks. Only some wastewater agencies are water suppliers, so there would need to be collaboration across separate agencies and private companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is in its infancy in our region,” Fono said. She said the barriers, mostly cost and limited land, don’t make the Bay Area an ideal place for water recycling for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many agencies, geography is also a major limitation for expanding water recycling capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984037\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut.jpg\" alt='A purple sign on a metal post reads, \"Recycled Water in Use.\" Reeds and dead tan grass are behind it.' width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/RS67927_230814-SiliconValleyWaterPurification-51-BL-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign says, ‘Recycled Water in Use’ outside of the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center in San José on Aug. 14, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amit Mutsuddy, director of wastewater for the East Bay Utility District, whose plant is sandwiched between three freeways, said he doesn’t think direct potable reuse is a likely option because of the hefty price tag and limited space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are landlocked, so we cannot expand,” he said, adding the agency is experimenting with other practices to decrease nutrients.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘It will be good enough for people to drink, and that will be a huge game changer when it comes to public perception.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Lei Hong, operations manager, Santa Clara Valley Water District","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Mutsuddy’s site continuously pumps treated wastewater into the bay, several hundred feet from the shore, via a metal pipe 30 feet under the water. Much of that could be returned to the water supply, if recycling became a feasible option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an incredibly important moment,” said Meagan Mauter, a Stanford University environmental engineering professor, whose lab focuses, in part, on using renewable energy to meet the extensive power demands of wastewater treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to move towards the mentality that this is what the region needs to be thinking about in order to ensure the resiliency and affordability of our water supplies,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983997/water-recycling-bay-area-answer-drought-algae-blooms","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_572","science_4414","science_208","science_1194"],"featImg":"science_1983961","label":"science"},"science_1983699":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983699","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983699","score":null,"sort":[1691062241000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-sewage-to-drinking-glass-californias-plan-to-recycle-water","title":"From Sewage to Drinking Glass: California's Plan to Recycle Water","publishDate":1691062241,"format":"standard","headTitle":"From Sewage to Drinking Glass: California’s Plan to Recycle Water | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Californians could drink highly purified sewage water that is piped directly into drinking water supplies for the first time under proposed rules unveiled by state water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-prone state has turned to recycled water for \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">more than 60 years (PDF)\u003c/a> to bolster its scarce supplies, but the current regulations require it to first make a pit stop in a reservoir or an aquifer before it can flow to taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">mandated by state law (PDF)\u003c/a>, would require extensive treatment and monitoring before wastewater can be piped to taps or mingled with raw water upstream of a drinking water treatment plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toilet-to-tap” this is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between flush and faucet, a slew of steps are designed to remove chemicals and pathogens that remain in sewage after it has already undergone \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/bastre.pdf\">traditional primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary treatment (PDF).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is bubbled with ozone, chewed by bacteria, filtered through activated carbon, pushed at high pressures through reverse osmosis membranes multiple times, cleansed with an oxidizer like hydrogen peroxide and beamed with high-intensity UV light. Valuable minerals such as calcium, that were filtered out, are restored. And then, finally, the wastewater is subjected to the regular treatment that all drinking water \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html\">currently undergoes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite honestly, it’ll be the cleanest drinking water around,” said Darrin Polhemus, deputy director of the state’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/docs/rulemaking/dpr_draft_reg_text.pdf\">62 pages of proposed rules (PDF)\u003c/a>, more than \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100SB918\">a decade in the making\u003c/a>, are not triggering much, if any, debate among health or water experts. A panel of engineering and water quality scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/docs/2022/nwri-ep-finalmemoprelimfind.pdf\">deemed an earlier version of the regulations protective of public health (PDF)\u003c/a>, although they raised concerns that the treatment process would be energy-intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would have no hesitation drinking this water my whole life,” said \u003ca href=\"https://viterbi.usc.edu/directory/faculty/McCurry/Daniel\">Daniel McCurry\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This water is expected to be more expensive than imported water, but also provide a more renewable and reliable supply for California as climate change continues. Most treated sewage — \u003ca href=\"https://www.lacsd.org/services/wastewater-sewage/facilities/wastewater-treatment-facilities#:~:text=Through%20the%20operation%20of%2011,MGD%20are%20available%20for%20reuse.\">about 400 million gallons a day in Los Angeles County alone\u003c/a> — is released into rivers, streams and the deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1983705 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing a protective mask and gear is injecting a form of liquid into water. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luis Canela, a water quality technician, injects chemicals to chlorinate water at the Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant in Carson. \u003ccite>(Lauren Justice/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The draft rules, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/dpr-regs.html\">released on July 21st\u003c/a>, still face a gauntlet of public comment, a hearing and peer review by another panel of experts, before being finalized. The State Water Resources Control Board is required by law to vote on them by the end of December, though they can extend the deadline if necessary. They would likely go into effect next April and it will take many years to reach people’s taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heather Collins, water treatment manager for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, said the regulations will give the district more certainty about how to design a massive, multi-billion dollar water recycling project with the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts. The district imports water that is provided to 19 million Southern Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The joint effort, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.mwdh2o.com/building-local-supplies/pure-water-southern-california/\">Pure Water Southern California\u003c/a>, has\u003ca href=\"https://www.mwdh2o.com/press-releases/state-presents-80-million-check-to-advance-development-of-pure-water-southern-california\"> already received $80 million\u003c/a> from the state. The first phase of the project, which could be completed by 2032, is expected to produce about 115 million gallons of recycled water a day, enough for 385,000 Southern California households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most is planned to go toward recharging local water agencies’ groundwater stores, but about 20% could be added to drinking water supplies upstream of Metropolitan’s existing treatment plant for imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re excited,” Collins said. “It helps better inform us on what our project needs to include, so that we can have a climate-resistant supply for our agencies in Southern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules come as endless cycles of drought leave California’s water \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-water-solutions/\">suppliers scrambling for new sources of water\u003c/a>, like purified sewage. In 2021, Californians used about \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/recycled_water/docs/2022/volumetric-infographic-2021.pdf\">732,000 acre feet of recycled water (PDF)\u003c/a>, equivalent to the amount used by roughly 2.6 million households, though much of it goes to non-drinking purposes, like irrigating landscapes, golf courses and crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Gov. Gavin Newsom called for increasing recycled water use in California, \u003ca href=\"https://resources.ca.gov/-/media/CNRA-Website/Files/Initiatives/Water-Resilience/CA-Water-Supply-Strategy.pdf\">roughly 9% by 2030 (PDF)\u003c/a> and more than doubling it by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water recycling is about finding new water, not just accepting the scarcity mindset — being more resourceful in terms of our approach,” Newsom said last \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/live/efEvnNna6kc?feature=share\">May in front of Metropolitan’s Pure Water Southern California\u003c/a> demonstration plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://calmatters-graphics-water-recycling.netlify.app/?initialWidth=780&childId=pym-parent&parentTitle=Not%20%E2%80%98toilet%20to%20tap%3A%E2%80%99%20CA%20will%20turn%20sewage%20into%20drinking%20water%20-%20CalMatters&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmatters.org%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2F08%2Fcalifornia-toilet-to-tap-water%2F\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some recycled water is already used to refill underground stores that provide drinking water, a process called indirect potable reuse, employed beginning in \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">the 1960s in Los Angeles (PDF) \u003c/a>and Orange counties. But a water agency must have a clean and convenient place to store the expensive, highly-purified water. “You don’t want to inject this recycled wastewater that you’ve spent all this effort cleaning into a dirty, polluted aquifer just to ruin it again,” McCurry said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To expand these uses, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100SB918\">state lawmakers in 2010 tasked the water board\u003c/a> with investigating the possibility of adding recycled water either directly into a public water system or just upstream of a water treatment plant. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB574\">In 2017, they set a deadline\u003c/a> to develop the regulations by the end of 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California won’t be the first; Colorado \u003ca href=\"https://cdphe.colorado.gov/Regulation_11_Direct_Potable_Reuse\">already has regulations\u003c/a> and the nation’s first direct potable reuse plant \u003ca href=\"https://www.crmwd.org/water-sources/reuse/\">was built in Texas in 2013\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://floridadep.gov/water/domestic-wastewater/content/water-reuse-news-rulemaking-information\">Florida\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://azdeq.gov/awp-rulemaking\">Arizona\u003c/a> have rules in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s statewide rules, however, are expected to be the most stringent, said Andrew Salveson, water reuse chief technologist at Carollo Engineers, an environmental engineering consulting firm that specializes in water treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are more conservative than anywhere else,” he said. “And I’m not being critical. In the state of California, because we’re in the early days of (direct potable reuse) implementation, they’re taking measured and conservative steps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Removing viruses and chemicals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The water that flushes down toilets, whirls down sinks, runs from industrial facilities and flows off agricultural fields is teeming with viruses, parasites and other pathogens that can make people sick. Chemicals also contaminate this sewage, everything from industrial \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/projects/california-water-contaminated-forever-chemicals/#\">perfluorinated “forever chemicals”\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.8b05592\">drugs excreted in urine\u003c/a>. Bypassing groundwater stores or reservoirs to funnel purified sewage directly into pipes means \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">that there’s less room for error (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new regulations would ramp up restrictions on pathogens, calling for scrubbing away more than 99.9999% of diarrhea-causing viruses and certain parasites. Also a series of treatments are designed to break down chemical contaminants like anti-seizure drugs, pain relievers, antidepressants and other pharmaceuticals. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/pharmaceuticals-water\">Medications can bypass traditional sewage treatment\u003c/a> so they are found in low concentrations in recycled sewage and groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983703\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An image of three levels of big blue pipes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water makes its way to the first step of the water purification process, membrane bioreactors, at the Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant in Carson, on July 28, 2023. \u003ccite>(Lauren Justice/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The added technologies are good at washing away pharmaceuticals, McCurry said, so having them “back-to-back introduces a ton of redundancy,” he said. “Any pharmaceutical you could think of, if you tried to measure it in the product water of one of these plants, is going to be below the detection limit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules call for extensive monitoring to ensure the treatment is working. Some harmful chemicals, such as lead and nitrates, which are dangerous to babies and young children, will be tested for weekly; others, monthly. And water providers must also monitor the sewage itself before it even reaches treatment for any chemical spikes that could indicate illegal dumping or spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think we’ve got the chemical classes covered in the treatment processes, so that we’re removing materials that we don’t even know are there,” the water board’s Polhemus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer West, managing director of WateReuse California, a trade association for water recycling, said she was happy to finally see California’s regulations, though she hopes the state will build in more flexibility for water providers to alter the suite of treatments as technologies change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/0Pt4C/7/\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.sdsu.edu/people/richard-gersberg/\">Richard Gersberg\u003c/a>, San Diego State University professor emeritus of environmental health, said he supports using highly treated waste for drinking water. But he suggests that the state fund long-term studies comparing health effects in people who drink it to those whose drinking water comes from another source, such as rivers, “which might end up being worse. Probably is,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the vast and changing cocktail of chemicals constantly in use, “we don’t know what we don’t know,” Gersberg said. “If this becomes huge in California, and it will, I believe … we should at least spend a little money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who will be first?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All this treatment and monitoring is likely to be pricey, which is why Polhemus expects to see it largely limited to large urban areas that produce a lot of wastewater, such as Los Angeles County. The Metropolitan Water District’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/16859/program-brochure-2021.pdf\">$3.4 billion estimate for building the project (PDF) \u003c/a>dates back to 2018, and has likely increased since then, according to spokesperson Rebecca Kimitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For small and medium communities, Polhemus said, “it doesn’t pencil out in a small-scale type of arrangement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orange County Water District, which has long been a leader in purifying recycled water, has concluded that piping it directly to customers doesn’t pencil out for them either, because they’ve already invested so heavily in refilling their carefully tended aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would “require adding more treatment processes and increasing operating expenses,” board president Cathy Green said in a statement. “Local water agencies are currently well-equipped to continue to supply drinking water to customers in our service area at a low cost using the Orange County Groundwater Basin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other regions like Silicon Valley, though, the costs may be worth it as climate change continues to shrink state supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, it’s more expensive than water we might import during a drought. But who knows what will happen in the future,” said Kirsten Struve, assistant officer in the water supply division at the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which serves approximately 2 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we need to get prepared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1983704 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-800x533.jpg\" alt='Multiple pipes are seen in a laboratory. A sign that says \"Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant\" is displayed. ' width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant showcases technology that may provide drinking water to Southern Californians by 2032. \u003ccite>(Lauren Justice/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Santa Clara water agency, known as Valley Water, is planning a $1.2 billion project in Palo Alto to produce about 10 million gallons a day of water for groundwater recharge, but Struve said she hopes the plant also will be used for direct potable reuse in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of the regulations has butted up against the realities of planning for Monterey One Water on the Monterey Peninsula as well. The utility has been injecting purified wastewater into the seaside aquifer for three years, producing about a third of the local supply, said General Manager Paul Sciuto. It is working on expanding the project by 2025, Sciuto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get that question of, ‘This water is so pure, why do you put it in the ground? Why can’t you just serve it?’” he said. “And I always fall back on, well, there’s no regulations that allow us to do that at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the state is closer to finalizing them, he said, “there’s a point on the horizon to shoot for.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Waste would undergo extensive treatment and testing before it's piped directly to taps, providing a new, costly but renewable water supply. The state's new draft rules are more than a decade in the making.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845937,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://calmatters-graphics-water-recycling.netlify.app/","https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/0Pt4C/7/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":1992},"headData":{"title":"From Sewage to Drinking Glass: California's Plan to Recycle Water | KQED","description":"Waste would undergo extensive treatment and testing before it's piped directly to taps, providing a new, costly but renewable water supply. The state's new draft rules are more than a decade in the making.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"source":"CalMatters","sourceUrl":"https://calmatters.org/","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/rachel-becker/\">Rachel Becker\u003c/a>","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983699/from-sewage-to-drinking-glass-californias-plan-to-recycle-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians could drink highly purified sewage water that is piped directly into drinking water supplies for the first time under proposed rules unveiled by state water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-prone state has turned to recycled water for \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">more than 60 years (PDF)\u003c/a> to bolster its scarce supplies, but the current regulations require it to first make a pit stop in a reservoir or an aquifer before it can flow to taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">mandated by state law (PDF)\u003c/a>, would require extensive treatment and monitoring before wastewater can be piped to taps or mingled with raw water upstream of a drinking water treatment plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toilet-to-tap” this is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between flush and faucet, a slew of steps are designed to remove chemicals and pathogens that remain in sewage after it has already undergone \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/bastre.pdf\">traditional primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary treatment (PDF).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is bubbled with ozone, chewed by bacteria, filtered through activated carbon, pushed at high pressures through reverse osmosis membranes multiple times, cleansed with an oxidizer like hydrogen peroxide and beamed with high-intensity UV light. Valuable minerals such as calcium, that were filtered out, are restored. And then, finally, the wastewater is subjected to the regular treatment that all drinking water \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html\">currently undergoes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite honestly, it’ll be the cleanest drinking water around,” said Darrin Polhemus, deputy director of the state’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/docs/rulemaking/dpr_draft_reg_text.pdf\">62 pages of proposed rules (PDF)\u003c/a>, more than \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100SB918\">a decade in the making\u003c/a>, are not triggering much, if any, debate among health or water experts. A panel of engineering and water quality scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/docs/2022/nwri-ep-finalmemoprelimfind.pdf\">deemed an earlier version of the regulations protective of public health (PDF)\u003c/a>, although they raised concerns that the treatment process would be energy-intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would have no hesitation drinking this water my whole life,” said \u003ca href=\"https://viterbi.usc.edu/directory/faculty/McCurry/Daniel\">Daniel McCurry\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This water is expected to be more expensive than imported water, but also provide a more renewable and reliable supply for California as climate change continues. Most treated sewage — \u003ca href=\"https://www.lacsd.org/services/wastewater-sewage/facilities/wastewater-treatment-facilities#:~:text=Through%20the%20operation%20of%2011,MGD%20are%20available%20for%20reuse.\">about 400 million gallons a day in Los Angeles County alone\u003c/a> — is released into rivers, streams and the deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1983705 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A person wearing a protective mask and gear is injecting a form of liquid into water. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-05.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luis Canela, a water quality technician, injects chemicals to chlorinate water at the Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant in Carson. \u003ccite>(Lauren Justice/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The draft rules, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/dpr-regs.html\">released on July 21st\u003c/a>, still face a gauntlet of public comment, a hearing and peer review by another panel of experts, before being finalized. The State Water Resources Control Board is required by law to vote on them by the end of December, though they can extend the deadline if necessary. They would likely go into effect next April and it will take many years to reach people’s taps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heather Collins, water treatment manager for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, said the regulations will give the district more certainty about how to design a massive, multi-billion dollar water recycling project with the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts. The district imports water that is provided to 19 million Southern Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The joint effort, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.mwdh2o.com/building-local-supplies/pure-water-southern-california/\">Pure Water Southern California\u003c/a>, has\u003ca href=\"https://www.mwdh2o.com/press-releases/state-presents-80-million-check-to-advance-development-of-pure-water-southern-california\"> already received $80 million\u003c/a> from the state. The first phase of the project, which could be completed by 2032, is expected to produce about 115 million gallons of recycled water a day, enough for 385,000 Southern California households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most is planned to go toward recharging local water agencies’ groundwater stores, but about 20% could be added to drinking water supplies upstream of Metropolitan’s existing treatment plant for imported water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re excited,” Collins said. “It helps better inform us on what our project needs to include, so that we can have a climate-resistant supply for our agencies in Southern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules come as endless cycles of drought leave California’s water \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-water-solutions/\">suppliers scrambling for new sources of water\u003c/a>, like purified sewage. In 2021, Californians used about \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/recycled_water/docs/2022/volumetric-infographic-2021.pdf\">732,000 acre feet of recycled water (PDF)\u003c/a>, equivalent to the amount used by roughly 2.6 million households, though much of it goes to non-drinking purposes, like irrigating landscapes, golf courses and crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Gov. Gavin Newsom called for increasing recycled water use in California, \u003ca href=\"https://resources.ca.gov/-/media/CNRA-Website/Files/Initiatives/Water-Resilience/CA-Water-Supply-Strategy.pdf\">roughly 9% by 2030 (PDF)\u003c/a> and more than doubling it by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water recycling is about finding new water, not just accepting the scarcity mindset — being more resourceful in terms of our approach,” Newsom said last \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/live/efEvnNna6kc?feature=share\">May in front of Metropolitan’s Pure Water Southern California\u003c/a> demonstration plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://calmatters-graphics-water-recycling.netlify.app/?initialWidth=780&childId=pym-parent&parentTitle=Not%20%E2%80%98toilet%20to%20tap%3A%E2%80%99%20CA%20will%20turn%20sewage%20into%20drinking%20water%20-%20CalMatters&parentUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmatters.org%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2F08%2Fcalifornia-toilet-to-tap-water%2F\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some recycled water is already used to refill underground stores that provide drinking water, a process called indirect potable reuse, employed beginning in \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">the 1960s in Los Angeles (PDF) \u003c/a>and Orange counties. But a water agency must have a clean and convenient place to store the expensive, highly-purified water. “You don’t want to inject this recycled wastewater that you’ve spent all this effort cleaning into a dirty, polluted aquifer just to ruin it again,” McCurry said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To expand these uses, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100SB918\">state lawmakers in 2010 tasked the water board\u003c/a> with investigating the possibility of adding recycled water either directly into a public water system or just upstream of a water treatment plant. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB574\">In 2017, they set a deadline\u003c/a> to develop the regulations by the end of 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California won’t be the first; Colorado \u003ca href=\"https://cdphe.colorado.gov/Regulation_11_Direct_Potable_Reuse\">already has regulations\u003c/a> and the nation’s first direct potable reuse plant \u003ca href=\"https://www.crmwd.org/water-sources/reuse/\">was built in Texas in 2013\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://floridadep.gov/water/domestic-wastewater/content/water-reuse-news-rulemaking-information\">Florida\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://azdeq.gov/awp-rulemaking\">Arizona\u003c/a> have rules in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s statewide rules, however, are expected to be the most stringent, said Andrew Salveson, water reuse chief technologist at Carollo Engineers, an environmental engineering consulting firm that specializes in water treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are more conservative than anywhere else,” he said. “And I’m not being critical. In the state of California, because we’re in the early days of (direct potable reuse) implementation, they’re taking measured and conservative steps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Removing viruses and chemicals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The water that flushes down toilets, whirls down sinks, runs from industrial facilities and flows off agricultural fields is teeming with viruses, parasites and other pathogens that can make people sick. Chemicals also contaminate this sewage, everything from industrial \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/projects/california-water-contaminated-forever-chemicals/#\">perfluorinated “forever chemicals”\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.8b05592\">drugs excreted in urine\u003c/a>. Bypassing groundwater stores or reservoirs to funnel purified sewage directly into pipes means \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/direct_potable_reuse/dprframewkseced.pdf\">that there’s less room for error (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new regulations would ramp up restrictions on pathogens, calling for scrubbing away more than 99.9999% of diarrhea-causing viruses and certain parasites. Also a series of treatments are designed to break down chemical contaminants like anti-seizure drugs, pain relievers, antidepressants and other pharmaceuticals. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/pharmaceuticals-water\">Medications can bypass traditional sewage treatment\u003c/a> so they are found in low concentrations in recycled sewage and groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983703\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An image of three levels of big blue pipes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823-Pure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-22.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water makes its way to the first step of the water purification process, membrane bioreactors, at the Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant in Carson, on July 28, 2023. \u003ccite>(Lauren Justice/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The added technologies are good at washing away pharmaceuticals, McCurry said, so having them “back-to-back introduces a ton of redundancy,” he said. “Any pharmaceutical you could think of, if you tried to measure it in the product water of one of these plants, is going to be below the detection limit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules call for extensive monitoring to ensure the treatment is working. Some harmful chemicals, such as lead and nitrates, which are dangerous to babies and young children, will be tested for weekly; others, monthly. And water providers must also monitor the sewage itself before it even reaches treatment for any chemical spikes that could indicate illegal dumping or spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think we’ve got the chemical classes covered in the treatment processes, so that we’re removing materials that we don’t even know are there,” the water board’s Polhemus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer West, managing director of WateReuse California, a trade association for water recycling, said she was happy to finally see California’s regulations, though she hopes the state will build in more flexibility for water providers to alter the suite of treatments as technologies change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/0Pt4C/7/\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.sdsu.edu/people/richard-gersberg/\">Richard Gersberg\u003c/a>, San Diego State University professor emeritus of environmental health, said he supports using highly treated waste for drinking water. But he suggests that the state fund long-term studies comparing health effects in people who drink it to those whose drinking water comes from another source, such as rivers, “which might end up being worse. Probably is,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the vast and changing cocktail of chemicals constantly in use, “we don’t know what we don’t know,” Gersberg said. “If this becomes huge in California, and it will, I believe … we should at least spend a little money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who will be first?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>All this treatment and monitoring is likely to be pricey, which is why Polhemus expects to see it largely limited to large urban areas that produce a lot of wastewater, such as Los Angeles County. The Metropolitan Water District’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/16859/program-brochure-2021.pdf\">$3.4 billion estimate for building the project (PDF) \u003c/a>dates back to 2018, and has likely increased since then, according to spokesperson Rebecca Kimitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For small and medium communities, Polhemus said, “it doesn’t pencil out in a small-scale type of arrangement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orange County Water District, which has long been a leader in purifying recycled water, has concluded that piping it directly to customers doesn’t pencil out for them either, because they’ve already invested so heavily in refilling their carefully tended aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would “require adding more treatment processes and increasing operating expenses,” board president Cathy Green said in a statement. “Local water agencies are currently well-equipped to continue to supply drinking water to customers in our service area at a low cost using the Orange County Groundwater Basin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other regions like Silicon Valley, though, the costs may be worth it as climate change continues to shrink state supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, it’s more expensive than water we might import during a drought. But who knows what will happen in the future,” said Kirsten Struve, assistant officer in the water supply division at the Santa Clara Valley Water District, which serves approximately 2 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we need to get prepared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1983704 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-800x533.jpg\" alt='Multiple pipes are seen in a laboratory. A sign that says \"Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant\" is displayed. ' width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/072823bPure-Water-Treatment-LJ-CM-23.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pure Water Southern California Demonstration Plant showcases technology that may provide drinking water to Southern Californians by 2032. \u003ccite>(Lauren Justice/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Santa Clara water agency, known as Valley Water, is planning a $1.2 billion project in Palo Alto to produce about 10 million gallons a day of water for groundwater recharge, but Struve said she hopes the plant also will be used for direct potable reuse in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of the regulations has butted up against the realities of planning for Monterey One Water on the Monterey Peninsula as well. The utility has been injecting purified wastewater into the seaside aquifer for three years, producing about a third of the local supply, said General Manager Paul Sciuto. It is working on expanding the project by 2025, Sciuto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get that question of, ‘This water is so pure, why do you put it in the ground? Why can’t you just serve it?’” he said. “And I always fall back on, well, there’s no regulations that allow us to do that at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the state is closer to finalizing them, he said, “there’s a point on the horizon to shoot for.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983699/from-sewage-to-drinking-glass-californias-plan-to-recycle-water","authors":["byline_science_1983699"],"categories":["science_31","science_39","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_1194"],"featImg":"science_1983700","label":"source_science_1983699"},"science_77769":{"type":"posts","id":"science_77769","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"77769","score":null,"sort":[1435582854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","title":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities","publishDate":1435582854,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing record-low water supplies and a dry summer ahead, some California farmers are getting creative in looking for new sources of water. In one community, they’re planning to buy water from cities — after it’s already been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through flushing toilets and running faucets, the city of Modesto produces millions of gallons of wastewater a day, just a stone’s throw from some of the driest agricultural areas in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Will Wong, city of Modesto\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a few years, that wastewater — treated and disinfected — could flow to farms in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanislauslafco.org/info/PDF/SOI/Districts/DelPuertoWD.pdf\">Del Puerto Water District\u003c/a>, in what would be the largest urban-to-agriculture water recycling project in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t go fast enough,” says Anthea Hansen, who runs the Del Puerto Water District. “Any water would be welcomed at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason is right outside her office window. “This field across the street is about 350 acres,” Hansen says, looking out at bare ground. “This land would typically be farmed in, probably, tomatoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the district’s 45,000 acres are fallowed this year, but half of the district is planted in permanent crops, like almonds, that require water every year to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Crazy’ wouldn’t adequately describe what we’re going through here,” Hansen says. “Having zero water available, we’ve been in survival and crisis mode for, literally, 24 months now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\" alt=\"A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s district relies entirely on water from federal reservoirs in the state, through the Central Valley Project. But with record-low snowpack during the drought, that supply has been cut off completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t have water rights to local rivers, and lacks groundwater to pump, as many other agricultural areas have turned to doing this year. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/23/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">Buying water\u003c/a> on the open market has been Hansen’s only option, but prices have gone through the roof.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought-Proof Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even during the drought, around 240,000 Modesto residents produce a steady stream of water — in the form of sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is water,” says Will Wong, engineering division manager for the city of Modesto. “As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s wastewater treatment plant is undergoing a $150 million upgrade to meet new water quality requirements. Currently, most of its wastewater is discharged into the San Joaquin River, and to protect the river, the city is being required to meet higher, “tertiary,” standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\" alt=\"New filtering equipment is installed at the Modesto wastewater treament plant, part of a $150 million upgrade.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New filtering equipment is being installed at the Modesto wastewater treatment plant, part of a $150 million upgrade. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The nice thing is that we have technology on our side here,” Wong says, “to take water that has some solids and whatnot, and essentially strip everything away and bring back pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New equipment will filter and disinfect the wastewater with ultraviolet light. It won’t be drinking water quality, but, according to state standards, it’ll be clean enough to use on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program\u003c/a>, the Del Puerto Water District would construct a six-mile, $100 million pipeline to carry the wastewater from the city to the Delta Mendota Canal. From there, it would go to the district’s farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really, really, really, truly hope that we can bring it across the line because it will be a model for others,” Hansen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would be expensive for farmers, four to five times normal prices, but Hansen says that’s the cost of reliability. Growers like Jim Jasper are more than willing to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like this comes up, you don’t have to think about it twice,” says Jasper, who owns Stewart & Jasper Orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California.”\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Most farmers are internal optimists and I like to be optimistic,” Jasper says, “but without something like this, the future for my son and grandson and family — we’re into this third generation — I don’t know if we can keep our business going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would meet about one-third of the water district’s “hardened” demand, or the minimal supply it can get by on. The cities of Turlock and Ceres are also looking at joining the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Recycling on the Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Other agricultural areas are taking notice, as they face their own drought shortfalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California,” says Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water think tank in Oakland. According to her \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">analysis\u003c/a>, California could be using two to three times more recycled water for many purposes, including urban landscape and golf course irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling urban wastewater in coastal cities would have added benefits, she says. When wastewater is discharged into the ocean, it creates pollution problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aQvcv7vl2ZQvV94UBJ1YzNZnE2UqDnYU”]But in inland areas, treated wastewater is usually released into rivers, so removing that source of water from the river by recycling it could impact the river itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to understand where that water would have gone,” Cooley says. “Is it providing important environmental flows? Is it providing water to a downstream community such that if you’re recycling it, there’s no longer water for that community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Challenges From Other Farmers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two agricultural water districts are protesting the North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program, saying it could harm the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District, the largest irrigation district in the country, is challenging the project for its possible effects on the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river is used so heavily by the region that it \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\">runs completely dry\u003c/a> in some years. As a result, minimal standards have been put in place to ensure enough water is flowing to protect water quality and the endangered salmon that use the river. When those standards aren’t met, water pumping to local irrigation districts must be slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wastewater from Modesto and Turlock makes up only a tiny fraction of the overall flow of the San Joaquin River, but Westlands would rather see it go into the river, instead of being recycled, to help meet water quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\" alt=\"A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto's wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District's farms.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto’s wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District’s farms. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In terms of San Joaquin River flow, we are at a point where every acre-foot is important,” Tom Birmingham, General Manager of Westlands Water District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Turlock Irrigation District say they’d rather see the wastewater used to replenish local groundwater, and to combat overpumping in the area. The City of Turlock relies on groundwater for its water supply, and after it’s treated, it’s discharged into the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is the primary source of water available to help achieve groundwater sustainability,” Calvin Curtin, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Silver Bullet\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Recycled wastewater projects are currently used in Monterey and Sonoma Counties, where urban areas are close to farm fields. But much of the Central Valley is far from large urban areas, and moving wastewater long distances quickly becomes cost-prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the single silver bullet solution for agriculture,” Cooley says. “Agriculture is going to have to do a lot of things to adapt to a future of less water availability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Del Puerto Water District, farmers see water recycling as a way to survive that future. The project still needs a range of permits from local and state authorities, but if it’s approved, the taps could open up in just three years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Farmers are turning to a new drought-proof water supply--tapping what goes down the drain in nearby cities.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931641,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1419},"headData":{"title":"Parched California Farmers Hope to Tap Wastewater From Cities | KQED","description":"Farmers are turning to a new drought-proof water supply--tapping what goes down the drain in nearby cities.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/77769/parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/06/Science_Water_Recycling.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing record-low water supplies and a dry summer ahead, some California farmers are getting creative in looking for new sources of water. In one community, they’re planning to buy water from cities — after it’s already been used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through flushing toilets and running faucets, the city of Modesto produces millions of gallons of wastewater a day, just a stone’s throw from some of the driest agricultural areas in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Will Wong, city of Modesto\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a few years, that wastewater — treated and disinfected — could flow to farms in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanislauslafco.org/info/PDF/SOI/Districts/DelPuertoWD.pdf\">Del Puerto Water District\u003c/a>, in what would be the largest urban-to-agriculture water recycling project in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t go fast enough,” says Anthea Hansen, who runs the Del Puerto Water District. “Any water would be welcomed at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason is right outside her office window. “This field across the street is about 350 acres,” Hansen says, looking out at bare ground. “This land would typically be farmed in, probably, tomatoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quarter of the district’s 45,000 acres are fallowed this year, but half of the district is planted in permanent crops, like almonds, that require water every year to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Crazy’ wouldn’t adequately describe what we’re going through here,” Hansen says. “Having zero water available, we’ve been in survival and crisis mode for, literally, 24 months now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77772\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg\" alt=\"A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/DelPuerto-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A quarter of farm fields in the Del Puerto Water District are fallowed this year. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hansen’s district relies entirely on water from federal reservoirs in the state, through the Central Valley Project. But with record-low snowpack during the drought, that supply has been cut off completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t have water rights to local rivers, and lacks groundwater to pump, as many other agricultural areas have turned to doing this year. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/23/some-california-farmers-fallow-fields-others-sell-water-for-big-profits/\">Buying water\u003c/a> on the open market has been Hansen’s only option, but prices have gone through the roof.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought-Proof Supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Even during the drought, around 240,000 Modesto residents produce a steady stream of water — in the form of sewage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is water,” says Will Wong, engineering division manager for the city of Modesto. “As long as it’s wet, it’s water and it’s valuable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s wastewater treatment plant is undergoing a $150 million upgrade to meet new water quality requirements. Currently, most of its wastewater is discharged into the San Joaquin River, and to protect the river, the city is being required to meet higher, “tertiary,” standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg\" alt=\"New filtering equipment is installed at the Modesto wastewater treament plant, part of a $150 million upgrade.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wastewater3-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New filtering equipment is being installed at the Modesto wastewater treatment plant, part of a $150 million upgrade. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The nice thing is that we have technology on our side here,” Wong says, “to take water that has some solids and whatnot, and essentially strip everything away and bring back pure water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New equipment will filter and disinfect the wastewater with ultraviolet light. It won’t be drinking water quality, but, according to state standards, it’ll be clean enough to use on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nvr-recycledwater.org/\">North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program\u003c/a>, the Del Puerto Water District would construct a six-mile, $100 million pipeline to carry the wastewater from the city to the Delta Mendota Canal. From there, it would go to the district’s farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really, really, really, truly hope that we can bring it across the line because it will be a model for others,” Hansen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would be expensive for farmers, four to five times normal prices, but Hansen says that’s the cost of reliability. Growers like Jim Jasper are more than willing to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like this comes up, you don’t have to think about it twice,” says Jasper, who owns Stewart & Jasper Orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California.”\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “Most farmers are internal optimists and I like to be optimistic,” Jasper says, “but without something like this, the future for my son and grandson and family — we’re into this third generation — I don’t know if we can keep our business going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water would meet about one-third of the water district’s “hardened” demand, or the minimal supply it can get by on. The cities of Turlock and Ceres are also looking at joining the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Recycling on the Rise\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Other agricultural areas are taking notice, as they face their own drought shortfalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s absolutely more potential for recycled water use in California,” says Heather Cooley of the Pacific Institute, a non-profit water think tank in Oakland. According to her \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/ca-water-supply-solutions/\">analysis\u003c/a>, California could be using two to three times more recycled water for many purposes, including urban landscape and golf course irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling urban wastewater in coastal cities would have added benefits, she says. When wastewater is discharged into the ocean, it creates pollution problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But in inland areas, treated wastewater is usually released into rivers, so removing that source of water from the river by recycling it could impact the river itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to understand where that water would have gone,” Cooley says. “Is it providing important environmental flows? Is it providing water to a downstream community such that if you’re recycling it, there’s no longer water for that community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Challenges From Other Farmers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two agricultural water districts are protesting the North Valley Regional Recycled Water Program, saying it could harm the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District, the largest irrigation district in the country, is challenging the project for its possible effects on the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The river is used so heavily by the region that it \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/california-drought-one-more-setback-for-river-that-runs-dry/\">runs completely dry\u003c/a> in some years. As a result, minimal standards have been put in place to ensure enough water is flowing to protect water quality and the endangered salmon that use the river. When those standards aren’t met, water pumping to local irrigation districts must be slowed down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wastewater from Modesto and Turlock makes up only a tiny fraction of the overall flow of the San Joaquin River, but Westlands would rather see it go into the river, instead of being recycled, to help meet water quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-77876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg\" alt=\"A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto's wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District's farms.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1100\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-400x229.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1440x825.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-1180x676.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/wasterwater6-960x550.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A six-mile pipeline would connect Modesto’s wastewater treament plant to a canal that reaches Del Puerto Water District’s farms. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In terms of San Joaquin River flow, we are at a point where every acre-foot is important,” Tom Birmingham, General Manager of Westlands Water District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the Turlock Irrigation District say they’d rather see the wastewater used to replenish local groundwater, and to combat overpumping in the area. The City of Turlock relies on groundwater for its water supply, and after it’s treated, it’s discharged into the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Recycled water is the primary source of water available to help achieve groundwater sustainability,” Calvin Curtin, spokesman for the Turlock Irrigation District, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Silver Bullet\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Recycled wastewater projects are currently used in Monterey and Sonoma Counties, where urban areas are close to farm fields. But much of the Central Valley is far from large urban areas, and moving wastewater long distances quickly becomes cost-prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the single silver bullet solution for agriculture,” Cooley says. “Agriculture is going to have to do a lot of things to adapt to a future of less water availability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Del Puerto Water District, farmers see water recycling as a way to survive that future. The project still needs a range of permits from local and state authorities, but if it’s approved, the taps could open up in just three years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/77769/parched-california-farmers-hope-to-tap-wastewater-from-cities","authors":["239"],"series":["science_87","science_1151"],"categories":["science_46","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_572","science_2581","science_201","science_997","science_1194"],"featImg":"science_77771","label":"science_1151"},"science_16170":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16170","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16170","score":null,"sort":[1396877436000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-farmers-look-to-oil-industry-for-water","title":"California Farmers Look to Oil Industry for Water","publishDate":1396877436,"format":"aside","headTitle":"California Farmers Look to Oil Industry for Water | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1022,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/04/20140407science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16174\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16174\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron's Kern River oil field supplies orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron’s Kern River oil field supplies almond orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs running low, many Central Valley farmers are struggling to keep their trees and crops alive this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the southern San Joaquin Valley, some are getting extra water from an unlikely source: the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third largest oil-producing state in the country, extracting roughly 200 million barrels a year. But in the process of getting oil, companies also produce massive volumes of water, found naturally in the same underground formations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To produce one barrel of oil, we produce about nine barrels of water,” says Chevron’s Thep Smith, walking around the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=209G4bJ7A9Y\">Kern River oil field\u003c/a>, east of Bakersfield. Almost 10,000 pump jacks cover the hills. The field is more than a century old, but is still the second-most productive in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock formations that bear oil in California are also full of briny, brackish water, leading to an old saying about oil companies in California: they’re actually water companies that get oil as a byproduct. “This is really a water plant that skims oil,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the oil is separated, Chevron handles millions of gallons of water a day. The company uses about a quarter of it to enhance oil production, turning the water into steam and injecting it back into the rock formation to boost oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stuff here is really heavy oil,” Smith says, “kind of like molasses. At room temperature, it actually is almost solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After using some for steam, there’s still plenty of water to get rid of. Many companies dispose of it long-term by pumping it back underground, where it’s trapped in rock layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Pump Jacks to Produce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the only project of its kind in the state, Chevron’s water travels several miles through a 40-inch pipe, until it arrives in a reservoir used by the Cawelo Water District. Chevron provides up to a quarter of the water district’s supply each year, around 26,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have this water coming in, it’s a tremendous bonus,” says David Ansolabehere, general manager of the irrigation district, near Bakersfield. “We deliver water to about 45,000 acres, about 95 percent permanent crops which are nut trees, citrus and vineyards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district mixes Chevron’s water with an equal amount of freshwater, until it reaches a quality that works for local orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t deliver it straight,” Ansolabehere says. “It has too much salt, but we blend it down and then it’s irrigation quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron arrives in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron gushes out of a pipeline in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During this year’s drought, it’s the district’s only reliable supply, since water deliveries from state and federal water projects have been cut completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very tough,” Ansolabehere says. “We’re looking at just making sure the landowners can keep their trees alive this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central Valley water districts are in the same boat right now, which is why Ansolabehere says there’s been a lot of interest in this recycling project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lately, I’ve been getting a lot of phone calls,” he says, “meeting with people that want to do the same type of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil Industry as Water Source, Not Sink\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture have long been neighbors in Kern County. And it hasn’t been lost on farmers that while their water supplies are going dry this year, the industry next door is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">swimming in billions of gallons\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially true on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, where many water districts rely almost entirely on tenuous supplies imported from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”54626724379a9606d2f66d79412499c5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have tremendous water resources that are a byproduct of oil production,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future,” Hull says, “oil production could be a net provider of water for California ag and other purposes, as opposed to a consumer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents have criticized the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">oil industry’s use of water\u003c/a>, largely because the controversial oil extraction technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, consumes freshwater. Recycling water would offset that use, but to duplicate Chevron’s project in other parts of the state, the industry would face significant hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Water Treatment Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the problems they’ve seen at that project is very high arsenic levels in the water,” says Kassie Siegel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Chevron released water from the Kern River field into a local creek during the winter, when demand from farmers was low. The water wasn’t diluted and the company was fined by the regional water quality control board for violating limits on arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just shows again that there’s no safe way to deal with the oil and gas wastewater,” Siegel says. “Every single method that has been proposed and used has real risks and health harms associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron's Kern River oil field produces millions of gallons of water a day. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chevron’s Kern River field produces millions of gallons of brackish water a day as a byproduct of oil extraction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dealing with contaminants could be even tougher in other oil fields. “The water that’s here at Kern River field is at an almost near freshwater quality,” says Chevron’s Abby Auffant, “and that is different from water elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water produced in the company’s other fields is significantly saltier and would need to go through a treatment process like reverse osmosis, which adds cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were able to identify a cost-effective manner in which to treat the water,” Auffant says, “it’s certainly something that we would be interested in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future, oil production could be a net provider of water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The economic case improves in drought years when water prices are sky-high, but drought economics only last so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the water’s going for $30-40 an acre-foot,” says Ansolabehere. “When it costs you $500 to treat it, there’s not really a market except for years like this and then you can’t get the treatment in place in time to really make any effect. So you have to think a couple years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As technology advances and reduces those costs, he adds, it becomes more likely that water recycling projects would come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, the drought has added new urgency, as a reminder of the state’s limited water resources. “I think as the resource becomes more strained, people look to these other sources as a solution,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of the West Kern Water District, west of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That conversation is happening on the west side,” Starkey says. “It’ll be interesting to see if you can get oil companies, that tend to be very private, to engage. Getting those two to partner up in those regards – they’re different classmates. It’s a matter of building trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s something many farmers are watching closely, as they face the long, dry summer ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As water supplies tighten for California farmers, some are looking to an unlikely new source: a water recycling project in one of the state's oldest oil fields.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933884,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1357},"headData":{"title":"California Farmers Look to Oil Industry for Water | KQED","description":"As water supplies tighten for California farmers, some are looking to an unlikely new source: a water recycling project in one of the state's oldest oil fields.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/04/20140407science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/16170/california-farmers-look-to-oil-industry-for-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/04/20140407science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16174\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16174\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron's Kern River oil field supplies orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron’s Kern River oil field supplies almond orchards near Bakersfield. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California’s reservoirs running low, many Central Valley farmers are struggling to keep their trees and crops alive this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the southern San Joaquin Valley, some are getting extra water from an unlikely source: the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the third largest oil-producing state in the country, extracting roughly 200 million barrels a year. But in the process of getting oil, companies also produce massive volumes of water, found naturally in the same underground formations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To produce one barrel of oil, we produce about nine barrels of water,” says Chevron’s Thep Smith, walking around the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=209G4bJ7A9Y\">Kern River oil field\u003c/a>, east of Bakersfield. Almost 10,000 pump jacks cover the hills. The field is more than a century old, but is still the second-most productive in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock formations that bear oil in California are also full of briny, brackish water, leading to an old saying about oil companies in California: they’re actually water companies that get oil as a byproduct. “This is really a water plant that skims oil,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cstrong>How Water and Oil Mix in California\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See how water\u003c/a> is part of fracking and oil production in California.\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-15920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank.jpg\" alt=\"KQED-Fraq-panel1-blank\" width=\"276\" height=\"276\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the oil is separated, Chevron handles millions of gallons of water a day. The company uses about a quarter of it to enhance oil production, turning the water into steam and injecting it back into the rock formation to boost oil flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stuff here is really heavy oil,” Smith says, “kind of like molasses. At room temperature, it actually is almost solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After using some for steam, there’s still plenty of water to get rid of. Many companies dispose of it long-term by pumping it back underground, where it’s trapped in rock layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Pump Jacks to Produce\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the only project of its kind in the state, Chevron’s water travels several miles through a 40-inch pipe, until it arrives in a reservoir used by the Cawelo Water District. Chevron provides up to a quarter of the water district’s supply each year, around 26,000 acre-feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have this water coming in, it’s a tremendous bonus,” says David Ansolabehere, general manager of the irrigation district, near Bakersfield. “We deliver water to about 45,000 acres, about 95 percent permanent crops which are nut trees, citrus and vineyards,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district mixes Chevron’s water with an equal amount of freshwater, until it reaches a quality that works for local orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t deliver it straight,” Ansolabehere says. “It has too much salt, but we blend it down and then it’s irrigation quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16177\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Water from Chevron arrives in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from Chevron gushes out of a pipeline in a reservoir that serves the Cawelo Water District. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During this year’s drought, it’s the district’s only reliable supply, since water deliveries from state and federal water projects have been cut completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be very tough,” Ansolabehere says. “We’re looking at just making sure the landowners can keep their trees alive this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central Valley water districts are in the same boat right now, which is why Ansolabehere says there’s been a lot of interest in this recycling project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lately, I’ve been getting a lot of phone calls,” he says, “meeting with people that want to do the same type of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oil Industry as Water Source, Not Sink\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture have long been neighbors in Kern County. And it hasn’t been lost on farmers that while their water supplies are going dry this year, the industry next door is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/03/31/how-water-and-oil-mix-in-california/\">swimming in billions of gallons\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially true on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, where many water districts rely almost entirely on tenuous supplies imported from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have tremendous water resources that are a byproduct of oil production,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future,” Hull says, “oil production could be a net provider of water for California ag and other purposes, as opposed to a consumer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents have criticized the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">oil industry’s use of water\u003c/a>, largely because the controversial oil extraction technique known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, consumes freshwater. Recycling water would offset that use, but to duplicate Chevron’s project in other parts of the state, the industry would face significant hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High Water Treatment Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the problems they’ve seen at that project is very high arsenic levels in the water,” says Kassie Siegel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a>, an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a few years ago, Chevron released water from the Kern River field into a local creek during the winter, when demand from farmers was low. The water wasn’t diluted and the company was fined by the regional water quality control board for violating limits on arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just shows again that there’s no safe way to deal with the oil and gas wastewater,” Siegel says. “Every single method that has been proposed and used has real risks and health harms associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16179\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Chevron3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron's Kern River oil field produces millions of gallons of water a day. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chevron’s Kern River field produces millions of gallons of brackish water a day as a byproduct of oil extraction. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dealing with contaminants could be even tougher in other oil fields. “The water that’s here at Kern River field is at an almost near freshwater quality,” says Chevron’s Abby Auffant, “and that is different from water elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water produced in the company’s other fields is significantly saltier and would need to go through a treatment process like reverse osmosis, which adds cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were able to identify a cost-effective manner in which to treat the water,” Auffant says, “it’s certainly something that we would be interested in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s very conceivable that in the very near future, oil production could be a net provider of water.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The economic case improves in drought years when water prices are sky-high, but drought economics only last so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally the water’s going for $30-40 an acre-foot,” says Ansolabehere. “When it costs you $500 to treat it, there’s not really a market except for years like this and then you can’t get the treatment in place in time to really make any effect. So you have to think a couple years ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As technology advances and reduces those costs, he adds, it becomes more likely that water recycling projects would come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many, the drought has added new urgency, as a reminder of the state’s limited water resources. “I think as the resource becomes more strained, people look to these other sources as a solution,” says Harry Starkey, general manager of the West Kern Water District, west of Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That conversation is happening on the west side,” Starkey says. “It’ll be interesting to see if you can get oil companies, that tend to be very private, to engage. Getting those two to partner up in those regards – they’re different classmates. It’s a matter of building trust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s something many farmers are watching closely, as they face the long, dry summer ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16170/california-farmers-look-to-oil-industry-for-water","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151","science_1022"],"categories":["science_46","science_29","science_33","science_89","science_35","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_392","science_686","science_205","science_572","science_134","science_1452","science_429","science_64","science_952","science_201","science_1194"],"featImg":"science_16174","label":"science_1022"},"science_13105":{"type":"posts","id":"science_13105","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"13105","score":null,"sort":[1389903167000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"icebergs-and-green-paint-lessons-from-californias-big-droughts","title":"Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts","publishDate":1389903167,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.[contextly_sidebar id=”ca4540d9da0c388ed37c28be532d2206″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-0114.jsp\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934375,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1311},"headData":{"title":"Icebergs and Green Paint: Lessons from California’s Big Droughts | KQED","description":"Importing an Arctic iceberg for freshwater? Painting brown lawns green? California has had some creative ideas for droughts in the past.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/13105/icebergs-and-green-paint-lessons-from-californias-big-droughts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13166\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13166\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/MMWD.jpg\" alt=\"A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California's most severe drought hit the area. (Photo: Marin Municipal Water District)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water pipe was built across the San Rafael Bridge in 1976 to supply Marin County, as California’s most severe drought hit the area. (Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While it wasn’t a surprise, Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/16/california-drought-update-governor-jerry-brown-declaring-drought-emergency\">made California’s drought official\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climatologists affirmed that 2013 was the state’s driest calendar year on record, with about one-third the normal amount of precipitation. Currently the Sierra Nevada snowpack is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">just 15 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But drought is nothing new around here. The 1987-92 drought lasted six years, when statewide reservoir storage hovered around 60 percent. The record for worst drought is still held by 1976-77, when low rainfall sent the state scrambling. Runoff was just 20 percent of normal in 1977. Officials now say we’re on track to beat that low-water mark.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, it really looks grim,” says Maurice Roos, a hydrologist with the Department of Water Resources, who has been with the agency for more than 50 years. “It’s even worse than even some of the other bad years, like 1977.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dry times have inspired some creative thinking in California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In 1976, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Drought-spotlights-region-s-patchwork-water-supply-3292001.php#photo-2439740\">emergency 24-inch water pipe\u003c/a> was laid across the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge next to the traffic lanes. Water reserves at the Marin Municipal Water District were critically low and the pipeline supplied the area with half of what it needed during the drought. Residents were ordered to cut their water use by 57 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>City officials in Ventura \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-06/local/me-455_1_city-council-meetings\">considered using a tugboat to haul an iceberg\u003c/a> from the polar seas and park it offshore to supply freshwater. The strategy was part of a $175,000 study approved by the city council in 1990, as the drought dragged on.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>During several past droughts, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/15/local/me-water15\">Los Angeles banned serving water\u003c/a> in restaurants unless customers specifically asked for it.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The city of Santa Barbara instituted a 14-month ban on watering lawns during the late 1980s drought. Landscape companies began offering to \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-07/news/mn-92_1_santa-barbara\">paint dead lawns green\u003c/a>. Billionaire Harold Simmons kept watering his 23-acre estate despite the restrictions and racked up more than $25,000 in city fines (\u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.com/news/2013/dec/30/harold-simmons-dies/?on\">a fact that led his obituary\u003c/a> when he passed away in December).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Strides in Conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “green” reputation is the product of sheer necessity, in many cases. The state’s water conservation policies trace their roots back to the 1976-77 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Folsom.jpg\" alt=\"Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracked lake bed at Folsom Lake during the 1976-77 drought. (Calif. DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was the beginning of the modern era of drought response,” says Peter Gleick of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, an Oakland-based water policy think tank. “At the time, we didn’t have water conservation departments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When dry weather returned a decade later, water agencies began offering rebates for low-flow toilets and fixtures. New standards were developed for washing machines and other appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to the 1970s, almost all of the fixtures in our home are completely different now,” says Lester Snow of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawaterfoundation.org/\">California Water Foundation\u003c/a> and a long-time head of DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-flow fixtures and landscaping helped put a lid on water consumption after droughts ended, along with other policies. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=890\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, communities on the Southern California coast used almost 450,000 less acre-feet of water in 2005 than they did a decade earlier, despite growing by two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s much more that we can do on conservation,” says Snow. “I don’t think we’ve pushed as hard as we can.” New conservation programs go beyond \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/newsroom/video/drought.cfm\">classic public service announcements\u003c/a> and are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/14/want-to-save-water-try-some-neighborly-competition/\">using behavioral science\u003c/a> to inspire water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking for New Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water shortages invariably lead to \u003ca href=\"http://valadao.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=364665\">calls for more dams and reservoirs\u003c/a>, like \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/15/news/mn-51340\">Diamond Valley Lake\u003c/a> in Southern California, which broke ground in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This year, it really looks grim.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There was additional storage built, because California’s climate has wet and dry periods, so you have to be prepared for something that’s erratic,” says DWR’s Maurice Roos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the changing climate, the focus on water storage is likely to continue. More of California’s precipitation is expected to fall as rain instead of snow, reducing the Sierra Nevada snowpack, often called the state’s “frozen reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, Senator Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/op-eds?ID=df2ad233-bcc0-4476-a248-b8ef5b09d9f0\">called for expanding four state reservoirs\u003c/a>, saying “if we don’t take significant and rapid action, I fear California is at risk of becoming a desert state.” Proponents are hoping a revised water bond, \u003ca title=\"TCR - story\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201008100850/b\">postponed from 2010\u003c/a>, will make the November ballot. The original draft had $3 billion slated for water storage projects (see our \u003ca title=\"CW - water bond map\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=109113054396355581272.000477e93a1c507e4d467&ll=35.924645,-120.102539&spn=7.115112,10.722656&z=6&source=embed\">interactive map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there are any good places to build new surface water storage,” says Gleick. “But there are other storage options. There are places where groundwater has been drawn down where it can be recharged and used in later years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Technology Looks Better\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water from desalination plants, where seawater is turned into drinking water, is generally two-to-five times more expensive than other sources of water. But when dry weather hits and districts are faced with pricey water purchases and transfers, desalination starts looking more attractive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/TahoeTruckee88-2.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe dam in 1988 when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (Photo: CA DWR)\" width=\"320\" height=\"255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe dam in 1988, when flow into the Truckee River was extremely low. (DWR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city of Santa Barbara built a $34 million desalination plant in 1991, after facing drastic water shortages. Once the drought ended and water prices went down, the plant couldn’t compete and was decommissioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recycling plants, like those \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">in Orange County and Silicon Valley\u003c/a>, are also costly to build, but offer a way to reuse wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wastewater that we spend a lot of money collecting and treating to a pretty high standard,” says Gleick. “We ought to \u003ca title=\"CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">put it to use\u003c/a>. It’s a new source of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Things Haven’t Changed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re over-pumping groundwater all the time, in wet years and in dry years,” says Gleick. “But in dry years, that goes way up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year, groundwater makes up about 25-to-40 percent of the state’s water supply. During the drought in 1977, groundwater made up 76 percent of water used in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2013/01/30/californias-groundwater-problems-and-prospects/\">Groundwater levels are still dropping\u003c/a> at alarming rates in many parts of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of sorry that in past droughts we haven’t taken the opportunity to implement serious statewide groundwater monitoring and legislation,” Gleick says. “We’re one of the only states in the nation without comprehensive groundwater law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts often create flurries of new bills in the state legislature. “With this drought pressure, I think you’ll see a lot more legislative attention on: what should we be investing in to make sure that the next time there’s a drought, we’re better prepared than we are today,” says Snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hardest part may be keeping public attention on California’s water problems once a drought ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Quite often, we end a drought with a flood,” says Roos. The 1987-92 drought went out with a roar. In December of 1992, rainfall was double the long-term average, creating severe flooding in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Roll mouse over the graph, below, to see data for individual years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-0114.jsp\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/13105/icebergs-and-green-paint-lessons-from-californias-big-droughts","authors":["239"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_205","science_1195","science_1193","science_572","science_64","science_1196","science_1127","science_201","science_1194"],"featImg":"science_13166","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":41,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/health"},"science_87":{"type":"terms","id":"science_87","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"87","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","slug":"ca-delta","taxonomy":"series","description":"\u003cp>[caption id=\"attachment_11894\" width=\"1180px\"]\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/deltadiablo.jpg\" alt=\"The Delta at sunset.\" align=\"none\" width=\"1180px\"/> The Delta at sunset. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/artolog/315963076/\">Art Siegel/Flickr\u003c/a>)[/caption]\u003c/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp>If you live in California, chances are that the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta matters to you. It’s the hub for California’s water supply. Two-thirds of Californians get their water from the vast inland Delta, which lies east of San Francisco Bay, at the confluence of California's two largest rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The water reaches cities from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and supplies millions of acres of Central Valley farmland through sprawling infrastructure projects built over the past century.But the Delta’s natural ecosystem has declined and it's become ground zero for the state’s most contentious battles over water and endangered species.\u003c/p>\u003cstrong>The Problem\u003c/strong>\u003cp>The Delta is home to a number of threatened or endangered species, including Delta smelt and Chinook salmon. Biologists point to a number of reasons for their decline. After the gold rush, farms replaced what was once a rich network of tidal wetlands. About \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">95 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat\u003c/a> has been lost. Upstream dams have altered the rivers’ flow, and fish die when they’re drawn toward the large pumps that divert water to the Bay Area and Southern California.\u003c/p>\u003cstrong>The Latest\u003c/strong>\u003cp>To protect fish species, limits were placed on how much water could be pumped out of the Delta. Now, Governor Jerry Brown is proposing a $24.5 billion fix, known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan. Two 35-mile water tunnels would cross the Delta, bypassing the ecosystem from below. More than 100,000 acres of habitat would be restored. The majority of the costs would be covered by the water users.Concerns remain about whether the plan would help the Delta’s ecosystem recover. Farmers and other residents in the Delta region fear permanent changes to their way of life. And water consumers south of the Delta are reluctant to pay for the project if it doesn’t include assurances that adequate volumes of water are delivered.\u003c/p> \r\n","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Archives | KQED Science","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_11894\" width=\"1180px\"] The Delta at sunset. (Art Siegel/Flickr)[/caption] If you live in California, chances are that the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta matters to you. It’s the hub for California’s water supply. Two-thirds of Californians get their water from the vast inland Delta, which lies east of San Francisco Bay, at the confluence of California's two largest rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The water reaches cities from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and supplies millions of acres of Central Valley farmland through sprawling infrastructure projects built over the past century.But the Delta’s natural ecosystem has declined and it's become ground zero for the state’s most contentious battles over water and endangered species.The ProblemThe Delta is home to a number of threatened or endangered species, including Delta smelt and Chinook salmon. Biologists point to a number of reasons for their decline. After the gold rush, farms replaced what was once a rich network of tidal wetlands. About 95 percent of the Delta’s historic habitat has been lost. Upstream dams have altered the rivers’ flow, and fish die when they’re drawn toward the large pumps that divert water to the Bay Area and Southern California.The LatestTo protect fish species, limits were placed on how much water could be pumped out of the Delta. Now, Governor Jerry Brown is proposing a $24.5 billion fix, known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan. Two 35-mile water tunnels would cross the Delta, bypassing the ecosystem from below. More than 100,000 acres of habitat would be restored. The majority of the costs would be covered by the water users.Concerns remain about whether the plan would help the Delta’s ecosystem recover. Farmers and other residents in the Delta region fear permanent changes to their way of life. And water consumers south of the Delta are reluctant to pay for the project if it doesn’t include assurances that adequate volumes of water are delivered.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":90,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/ca-delta"},"science_1151":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1151","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1151","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Drought Watch","slug":"california-drought-watch","taxonomy":"series","description":"\u003cem>What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n[iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"]\r\n\r\n\u003cem>We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the \u003ca href=\"#background\">background\u003c/a> and rounding up \u003ca href=\"#river\">all the stories\u003c/a> we’ve produced.\u003c/em>\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Relief at Last\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago.\r\n\r\n[http_redir]","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Drought Watch Archives | KQED Science","description":"What California's reservoirs look like right now (From KQED's The Lowdown) [iframe src=\"http://kroodsma.com/KQED/water-supply-master/public/map.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"720\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"] We’re collecting all of our California drought coverage here, starting with the current state of the drought, then providing the background and rounding up all the stories we’ve produced. Relief at Last In early April, after more than five years of the most withering drought on record, California Governor Jerry Brown finally lifted the emergency drought order he issued in January of 2014. By that time, the record-setting winter of 2016-17 had removed all doubt that the drought was over, though concerns over depleted groundwater levels still remain. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, less than 10 percent of California remains in “moderate drought” — compared to nearly 100 percent of the state a year ago. [http_redir]","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1160,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/california-drought-watch"},"science_46":{"type":"terms","id":"science_46","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"46","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Audio","slug":"audio","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Audio Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":48,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/audio"},"science_89":{"type":"terms","id":"science_89","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"89","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Engineering","slug":"engineering","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Engineering Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":92,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/engineering"},"science_43":{"type":"terms","id":"science_43","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"43","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Radio","slug":"radio","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Radio Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":45,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/category/radio"},"science_392":{"type":"terms","id":"science_392","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"392","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"agriculture","slug":"agriculture","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"agriculture Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":398,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/agriculture"},"science_2581":{"type":"terms","id":"science_2581","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"2581","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"wastewater","slug":"wastewater","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"wastewater Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":2593,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/wastewater"},"science_201":{"type":"terms","id":"science_201","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"201","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"water","slug":"water-2","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"water Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":205,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/water-2"},"science_997":{"type":"terms","id":"science_997","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"997","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"water quality","slug":"water-quality","taxonomy":"tag","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"water quality Archives | KQED Science","description":null,"ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1005,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/tag/water-quality"},"science_1022":{"type":"terms","id":"science_1022","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"1022","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Fracking in California","slug":"fracking-california","taxonomy":"series","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"]\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-13657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/files/2014/01/Fracking-main.jpg\" alt=\"Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"351\" height=\"263\" />\u003c/a> Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption]\r\n\r\nHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\">Monterey Shale\u003c/a>.\r\n\r\nIn California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>What is it?\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nFracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">According to the oil industry\u003c/a>, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Concerns\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nEnvironmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/with-drought-new-scrutiny-over-frackings-water-use/\">uses large volumes of freshwater\u003c/a>. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found.\r\n\r\n\u003cstrong>Where it Stands\r\n\u003c/strong>\r\n\r\nIn November 2013, state regulators \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">released draft rules for fracking\u003c/a> that are now \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/07/11/californias-new-fracking-regulations-delayed-half-a-year/\">expected to go into effect in July 2015\u003c/a>. They followed passage of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">SB 4\u003c/a>, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover.\r\n\r\nUnder the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Fracking in California Archives | KQED Science","description":"[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.","ogTitle":null,"ogDescription":null,"ogImgId":null,"twTitle":null,"twDescription":null,"twImgId":null},"ttid":1030,"isLoading":false,"link":"/science/series/fracking-california"},"science_29":{"type":"terms","id":"science_29","meta":{"index":"terms_1591234321","site":"science","id":"29","found":true},"relationships":{},"included":{},"name":"Chemistry","slug":"chemistry","taxonomy":"category","description":null,"featImg":null,"headData":{"title":"Chemistry Archives | KQED 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